Finns in Sweden: What influence fathers’ parental leave use?
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Transcript of Finns in Sweden: What influence fathers’ parental leave use?
Finns in Sweden: What influence fathers’ parental leave use?
Eleonora Mussino, Jussi Tervola and
Ann-Zofie Duvander
Motivation of the study:
Why Finns in Sweden?
Why Parental Leave?
RQs and HPs
Data and Method
Results
Conclusions
Outline
Why Finns in Sweden?
Emigration from Finland has played a central role in the development of the Swedish economy ever since the 1950s
The geographical closeness and similarities in working life, institutions, and culture promoted migration flows (Korkiasaari and Söderling, 1998; Finnäs, 2003; Hedberg and Kepsu, 2003).
Finland and Sweden are countries where the norm of gender equality prevails in both public and private sphere.
Why Finns in Sweden?
More than half a million Finns moved to Sweden over a 50-year period, which amounts to one-tenth of the current Finnish population.
However, more than half returned to Finland after a few years stay in Sweden.
They represent 10% of the foreign born population in Sweden in 2014
Why Finns in Sweden?
Scb 2016
Why Finns in Sweden?
Additionally Finland and Sweden :
Provide family benefits for fathers but with crucial policy differences
Availability of in-depth register data
possibility to distinguish policy consequences from other factors, e.g. spouse’s origin, employment, wages, time in country
Nordic countries encourage fathers to participate in childcare through parental benefits
Mothers’ employment, equality, new fatherhood
Parental leave is used as indicator of gender equality
In Sweden almost 9 out of 10 fathers use parental leave. Major differences in leave length between fathers
In Finland, fathers’ use of parental leave is significantly lower than in Sweden (20% ).
Why Parental Leave?
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Why Parental Leave?
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Finnish system
Minimum benefit / homecare allowance
Father quota
Condition to fatherquota
Shared
Daddy days simult. withmother
Mother quota
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Swedish system
A previous study indicates that immigrant fathers are overrepresented among non-users of parental leave. However, differences diminish with time spent in the
host country
Immigrant fathers may be discouraged to use the leave for several reasons: Insecure attachment to the labour market
Lack of awareness about the social security system
Different gender roles in the culture of origin
Why Parental Leave?
So considering that: Finns in Sweden are economically integrated (LM migrants),
often speak the language and share gender equal norm.
And despite: The Finns in Finland use less PL than Swedes in Sweden
Our research questions are: Do Finnish immigrants use parental leave in Sweden?
Are there differences between immigrants and their native counterpart in Sweden and in Finland?
Do immigrants show sign of adaptation, selection or socialization?
RQs HPs
Longitudinal microdata, births 1999-2009
Finland: 60 % sample of mothers given births
Sweden: Total population
We study fathers:
1) Finnish-born in Sweden
2) natives in Finland,
3) natives in Sweden,
4) Swedish-born in Finland
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Data and Method
Examining the take-up (0/1) of individual leave (quota or gender-neutral leave)
Linear probability models (LMP)
Hypotheses on:
Labour market attachment
Characteristics of the spouse
Period effect
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Data and Method
Results
Controlled Model: Month of birth, year of birth LM attachment, share of father’s income, Spouse background, LM attachment spouse, Age of the father
Relative risk (ref Swedish born) of father using the leave in Sweden based on LPM coefficients
Results
Controlled Model: Month of birth, year of birth LM attachment, share of father’s income, Spouse background, LM attachment spouse, Age of the father
Relative risk (ref Swedish born) of father using the leave in Sweden based on LPM coefficients
Results
Year of birth (ref. 2009)
1999 0.0297 0.405 -0.0680 0.000 -0.2483 0.000 -0.2190 0.000
2000 -0.0021 0.955 -0.0603 0.000 -0.2503 0.000 -0.2348 0.000
2001 0.0350 0.346 -0.0500 0.000 -0.2513 0.000 -0.2185 0.000
2002 0.0543 0.134 -0.0146 0.000 -0.2264 0.000 -0.1918 0.000
2003 0.0612 0.102 -0.0104 0.000 -0.1743 0.000 -0.1779 0.000
2004 0.0696 0.067 -0.0077 0.003 -0.1679 0.000 -0.1717 0.000
2005 0.0857 0.026 0.0052 0.042 -0.1609 0.000 -0.1068 0.001
2006 0.0290 0.445 0.0082 0.001 -0.1365 0.000 -0.1281 0.000
2007 0.0075 0.854 0.0025 0.332 -0.0607 0.000 -0.0311 0.345
2008 0.0491 0.219 -0.0027 0.295 -0.0299 0.000 -0.0090 0.785
Finn Swe Fin Swe
Sweden Finland
Period Effect:
NO PERIOD EFFECT
Increase of use over
time
Same pattern: Increase of use over time
Controlled Model: Month of birth, year of birth LM attachment, share of father’s income, Spouse background, LM attachment spouse, Age of the father
Results
Labour Market Effect:
Controlled Model: Month of birth, year of birth LM attachment, share of father’s income, Spouse background, LM attachment spouse, Age of the father
Father's wage level (ref. medium)
Employed / low wage -0.2846 0.000 -0.2284 0.000 -0.0480 0.000 -0.0334 0.082
Employed / high wage -0.0944 0.000 -0.0616 0.000 0.0622 0.000 0.0897 0.000
Self-employed -0.0306 0.122 -0.0225 0.000 -0.0704 0.000 -0.0841 0.024
Not employed -0.1742 0.000 -0.1883 0.000 -0.0779 0.000 -0.0643 0.043
Father's income share (ref. ~50%)
0 (0-12%) -0.1103 0.019 -0.2202 0.000 -0.0129 0.043 0.0626 0.168
25 (13-37%) -0.0886 0.006 -0.0546 0.000 -0.0023 0.502 0.0103 0.707
75 (63-87%) -0.0865 0.000 -0.0488 0.000 -0.0390 0.000 -0.0196 0.272
100 (88-100%) -0.1473 0.000 -0.0766 0.000 -0.0335 0.000 -0.0073 0.833
Finn Swe Fin Swe
Sweden Finland
SAME effect: Medium wage
SAME effect: High wage
WEAK EFFECT 50% higher probability
WEAK EFFECT 50% higher probability
WEAK EFFECT
NO EFFECT
Results
Spouse Effect:
Controlled Model: Month of birth, year of birth LM attachment, share of father’s income, Spouse background, LM attachment spouse, Age of the father
Employed mother 0.0009 0.975 0.0056 0.014 -0.0032 0.334 0.0274 0.263
Immigrant mother (Ref Swedish)
Immigrant -0.0045 0.868 -0.0353 0.000 -0.0161 0.006 0.0067 0.883
Finnish/Swedish -0.0398 0.068 0.0010 0.881 -0.0089 0.216 0.0655 0.080
Father's income share (ref. ~50%)
0 (0-12%) -0.1103 0.019 -0.2202 0.000 -0.0129 0.043 0.0626 0.168
25 (13-37%) -0.0886 0.006 -0.0546 0.000 -0.0023 0.502 0.0103 0.707
75 (63-87%) -0.0865 0.000 -0.0488 0.000 -0.0390 0.000 -0.0196 0.272
100 (88-100%) -0.1473 0.000 -0.0766 0.000 -0.0335 0.000 -0.0073 0.833
Finn Swe Fin Swe
Sweden Finland
POSITIVE NO EFFECT NO EFFECT NO EFFECT
NO EFFECT NO EFFECT NO EFFECT
NO EFFECT POSITIVE
NEGATIVE NEGATIVE
NEGATIVE
Labour market attachment shapes parental leave use and is strongly connected to policy
Finnish immigrants in Sweden are influenced by a Finnish-born spouse
Swedish immigrants in Finland follow the national trend over time
Swedish natives are more likely to share parental leave
Conclusions
Do Finnish immigrants use parental leave in Sweden? Less than we expected There are some sign of adaptation over time Strong role of individual characteristics
Are there differences between immigrants and their native counterpart in Sweden and in Finland? They actually behave similar, Finns even more
Do immigrants show sign of adaptation, selection or socialization? Socialization: Being in a homogeneous relationship and
migrating at older ages have impact Adaptation: weak effect of duration of stay but clearly LM
shapes behaviors Selection: No sign…we have to look more
Conclusions
Consortium partners of TITA project