Find out more about your soil! Soil plug-in for Google ......Spodosol Oregon Coast. Entisols....
Transcript of Find out more about your soil! Soil plug-in for Google ......Spodosol Oregon Coast. Entisols....
![Page 1: Find out more about your soil! Soil plug-in for Google ......Spodosol Oregon Coast. Entisols. Inceptisols A 0 –5 cm AB 5- 18 Bw1 18 - 33 Bw2 33 - 55 BC 55 - 76 C 76 –100+ GEORGIA](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060911/60a5b32908a1695637163588/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Find out more about your soil!
Soil plug-in for Google earth
California Soil Resource Laboratory
SoilWeb Earth
Support Soil Science and Student Farming100% of profits go to funding student internships!
(and get a t-shirt that MEANS something…!)
Go to: soilforward.org
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SOIL SOIL
soilforward.org
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Soil! What it is and how it works.
James Cassidy – Oregon State University, Soil SciencePresident Oregon Society of Soil Scientists
Soilforward.org
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2 of the 12 Soil Orders
Aridisol Mollisol
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Aridisol – 12% of the
earth’s ice-free surface
Inceptisol – 17% of the
earth’s ice-free surface
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Oxisols
Very-fine, kaolinitic, isohyperthermic Typic Eutrotorrox
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No Oxisols or Gelisols!
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SpodosolOregon Coast
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Entisols
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InceptisolsA 0 –5 cm
AB 5- 18
Bw1 18 - 33
Bw2 33 - 55
BC 55 - 76
C 76 – 100+
GEORGIA COARSE-LOAMY, MIXED, SEMIACTIVE, MESIC AQUIC DYSTRIC EUTRUDEPTS
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Soil is habitat!
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B – Bacteria
A – Actinomycetes
My – Mycorrhizae
H – Saprophitic fungus
N – Nematode
CP – Ciliate protozoa
FP – Flagellate protozoa
M – Mite
< 1mm
1/10 mm
Soil is a living thing!
Not a chemical sponge!
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Soil is:
• “Rotted” Rock
• Decomposed Organic Matter
What is Soil?
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The four components of soil:
(Sand, silt, clay)
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Rock – primary mineral
Granite
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Sand
Silt Clay
Clay is a secondary mineral- formed at normal surface temperatures
and normal surface pressures
- The product of dissolution and
recrystallization
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Rocks dissolve and recrystallize
Clay
Physical +
Chemical
weathering
Recrystallization
Dissolved
minerals
Primary
rock
silicon, iron, alum.,
mag., potassium,
calcium…
sheets of silica
and aluminum
oxide
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When rocks dissolve…
O OH
OO
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
Si
Al
Tetrahedron - a 3D geometric form contained by four plane faces; a triangular pyramid.
Octahedron - a 3D geometric form contained by eight plane faces.
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Octahedral sheet
Octahedral sheet
Tetrahedral sheet
Tetrahedral sheet
Tetrahedral sheet
Tetrahedral sheet
…and recrystallize. Clay – secondary mineral
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…and recrystallize. Clay – secondary mineral
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Within the silica tetrahedron and aluminum octahedron
O O
OO
O
O
O
O
OH
Si
Al
Fe
Mg
Isomorphous substitution
What ions are present in the soil water solution is determined by the
PM and the weathering environment.
OH
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Aluminum Octahedral sheet
Silica Tetrahedral sheet
Silica Tetrahedral sheet
Iron can substitute in for Silica
Magnesium can substitute in for Aluminum
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Isomorphic Substitution… a source of negative charge in soils!
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~ 100,000x magnification
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Fibrous illite (a clay mineral) in Tordillo sandstone, Neuquen
basin, west-central Argentina
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Nacrite
Nacrite,
Lodève
Basin,
France
Field of view
approx. 200
microns
wide
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Kaolinite
Well crystallized
kaolinite from the
Keokuk geode,
USA
Field of view approx.
18 microns wide -
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…net negative
charge due to
isomorphic
substitution on the
secondary mineral
called clay!!!
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Clay
Clay
http://virtual-museum.soils.wisc.edu/soil_smectite/index.html
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Soil is:
• “Rotted” Rock
• Decomposed Organic Matter
What is Soil?
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The four components of soil:
(Sand, silt, clay)
What is Organic Matter?
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Sun
Humus (Organic Matter!)
Producers
ConsumersDecomposers
air water
soil
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Functions of Organic Matter
1. Carbon and energy - for soil organisms
2. Provides nutrient storage! – negative charge – twice that of clay!
O ni
Organic Matter …provides another source of charge
in soils – twice that of clay!
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Organic Matter – a random complex molecule!
http://virtual-museum.soils.wisc.edu/som/index.html
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How a plant works
Nutrients
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How a plant works
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Find out more about your soil!
Soil plug-in for Google earth
California Soil Resource Laboratory
SoilWeb Earth
Support Soil Science and Student FarmingDonate!
Buy a t-shirt that REALLY means something!
(100% of profits go to funding student
internships!)
Go to: soilforward.org
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SOM: Why it is important(?)
• Reservoir of plant nutrients
• Food/energy source for soil organisms
• Provides cation exchange capacity (200 cmol/kg)
• Increases water-holding capacity
• Decreases Al toxicity at low pH
• Improves soil structure (but doesn’t change soil texture)
– Positive effects on physical characteristics: infiltration, drainage, aggregation potential, pore-size distribution, available water holding capacity, erosion potential, deep water storage, diverse habitat, increased function
– Positive effects on soil chem: buffers for neutral pH, increases nutrient availability, increased vegetation…increasing organic matter…
ADD ORGANIC MATTER!!!
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Soil “structure”
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Effect of OM on structure stability
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Soil is habitat!
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!We just die in it!
!It’s their world!
Live in the tiniest pores in soil
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Nematodes
Protozoa
Microfauna
20-200 kg/ha!
Live in small pores in soil
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Microfauna
– Most abundant of all soil fauna
– One-celled
– Feed on bacteria (live and move in water films)
– Up to 30% of all mineralized N from
protozoa
Protozoa
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Mites
Springtails
Mesofauna
Live in medium size pores in soil
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Collembola (springtails)
Fungus feeding mite
• Heterotrophs (detritivores, predators)
• Feed on fungi, protozoa, nematodes, mites
• Important in regulating populations of
everything smaller
Nematode feeding mite
Mesofauna
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Other invertebrates
Mesofauna
pseudoscorpion
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Worms
Voles!
Macrofauna
Live in large pores in soil
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• The major agent of decay in acid environs
• Network of hyphae: improves soil structure
• Decomposition of cellulose!!!
• Can compete with higher plants for N
Fungi – tens of thousands of spp.
Sun
Humus
Producers
ConsumersDecomposers
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Aggregates held
together by:
sand
silt
hyphaeclay
bacteria
1. Fungal hyphae
2. Bacterial “glues”
3. Organic
matter
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• Chemo Heterotrophs – energy and
carbon from dead or living
biomolecules (trap nematodes!)
• The major agent of decay in acid environs
• Network of hyphae: improves soil structure
• Decomposition of cellulose!!!
• Can compete with higher plants for N
Fungi – tens of thousands of spp.
Sun
Humus
Producers
ConsumersDecomposers
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Sun
Humus
Producers
ConsumersDecomposers
• Chemo Heterotrophs – energy and carbon from living (trap nematodes!) or dead biomolecules
• 3 groups, yeast, mold, mushrooms
• Mycorrhizae - symbiotic relationships with most plants
• Produce chemicals that are toxic (or otherwise…)
• The major agent of decay in acid environs
• Network of hyphae: improves soil structure
• Decomposition of cellulose!!!
• Can compete with higher plants for N
Fungi – tens of thousands of spp.
Got beer?
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N capture (mycorrhizal fungi)
• Soil fungi that form
symbiotic relationship
with plant roots
• Extend root surface area
for uptake of nutrients – Fungus transfers nutrients
(N,P,K) to plant
– Especially important for
phosphorous uptake
because it is immobile in the
soil
• Plant provides fungus with
carbon (root exudates)
(Fungus Root)
Mycorrhizae “infecting” a
plant root and extracting
nutrients from rock particles.
plant root
mycorrhizaeEcto & endo types
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Crops with mycorrhizal
associations• onions
• corn
• cotton
• wheat
• soybeans
• potatoes
• alfalfa
• sugarcane
• cassava
• rice
• most vegetables
• beets
• apples
• grapes
• citrus fruit
• trees (lumber and
fiber)
• cacao
• coffee
• rubber
Oregon industries:
Wine!
Christmas trees!
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Cost to plant – 5-10% of photosynthate production
Benefit to plant - 10X the absorptive surface
Cost to Mycorrhizae – nutrient shuttle to plant
Benefit to Mycorrhizae – get sugars directly from plant
Rhizosphere/
Mycosphere?
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Douglas Fir Trees with and
without mycorrhizae inoculation
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Bacteria – 1 billion -1 trillion/g
soil (up to 20,000 spp.)
• Exist in both forest and grassland soils
• Aerobic, anaerobic, and facultative
forms
• Autotrophic and heterotrophic forms
• Most do best under high Ca2+, high pH
• Do best when soil temp 20-40C
(68-100F) but seldom killed by temp
extremes
Sun
Humus
Producers
ConsumersDecomposers
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Actinomycetes - fungus-like, filamentous bacteria,
huge numbers in soil; second only to “regular” bacteria
• Historically classified as fungi - misnomer
• Specialized group of soil bacteria -(unicellular, no nuclear membrane)
• Aerobic heterotrophs – decompose OM –humus-forming, also parasitic/symbiotic relationships with some plants
• Produce antibiotic compounds to reduce competition etc. (side benefit – Antobiotic drugs e.g. streptomycin)
• Super resistant to hostile environments
• Sporulate – smell “good” after rain
Streptomycin
Neomycin
Erythromycin
Tetracyline
actinomycetes
geosmins - dimethyl-9-decalols
Sun
Humus
Producers
ConsumersDecomposers
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Filamentous bacteria which produces the antibiotic,
Streptomycin.
Streptomyces - 199901-008
From - http://www.scharfphoto.com/fine_art_prints/archives/000611.php
Thanks bacteria!!!
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Bacteria and N fixationTypes of Biological Nitrogen Fixation (N2 from atmosphere)
Free-living (asymbiotic)
• Cyanobacteria
• Azotobacter
Associative
• Rhizosphere–Azospirillum
• Lichens–cyanobacteria (with fungi)
• Leaf nodules
Symbiotic – nodule forming
• Legume-rhizobia
• Actinorhizal-Frankia
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Nodulation in Legumes
Rhizobia – N2 fixing,
“infection” of roots
leads to root nodule
formation in lugumes
Frankia – alder trees
Rhizobia - legumes
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Complex, mutually beneficial
relationships
fungi
bacteria
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Soil Food Web (See also Fig 10.2 in text)
Read pages 240-246
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Soil!