FIQH AS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION - Universiteit Leidenmedia.leidenuniv.nl/legacy/ppt0000007.pdf ·...
Transcript of FIQH AS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION - Universiteit Leidenmedia.leidenuniv.nl/legacy/ppt0000007.pdf ·...
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FIQH
AS A SOCIAL
CONSTRUCTION
DEVELOPING DEVELOPING THE DISCIPLINE OF FIQHTHE DISCIPLINE OF FIQH
SessionT
hree
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SESSIONS
1.What is Social construction?
2.Historiography of Islamic law
3.Developing the Discipline of Fiqh
4.Developing the Authority of Fiqh
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• The study of history
• The study of the way history has been written
• The study of the changing interpretations of the events
• Narrative/ Metanarrative
• Historiographical Tradition
• Historiographical Framework4
Session T
wo
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FIQH
AS A SOCIAL
CONSTRUCTION
DEVELOPINGDEVELOPINGTHE DISCIPLINE OF FIQHTHE DISCIPLINE OF FIQH
SessionT
hree
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OUTLINE
• Constructive Indices• Defining the EPISTEMOLOGY of Fiqh• Developing the Discipline
• SCOPE
• Classification of subjects
• Curricula: Continuity and Authenticity• Literature: classification and continuity
• Transmitting the Knowledge: Madrasa, Ijaza• Training the Faqih : Profession of Law• Building the Community: Madhhab, guild, Taqlid,
Tabaqat
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Fo
rma
tiv
e
/Cla
ssic
al
Pe
rio
d
662-961
Fatwa CentresFatwa Centres
Hadith CentresHadith Centres
Fiqh Schools
minimal advisoryminimal advisory
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Fiqh and Hadith[three centuries of Islam]Fiqh Centres and Schools
Medina
• Abu ‘Abdullah Ja’far al-Sadiq (702-765): Ja‘fari School
• Zayd b. Ali (695-740): Zaydi School
• Malik b. Anas (711-795): Maliki School
Mecca
• Abu ‘Abdullah Muhammad b. Idris al- Shafi‘i (767-820): Shafi‘i School
Kufa
• Abu Hanifa (699-767): Hanafi School
Baghdad
• Ahmad b. Hanbal (780-855): Hanbali School
Ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838- 923): Jariri School
Damascus
• ‘Abd al-Rahman Awza‘i (707-774): Awza‘i School
Basra
• ‘Abdullah b. Ibad (?): Ibadi School
– Abu Da’ud Sulayman al-Sijistani (817-889): Zahiri School
Cairo
– Qadi Nu’man (d. 974), Isma‘ili school
Hadith Collections
1. Malik b. Anas (711-795): al-Muwatta
2. Isma‘il al-Bukhari ( 810-870): Sahih
3. Muslim b. Hajjaj al-Nishapuri (817-875): Sahih
4. Abu Da’ud al-Sijistani (817-889): Sunan
5. Abu ‘Isa al-Tirmidhi (824-892): Jami‘
6. Ibn Majah al-Qazwini(824-887): Sunan
7. Abu ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Nasa’i (829-915): Sunan
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From Muftis to Madhhabs
• Muftis (661-740): Madina, Makkah, Kufah, Basrah, Syria, Egypt,
Yemen
1. Ibadiya:
‘Abdullah b. Ibad (d. 706), Najd, Basrah
2. Zaydiya: Zayd b. ‘Ali (695-740), Madinah, Kufah
3. Isma‘iliyya: Isma‘il b. Ja’far al-Sadiq(721-755),
Madinah
4. Imamiyya (Ja’fariyya, Ithna ‘ashariyya):
Ja‘far al-Sadiq (702- 765), Madinah
5. Hanafiyya:Nu‘man b. Thabit Abu Hanifa (699-
767), Kufah-Baghdad
6. Awza‘i: Abd al-Rahman Awza‘i (707-774),
Damascus
7. Malikiyya:Malik b. Anas ( 711- 795), Madinah
8. Shafi‘iyya:Muhammad b. Idris al-Shafi‘i (767-
820), Gaza, Egypt
9. Hanabila: Ahmad b. Hanbal (780- 855), Basrah,
Baghdad
10. Zahiriyya:Da’ud b. Khalaf (817- 883), Sistan, Basrah
11. Tabariyya:Abu Ja‘far Muhammad b. Jarir al-
Tabari (838-923), Amul
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Madhhab Communities
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FORMATIVE CONTEXT
• Quraysh // Non-Quraysh : Arabic Culture• Arab // Non-Arab: Arabic language
• Revelation // Reason : Infallibility• Divine // Human: Shari’a -> Fiqh al-Shari’a
• Qurra, Mufassir, Muhaddith, Katib, Adib, Mutakallim , Faqih, Sufi
• Hadith // Ra’y: Fiqh = Hadith + Ra’y• Text // Practice : Fiqh = Text �� ‘Urf/ ‘Ada• Authenticity // Acceptability: Ijtihad �� Ijma‘
Experts // Commons: Fuqaha/ Mujtahid // muqallid
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EPISTEMOLOGY OF FIQH:
AL-FARABI (d. 950)
Science or Art ? Both. Human/revealed ? Human
•Fiqh = Sana‘a, Art, Skill of deduction•Fiqh: Science of society
•Epistemology: Unity and Hierarchy of Sciences•Sciences:
1. Languages2. Logic3. Applied sciences (Ta‘alim): ‘ilm al-‘Adad, Handasa, Music etc.4. Physics/metaphysics5. Social Sciences: Fiqh, Kalam
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EPISTEMOLOGY OF FIQH:
AL-BAZDAWI (d. 1100)
Fiqh: Science or Art (Skill)? Science/ Human•Al- ‘Ilm fi’l-Din•Special knowledge of Religion: Kitab, Sunna and Ijma’ of the community•Knowledge of the Legal (Shar‘iyya) Rules •Hikma, knowledge of facts, truth
• Ma‘na, ra’y, ‘illa, sabab, ma‘qul, nukta, dalil, nazar, hujja, burhan
Faqih = (metaphorically) One who memorizes the doctrines and insights, even though not the meaning
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EPISTEMOLOGY OF FIQH: AL-GHAZALI
Art/ HumanA‘mal/ Sana‘a, worldly System
• Siyasa• Anbiya• Caliphs, Kings• Ulama• Preachers
•‘Ilm al-Fiqh: sana‘a• ‘ilm dunyawi, mahmud, Shar‘iyya, kifaya
Faqih•Expert in Siyasa and mediation•King’s guide to governance•Governance is not a religious science •Shar‘iyya through Anbiya,
• Ghayr Shar‘iyya: Human reason, experience, social interaction
•Fard ‘ayn contestedTheologians /Jurists /Mufassirun, Muhaddithun /Sufiya
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DEVELOPING THE DISCIPLINE:
SCOPE
Malik: al-Muwatta’ 8th century: Comprehensive
• Salat, zakat …. [religious rituals]• Nikah, talaq… [family]• Buyu‘, Qirad, musaqat .. [transactions]• Al-Aqdiya, ‘itaq … [judicial]• Al-Hudud, al-ashriba.. [crimes]• Al-Jami‘(Miscellaneous): Ethics, Manaqib
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DEVELOPING THE DISCIPLINE: SCOPE
• Bukhari, Sahih [9th century]
• Wahy, iman, ‘ilm• Salat, zakat…• Buyu‘, shurb ..• Mazalim, Qisas• Bad’ a-khalq, history,..• Tafsir..• Dhaba’ih, ashriba, Tibb,
istidhan
• Ayman• Fara’id• Hudud• Hiyal, • Fitan..• Ahkam• Akhbar al-Ahad• I‘tisam bi’l-kitab wa al-
Sunna• Comprehensive
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CLASSIFICATION OF SUBJECTS
• HUDUD IN FIQH Eighth century Malik b. Anas (d. 7950 ), al-Muwatta
• Kitab (book) on Hudud:•• Zina (adultery, rape, fornication), • Qadhf (accusation of Zina, • Sariqa (theft)• Kitab of Ashriba (Drinks):• Hadd for drinking• Kitab of Diyat (Blood-money):• Murder• Injuries
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CLASSIFICATION OF SUBJECTS
• Ibn Rushd (d. 1198), Bidayat al-Mujtahid• Kitab al-Qisas
1. qatl (murder)2. Jarh (injuries)
• Kitab al-Zina1. Sexual offences
• Kitab al-Qadhf1. Accusation of Zina2. Drinking
• Kitab al-Sariqa1. Theft
• Kitab al-Haraba1. Rebellion2. Apostasy
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CLASSIFICATION OF SUBJECTS
• Burhanuddin Marghinani (d. 1196), Al-Hidaya
Kitab al-Hudud1. Zina 2. Shurb3. Qadhf
Kitab al-Sariqa (Theft)1. Sariqa,2. Qat‘ al-Tariq (Highway robbery)
Kitab al-Siyar (war, International law)1. Apostasy2. Rebellion
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CLASSIFICATION OF SUBJECTS
• Wahba al-Zuhayli, Al-Fiqh al-Islami wa adillatuhu, Vol.6
• Chapter 1: Hudud1. Zina2. Qadhf3. Sariqa4. Haraba (robbery and murder)5. Qat‘al-tariq (highway robbery)6. Bughat (rebellion)7. Muskirat (drinking)8. Ridda (apostasy)
• Chapter 2: Ta‘zir• Chapter 3: Janayat (Crimes and offences)
1. Qatl (Murder)2. Jarah (Injuries)3. Ijhad (abortion)4. Crimes against animals
•
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SYSTEMATIZATION OF SUBJECT
MATTER
FiqhFiqh
‘IBADAT/Rights of
God
‘IBADAT/Rights of
God
Mu‘amalat
Rights of
Men
Mu‘amalat
Rights of
Men
• Purification• Salat• Sawm• Zakat • Hajj
• Purification• Salat• Sawm• Zakat • Hajj
Munakahat [ personal laws]Munakahat [ personal laws]
Mu‘amalat, Contracts, PropertyMu‘amalat, Contracts, Property
Janayat/ Penalties [Hudud/
/Qisas/Ta‘zirat]
Janayat/ Penalties [Hudud/
/Qisas/Ta‘zirat]
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CLASSIFICATION OF LEGAL
VALUES/ LEGALITY
Al-Ahkam al-Taklifiya
1. Wajib/Fard2. Mustahab/ Mandub3. Mubah4. Makruh5. Haram
Al-Ahkam al-Wad‘iya
• 1)Cause (Sabab)• 2) Condition (Shart)• 3) Hindrance (Mani‘)• 4) Strict law (‘Azimah)
and concessionary lay (Rukhsah)
• 5) Valid, irregular and void (Sahih, Fasid and Batil)
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CATEGORIZING LEGALITY:
AL-HUKM AL-TAKLIFI
Halal
0Mubah
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CATEGORIZING LEGALITY: AHKAM
0Halal Haram
Mubah
Wajib Mandub Makruh Haram
Shafi‘i School
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HANAFI SCHOOL[QUR’AN/SUNNA]
0Halal
Haram
Mubah
WajibFard
Tanzihi Tahrimi
Sunna ghayr mu’akkada
Mubah
Wajib Mandub Makruh Haram
Sunna Mu’akkada
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DEVELOPING THE DISCIPLINE:
HANAFI LITERATURE
• Kutub Zahir al-Riwaya, Usul, Masa’il al-Usul• Six books of Imam Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-Shaybani
(d. 805)• Al-Jami‘ al-Kabir• Al-Jami‘ al-Saghir• Al-Siyar al-Kabir• Al-Siyar al-Saghir• Al-Ziyadat• Al-Mabsut (also called the al-Asl)
• Al-Nawadir• Al-Waqi‘at
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DEVELOPING THE DISCIPLINE:
HANAFI LITERATURE
• 10th -11th century
• Al-Hakim (d. 945), Al-Kafi (recension of Zahir al-Riwaya)• Al-Quduri (d. 1036), Mukhtasar• Al-Sarakhsi (d.1090), Al-Mabsut (Sharh al-Kafi)• Al-Kasani (d. 1191), Bada’i’ al-Sana’i’‘(al-Kafi)• Al-Marghnani (d. 1196), Hidaya
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HANAFI LITERATURE
13TH -16TH CENTURY
• Sadr al-Din al-Mahbubi : Al-Wiqaya (Summary of al-Hidaya)
• Abu’l-Barakat al-Nasafi (d. 1310), Kanz al-Daqa’iq• Zayla‘i (d.1342), Tabyin al-Haqa’iq• Quhistani (d. 1543), Jami‘ al-Ramuz• Ibn Nujaym (d. 1563), Bahr al-Ra’iq, Al-Ashbah wa’l
Naza’ir
• Fatawa: Ibn Mazza (d. 1174); Dhakhirat al-Fatawa• Qadi Khan (d.1196), Fatawa Qadikhan
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OTTOMAN
• Mulla Khusraw (d.1480), Ghurar al-Hukkam, Durar al-Hukkam
• Ibrahim al-Haalabi (d. 1549), Multaqa al-Abhur [Quduri, Daqa’iq]
• Shaykhzadeh (d. 1667), Majma‘ al-Anhur• Al-Haskafi (d. 1677), Al-Durar al-Muntaqa, Al-Durr al-
Mukhtar• Ibn ‘Abidin (d. 1836), Radd al-Muhtar
•• Fatawa
• Al-Fatawa al-Hindiyya
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TRANSMISSION OF KNOWLEDGE
• MADRASA• Theories: Preaching/defending, Theological schools, Law
schools. George Makdisi• Unity, Continuity, comprehensiveness, specialization as
apprentice• Early: Mosque, teacher and book based [Isnad back to
author] hadith pattern • Madrasa/ Jami‘a; 9th-10th centuries. Qarawiyyin (859) Fez, al-
Azhar (959) Cairo, Hawza Qom (10th century), Najaf (10th), Nizamiyya (11th century)
• Later: Fiqh major subject, employment• Finances: State, Waqf, Personal
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TRANSMISSION OF KNOWLEDGE
• TRAINING: Disputation, Dissertation, Mudhakara, Munazara, Jadal, Ikhtilaf
•• RECOGNITION /QUALIFICATION: Ijaza, [individual
teacher, book, subject, tadris, Ifta, qada, tasnif, ta’lif
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TRANSMISSION OF KNOWLEDGE
• Teaching• Curricula• Maktab, Nizamiyya, Dars Nizami, Hawza,
• ‘Ulum Naqliyya: Arabic language, grammar, Rhetoric, Literature, Qur’an, Tafsir, Hadith, Ulum al-hadith, ‘Aqa’id (kalam), Fiqh, Usul al-Fiqh
• ‘Ulum ‘Aqliyya: Mantiq, mathematics, Agebra, Trignometry, calculus, Astronomy, …Philosophy, Hikma, Tibb
• Muqaddimat, Sutuh, Dars Kharij, Ijtihad
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PROFESSION OF LAW
• GUILDS: residential, apprenticeship, Sahib• PROFESSORS, Kursi: Shaykh
• GRADES: sahib, Ustadh, Mulaqqin, Mu’addib, Mu’id, ‘Alim,
• COMMUNITY OF EXPERTS: Imam, Mujtahid (grades), Riyasa, Marja’ al-aqlid, Mufti, Mudarris, Qadi, Nazir
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LITERATURE
• Classification of Books• Mukhtasar• Mukhtsar/ Mutawwal/ Wasit/ • Sharh /Hashiya/ Ta‘liq, Matn• Jami‘• Ta‘liqa• Kitab• Risala• Amali• Fahrasa/ barnamaj/ mashikha• Bab, fasl, mas’ala, Muqaddima, ifada• Fatwa
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SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION
• Tradition, Community of Experts• EXPERTS AND STATE• EXPERTS AND SOCIETY• AUTHENTICITY AND ACCEPTABILITY• DISCOURSE• IJMA’• Fiqh –Madhhab – taqlid • Usul al-Fiqh = Ideology
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Simile of Tree
• Furu ‘: Branches:
• Doctrines, Madhhab
• Usul: Principles
• Usul: roots, sources
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Usul al-Fiqh: Structural
Conflict/Resolution
Ijtihad/Taqlid
Objectives of Law
Analysis
Abrogation
Sources of Law
Qur’an
Sunna
Consensus
Legal Reasoning
InferenceLaws
Hukm
Laws
Hukm
Secondary sources
Taklifi
Wad’i
Authority
Rights/Duties
Capacity
Linguistics
Grammar
Semantics
Hermeneutics
Logic
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Simile of System:
Maslaha between Ghazali and Shatibi
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Simile of System: Shatibi
• Five Intents of
the Lawgiver
Common Good
LangugeObligation
AuthenticityObedience
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FIQH A
S A S
OCIA
L
CONSTR
UCTION
4
DEVELOPING THE AUTHORITY OF FIQH
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AUTHORITY OF FIQH
Ideology
Fiqh = Shari ‘a
Text = Nass qat‘i, revealed, connected with revelation
Taqlid = madhhab, narrative of madhahib
Fuqaha = successors of the Prophet
Tabaqat al- Fuqaha, Grades of Ijtihad, Biographies
Ijma‘ = legitimacy of tradition, continuity, authenticity
Fatwa = continuity of non-state legal system
Salafiyya: rejection of taqlid , Fiqh al-Sunna
Islamic State, state enforcement of Shari’a