Fire Fighting Course

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FIRE FIGHTING COURSE Prepared by Eng/ Magid elithyrevised by Eng / Sayed Abd el Hamied

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Overview of Firefighting Single Line Diagram Pumps & Pump Room Sprinklers Systems

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OVERVIEW OF FIREFIGHTING

Fire Triangle parameters :-

1. Air ( Oxygen )

2. Fuel ( Flammable Material )

3. Heat ( sufficient heat to raise

the material to its ignition temperature )

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Fire Fighting methods :-

, by creating a barrier using foam for instance and prevent oxygen getting to the fire By applying water you can lower the temperature below the ignition temperature

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Fire Fighting Systems

Manual

Manual extinguish

erCabinet Siamese

connection Fire

hydrant

Automatic

Sprinklers SYS

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Materials ( Manual & Automatic )

Water FM20

0 Co2 Halon Dry Chemical powder

Foam

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SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

Single Line Digram 2.dwg

Pump Room

Tank

Manual Systems

Automatic systems

Siamese connectio

n

Cabinet

Sprinklers

First Water source

Second Water

source

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Pump Room

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PUMP ROOM

Delivered water from tank to firefighting systems

Pump Room

Tank

Cabinet

Sprinklers

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PUMP ROOM

Types of Pumps

Centrifugal

Horizontal & Vertical

Positive displacement

Horizontal & Vertical

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PUMP ROOM

Horizontal Centrifugal Pump Vertical centrifugal pump

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Centrifugal pump

OverhungImpeller between bearing

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CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

The main purpose is to convert energy of a mover (Electric motor ) first to velocity (kinetic energy ) and then into pressure energy ( Static energy )

Energy chance occur by two main parts 1-Impeller ( Rotating part that convert driver energy into kinetic energy ) 2-The Volute or Diffuser ( Stationary part that convert the kinetic energy to static energy (Pressure energy))

Working mechanism of centrifugal pump

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GENERATION OF CENTRIFUGAL FORCE

The liquid enter the suction nozzle and then

into eye of impeller

When the impeller rotates it spins the liquid sitting

in the cavities between the vanes outward and provides

centrifugal acceleration

As liquid leaves the eye of the impeller a low –

pressure area is created causing more liquid to flow

towards the inlet First Step :

Conversion Motor Energy Into Kinetic

Energy

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GENERATION OF CENTRIFUGAL FORCE

Resistance to the flow : the first resistance to the flow

is created by the pump casing ( Volute ) that catches the liquid and

slow it down ………..

Its velocity converted to pressure according to Bernoulli's equation

Second Step :

Conversion Kinetic Energy Into Pressure

Energy

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FORMULA :-

This head can also be calculated from the readings on the pressure gaugesattached to the suction and discharge lines

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FACTOne fact that must always be remembered: A pump does not create pressure, it only provides flow. Pressure is a just an indication of the amount of resistance to flow.

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Centrifugal pump has two main component

1-Rotating components comprised of an impeller and the shaft

2-Stationary components comprised of a casing and bearing

STATIONARY COMPONENTS

CASING

Volute casing Circular casing

Volute casing increase the area to the discharge port , as the area of the cross section increase the volute reduce the speed of the liquid and increase the

pressureVolute casing : build HIGH head ,

Circular casing are used for LOW head and HIGH capacity

Have a stationary diffusions vanes surroundings the impeller periphery

that convert velocity energy into pressure energy

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casing

Spilt casing Solid Casing

A design in which the entire casing including the discharge nozzle is all contained in one casting or fabricated piece

Two or more parts are fastened together. When thecasing parts are divided by horizontal plane, the casing is described as horizontally split or axially split casing. When the split is in a vertical plane perpendicular to the rotation axis, the casing is described as vertically split or radially split casing.

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SUCTION AND DISCHARGE NOZZLE

End suction Top

Discharge

Top suction Top

Discharge

Side suctionSide

Discharge

The suction nozzle is located at the end of, and concentric to, the shaft while the discharge nozzle is located at the top of the case perpendicular to the shaft

The suction and discharge nozzles are located at the top of the case perpendicular to the shaftalways a radially split case pump

The suction and discharge nozzles are located at the sides of the case perpendicular to the shaft. This pump can have either an axially or radially split case type.

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ROTATING COMPONENTS

Impeller

direction of flow

suction type

mechanical construction

Radial flowAxial flow

Mixed

flow

Single-suctionDouble-suction

ClosedOpen

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CENTRIFUGAL PUMP PARAMETERS

Capacity :- Defi nition :-Capacity means the fl ow rate with which l iquid is moved or pushed by the pump to the desired point in the process. It is commonly measured in either gallons per minute (gpm) or cubic meters per hour (m3/hr). The capacity usually changes with the changes in operation of the process.

1 ( m3/Hr ) = 3.66 (GPM)

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The capacity depends on a number of factors like:

1-Process liquid characteristics i.e. density, viscosity

2-Size of the pump and its inlet and outlet sections

3-Impeller size 4-Impeller rotational speed RPM 5-Size and shape of cavities

between the vanes 6-Pump suction and discharge

temperature and pressure conditions

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FORMULA :-

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CENTRIFUGAL PUMP PARAMETERS (HEAD)

HEAD:- Signifi cance of using the “head” term instead of the “pressure” term

The pressure at any point in a l iquid can be thought of as being caused by a verticalcolumn of the l iquid due to its weight. The height of this column is called the static head and is expressed in terms of feet of l iquid.

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The same head term is used to measure the kinetic energy created by the pump.In other words, head is a measurement of the height of a l iquid column that the pumpcould create from the kinetic energy imparted to the l iquid

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The main reason for using head instead of pressure to measure a centrifugal pump's energy is that the pressure from a pump will change if the specifi c gravity (weight) of the l iquid changes, but the head wil l not change. Since any given centrifugal pump can move a lot of diff erent fl uids, with diff erent specifi c gravities, it is simpler to discuss the pump's head and forget about the pressure.

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FACT A given pump with a given impeller diameter and speed will raise a liquid to a certain height regardless of the weight of the liquid.

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FORMULA :-

liquids have specific gravities typically ranging from 0.5 (light) to 1.8 (heavy).

Water is a benchmark, having a

specific gravity of 1.0.

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DEFINITION :-

1-Static Suction Head, hS 2-Static Discharge Head, hd Total Static Head 3-Friction Head, hf 4-Vapor pressure Head, hvp 5-Velocity Head, hv 6-pressure head hp 7-Total Suction Head HS 8-Total Discharge Head Hd 9-Total Differential Head HT 10-Net Positive Suction Head Required NPSHr 11-Net Positive Suction Head Available NPSHa

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DEFINITION :-

1-STATIC SUCTION HEAD, HS

Head resulting from elevation of the l iquid relative to the pump center l ine. If the l iquid level is above pump centerline, hS is positive. If the l iquid level is below pump centerline, hS is negative

. Negative hS condition is commonly denoted as a “suction l ift” condition

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DEFINITION :-

2-STATIC DISCHARGE HEAD, HD

the vertical distance between the pump centerline and the surface of the

l iquid in the destination tank .

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DEFINITION :-

What is Static Head? In a pumping system, this head

represents the energy required to raise the l iquid from the pump centerline to the point in the pipe that the l iquid needs to be raised

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DEFINITION :-

3-FRICTION HEAD, HF

This is the loss needed to overcome that is caused by the resistance to fl ow in the pipe and fi ttings. It is dependent on size, condition and type of pipe, number and type of pipe fi ttings, fl ow rate, and nature of the l iquid.

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DEFINITION :-

4-VAPOR PRESSURE HEAD, HVP

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DEFINITION :-

5-VELOCITY HEAD, HV

It is the equivalent head in feet through which the water would have to fall to acquire the same velocity,

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DEFINITION :-

6-PRESSURE HEAD HP

Suction Pressure Head existsbecause the suction tank is undera pressure other than atmospheric.It is the pressure acting on the surfaceof the liquid in the suction tank.This pressure can be positive (aboveatmospheric) or negative (vacuum).

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DEFINITION :-

7-TOTAL SUCTION HEAD HS This i s ca l led Tota l Sys tem Suct ion Head . Th is

i s a l so somet imes ca l led Tota l Dynamic Suct ion Head .

The equat ion to ca lcu la te th is head requirement

.Suct ion s ta t ic head i s pos i t i ve when there i s a fl ooded suct ion and negat ive when there i s a suct ion l i f t .

Pressure head i s zero i f the tank i s a tmospher ic . I t i s added when above zero gauge pressure and subtracted when under vacuum.

Ve loc i ty head theoret ica l l y i s par t o f the Sys tem Suct ion Head equat ion . In pract ica l app l ica t ion , i t i s rare ly cons idered as i t s va lue i s min imal

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DEFINITION

8-TOTAL DISCHARGE HEAD HD

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DEFINITION :-

9-TOTAL DIFFERENTIAL HEAD HTTOTAL HEAD SYSTEM TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD

HT=HD-HS

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PUMP PERFORMANCE CURVE

Total dynamic Head

Capacity

Increasing capacity decreasing Head

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1 0 - N E T P O S I T I V E S U C T I O N H EA D R EQ U I R E D ( N P S H R )

As liquid enters the pump, there is a reduction of pressure and subsequent head. This head reduction is a function of the specific pump and is determined by laboratory testing to be stated by the pump manufacturer on a pump curve.

Net Positive Suction Head Required (NPSHR) is the measurement of this head reduction to determine the minimum suction head condition required to prevent the liquid from vaporizing in the pump.

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1 0 - N E T P O S I T I V E S U C T I O N H EA D R EQ U I R E D ( N P S H R )

Notice on the NPSHR curve below, as the pump capacity increases and head decreases, more NPSHR is required to prevent cavitation from occurring.

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DEFINITION

Efficiency

Efficiency is power output of a mechanical device, such as a pump, divided by power input to the device. Pump efficiency is the ratio of liquid power (also known as water power) divided by the power input to the pump shaft,(also known as brake power

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DEFINITION Best Efficiency point

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DEFINITION

Power Requirements

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PUMP SELECTION

pss.jnlp

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PUMP OPERATIONS

Pumps operates by : -

Electric Engines

Diesel Engines

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PUMP ROOM CONTENTS

Pump Room

Electric pump

Jockey Pump

Diesel pump

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PUMP ROOM OPERATIONS

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PUMP ROOM SPECIFICATIONS

Any pump can be used to be Firefighting pumps as long as matching :-

1. NFPA (National Fire Protection Association)

2.LPC (Loss Prevention Council )

Manufacturing of pumps should be according to

1. American specs ANSI (American National Standards Institute )

2. British specs BS (British Standard )

3. Germany specs DIN (Diameter Nominal )

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PUMP ROOM SPECIFICATIONS

It should delivered with pumps test certification from manufacturer states about testing the pumps with its control panels

If the pump according American specs it should be UL or FM certification states about testing the pump according American specs

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NFPA (NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION )

NFPA 20 (Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection )

1.3.1 This standard shall apply to centrifugal single-stage and multistage pumps of the horizontal or vertical shaft design and positive displacement pumps of the horizontal or vertical shaft design.

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NFPA (NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION )

5.1.2 Other Pumps shall be limited to capacities of less than 1892 L/min (500 gpm).

The meaning of (SHALL) in nfpa code : Indicates a mandatory

requirement

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NFPA 20

The pump is required to demonstrate its ability to achieve 65% of rated pressure when flowing at 150% of rated capacity

Shut-off head will range from a minimum of 101% to a maximum of 140% of head

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NFPA20

Gallon per minute according to NFPA20

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INSTALLATION OF PUMP

Pump Room Components

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INSTALLATION OF PUMP ROOM

1-Pump & Engine

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Suction Line Discharge Line Check Line

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Pump Room Connection

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pump room.dwg Pump Room 2.dwg

AutoCAD Drawings Pump Room (Electric ).dwg pump Room (Diesel ).dwg Pump Room 3d.dwg

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GALLERY

Gallery

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Concentric reducer

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Check Valve

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Diesel pump fuel tank

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Air Vent on discharge line

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Concentric & eccentric reducers

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Sprinklers Systems

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There are 4 main types of systems :-

Wet Pipe Dry Pipe Pre-Action Deluge

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WET PIPES SYSTEM

Wet pipe sprinkler systems contain water in the riser and piping at all times. As soon as a sprinkler head activates due to the heat of a fire, water is immediately discharged through the open head .

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WET PIPE SYSTEM COMPONENTS MAIN CONTROL VALVE

Butterfly ValveOBJECTIVE :-Shut down system for service

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WET PIPE SYSTEM COMPONENTS

CONTROL VALVE

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When the fire protection system is initially being pressurized, water will flowinto the system until the water supply and system pressure become equalized, and the torsion Spring closes theClapper in the Alarm Check Valve. Once the pressures have stabilized

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Leakage in

System

Flow Inlet < Flow Outlet (1)

Flow Inlet > Flow Outlet (2)

Restriction

Assembly INLET

OU

TL

ET

2

1

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FIRE,FIRE

ALARM

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CHECK VALVE SYMBOL CHECK VALVE

CHECK VALVE BLOCK Check Valve Block.dwg

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WET PIPE SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Friction Loss Chart ( Check Valve )

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DRY PIPES SYSTEM

Dry pipe sprinkler systems contain air (or sometimes nitrogen) in the riser and piping at all times. The air (or nitrogen) is under pressure and this pressure maintains a "differential dry pipe valve" in the closed position

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DRY PIPES SYSTEM

. When a sprinkler head activates, the air (or nitrogen) is exhausted through the open head, thus allowing the differential dry pipe valve to open and water to be admitted to the riser and piping.

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DRY PIPES SYSTEM

Some dry pipe systems are equipped with quick opening devices (QOD's) which assist in exhausting the air or nitrogen from the system thus allowing water to reach the open head more quickly. Dry pipe systems are installed where there is a danger of freezing.

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PROCEDURE

When one or more automatic sprinklers operate in response to a fire, air pressure within the system piping is relieved through the open sprinklers.

When the air pressure is sufficiently reduced, the water pressure overcomes the differential holding the Clapper Assembly closed and the Clapper Assembly swings clear of the water seat,

This action permits water flow into the system piping and subsequently to be discharged from any open sprinklers. Also, with the Clapper Assembly open, the intermediate chamber is pressurized and water flows through the alarm port.

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PROCEDURE

After a valve actuation and upon subsequent closing of a system main control valve to stop water flow, the Clapper Assembly will latch open Latching open of the DPV-1 will permit complete draining of the system through the main drain port. During the valve resetting procedure and after the system is completely drained, the external reset knob can be easily depressed to externally unlatch the Clapper Assembly

. As such, the Clapper Assembly is returned to its normal set position to facilitate setting of the dry pipe sprinkler system, without having to remove the Hand hole Cover.

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PREACTION PIPES SYSTEM A Preaction System is a sprinkler

system employing closed automatic sprinklers connected to a piping system that contains air or nitrogen that may or may not be pressurized. A supplemental detection system (release line) is installed in the same area as the sprinklers

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NFPA 13 DEFINES THREE BASIC TYPES OF PREACTION SYSTEMS: Single Interlocked: Admits water to

sprinkler piping upon operation of detection devices only.

Double Interlocked: Admits water to sprinkler piping upon operation of both the detection devices and automatic sprinklers

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PREACTION SYSTEMS:

Non-Interlocked: Admits water to sprinkler piping upon either operation of detection devices or automatic sprinklers.

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PREACTION SYSTEMS:

The supplemental detection system is commonly electric or pneumatic or a combination of both. Detection systems used with electric release systems are commonly actuated by manual pull stations, fixed-temperature heat detectors, rate-of-rise heat detectors, smoke detectors or other means determined

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PREACTION SYSTEMS:

In accordance with NFPA 13, the preaction sprinkler system piping and fire

detection devices shall be automatically supervised where there are more than 20 sprinklers on the systems. This is accomplished with air or nitrogen gas under pressure within the sprinkler piping. If the integrity of the sprinkler piping is compromised, the pressure will be reduced activating a supervisory pressure switch that transmits the signal to the release control panel and/or fire alarm panel.

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PREACTION SYSTEMS:

Single Interlocked

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PREACTION SYSTEMS:

Double Interlocked

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PREACTION SYSTEMS:

. The double interlock preaction system utilizes a detector system and pressurized air or nitrogen in the sprinkler system piping. This system is arranged so that the deluge valve will open only when both pressure is reduced in the sprinkler piping and the detection system operates.

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PREACTION SYSTEMS:

If the detection system operates due to damage or malfunction, the valve will not open, but an alarm will sound. If the sprinkler piping is damaged or sprinkler is broken, the valve will not open but a supervisory alarm will sound. The operation of both a sprinkler and a detector (or release) is required before the valve will open, allowing water to enter the system piping.

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DELUGE SYSTEMS:

A deluge system is similar to a pre-action system except the sprinkler heads are open and the pipe is not pressurized with air. Deluge systems are connected to a water supply through a deluge valve that is opened by the operation of a smoke or heat detection system. The detection system is installed in the same area as the sprinklers. When the detection system is activated water discharges through all of the sprinkler heads in the system. Deluge systems are used in places that are considered high hazard areas such as power plants, aircraft hangars and chemical storage or processing facilities. Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary to prevent fire spread

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DELUGE SYSTEMS:

Deluge System with Electric actuated

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DELUGE SYSTEMS:

Deluge System with wet pilot actuated

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DELUGE SYSTEMS:

Deluge System with Dry pilot actuated

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ZONE CONTROL VALVE ( FLOOR C V )

Fire Fighting Course

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