Fire ecology notes ppt
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Transcript of Fire ecology notes ppt
![Page 1: Fire ecology notes ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062306/58724fb21a28ab852f8b6c31/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Fire: Ecology, Behavior & Home
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Agenda 11/2/16
• Wildfire Science– Definition of wildfire– Watch a couple of wildfire science videos– Fire Triangle– Fire Behavior Triangle– Learn about how fires spread
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Fire is fire!
. . . Is it bad?
. . . Is it good?
. . . Who’s asking?
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Fire is bad !
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• Fire is good !
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Ecological Effects of Fire Basic Premises
1. All ecosystems change over time2. Fire is neither innately good nor bad; it
is just an agent of change3. Human perception of whether it is good
or bad depends on resource objectives4. Do people think fire is good for wildlife?
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WILDFIRE• Create a mental picture
• What does it look like?
• What does it sound like?
• What does it smell like?
• How would you define it?
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Definition of Wildfire:
• An unplanned and uncontrolled fire spreading through vegetative fuels, at times involving structures.
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Science of Wildfires• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F8OrmGAIqI4
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Science of WildfireFIRE TRIANGLE
What is the source of :– Oxygen– Heat– Fuel
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DEMO!
• Yep, time to examine the Fire Triangle.
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Science of WildfireFIRE BEHAVIOR TRIANGLE– How does weather affect occurrence and spread of wildfire?– Which types of fuel feed a wildfire?– How can topography affect the occurrence and spread of wildfire?
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Look at the factors• Weather
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Look at the factors• Topography - Slope
Steep Slopes
Legend
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Look at the factors• Fuel - Vegetation
Gap Data
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Science of Wildfire- Types of Fuel
• Light Fuels• Heavy Fuels• Ladder Fuels• Fuel Breaks
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Science of Wildfire• Fire Spread- Transference
of Heat– Conduction – Radiation => Surface fires– Convection => Crown fires
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Fire Spread
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Ember movement is the “wild card”
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High Intensity Crown Fire
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zvPa_yEEd4E
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We have liftoff and ignition!
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Agenda
• Update last set of notes (Fire spread)• History of fire policy in U.S. • Leading causes of fire in Oregon• Ecological Role of Fire
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History of Fire in U.S.• 1800s- BIG forest fires began argument (among conservationists) that
fires threatened commercial timber supplies• 1891- U.S. Gov’t began setting aside national forest reservations• 1905- U.S. Forest Service established and given managerial control of
forest reservations• 1910- “Big Blowup”- 3 million acres burned in Montana, Idaho, and
Washington in only TWO days• “Big Blowup” greatly affected national conversation about fire policy
=> thought that total fire suppression would prevent big blowup again.
• 1920-1938- policies developed to – 1. Prevent Fires and – 2. Suppress fire as quickly as possible
• 1930s- Many fires led to even greater fire suppression urgency• 1944- Smokey Bear introduced to spread the message• 1960s- first scientific studies came out linking positive role fire played
in forest ecology• 1970s- Radical change in Forest Service policy
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1970s Policy Changes
• Let fires burn when and where appropriate• Natural-caused fires allowed to burn in
designated wilderness areas• => “let-it-burn” policy • Last 25 years we’ve seen fires grown in size
and ferocity due to suppression efforts of early 1900s=> lots of money spent in effort to fight fires
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History of Fire Suppression in 3 minutes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NX1xnWPSjKg
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Oregon Statistics
• 140,000 acres of Oregon burned in 2015• 595 people were responsible• Cost: $68,000,000• 297 fires were started at home• 55 fires started on the job
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Oregon Statistics
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Leading causes of fires in Oregon
• Cigarettes• Campfires build in poor locations• Campfires not properly extinguished• Fuel leakage from cars or logging equipment• Use of fireworks in any forestland area
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What can YOU do to prevent wildfires?
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What can you do to prevent starting a wildfire?
• Create defensible space around your home• Put out camp fires- there’s a science to this!• Build SMALL fires (not big bonfires) • If camping, use designated metal fire pits. • Don’t smoke. Anything. • No fireworks in public lands.
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Ecological Role of Fire in Forest Ecosystems
1. Reduces probability of catastrophic fire
2. Nutrient input into soils3. Control of insect pests4. Control of tree pathogens5. Maintains species diversity
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Fire Adaptations
1. Fire- activated seeds/cones2. Thermal insulation3. Resprouting4. Prolific Flowering5. Tall crowns and few to no
lower branches
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Fire Activated Seeds• Require fire for seeds to sprout• Serotinous cones or fruit sealed with resin• Ex. Lodgepole Pine, Manzanita
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Thermal Insulation
• Thick bark, dead leaves, or moist tissues prevents damage to inner layers of tree
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Resprouting
• Grown new shoots after fire• Resprout from buds in plants underground• Ex. Madrone
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Prolific Flowering
• Flowers pop up quickly after fires• Take advantage of ash-fertilized soil• Ex. Fire Lily
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Tall Crown and Few Lower Branches
• Drop lower branches to prevent ladder fuels
• Called “self-pruning”• Ex. Ponderosa Pine
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Healthy or Unhealthy?
BC
AB
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Depends on Who You Ask!
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Forester: “if its meeting management goals for that area and insect and disease were at” low levels.
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Wildlife biologist: if it has a “mosaic of trees and openings providing a variety of habitat for a diversity of
wildlife.”
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Hydrologist: “the most important component of a healthy forest is that there is ground cover…to act like a sponge, absorbing
water, filtering it and slowly releasing it.
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Fire ecologist: “one that was disturbed by fire at a severity and frequency that mimicked what once
occurred naturally.”
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Historically, fire would burn a stand every 40 years or less.
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Wilderness specialist: “one where processes were allowed to play out without interference by humans.
Large bug kills are part of those processes…”
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HEALTHY FORESTS?
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UNHEALTHY FOREST??