First Burmese Muslim

7/28/2019 First Burmese Muslim

1/18


2/18

yxr ArmrGwfpvifrsm;

a'gufwmoef;0if; (armifoef;0if;- &efukefwuodkvf)B.A.(Honours), M.A., H.G.P., Ph.D.

yxr ArmrGwfpvifrsm;[lonf jrefrmjynf\ BuD;yGm;wkd;w ufrItwGuf rdrdwdkY&yfwnf&m

e,fy,ftoD;oD; wGif yxrOD;qkH; pwifBudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhMuo nfh jrefrmjynfzGm; jynfaxmifpkom ;

tpvmrfomoem0ifrsm;ukd &nfTef;vkdjcif;jzpfonf/ Pioneer ac: pGefYOD;aqmif&GufMuolrsm;[kvnf; qkdEkdifonf/

pmay? tEkyn m? Adokum? ynma&;? wkdif;jynfjyKa&; ? vlrIa&;? pD;yGm ;a&;kwdkYwGif vrf;op fxGifum

OD;aqmifrIay;cJhaom xl;cRefxif&Sm;olrsm; jzpfMuygonf/

xkdolrsm;\ BudK;yrf;aqmif&Gufrsm;ukd vli,fwdkY tm;ustwk,lum rdrdwkdYonfvnf; jrefrmEkdifiHESifh vlrsdK;

tusdK;ukd o,fykdk;vdkpdwf&ifhoefap&ef? rGwfpvifjzpfonfESifhtnD vlom;xktwGuf tusdK;jyKaom yk*dKvfxl;

yk*dKvfrGefrsm; jzpfMuap&ef &nf&G,fygonf/urmhorkdif;ukd avhvmMunfhonfhtcg rGwfpvifwkdYonf urmhvlom;xktm; trsm;qkH; tusdK;jyKcJhonf/

uk&ftmefusrf;jrwfusa&mufNyD;aemuf rGwfpvifwdkYonf *&d? a&mr? tdEd,? wkwfwkdY\ pmay,Ofaus;rIrsm;ukd

pkaqmif;xdef;odrf;cJhMuonf/ ynm&yftopfrsm;ukd okawoejyKNyD; wDxGifcJhMuonf/ acwftqufqufwGif

taemufwkdif;om;rsm;pGmwdkYonf twdwfacwfrGwfpvifwdkY\ urmukd tusdK;jyKykHtm; zkH;uG,f&ef BudK;pm;Muonf/

] 5 &mpkwGif a&mrtifyg,m upifhuvsm;NydKuGJoGm;NyD;aemuf Oa&mywGif tarSmifusaecdkuf acgr

vlUtpnf; tkH;tygt0if vlUtEG,f0ifrsm; wpfqufNyD;wpfqufESifh wpfckNyD;wpfck xrf;ydk;xlaxmifjcif;jyKcJhMuaom

pmay tEkynmESifh obm0odyHynm &yfrsm;qkdif&m t&yf&yf,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk aumif;pGmqufcHxdef;odrf;jcif;

jyKcJhMukHrQ ru tHhMoav;pm;zG,f&m wkd;csJUcJhMuolrsm;rSm txufwGif azmfjycJhaom tm&yfvlUtpnf;tkH;jzpf\/

odkY&mwGif Oa&myorkdif;q&m trsm;tjym;yif ,if;tcsufukd zkH;uG,fxm;avh&SdMu\/ udkvkdeD0g'ESifh vlrsdK;

a&;0g'rsm; vTrf;rkd;jcif;cH&olrsm; jzpfonfhtavsmuf vlUorkdif;\ t"du&rSwfwdkifBuD;rsm;udk rMunfhEdkifrjrifEkdifMu

jcif; jzpfwef&m\/ pma&;q&m Aefarmfwifatmif\ obm0odyHpmtkyf/ (1974)/ pm 185-186/ tcef;(8) Oa&my

tarSmifacwfESifh tm&yf,Ofaus;rI

tm&yfwkdYonf *Pef;ocsFm? euwfaA'ESifh aq;ynmrsm;wwfajrmufMu\/ AdokumtwwfwGifvnf;

vuf&majrmufMu\/ ta&miftrsdK;rsdK; tokH;csenf;udkvnf; tm&yfwkdY uRrf;usifMu\/ oMum;ESifh puLvkyfaom

twwfudk wkwfjynfrS,l taemufEdkifiHodkY tm&yfwkdYuyif wifoGif;cJhMu\/,cktcg urmt&yf&yfwGif tokH;jyKvsuf&Sdaom t,fvf*sDb&m Algebra (tm&yf Al-jebr rS&onf) r*Zif;

Magazine (tm&yfbmom Magacen rS&onf) ponfh a0g[m&rsm;ESifh 1,2,3 ponfh *Pef; ta&;om;rsm;onf

tm&yfwkdY\ tarGrsm;yifjzpfonf/

tpvmrfomoemxGef;um;aom NrdKUrsm;wGif wuodkvfESifh pmMunfhwdkufrsm;udk tm&yfwdkYu wcrf;wem;

zGifhvSpfcJh\/ Oa&mywkdufrS ausmif;om;tajrmuftjrm;yif xdkwuodkvfrsm;wGif vma&muf qnf;yl;Muonf/ xkdYjyif

vSyqef;Mu,faom AvDrsm;ukd tm&yfwdkY BuD;pkd;&ma'owkdif;wGif awGUjrif&onf/ pydefjynfrS aumf'dkAm;

(Cordoba

)AvDonf pHwifatmif vuf&majrmufaom urmausmftaqmuftOD;jzpfonf/ tm&yfpmqkdwkdY a&;om;cJhMuonfh tma&bD,HEkduf (Arabian Nights)ykHjyifrsm;onfvnf; urmausmfpmaywGif ,aeYwkdif xif&Sm;usef&pf

cJh\


3/18

BuD;ukd zGifhvSpfcJhonf/ trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm; zGifhvSpfaomtcg rsdK;cspfpdwf&SdolyDyD trsdK;om;ausmif;q&m 0ifvkyfcJh

onf/ rEav;A[kd trsdK;om;ausmif;wGif t*FvdyfpmESifh ygVdbmomjy q&mjzpfonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;tm; a&S;jrefrm

oDcsif;BuD;rsm;wwfajrmuf&ef r[m*Dwoifwef;ukd zGifhvSpfay;onf/ a&Tjynfq&mOD;bwifu oifMum;ay;&onf/

xkdYjyif taemufwkdif;vufa0SU ynmudkvnf; oifMumay;cJhonf/ ausmif;om;rsm; t*Fvdyfpum;ajym uRrf;usifa&;

twGuf Lock-keeper system owfrSwfay;onf/ ukdkvdkeDacwftwGif; ausmif;om;rsm;tm; vufkH;&nfESvkH;&nf

bufpkHtm;upm; *Dw tppwwfajrmufapkHru vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJ om;aumif;rsm; arG;xkwfay;&m trsdK;om;

ausmif;tkyfBuD;tjzpf tvGefxif&Sm;cJhonf/

trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm; wnfaxmifNyD;aemuf xdkausmif;rsm;u atmifjrifonfh ausmif;om;rsm;ynmquf

oif&ef 1921 ck Mo*kwfv 14 &ufwGif A[ef;a&Tusifausmif;wkduf trsdK;om;aumvdyfukd pwifzGihfvSpfcJhonf/

trsdK;om;aumvdyfzGifhyGJ trsdK;om;ynma&;aumifpDrS jyKvkyfcJhaom B.A.,B.Sc.,I.A.,I.Sc. atmifpm&if;rsm;ukdaMunmonf/ xkdatmif pm&if;t& trsdK;om;aumvdyf\ yxrqkH; 0dZm bGJU&olrSm q&mBuD;OD;&mZwfjzpfonf/

OD;&mZwfonf 0dZmbGJU&onfhtcg rEav;A[kdtrsdK;om;txufwef;ausmif; ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;jzpf

vmonf/ q&mBuD;onf acwfOD;trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;\ q&mBuD;rsm;teuf wpfOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf/ q&mBuD;

onf wynfhrsm;udk rsdK;cspfpdwf? EkdifiHcspfpdwf&Sdvmatmif avhusifhysdK;axmifay;onf/ rEav;A[dktrsdK;om;ausmif;

BuD;wGif trsdK;om;taysmfwrf;&Jwyf? bifc&mwyf? &JGefYwyfrsm; zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ trsdK;om; taysmfwrf;&Jwyf Adkvf

csKyfjzpffcJhonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;ukd ppfynmoifay;cJhonf/ enf;jzifh ausmif;om;rsm;ukd ppfpdwfppfrmef wuf


4/18

Ou|tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ ArjynftkdvHypftoif;BuD;ukd 1947 ckESpf ZlvdkifvwGif EdkifiHwumtkdvHypftoif;

BuD;u todtrSwfjyKcJhonf/ tkdvHypftoif;BuD;onf urmESifh w&m;0ifqufoG,faqmif&Guf&rnfh tzGJUtpnf; jzpf

toif;Ou|ESifh trIaqmifrsm;ukdvnf; EkdifiHrS xif&Sm;NyD; tm;upm;zufwGif tpOftvm&Sdolrsm;ukdom a&G;cs,f

wm0ef,laponf/

q&mBuD;onf zufqpfawmfvSefa&;wGif udk,fwdkifyg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhtwlEkdifiHa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifcJhonf/ 1947 ckESpf AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifonfh tpdk;&tzGJUwGif ynma&; ESifh

trsdK;om;pDrHudef;0efBuD;tjzpf cefYtyfjcif;cH&onf/ 1947 ckESpf EdkifiHzGJUpnf; tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya' a&;qGJa&; aumfrwD

tzGJU0ifwpfOD;jzpfonf/ rEav;Oypmaumvdyfudk 'D*&Daumvdyfjzpf atmif BudK;pm;ay;cJhonf/ rEav; wuodkvfwGif

q&mBuD;tm; *kPfjyKtrnfay;xm;onfh &mZwfcef;raqmif[l &Sdonf/ &efukefwkdif;? '*kHNrdKUopf

ajrmufydkif; 35 &yfuGuf OD;&mZwfvrf;[l vrf;wpfvrf;udk *kPfjyKtrnfay;xm;onf/ ysOf;rem;NrdKU? blwmkHa&SU&Sd

vrf;ukdvnf; OD;&mZwfvrf;[k trnfay;xm;onf/ 1945 ckESpf 'DZifbm 24 rS 26 &uftxd ysOf;rem;NrdKUwGif

usif;yaom ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ArmrGwfpvif uGef*&uf\ Ou|tjzpf a&G;cs,fcH&onf/

q&mBuD;onf ygVdwuodkvf wpfckjzpfatmif BudK;pm;aeqJrSmyif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhtwl vkyfBuHcH&

onf/ uG,fvGefcsdefwGif q&mBuD;onf ArmrGwfpvif uGef*&uf(A.r.u) Ou|tjzpf wm0ef,lxm;csdefjzpfonf/)

&efukefNrdKU wmarG? rGwfpvifrf O,smOfwGif oufawmfapmifh &JabmfudkaxG;ESifhtwl jrKyfESHxm;onf/

q&mBuD;OD;&mZwf\ wynfhrsm;xJrS EkdifiHodxif&Sm;ausmfMum;onfh ynm&Sifrsm;rSm ygVdygarmuM.A a':tkef;?

pma&;q&mrBuD; vlxka':trm? pma&;q&mBuD; odyHrSL;wif(AdkvfrSL;wifarmif)? pma&;q&musm;bNidrf; (vufa0SU)

ponfwkdYjzpfonf/

OD;&mZwfonf rsdK;cspftmZmenfyk*dKvfBuD; wpfOD;jzpfonf/ olonf jrefrmEkdifiHESifh jrefrmvlrsdK;wdkYtay:

tvGefoHa,mZOfBuD;onf/ jrefrmvlrsdK;wkdY\ wkd;wufBuD;yGm;a&;udk tpOfvkdvm;cJhonf/ OD;&mZwfonf EkdifiHawmf \tusdK;udk uG,fvGefonftxd aqmif&GufcJhonf/

wuodkvfokH; a0g[m&rsm;ukd yxrqkH;jrefrmjyefqkdolrsm;teuf yg0ifcJhol

ygVdygarmu q&mBuD; t[fr'fumpifrf (B.A., B.Es.)

1930 jynfhESpfrwdkifrD u wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;onf ygarmuukd Professor wuodkvfukd University

[k t*Fvdyfvdk ac:cJh& onf/ 1930 jynfhESpfa&mufaomtcgwGif q&mBuD; ocifbaomif;u twGif;a&;rSL;

tjzpfaqmif&GufNyD; wuodkvfokH;a0g[m&rsm;ukd jrefrmjyefqdkonf/ aqG;aEG;wkdifyifjyefqkdolrsm;wGif xkdpOfuygVduxdu rpwmt[fr'fumpifrf yg0ifcJhonf/

t*Fvdyfacwf t*Fvdyftpdk;&onf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ygVdyxrjyefpmar;yGJ udprsm;udk pDpOfaqmif&Guf&ef

ygVdbmomynma&;tzGJU wpfckzGJUay;xm;onf/ ,if;tzGJU tpdk;&cefYtzGJU0iftjzpfygarmuatumpifonf OD;vlaz0if;?

a'gufwmodrf;armif?0ZD&Ak'd OD;zdk;pdef ?OD;b&kyfwdkYESifh twlyg0ifcJhonf/

q&mBuD; t[fr'fumpifonf usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef jrefrmbmomjyefqdk&eftwGuf 1948ck? azazmf0g&D 7

&ufaeYwGif pwifzGJUpnf;cJhonfh pmayy&d,wdaumfrwDwGif yg0ifcJhonf/ uk&ftmefbmomjyefXmeudk BuD;MuyftkyfcsKyf

uk&ftmefbmomjyefaumfrwD pwifzGJUpnf;onfh 1950 jynfhESpf Ekd0ifbm 1 &ufaeYrS uG,fvGef onfh 1954ck Ekd0ifbm22 &ufaeYtxd uk&ftmefbmomjyefaumfrwD wnf;jzwfa&;tzGJUwGif obmywdtjzpf aqmifGufum

bmomjyefpmrlMurf;rsm;udk wnf;jzwfcJhonf/ q&mBuD;onf t&AD? zm&pD? tl&'l ? ygVd ESifh t*FvdyfpmaywddkYwGif


5/18

xdkYtjyif jrefrmEdkifiHtpvmrfpmayordkif;wGif t&AD bmompum;ESifhpyfvsOf;onfh yxrqHk;tbd"mefBuD;jzpfaom

]uk&ftmefus rf;awmfBuD; t&AD? t*Fvdyf? jrefrm tbd"mef} (1941)udkvnf; BuD;Muyfppfaq; ay;cJhonf/

q&mBuD;onf 1923 ck? Edk0ifbmv 1 &ufaeYwGif &efukefwuodkvf t&SUwdkif;bmomXme BuD;Muyfoltjzpf

aqmif&GufcJhonf/ ynma&;avmu ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm trIxrf;cJhonf/ aemufydkif;wGif ygVdXme ygarmutjzpf

trIxrf;cJhonf/ touf 65 ESpft&G,f 1954 ck? Edk0ifbm 22 &ufaeYwGif ESvHk;a&m*gjzifh uG,fvGefcJhonf/

usef;rma&;rSL;oifwef;ausmif; pwifwnfaxmifolrsm;teuf wpfOD;tygt0ifjzpfol

q&m0efBuD; 0Pausmfxif a'gufwmOD;bcuf(qr-35) (29 ar 1908--22 Zefe0g&D 2004 )

1908 ck arv 29 &ufwGif zGm;jrifonf/ 1937 ckrSp jrpfBuD;em;? zD;armf? xrefoD; av&SD;? o&ufNrdKUaxmifESifh

NrdKUe,fq&m0eftjzpf wm0effxrf;aqmifcJhNyD; usef;rma&;rSL;oifwef;ausmif; vufaxmufnTefMum;a&;rSL;tjzpf

wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh&mrS ouf jynfhtNidrf;pm;,lcJhonf/vGwfvyfa&;armfuGef;0if wwd,qifhwHqdyf? wdkufyGJ0ifwHqdyf? zufqpfawmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJESifh 0Pausmf

xif bGJUwHqdyf&onf/ pmayAdrmef okcrdeftzGJU0ifESifh jrefrmEdkifiHq&m0eftoif;trIaqmiftzGJU0iftjzpf(10) ESpfMum

xrf;aqmifcJhonf/

usef;rma&;rSL;oifwef;ausmif;udk pwifwnfaxmif&mwGifwpfOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf/ jcHtrSwf 19? tcef; 27?

a,mrif;BuD;vrf;? '*HkNrdKUe,f? &efukefNrdKUwGif aexdkifcJhNyD; touf 96 ESpft&G,fwGif uG,fvGefonf/

&efukefwuodkvfwGif ukefxkwf"mwkaA'Xme ay:aygufvmatmif OD;aqmif BudK;yrf;cJhol

ygaru OD;atmifcif (21 {NyD 1918- 8 ar 1917 )&cdkifjynf? oHwGJZmwdjzpfonf/ 1918 {NyDv 21 &ufwGifarG;zGm;onf/ 16 ESpfom;t&G,fwGif 10 wef;udk

*kPfxl;ig;bmomjzifh atmifjrifonf/ 1934 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuodkvf qufvufynmqnf;yl;cJh&m Oypm odyH

tydkif;(u) ESifh(c) udk wpfESpfwnf;jzifh atmifjrifcJhonf/ 1938 ckESpfwGif odyHbGJUudk "mwkaA' *kPfxl;wef;jzifh

atmifjrifcJhonf/ Upper Division 2nd Class qkudkqGwfcl;cJhonf/ xdkpOfu "mwkaA'xl;cRefolrsm;twGuf

ay;tyfcsD;jrifhaom OD;a&Tav; a&GwHqdyfudkvnf; &&SdcJhonf/

1938-1939 ckESpfwGif lyaA'*kPfxl;wef; odyHbGJUukd t*Fvdyftpkd;&u csD;jrifhaom a&TwHqdyfESifhtwl

qGwfcl;&&SdcJhonf/ wpfESpfwnf;wGif *kPfxl;qihfuJ &&SdcJhaomaMumifh ynmoifqk&&SdNyD; 1939 ckESpf Mo*kwfv 19&ufwGif NAdwdefEdkifiH vef'efNrdKUodkY oGm;a&mufcJh&onf/

vef'efwuodkvfrS D.I.C ESifh A.I.R.C 'DyvdkrmbGJUrsm;udk qGwfcl;&&SdcJhonf/ yg&*lbGJUtwGuf qufvuf

qnf;yl;&ef pDpOfNyD;rS 'kwd,urmppfBuD;jzpfyGm; jrefrmEkdifiHodkY jyefvmcJh&onf/ r[modyHbGJUudk &efukefwuokdvf

uRrf;usifonf/ uk&ftmefbmomjyefqdkrIESifhywfowf trsm;qHk;tMuHPfay;cJhonf/

rS &&Sdonf/

1941 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuodkvf vufaxmufuxdutjzpf pwifaqmif&GufcJh&m ig;ESpftMumwGif

"mwkaA'uxdu jzpfvmcJhonf/ 1959 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuodkvf "mwkaA' ygarmujzpfcJhonf/ ukefxkwf"mwk

aA'Xmeay:ayguf&ef OD;aqmifBudK;yrf;cJhonf/

q&mOD;atmifcifonf &efukefwuodkvf"mwkaA'XmewGif ESpfaygif; 37 ESpfwkdif vufaxmufuxdurS

ygarmutxd ynma&;wm0efrsm;ukd tqifhqifh xrf;aqmifcJhNyD; 1978 ckESpfwGif tNidrf;pm;,lcJhonf/


6/18

tNidrf;pm;,lNyD;aemuf EkdifiHawmfu ynma&;0efBuD;Xme tBuHay;yk*dKvftjzpf okH;ESpfwm xrf;aqmifapcJh

onf/ ygarmutjzpf wmef0efxrf;aqmifaepOf "mwfajrMoZmpufkHrsm; wnfaqmufa&; pDrHudef;taumiftxnf

azmfa&; tBuHay;aumfrwD Ou|? ,Ofaus;rI0efBuD;Xme a&S;a[mif;ypnf;xdef;odrf;a&;aumfrwD tzGJU0if? owK

wGif;0efBuD;Xme tBuHay;tzGJU0if? A[dkokawoetzGJU tzGJU0if? "mwkodyHbmom&yfqkdif&m okawoetzGJUOu|?

a'oaumvdyfrsm; wnfaxmifjzpfajrmufa&; aumfrwD 'kwd,Ou|tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ xkdYtjyif wuodkvfe,fajr? tajccH tvkyform;tpnf;tkH; Ou|? urm&GwfNrdKUe,f tvkyform;tpnf;tkH;tzGJU0if? urm&GwfNrdKUe,f

pmayvkyfom;tzGJU0if tjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ ygarmuOD;atmifcifonf "mwkaA'ynm&yfqkdif&m pmtkyfpmwrf;

rsm;udk t*Fvdyf jrefrmESpfbmomjzifh a&;om;jyKpkcJhonf/

1987 ckESpf? arv 8 &ufaeYwGif rav;&Sm;EkdifiH uGmvmvrfyl NrdKU uG,fvGefonf/

uGefysLwmwuodkvf yxrOD;qkH; ygarmucsKyf

a'gufwmwifarmif

1934 ck azazmf0g&D (1) &ufwGif &efukefNrdKU? wuodkvf&dyfomvrf;? yk*Haqmif ynma&;0efBuD;OD;um

a':odef;&ifwkdYrS zGm;jrifonf/

1939 ckSt. Philomena's Convent E.H.S wGifEdward Ka trnfESifh ausmif;ynmpoifonf/ rEav; St.

Josephs Convent E.H.S wGif ynmqufoifonf/

1952 rS 1956 txd OypmodyHrS 'kwd,&onf/ ocsFm*kPfxl;wef;udk xl;cRefpGm wufa&mufcGifh&onf/ 1956

atmufwkdbmvwGif vef'efwuodkvf *kPfxl;wef;wufa&mufonf/ B.Sc (Special) ocsFmudk First Class

Honours jzifh xl;cRefpGm atmifjrifcJhonf/

1957 wGif M.Sc. (Maths) ocsFmr[mbGJUukd *kPfxl;ESifhatmifjrifonf/ t*FvefEdkifiH Cambridge Univer-sity wGif yg&*lbGJUtwGuf qufvufoifMum;onf/

1958 rS 1976 txd &efukefwuodkvfwGif ocsFmuxdutjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ xkdtawmtwGif;

1970 atmufwkdbmvrS 1975 rwfvtxd vef'efwuodkvfodkY yg&*lbGJUtwGuf xyfrHoGm;a&mufcJhonf/

1976 wGif wuodkvfrsm; uGefysLwmXme (U.C.C )odkY TefMum;a&;rSL;&mxl;ESifh a&muf&Sdwm0efxrf;onf/

1985 atmufwkdbmvwGif rEav;wkdif; aysmfbG,fNrdKUe,f? trSwf (2) jynfolUvTwfawmfukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf

aqmif&Guf&onf/ odyHESifh enf;ynma&;&m aumfrwD0ifjzpfonf/

1986 wGif &efukefwuodkvf uGefysLwmodyHXme XmerSL;wm0efudk (U.C.C) TefMum ;a&;rSL ;&mx l;ESifh

wGJzufxrf;aqmifonf/

1988 rwfv 29 &ufwGif wuodkvfrsm; uGefysLwmXmeESifh uGefysLwmodyHXmeukd yl;aygif;NyD; uGefysLwm

wuodkvf[l zGifhvSpf&m xkdwuodkvf 'kwd,ygarmucsKyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/

1989 Zefe0g&D 12 &ufwGif uGefysLwmwuodkvf\ yxrqkH;ygarmucsKyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/

1998 wGif odyHESifhenf;ynm 0efBuD;Xme tBuHay;t&m&Sdtjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHuGefysLwm

toif;csKyf Ou|tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/


7/18

wkdif;usdK;jyKa&;yxrausmif;om; oydwfacgif;aqmif

OD;b&Sif (oHwGJ)bDtufpfpD txufwef;

ausmif;om;b0uyif pmayxl;cRefoljzpfonf/ B.Sc. udk trSwftrsm;qkH; (with Distinction)ESifh

atmifjrifonf/ &efukefo&ufawmausmif;wdkuf trsdK;om;ausmif;wGif txufwef;jyq&mtjzpf 0ifa&muf

vkyfukdifcJhonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif 1920 jynfhESpftxd wuodkvf[lr&SdbJ umvuwm; wuodkvf\ vufatmufcH &efukef

wuodkvfESifh ,k'oefaumvdyf[lom &Sdonf/ xkdaumvdyfwGif jrefrmausmif;om;rsm; oifMum;&onfh jy|mef;

pmtkyfESifh pmar;yGJudk umvuwm;wuodkvfuyif aqmif&Gufay;onf/

1920 jynfhESpfwGif aumvdyfESpfckudk wuodkvftqifhodkY wkd;jrifhay;&ef jynfolwdkYu awmif;qkd&m t*Fvdyf

tpdk;&u &efukefwuodkvftufOya'udk jy|mef;onf/ odkYaomf xkdOya'rSm jrefrmwdkYtzdkY uRefouf&Snfapaom

Oya'jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh 1920 jynfhESpf 'DZifbm 1 &ufaeYwGif tmPmwnfapcJhaom &efukefwuodkvf tufOya'

Murf;udk wpfenf;enf;jzifh wkdufzsuf&eftwGuf aumvdyfausmif;om;BuD; 11OD;onf 'DZifbmv 3 &ufaeYwGif a&Twd*kH

ukef;awmfay: paeaxmifh yxrqkH; pnf;a0;wdkifyifcJhMuonf/ xkdtpnf;ta0;rS trdEkdifiH\ *kPfodumudk

u,fwifa&;twGuf aumvdyfausmif;rsm;udk oydwfarSmuf&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufonf/ xkdqkH;jzwfcsuft& 'DZifbm(5)

&ufaeYwGif A[ef;OD;t&d, ausmif;wkduf aumvdyfausmif;om;BuD;rsm; oydwfarSmufcJhMuonf/

a&Twd*kHukef;awmfay: paeaxmifh yxrqkH; oydwfarSmuf&ef pnf;a0;cJhMuonfh ausmif;om;BuD; 11 OD;\

trnfukd jrefrm? t*Fvdyf? jyifopf? k&Sbmomjzifh a&;xkd;aom ausmufwkdifudk pdkufxlxm;onf/

&efukefwuodkfvf ausmif;om;or*(w-u-o) yxrqkH;Ou|

OD;xGef;pdef (B.Sc.,B.L.)

1930-31 wGif &efukefwuodkvf ausmif;om;or*taqmuftOD;ay:vmonf/ or*trIaqmifzGJUonfh

tcg xdkpOfu &efukefwuodkvfausmif;tkyfBuD; rpwmpavmhpfu ol\ ausmif;tkyfcsKyfrIukd axmufcHrnfh

trIaqmifjzpfatmif BuHpnfcJhonf/ okdY&mwGif ausmif;om;rsm;u xkdtBuHtpnfudk &dyfrdNyD; ausmif;tkyfBuD;\

tBuHxufOD;atmif BuHcJhMuonf/

,m,Dor*trIaqmiftzGJUwGif wkdif;&if;om; tpvmrfbmom0ifwpfOD;jzpfol OD;ausmfcif (A.r.u XmecsKyf

'k-Ou|vkyfcJhzl;ol)tm; obmywdtjzpf wifajrmufum or*zGJUpnf;ykHpnf;rsOf;a&;qGJ&ef wm0efay;cJhMuonf/

pnf;rsOf;a&;qGJa&;aumfrwDwGif OD;&m&Spf? OD;ausmfcif('k-Ou|)ESifh 0wfvkHawmf& rpwm,mpifwkdY yg0ifcJhMuonf/

yxrqkH;tBudrftjzpf &efukefwuodkvf or*a&G;aumufyJGudk usif;y&m OD;xGef;pdeftm; wuodkvfor*\

yxrqkH;Ou|tjzpf rJay;a&G;cs,fwifajrmufMuonf/ OD;xGef;pdefonf oHwGJZmwdjzpfonf/ 1928-29 wGif &efukef

wuodkvfocsFmXme enf;jyq&mtjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ yk*Hausmif;aqmif taqmifrSL;tjzpfwm0ef ,laqmif

&GufcJhonf/

1920 jynfh wuodkvf taxGaxGoydwfBuD;NyD;aemuf yxrqkH;wuodkvftpnf;ta0;wGif wuodkvftpnf; ta0;rsm; God Save the King e,fcsJUtrsdK;om;oDcsif;udk roDqkd&ef tqkdjyKcJhonf/ yxrtBudrfausmif;om;


8/18

or*tpnf;ta0; Ou| tjzpf tzGifhrdefYcGef;ajymMum;&m wuodkvfe,fajr ,leD,H*suftvHtpm; a'gif;vHokH;

&ef TefMum;cJhonf/ ArmrGwfpvifrfwdkYtxJrS ociftrnfudk tapmqkH;cH,lonfh yk*dKvfwpfOD;jzpfonf/

ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm; or* (A-u-o)yxrqkH; Ou|OD;&m&Spf

1936-37 ckESpfwGif yxrqkH;jzpfaom ArmEkdifiHvkH;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*(A-u-o)Ou|ESifh

wuodkvfausmi;fom;rsm;or* (w-u-o)'k Ou|tjzpfxrf;aqmifcJhonf/

1936 ck azazmf0g&D 25 &ufaeYwGif ukdatmifqef;tm; ausmif;xkwfonfh udpSESifhywfouf ausmif;om;wdkY

u 'kwdtBudrfoydwfarSmufcJhMujyefonf/ 1936 ckESpf azazmf0g&D 25 &ufaeYwGif wuodkvf toif;wkdufBuD;

ausmif;om;rsm;wufa&mufum 'kwd,Ou|rpwm&m&Spfukd Outjzpf wifajrmufum tpnf;ta0;usif;yNyD;

oydwfarSmuf&ef wnDwGwfqkH;jzwfcJhMuonf/

OD;&m&Spfonf jynfolUtkd;tdrfaqmufvkyfa&;ESifh tvkyform; Xme0efBuD;? ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; 0efBuD;?

owKwGif;0efBuD;tjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/

yifvkHpmcsKyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;cJhol

tNidrf;pm;oHtrwfBuD; r[moa&pnfol OD;azcif (EdkfifiHh*kPf&nfyxrqifh) (27 Mo*kwf 1912 - 25 azazmf0g&D 2004)

rEav;wdkif; aysmfbG,fNrdKUZmwdjzpfonf/ tzOD;atatcef;ac: OD;bkduav;ESifh trda':wkwfwkdYrS zGm;jrifonf/

1912 ckESpf Mo*kwfv 27 &ufwGif zGm;jrifonf/ &efukefwuodkvfrS B.A., B.L.bGJU&onf/ &efukefwuodkvf

yJcl;aqmifwGif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhtwl taqmifaecJhonf/

1946 ckESpfwGif z.q.y.v (zufqpfwkdufzsufa&;? jynfolUvGwfajrmufa&;tzGJUcsKyf) a&Twd*kHtv,fyp,H

nDvmcHodkY ArmrGwfpvifuGef*&uf (A.r.u) ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf wuf&ufcJhonf/ xkdpOfu t*FvdyfwkdkY\ puLjzL

pmwrf;t& jrefrmjynfukd vGwfvyf&;ay;&mwGif awmifwef;a'orsm; csyfvSyfxm;cJh&ef tpDtpOfukd wkdufzsufvdk

ojzifh nDvmcHwGif OD;azcifu jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;&m &Srf;jynftygt0if awmifwef;a'orS vlrsdK;pktm;vkH;

\ pnf;vkH;nDGwfrIr&SdrjzpfvdktyfaomaMumifh ]awmifwef;e,fa'oESifh jrefrmjynfr yl;aygif;a&;} tqkdwpf&yfudk

wifoGif;cJhonf/

z.q.y.v tzGJUcsKyf tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0if? z.q.y.v OD;pD;tzGJU0if? z.q.y.v tzGJUcsKyf\ awmifwef;e,f

a'oqkdif&m twGif;a&;rSL;wm0efrsm; xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ yifvkHpmcsKyfjzpfay:vma&;twGuf t"duusaom tcef;u@rS yg0ifvIyf&Sm;cJhonf/

AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh tmZmenfBuD;rsm; usqkH;NyD;aemuf ocifEkOD;aqmifaom tpdk;&tzGJUwGif

0efBuD;wpfOD;tjzpf yg0ifcJhonf/

1947 ckESpfwGif ygupwefEdkifiHay:aygufvm&m xkdEkdifiHodkY jrefrmEkdifiHqkdif&m oHtrwfBuD;tjzpf yxrqkH;

apvTwfjcif;cH&onf/ oHtrwfBuD;tjzpf 25 ESpfMum wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ 1972 ckESpfwGif tNidrf;pm;,lcJhonf/

vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemuf yxrqkH;xkwfjyefonfh *kPfxl;aqmifpm&if;wGif r[moa&pnfolbGJUESifh 1980 jynfhESpfwGif

EdkifiHh*kPf&nfyxrqifh csD;jrifhcH&onf/

ArmrGwfpvifuGef*&uf (A.r.u)wGif q&mBuD;OD;&mZwf? OD;cifarmifvwfwdkYESifh yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf/

tpvmrfomoema&;&maumifpD XmecsKyfwGif em,uBuD;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/


9/18

trsdK;om;nDvmcHBuD;wGif tem*wfjrefrmjynf\ zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOay' a&;qGJa&;twGuf tjcm;zdfwfMum;

oifhonfh yk*dKvfrsm; tpktzGJUwGif tzGJU0iftjzpf wuf


10/18

(3) NAdwdoQe,fcsJUpepf\ tE&m,fukd pmayrSwpfqifh tapmqkH; today;xm;jcif;/

]xkdYNrdKUrSmyif 0efvQifvkyfol? ukvm;jzLodk;aqmif;? raumif;BuHpdwf? t*Fvdyfwnf;/} (tydk'f 32)

]vlyvDzsuf? odk;aqmif;vufrSm? xkdYNrdKU&Gmyif &Sdyg&onf/} (tydk'f 33)

e,fcsJUwdkY\ tdEd,wdkufe,f b*Fvm;wpfckvkH;ukd wpfvufrrQrusef 0g;rsdKzsufqD;cJhykHudk

]tBuHaxGjym;? a&GUa&GUyGm;? aus;rsm;vlol? iSm;xlaxmifvsuf? vufeufud&d,m? pkHumolwkdY? anmifyifodkYvQif} (tydk'f 33)

jrefrmEdkifiH olUuRefb0ra&mufrD qD;befeDq&mawmfu aoaomfrSwnfh? aMomfaumif;\[k

rnnf;wGm;rD ESpfaygif; 80 uyif e,fcsJUpepf\ tE&m,fukd BudKwifowday;cJhonf/

b*Fvm; ESpfxyfwdkufwpfvkH;iSm; uGrf;oD;a&mif;onfukd Aef;jyNyD; ta&SUtdEd,ukrPD t*Fvdyf

wdkY\ vIyf&Sm;rIudk axmufvSrf;NyD; bk&ifudk avQmufxm;aMumif; jrefrmrif;tkyfcsKyfykHpmwrf; (wwd,ykdif;)

pm-67-68 wGif awGU&Sd&onf/

]a&Tawmifom*olrSm bkd;awmfbk&m;vufxufuyif &rm0wDNrdKU0eftjzpf trIxrf;&Guf&onf/

bBuD;awmfrif;w&m; tdrfa&SUpHawmfrlpOf rZdra'o r[maAm"dodkY tpkHtprf;apvTwf&m &rm0wDNrdKU0ef

a&Tawmifom*olonf ya&m[dwfykPm; 0godXNA[m? aZ,sausmfol? aZ,srif;xif? aZ,sausmfpGmwkdYESifh

twlvkdufyg 21 v wdkifwdkif vSnfhvnfpkHprf;cJhojzifh xkdpOfu tdEd,jynftwGif; ta&SUtdEd,ukrPD

t*FvdyfwkdYESifh ukvm;rif;toD;oD;wkYd tIyfIyftaxG;axG; jzpfay:aeaom ta&;tcif;rsm;ukd aumif;pGm

odem;vnfcJholjzpfonf/ ,ckacwfumv tac:ta0:ESifhqkdvQif EkdifiHjcm;a&; yg&*lwpfOD;jzpfavonf/

(aZ,s? rSwfwrf;0if Armhta&;tcif;rsm;? &efukef? 0if;ykHESdyfwkduf? pm 121-122)

(4) jrefrmpmaywGif tpvmrfbmoma&; w&m;oabmukd xnfhoGif;wifjyxm;jcif;/jrefrmpmaywGif tpvmrfbmoma&; w&m;oabmukd xnfhoGif;wifjyxm;jcif;/jrefrmpmaywGif tpvmrfbmoma&; w&m;oabmukd xnfhoGif;wifjyxm;jcif;/jrefrmpmaywGif tpvmrfbmoma&; w&m;oabmukd xnfhoGif;wifjyxm;jcif;/jrefrmpmaywGif tpvmrfbmoma&; w&m;oabmukd xnfhoGif;wifjyxm;jcif;/

Ak'tawG;tac:rS vGwfuif;aom tawG;tac: ,kHMunfrIwpf&yfudk jrefrmpmayvmuxJodkY xnfhoGif;vmolwGif OD;Ekonf yxrqkH; yk*dKvfjzpfonf/ olUaemufwGif 'kwd,e0a';[k todtrSwfjyKMuonfh 0ufrpGuf

e0a';u oQH*larmfuGef;wGif *sdef;bmomtaMumif;a&;cJhonf/ xkdtcsufrS vGJvQif Armpmayonf Ak'

pmay[kqkddEkdifonf/ OD;wkd;vS? vlrIb0ykHazmfwJh acwfa[mif;pmayawG azmfxkwfa&;? pmaytiftm;? 1970?

rEav;? BuD;yGm;a&;ykHESdyfwkduf? pm 348? 1970

(5) c&D;oGm;jcif;udk uAsmvuFmjzifh rSwfwrf;wifa&;zGJUxm;jcif;/

(rSwfcsuf/ / oc ifBuD;OD;Ekonf jr e fr mEd ki fi H tp vmrfpma yor dkif;wGif usr f; jrwfuk& ftmef\

tm,wfawmftcsdKUudk tapmqkH; jrefrmjyefqkdolwpfOD;vnf;jzpfonf/)

pmqkdawmfa&Tawmifom*ol ocifBuD;OD;Ek (1762-1822)

a&TbkdNrdKUZmwdjzpfonf/ aemifawmfBuD;rif;vufxuf jrefrmou&mZf 1124 ck? 0gqkdvjynfhausmf 12 &uf (

17 Zlvkdif 1762) paeaeYwGif zGm;jrifonf/ zcifrSm ukefonfawmf Idufcf 'g0l;'fESifh trdrSm a': Nidrf;jzpfonf/ t&AD

trnfrSm rk[r'fumpifjzpfonf/ jrefrmtrnfrSm OD;Ekjzpfonf/ tr&yl&NrdKUwnfeef;wnf bkd;awmfbk&m; A'kHrif;

vufxufwGif pmqkdynm&Sdtjzpf csD;jrifhajrmufpm; cH&onf/ bkd;awmfrif;w&m;BuD;u a&Tawmifom*ol bGJUcsD;jrifh

onf/ &rm0wD (&rf;NAJ)NrdKU0eftjzpf trIxrf;&onf/ taumuf0ef? bk&ifht0,fawmf wm0efrsm; xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ou&mZf 1167 ckESpf? ewfawmfvqef; 10 &uf (30 Edk0ifbm 1805) wGif &cdkifjynfukd jzwf b*Fvm;odkY

ukef;vrf;? a&vrf;c&D;rsm;jzifh ukefa&mif;oGm;cJhonf/ xkdtawGUtBuHKrsm;udk tajccHum b*FvmoGm;rSwfwrf; vuFm


11/18

55-ykd'fa&;cJhonf/ jrefrmhc&D;oGm;rSwfwrf;pmay e,fy,fwGif pmwpfapmifaywpfzGJUtaejzifh tapmqkH;rSwfwrf;

wifa&;om;cJhonfh c&D;oGm;rSwfwrf;jzpfonf/ q&mBuD;armifxifu OD;Ek\ b*Fvm;oGm;rSwfwrf; vuFmudk *E0if

ajrmufonf[k qkdcJhonf/ orkdif;ygarmu a'gufwmwkd;vSurl ArmpmayavmuwGif tapmqkH; EkdifiHjcm;oGm;

rSwfwrf;[kqkdcJhonf/

A'kHrif;\ wm0efay;csuft& pmayusrf;*efrsm;pkaqmif;&ef tdEd,jynfodkY tBudrfBudrftacgufacguf oGm;a&mufcJhonf/ xkdYjyif e,fcsUJt*FvdyfwdkY\ vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk taxmufawmfBuD; wpfOD;tjzpf pkHprf;axmufvSrf;cJhonf/

bmoma&;usrf;rsm; a&;om;cJhonf/ 11 cef;usrf;? 3 cef;usrf;? 7 cef;usrf;? 6 cef;usrf;? ynwfcGJwrf; 16 ydk'f

vuFmusrf;? 35 cef;usrf;ESifh bdk;awmfbk&m;xH wifoGif;avQmufxm;aom oHawmfOD;wifvTmusrf;wkdYjzpfonf/

xkdYtjyif ykd'fa&aygif; 288 ydk'fyg0ifonfh rdtf&m*sfcef;usrf;pmukdvnf; a&;cJhonf/ ykd'fpkH&wktcsdKUvnf; a&;om;cJh onf/

pmqkdawmfocifBuD;OD;Ekonf bBuD;awmfppfudkif;rif;vufxuf ou&mZf 1184 (at'D 1822) ckESpf touf

60 jynfhESpfwGif tr&ylaejynfawmf uG,fvGefonf/ tr&yl&NrdKUawmf awmiforef tif;teD; vifhZifukef; t&yfwGif

pmqkd\ tkwf*ludk ,aeYwkdifawGUEkdifygonf/

NAdwdoQEkdifiHrS aq;ynm'D*&Dudk yxrqkH;oGm;a&mufqGwfcl;cJhol

wpfaxmifhwpfn yoDykHjyif0wKBuD;ukd yxrqkH; bmomjyefol

a'gufwm&Sdwf tA'l&mrmef (ac:) OD;bkd;omZH (1 Zefe0g&D 1870 - 29 Zlvdkif 1916)L.R.C.P & S (Edin) L.E.P.S (Glas)

a'gufwm&m[ifabmufESifh a':ouf\ om;jzpfonf/ 1870 Zefe0g&Dv 1 &ufaeYwGif zGm;jrifonf/ 1889

ckESpf Zlvkdifv 28 &ufaeYwGif q&m0ef&mxl;udk xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ tdEd,rS&onfh 'D*&DESifh rwif;wdrfEkdifonfh twGuf

NAdwdoQEdkifiHrS aq;ynm'D*&Dudk oGm;a&mufqGwfcl;cJho nfh yxrqkH; jrefrmvlrsdK;jzpfonf/ (9) vtwGif;

qGwfcl;cJhonfhtwGuf xkdpOfu vkyfazmfukdifzufrsm; thHtm;oifhcJh&onf/ 1901 ckESpfrS 1905 ckESpftxd &efukefaq;kHBuD;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ 1905 ck {NyD 17 &ufwGif 'dpBwdwfq&m0efBuD;tjzpf &mxl;wkd;jrifhcH&onf/

xdk&mxl;udk jrefrmvlrsdK;wdkYtm; rnfonfhtcgurQ ray;cJhacs/ xkd&mxl;jzifh okH;cG? &rnf;oif;? a&Tbkd? zsmykH? uomNrdKU

rsm;odkY oGm;a&mufaqmif&Guf&onf/ 1907 wGif ausmufBuD;a&m*gwkdufzsufa&;twGuf [Hom0wDcdkifwGif

wm0efusonf/ jrefrmpmuRrf;usifrI? vkyfief;wm0efausyGefrI? qufqHa&;tqifajyrI? vlxk\ cspfcifav;pm;rIwkdY

aMumifh BuD;av;aom wm0efrsm; ay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/ olUwGif qD;csdKa&m*g&SdrSef;odaomfvnf; yxrurmppfBuD;

jzpfyGm;aeaom umvjzpf ppfajrjyifodkYoGm;&ef q&m0ef tajrmuftjrm; vdkaeaomaMumifh tem;,laq;ukcGifhudk

pGefYvTwfNyD; wkdif;jynftay:udk,fusdK;pGefY trIxrf;cJhonf/ 1916 ck Zlvdkif 29 &ufwGif arNrdKU uG,fvGefonf/

q&mBuD; IdwftA'l&mref\ yoDykHjyif 0wKBuD;udk 1899 ckESpfwGif &efukefNrdKU? NAdwdoQbm;rm; ykHESdyfwkdufu

dkufESdyfxkwfa0onf/ xkdpOfu 6 wef;? 7 wef;? 8 wef;? 9 wef;rsm;wGif zwf&ef ausmif;okH;pmtkyfaumfrwDu ausmif;

okH;pmtkyftjzpf jy|mef;cJhonf/ ]yoDykHjyif 0wKBuD;onf vGefcJhaom ESpf 100 cefYu jrefrmpum;ajym ta&;tom; tjzpf

wefzkd;&SdvSonfhtjyif jrefrmrIrsm;xif[yfaeaom pmayvuf&mtjzpfvnf; pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;vSyg onf}[k

jrefrmygarmu a'gufwmcifat; (pma&;q&m armifcifrif -"EkjzL) u a&;om;cJhonf/

armifcifrif("EkjzL)/ yoDykHjyifta&;tom;/ aiGwm&Dr*Zif;/ 1996 / Zefe0g&D)

yxrqkH; umwGef;q&mBuD;ESifh OD;a&Tdk;tu wDxGifolOD;buav; (a&Twav;)


12/18

jrefrmh,Ofaus;rItjzpf txifu&wnf&Sdaeaom OD;a&Tdk;tuudk awmNrdKifpGef;u vGrf;atmifzef kyf&SifZmwfum;

OD;qkH;wDxGif zefwD;ujycJhonf/ umwGef;udk t*Fvdyf-jrefrmESpfbmomjzifh a&;Edkifonf/ aMumfjimumwGef;rsm;onf

urmhtqifhrDonf/ kyfajymifykHwltqGJaumif;onf/ umwGef;kyf&Sifudk wDxGifcJhonf/ jrefrmumwGef;avmu kyf

ajymifykHwl a&;enf;udk pwifcJholjzpfonf/ vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rIumvwGif q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;ESifhwGJ

jynfolrsm;ukd umwGef;ynmjzifh rsdK;cspfpdwfxufoefvmatmif pnf;kH;cJhonf/ OD;buav;udk yg&rD&SifGenious tjzpftEkynmvkyfazmfukdifzufrsm;u todtrSwfjyKMuonf/ oluG,fvGefonfhtcg [oFmwcdkif 'rDwGif

rGwfpvifbmomxkH;pHtwkdif; oN*K[fonf[k q&mrBuD;vlxka':trmu qkdonf/

jrefrmpmayavmu acwfrDpmtkyfxkwfvkyfrIudk tapmqkH;pwifol

yOlyH OD;c (1885-1960)

rEav;Zmwdjzpfonf/ 1885 azazmf0g&DvwGif zGm;jrifonf/ t&ADtrnfrSm tA'lvf&[frefjzpfonf/

jrefrmtrnfrSm OD;cjzpfonf/ rEav;wGif ynmoifMum;cJhonf/ jrefrmhtvS rsufESmvdrf;aygif'gukrPDESifh yOlyHykHESdyfwkduf ydkif&Sifjzpfonf/ &efukefwkdif;rfwGif pmpDorm;tjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/ xkdYaemuf jynfNrdKU oD&dacw&m

ykHESdyfwkdufwGif 0ifa&muf vkyfudkifonf/ 1911 ckESpfwGif rsufESmvdrf; aygif'gukd pwifxkwfvkyfonf/ 1914 wGif

udk,fydkif ykHESdyfwkdufudk pwifonf/ pmtkyf 4 tkyfa&;om;cJhonf/ acRwm jcif;? rdef;rrI? wapGefYaygif;? ArmESifh

rGwfpvifvlrsdK;bmom jyemwkdYjzpfonf/ acRwmjcif;ESifh rdef;rrIrSm ausmif;okH;pmtkyftjzpf tpkd;&ujy|mef;cJh

&onf/ ]acRwmjcif;}pmtkyfrSm t vGefausmfMum;onf/ 17 Budrftxd jyefvnf dkufESdyfcJh&onf/ touf 75 ESpft&G,f

1960 jynfhESpf pufwifbmv 10 &ufaeYwGif uG,fvGefonf/

pdwfynm ygarmu? ygarmucsKyf? ynma&;0efBuD; a'gufwmausmfpdefu yOlyHOD;c\ acRwmjcif; pmtkyfrSm

ol\ pdwfykdif;b0ukd vTrf;rkd;aom pmtkyf[k a&;om;zl;onf/ a'gufwmausmfpdef? ]b0udk vTrf;rdk;aom pmtkyf 3 t kyf?

aiGwm&D r*Zif;? trSwf 430? 1996 arv? pm - 31-34? trSwf 431? 1996 ZGefv? pm 61-64

pma&;q&m aiGOa'gif;\ ]pmzwform;wpfa,muf\ b0c&D;}[laom pmwrf;wGif acRwmjcif;pmtkyfESifh

ywfouf odkY okH;oyfxm;onf/

]acRwmjcif;rSm tzkH;wGifomru twGif;pmom;u@rsm;wGifyg olUae&mESifhol uefY oufqkdif&mykHrsm;?

tjzwftawmufrsm;jzifh pDpOfxm;ykHrSm xkdtcsdeft& acwfrDpmtkyf[k qkdEkdifkHru tjyiftqifwGif acwfvGefpmtkyf

[k qkdcsifygonf/ taMumif;rSm OD;c\ pmtkyfaemu f tcsdefrsm;p Gmyif OD;c\ pmtkyfykHpHudk rDaompmtkyf

&Sm;yg;aeao;aom aMumifh jzpfonf/ uG,fvGefoGm;NyDjzpfaom yOlyHOD;crSm pma&;q&mwpfa, mufjzpfkHomruuRefawmfwkdY pmtkyfavmuwGif cyfapmapmtcsdefrSp pmtkyftjyiftqifESifh xkwfvkyfrIudk acwfrDvkyfudkifwwfol

jzpfonf/ tjcm;aom rdef;rrIESifh wapykHjyif[laom OD;c\ pmtkyfrsm;rSmvnf; xkdacwfu pmtkyform;wkdif;

av;pm;cJh&aom pmtkyf rsm;jzpfMuonf/} pmtkyfpmay 'kwd,wGJ/ &efukef/ pmayAdrmef/ 1973/ pm - 562-563

tapmqkH; ppfrSwfwrf;bmomjyefpmtkyf

wuoddkvfeErdwf\ jrefrmjynfppfajrjyif (1965)

rl&if;pmtkyftrnfrSm Defeat into victory jzpfonf/ zD;vfrm&S,f AdkvfcsKyfBuD; qm0DvsHqvif;\ tawGUtBuHKrSwfwrf;jzpfonf/ 'kwd,urmppftwGif; r[mrdwfwkdY wkdufcdkufaom jrefrmjynf ppfajrjyifESifh ywfouf


13/18

tjynfhpkHqkH;pmtkyfyifjzpfonf/ pmtkyfwGif qvif;onf jrefrmEddkifiHawmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkrsm;taMumif;?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;taMumif;wkdYudkvnf; jznfhoGif;a&;om;xm;onf/

wuodkvfeErdwfonf pmtkyfukd jyefqkd&mwGif tawmfyif tusOf;csKH; jyefqkdxm;aomfvnf; pmtkyf

tvsifu rQjynfhpkHaom ppfrSwfwrf;bmomjyefpmtkyf r&SdcJhojzifh txl;yifatmifjrifrI&&Sdonf/ pmtkyfaMumifh

yif aemufykdif;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHESifhywfoufaom ppfbmomjyefpmtkyfrsm; trsm;tjym;ay:xGufvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf/wuodkvfeEdrdwfukd,fwkdifvnf; aemufxyf ppfpmtkyfrsm;pGm jyefqkdcJhonf/ bmomjyefpmaypmwrf;rsm; -'kwd,wGJ?

bmomjyef okw(0dZm)pmay? ewfEG,f? vSordef? &efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1990? pm -45-46

wuodkvfeErdwf ( 8 rwf 1922 - 15 Edk0ifbm 1968) onf oHwGJcdkif awmifukwfZmwdjzpfonf/ tz NrdKUydkif

OD;armifarmifBuD; trda':a&TwdkY\ om;jzpfonf/ trnf&if;rSm rk[r'ftvDac: OD;wifatmifjzpfonf/ 1946 wGif oHwGJ

tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;rS t*Fvdyfpm*kPfxl;jzifh q,fwef;atmifonf/ &efukefwuodkvfwGif

qufvufynmoifcJhonf/ *syefacwftwGif; zufqpfqefYusifa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif uxduOD;ausmf&ifESifh

twlyg0ifcJhonf/ wdk;wufa&;owif;pm? a&mifjcnf*sme,f? kif&Sifya'om r*Zif;? e0a';r*Zif;? pkHaxmufr*Zif;?

ppfjyefr*Zif;wdkYwGif t,f'Dwmtjzpf jr0wDr*Zif;wGif t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/

trsdK;om;pmayqk yxrqkH; jyZmwfpmayqk&oltrsdK;om;pmayqk yxrqkH; jyZmwfpmayqk&oltrsdK;om;pmayqk yxrqkH; jyZmwfpmayqk&oltrsdK;om;pmayqk yxrqkH; jyZmwfpmayqk&oltrsdK;om;pmayqk yxrqkH; jyZmwfpmayqk&olpma&;q&m wuodkvfarmifarmifcifpma&;q&m wuodkvfarmifarmifcifpma&;q&m wuodkvfarmifarmifcifpma&;q&m wuodkvfarmifarmifcifpma&;q&m wuodkvfarmifarmifcif

]tqif;cufcuf twufMurf;Murf;} jyZmwfpmtkyfjzifh &&Sdonf/ trsdK;om;pmayqk oufwrf;wpfavQmuf

]jyZmwfpmayqk}udk OD;pGm&&Sdaom pmtkyfjzpfonf/ w&m;Oya' pdk;rkd;a&;? w&m;rSefpD&ifa&;ESifh vlwdkY\

ukd,fusifhw&m;aumif;rGefa&;ukd OD;wnfjyKpkxm;onf/ 1969 ckESpf\ jyu'def wpfESpftwGif; ykHESdyfxkwfa0orQ

pmtkyfrsm;teuf oufqkdif&m bmom&yf? trsdK;tpm;tvdkuf taumif;qkH;wpftkyfudk a&G;cs,f wpfqkwnf;om

csD;jrifhonf/ trsdK;om;pmayqk ykHpHopftaumif;qkH;wpftkyfa&G;pepfjzifh yxrqkH;&&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/

wuodkvfarmifarmifcifonf jynfcdkif? yef;awmif;NrdKUZmwdjzpfonf/ zcifrSm tNidrf;pm;ynmtkyf

OD;&muGwfac: OD;atmifyGifhjzpfonf/ rdcifrSm a':rrBuD;jzpfonf/ 1928 ck azazmf0g&D 14 &ufwGif zGm;jrifonf/

trnf&if; OD;armifarmifcifjzpfonf/ 1951 ckESpfwGif 0dZmbGJU&onf/ 1952 wGif pmayAdrmefr*Zif; pmwnf;tzGJUwGif

vufaxmufpmwnf;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ jyefMum;a&;XmewGif 'kwd,twGif;0eftjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/

ausmif;okH;pmtkyf ykHESdyfxkwfa0a&;yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI A[kdaumfrwDtwGif;a&;rSL;jzpfonf/ kyf&Sifvkyfief; aumfydk

a&;&Sif;wGif OD;aqmifTefMum;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf; aqmif&GufcJhonf/

1967 ckESpfwGif oZifNrdKUpmGefYrsm; pmtkyfjzifh trsKd;om;pmayqk? pmya'om wwd,qk &onf/ 1967

ckESpfwGifyifrnDrQaom nDrQjcif; 0wKwkdpmtkyfjzifh trsdK;om;pmayqk 0wKwdk 'kwd,qk&&Sdonf/ 2007 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv

4 &uf aeYwGif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf? EkdifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGHUNzdK;a&;aumifpD\ trdefY

aMumfjimpmtrSwf 2^2007 t& 0dZmynmxl;cRefwHqdyf ('kwd,qifh) csD;jrifhcH&onf/ tuefawmhcH oufBuD;pmay

ynm&SifwpfOD;jzpfonf/

tvm;wl trsdK;om;pmayqk&cJholrsm;rSm wifpdefi,f ]awmpwGdKif;\ 0wKwkdESpfyk'f} pmtkyfjzifh trsdK;om;

pmayqk? bmomjyefwwd,qk (1967)? a'gufwm&D&D ]jrefrmEdkifiHtajctae (1714-52)}pmtkyfjzifhokwya'om0dZm? trsdK;om;pmayqk (1975) wkdYjzpfonf/


14/18

yxrqkH; usm;upm;enf; pmtkyfa&;ol

pma&;q&mcspfndK(24 'DZifbm 1924 - 10 ar 1987)

rEav;NrdKU ppfukdif;wef;&yf Zmwdjzpfonf/ tz OD;bdk;rif; trd a':rrBuD;wkdYrS 1924 'DZifbm 24 &uf wGif

zGm;jrifonf/ arG;csif;av;a,mufwGif 'kwd,jzpfonf/ trnf&if; OD;bodef;jzpfonf/ usm;bndrf;\ nDjzpfonf/

1945 wGif vlxk*sme,f wGJzuft,f'Dwmtjzpf bmomjyefqkdif&m wm0efrsm;ukd xrf;aqmifcJhonf/

xdktcgrSp bmomjyef 0wK&Snfrsm;a&;cJhonf/ vlxk*sme,f &yfoGm;aomtcg vlxkowif;pm t,f'DwmtzGJU EdkifiH

jcm;owif;t,f'Dwmtjzpf 1952 ckESpftxd aqmif&GufcJhonf/

jrefrmusm;upm;avmuwGif xif&Sm;onf/ usm;upm;enf;pmtkyfudk jrefrmjynfwGif yxrqkH;tBudrf

a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonf/

1952 ckESpfwGif ukd,fydkifykHESdyfpufwnfaxmifNyD; bmomjyefvkH;csif;0wKrsm; xkwfa0cJhonf/ Ir0? jr0wD?

aoG;aomufESifh tjcm;r*Zif;rsm;wGif aqmif;yg;? 0wKwkdESifh 0wK&Snfrsm; a&;om;cJhonf/ pepfwus usm;upm;enf;pmtkyfukd a&;om;jyKpkcJhonf/ xkdUjyif yifudka&; 0wKwdkrsm;udk pkaygif; okH;wvyfESifh 0wKwkdrsm;(1958)ukdvnf;

xkwfa0cJh onf/

yxrqkH; jrifuGif;us,f kyf&Sifum;rS kyf&Sifrif;om;

rif;om;? 'gdkufwm? AdkvfBuD; a'gufwm armifarmifwm ([*sf) Ph.d., M.A., FDMU (Dublin),DJ (Ygn)

jrefrmhkyf&SifwGif pepfwus tqifhtwef;jrifhaom yxrqkH; jrifuGif;us,fZmwfum;ukd rEav;kyf&SifrS

pwifdkuful;onf/ rEav;oBuFefowif;um;tydkif;wdkudk kduful;NyD; jrwfyef;0wf&nfumwGef;um;jzifh yl;wGJjyocJh

onf/ rEav;kyf&Sif\ yxrqkH;jrifuGif;us,fkyf&Sifum;rSm armifarmifwm? xGef;a0? jrifhjrifhcif wdkYyg0ifonfh

]vlUabmifwGif}Zmwfum;jzpfonf/ xkdZmwfum;onf tdEd,EkdifiHtygt0if ta&SUawmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGif yxr

qkH; jrifuGif;us,fZmwfum;jzpfonf/

kyf&Sifrif;om; armifarmifwmonf tar&duefEkdifiH? a[mvD;0k'frS 'gdkufwmBuD; a*smhqkdufZf dkuful;onfh

vlxkatmifoH (1945)Zmwfum;wGif yg0ifokyfaqmifcJhonf/ jrefrmjynf a[mvD;0k'fESifh wGJ kyf&SifdkufcGifh&cJh onfh

wpfOD;wnf;aom rif;om;jzpfonf/

rif;om;? 'gdkufwmAdkvfBuD;a'gufwmarmifarmifwmonf rEav;Zmwdjzpfonf/ rEav;NrdKU orm"dNrdKU0efESifh

yg&Sif;EkdifiHaumifppf0efjzpfol [m*sDOD;*lvrf[lpdef&SD&mZD ac: rD;wdkiftkyf OD;armifarmifBuD;ESifh rEav;NrdKUrvGef&yfa&Tausmif; 'g,um OD;usm;\ orD; atbDtrfausmif;q&mrBuD; a':oef;wifwkd Y\ om;jzpfonf/ arG;csif;

av;a,mufteuf 'kwd,jzpfonf/ 1926 Zefe0g&D 9 &uf paeaeYwGif zGm;jrifonf/ 1950 jynfhESpfwGif r*Fvm'kH

Adkvfoifwef; yxr &cJhNyD; jyefwrf;0ift&m&Sdjzpfvmonf/ pmayAdrmefwGif yxrqkH;zGifhvSpfaom t*Fvdyfjrefrm

owif;pmoifwef;udk wufa&mufcJhNyD; 'Dyvdkrm&&SdcJhonf/ tpvmrfomema&;&m aumifpDXmecsKyf 'kOu|

(b@ma&;)tjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m &SDtmrGwfpviftzGJUcsKyf Ou|jzpfonf/ jrefrmEkdifiH

kyf&SifaumifpD pnf;kH;a&;aumfrwDudk arG;xkwfay;vkdufaom kyf&SifaumifpDzGJUpnf;cJh&mwGif EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rS

wm0efay;jcif;cHcJh&onf/ jrefrmEdkifiHrGwfpvifavmuwGif yxrqkH;rGwfpvif,Ofaus;rI okyfazmfZmwfvrf;

uufqufacGjzpfonfh pma&;q&m wuodkvfbcuf \ ]yef;Mum0wfrIef aetkPf} Zmwfvrf;wGif toHjzifh

yg0ifokyfaqmifcJhonf/


15/18

vef'efNrdKUawmf rufxdkydkvDwefwuodkvfrS Award Master Degree &&SdcJhonf/ yg&*lbGJUvnf; &&SdcJhonf/

2003 ckESpf ZGefv 14 &ufaeYu tjynfjynfqdkif&m bmomaygif;pkH urmhNidrf;csrf;a&;tzGJU (IIFWP) rS *kPfxl;aqmif

Nidrf;csrf;a&;oHwreftjzpf cefYtyfjcif;cH&onf/

jrefrmht&SnfqkH; tBuD;qkH; opfom;wHwm;

OD;ydefwHwm;

rEav;wkdif;? awmifNrdKUac: tr&yl&NrdKUwGif wnf&Sdonf/ tr&yl&onf a&S;a[mif;orkdif;0ifNrdKUjzpfonf/

OD;ydefwHwm;onf awmiforeftif;ukd ta&SUESifhtaemufjzwfoef;aqmufvkyfxm;onf/ ou&mZf 1211 (at'D

1849) ukef;abmifquf e0rajrmuf yk*Hrif;vufxufwGif jrefrmrGwfpvifNrdKUpma&; OD;ydefu BuD;MuyfaqmufvkyfcJh

ojzifh OD;ydefwHwm;[kwGifonf/ wHwm;udk ou&mZf 1211 (at'D 1849) wGif pwifaqmufvkyfcJhNyD; 2 ESpftMum

1213 (at'D 1851) wGif NyD;pD;cJhonf/ ]yk*Hrif;\ i,foli,fcsif;rsm;jzpfaom OD;ydefESifh tr&yl&NrdKU0efOD;bdkifqyfwkdY onf

Ak'bmombkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;wGif ynmqnf;yl;cJhMuaom ynmwuf*kPfoa&&Sd yk*dKvfESpfOD;jzpfonf/} Dr. Khin

Maung Nyunt, The longest and largest Foot Bridge, Today, Vol 7.2000, May 16-31, Pg 35-38)

wHwm;aqmufvkyf&mwGif jrefrmAdokumynm&SifwkdYonf pau;wkdif; ud&d,m(rSefcsdef)rygbJ ajcvSrf;jzifh

wkdif;wm aqmufcJhaom jrefrmrIwHwm;BuD;j zpfonf/ jrefrmhenf;jzifhjrefrmh[efjzifh tif;a&jyifESifh vIdif;'Pf?

av'PfcHEkdif&ef avvrf;vTJajymif;Ekdif&ef wHwm;ukd ajzmifhwef;pGm raqmufbJawmifbufodkY OD;armhauGU0dkufum

usifwG,fykHoPmefaqmufxm;onf/

wHwm;t&SnfrSm 3967 ay &Snfonf/ wkdifaygif; 1086 wkdif&Sdonf/ tus,frSm 8 ay 8 vufr &Sdonf/

wHwm;aqmuf&mwGif ,ufrBuD;rsm;ukd wHwm;wkdif;wGif xGif; pGyfvQdKxm;onf/ a&S;acwfjrefrmhAdokumvuf&m

tjzpf wefzdk;xm;zG,fjzpfonf/ tr&yl&odkY a&mufvQif awmiforeftif;? OD;ydefwHwm;? r,fZ,fyifwef;rsm;\tvStyIcif;rsm;ukd oGm;a&mufMunfhIUMuonf/ tvStyIcif;rsm;ukd pmzGJUMuonf/ yef;csDqGJMuonf/ "mwfykHdkuf

Muonf/ awmiforeftif;ESifh OD;ydefwHwm;BuD;rSm aEGrkd;aqmif; wpfrsdK;pD om,mvSyonfh ae&mjzpfonf/ urmvSnfh

c&D;onfrsm;twGuf jrefrmrIjy,k*fjzpfonf/ t*Fvdyfukvm;jzLrsm; {&m0wDjrpfESifh jrpfi,fjrpfaMumif;rsm;rS oabFm

rsm;ESifh tr&yl&eef;awmfodkY kwfw&ufr0ifEdkifatmif tajrmftjrifBuD;pGmjzifh twm;tqD; ozG,fwnfaqmufcJh

jcif;jzpfonf/ wHwm;rSm ESpfaygif; 150 ausmf oufwrf;&SdNyDjzpfonf/ OD;ydefwHwm;BuD;onf tr&yl&a&S;a[mif;NrdKU

awmf\ trSwfoauFwtjzpf jrefrmhAdokumvuf&mtjzpf EdkifiH*kPfaqmif jrefrmhusufoa&aqmiftjzpf &yfvsuf

&Sdonf/


16/18

vl rIa&;

vlrIxl;cRefyxrqifh udk yxrqkH;&&Sdol trsdK;orD;

[m*sDr ysOf;rem;a':yk (vlrIxl;cRefyxrqifh) (1906-1 azazmf0g&D 1982)

rEav;wkdif;? aysmfbG,fNrdKUe,f? ,if;awmf&GmZmwdjzpfonf/ tzOD;zdk;jr trda':cifpDwdkYrS ou&mZf 1268(1906)ckESpfwGif zGm;jrifonf/ 1288 ckESpfwGif pdefa&T&wemukefonf OD;pHvSESifh tdrfaxmifusonf/ a':ykonf

pdefa&T&wemvkyfief; uRrf;usifonf/ &wemrsm;udk jrifvQif t&nftaoG; tqifhtwef;udk csufcsif;rSefuefwdus

pGm tuJjzwfEkdif;pGrf;&Sdonf/

a':ykonf qufqHrIajyjypfjcif;? wdusjywfom;jcif;? dk;om;ajzmifhrwfjcif;? pdwfcs,kHMunf&jcif;wdkYaMumifh

&wema&mif;0,frIwGif trsm;u tm;udk;tm;xm;jyKMuonf/ a':ykudk ysOf;rem;NrdKUol NrdKUom;rsm;u pdefryk[k cspfpEkd;

ac:a0: Muonf/

*syefacwf ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf pwifzGJUpnf;pOf &JabmfokH;usdyf0ifrsm;rS t&m&Sd t&mcHtMuyf

wyfom;rsm;onf a':ykESifh tuRrf;w0if&SdMuonf/ rdcifyrm taryk[k ac:Muonf/ a':ykonf ysOf;rem;NrdKUe,f

tm&Svli,f tpnf;tkH;\ Ou|tjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ zufqpfawmfvSefa&;umvwGif ArmhumuG,fa&;wyf

rawmf (bD'Dat) ysOf;rem; &SdaepOfumv wyfrawmftwGuf vdktyfonfrsm;udk wwfpGrf;orQ tultnDay;

cJhonf/

a':ykonf 1951 ckESpfwGif [*sfjyKvkyfcJhonf/

aysmfbG,fNrdKUe,f ,if;awmf&Gm tpvmrfha&SUaqmifausmif;? uav;rsm;&dyfom? AvD0wfausmif;rsm;twGuf

vnf;aumif;? &efukefNrdKU? ZD0uvrf; (Zz&f&Sm;vrf;) '&f*g0wfausmif;awmfESifh trsdK;orD;0wfjyKaqmifukd vnf;aumif;?

&efukefNrdKU odrfjzLvrf;&Sd rGwfpviftrsdK;orD;&dyfomES ifh ausmif;aqmiftwGuf vdktyfaom rGrf;rH jyifqifrIrsm;udkvnf;aumif; jyKvkyfvSL'gef; cJhonf/ &efukefNrdKU? pdwfa&m*gtx l;uk aq;kH;BuD;0i f;twGif; bGJUvGef

pdwfynmoifwef;cef;rESifh pmMunfhwkduftwGufvnf; vSL'gef;cJhonf/ 1979 ckESpf atmufwkdbmv(5)&ufaeY wGif

&efukefNrdKU? jynfolUaq;kHBuD;0if;twGif; qD;ESifh ausmufuyfa&m*gtxl;ukXmetwGuf odef;okH;q,fausmf vSL'gef; um

aqmufvkyfcJhonf/

a':ykonf ysOf;rem;NrdKUe,ftoif;\ em,uBuD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? jrefrmEdkifiH ukefonfBuD;rsm;toif; wGif

trIaqmiftjzpf vnf;aumif;? EkdifiHawmftpdk;&rS EkdifiHjcm;odkY pD;yGm;a&;rpf&Sif apvTwf&mwGif tzGJU0ifwpfOD;

tjzpfvnf;aumif; yg0ifcJhonf/

1980 jynfhESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif rav;&Sm;EkdifiH uGmvmvrfylNrdKU usif;yonfh tpvmrpf'tf0[fnDvmcH odkY

q&mcs,f? oD&dysHcsD CmZDrk[r'f[m&SifwkdYESifhtwl wufa&mufcJhonf/

1981 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif EkdifiHawmfu yxrqkH;tBudrfcsD;jrifhonfh vlrIxkl;cRefyxrtqifhudk

yxrqkH;&&Sdonfh trsdK;orD;jzpfonf/ bmoma&;? vlrIa&;ESifh EkdifiHtusdK;jyKvkyfief;rsm;wGif "etiftm;jzifh rsm;pGm

yg0ifvSL'gef;cJholjzpfonf/

1982 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 1 &ufaeUwGif &efukefNrdKU uG,fvGefonf/

jrefrmEkdifiH\ yxrqkH; oMum;puf

awmifilcdkif? anmifajcaxmuf&Gm&Sd oMum;pufjzpfonf/ 1916 wGif wnfaqmufonf/ wnfaqmufol


17/18

rSm trfat*eDjzpfonf/ ]A HandBook on the Possibility of Sugar Industry & Sugar-Cane Cultivation in Burma"

American Baptist Mission Press. Rangoon (1923) jrefrmEkdifiHwGif oMum;pufvkyfief; tvm;tvm ESifh

BuHpdkufysdK;a&;qkdif&m vufpGJ[laom pmtkyfa&;om;cJhonf/ 1922 ckESpf? ZGefv(7)&ufaeYpGJjzifha&;onfh ol\

pmtkyftrSmpmwGif ]pma&;ol(rpwm*eD)onf (jrefrmEkdifiHwGif oMum;xkwfvkyfonfh) vkyfief;ukd 1910 jynfhESpf

uwnf;u pdwf0ifpm;cJh if;vkyfief;\ tusdK;jzpfxGef;rI tvm;tvmrsm;tm; avhvmcJhNyD;aemuf ti,fpm;pufkHtqifhjzifh(oMum;rsm;udk) 1916 ckESpfwGif pwifxkwfvkyfcJhonf/ } [kazmfjyxm;onf/ 1922 wkdifatmif

oMum;xkwfvkyfcJhonf[k cefYrSef;&onf/ ol\ pmtkyfwGif BuHpdkufysdK;ykHtaMumif;? BuHoumxkwfvkyfykHtaMumif;?

oMum;xkwfvkyfrI enf;ynm tajccHoabmw&m;taMumif;rsm;ukd udef;*Pef;Z,m;taxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh

pewuswifjyxm;onf/

rGwfpvifvli,frsm; taeESifh xkdyk*dKvfrsm;uJhodkYyif xl;cRefolrsm;jzpfatmif ]wpf}jzpfatmif BudK;pm;Mu& rnf/

F;=;H


18/18

First Burmese Muslim

Documents

Transcript of First Burmese Muslim