RESCUE LIGHT

NOR SYAFIQAH BINTI ABU YAZID

NOOR AZRIN BINTI ISHAK

NADIATUL AMIRA IZZATY BINTI JAMIL

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

POLITEKNIK UNGKU OMAR

2016

RESCUE LIGHT

NOR SYAFIQAH BINTI ABU YAZID

01DKA14F1047

NOOR AZRIN BINTI ISHAK

01DKA14F1040

NADIATUL AMIRA IZZATY BINTI JAMIL

01DKA14F1045

Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements

For the diploma of Civil Engineering

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

POLITEKNIK UNGKU OMAR

2016

AUTHOR DECLARATION

I declare that the work in this report was carried out in accordance with the regulations of

Ungku Omar Polytechnic. It is original and is the results of my own work, unless otherwise

indicated or acknowledged as referenced work. In the event that my report be found to

violate the conditions mentioned above, I voluntarily waive the right of conferment of my

diploma and agree be subjected to the disciplinary rules and regulations of Ungku Omar

Polytechnic.

Name of Candidate : Nor Syafiqah Binti Abu Yazid

Signature of candidate: …………………………………………….

Name of Candidate : Noor Azrin Bin Ishak

Signature of Candidate : …………………………………………..

Name of Candidate : Nadiatul Amira Izzaty Binti Jamil

Signature of Candidate : …………………………………………...

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We want to wish thanks a lot to the important individual that help us to complete the final

project. A big thanks to our lecturer Pn Seri Bunian Binti Mokhtar for giving us guidance

throughout this final project. Besides we also grateful and appreciate the effort of lecturer

for providing advice that is useful in completing this project. Next, thanks to our parents for

giving us support and encouragement throughout the completion of project. Last but not

least, thanks to our classmate for giving a great cooperation in completing the project.

ABSTRACT

This project presents new innovation to reduce the number of accidents occur during the

night hour. The purpose of this project is to create a portable, economic yet trivial

equipment to solve the problems regarding an accident during night especially for the rear

end cases. The overall aim of this study is to increase the awareness of other road user to

take cautious on preventing the accident and their attitudes to road safety and road safety

measures, especially during night driving. By analysis the data of statistic from news and

data from Royal Malaysian Police (RMP), this statistical data is collected as a reference to

create equipment and directly can solve this problems. By referring Royal Malaysian Police

(RMP) statistical data, it recorded that the figure of accident increase in numbers of death

due to road accident from 6,286 deaths in 2003 to 6,917 in 2012. This shows that the

number of accident rose gradually due to many kind of problems especially during night

hour. Therefore, this idea may be apply for the convenience of users in highway to decrease

the number of accident .

TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR DECLARATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CONTENTS

LIST TABLES

LIST FIGURE

APPENDIKS

CHAPTER I INTRODUTION

1.0 Background of study

1.1 Problem statement

1.2 Research Framework

1.3 Aim of study

1.3.1 Objective

1.4 Significant of study

1.5 Limitation

1.6 Definition

CHAPTER II LITERATURE VIEW

2.0 Introduction

2.1

2.2

2.2.1

2.3

2.3.1

2.3.2

2.4 Previous study

2.5 Conclusion

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

3 Introduction

3.2 Research design

3.3 Population and sampling procedure

3.4 Research Instrument

3.4.1

3.5 Validity and reliability

3.6 Data collection Procedure

3.7 Data Analysis

3.8 Conclusion

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.0 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

In 2004, road traffic injuries were the ninth most frequent cause of death .Over 1.2

million people die on the road each year, with 20 to 50 million suffering from non-

fatal injuries. Malaysia, as one of the developing countries, has acknowledged road

safety as a critical problem that should be addressed. In the 80s, Malaysia recorded

an average of 4% annual increment of road traffic fatalities, followed by 5% in the

90s. However, the figure increased at a slower rate of 2% in more recent years

(2000–2009). Even though the trend for the last 30 years is moving in a positive

direction, where smaller increments have been recorded over the last nine-year

period, the real number of fatalities is increasing. In 2010 alone, 6,872 fatalities

were recorded (Royal Malaysian Police 2009), a 1.8% increase from the previous

year (2009: 6,745).

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Nowadays, the number of accident rose dramatically especially during night hour

due to poor sightseeing. In Malaysia, a lot of concern is directed towards road

accident statistics which rises alarmingly high especially during the festive breaks.

Statistics in Malaysia was collected from RMP (Royal Malaysian Polices) that

recorded the increase in numbers of death due to road accident from 6,286 deaths in

2003 to 6,917 in 2012. Of this, motorcyclists have been identified as the most

vulnerable road user because they contribute to about 50 per cent of the total deaths.

Motorcyclists account for a large percentage of all fatalities .One of the main reasons

motorcyclists are killed in crashes is the relatively exposed nature of motorcycles.

The crash of motorcycle also occur due to the condition of the vehicle that is broken

down so that they park their vehicle side of the road which is did not noticed by

others road user due to poor sightseeing. Motorcycles offer very little protection to

the rider in a crash.

1.2 RESEARCH FRAMEWORK

Nowadays, an accident involving vehicle has been increasing rapidly. Most of the

accidents occurred during night time. The main factor that causes the accident

occurs is the low visibility level of the road user during night riding. During night

driving, other road users, especially lorry drivers are not alert of the presence of the

other vehicle. Therefore, a research is made to increase and enhance the awareness

of other road users for the safeness. The result of this research is expected that it

will decrease the occurrence of accident during night and heavy rain especially the

rear end cases. The research will help create the awareness of the road users as well.

1.3 AIM OF STUDY

1.3.1 Objective

1) To create portable equipment that easy to operate based on its characteristics

2) To reduce the number of accident.

3) To increase the awareness of dangerous that may be occur when park

vehicle side of the road.

1.4 SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY

Safety triangle is an equipment that help others road user to alert about the

broken vehicle at the highway. Due to this concept, the rescue light has been

designed and innovated to improve the shortcoming of safety triangle.

Shortcoming of safety triangle may prevent other road user to see clearly the

constraint in front of them during night hour. This may lead to unexpected

event that contribute the accident occur. Rescue light provided with the

design of light emitting diode (LED) and siren. This equipment has more

advantages compared to the safety triangle. For example, this equipment is

very suitable to use during night and heavy rain. Hence, rescue light also

provided with proper light that improve the sightseeing of the traffic user. So

the traffic user will alert about the surrounding.

1.5 LIMITATION

This limitation of this design is suitable for all traffic users. Design of the rescue light

is quite simple yet give more impact to the safety of traffic user. The limitation is

provided only for transportation. Rescue light is the first design in the market that

improve the shortcoming of safety triangle due to lack of reflector by indicating the

concept of ambulance vehicle. K. Cacthpole and D. McKeown (2007), stated that by

providing a good overview of the favourable characteristic for ambulance sirens that

are similar to the recommendation by De Lorenzo and Eilers. This innovated

equipment of rescue light is mainly suitable use for highway. This is because it can

help to attract others attention when problems occur.

1.6 DEFINITION

Rescue light is an equipment that innovated from safety triangle that has been use as

reflector due to vehicle broke down. This equipment contained LED light and siren

to give awareness toward road user to take any proper action due to unpredictable

event. This rescue light is using the concept of ambulance vehicle whereas it use

siren and flashing or rotating halogen. This equipment also provided with suitable

frequency of light that improve the vision of road user neither nor uses of siren to

alert others.

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 INTRODUCTION

Emergency vehicles are regularly driven using warning lights and sirens to alert

traffic users of its approach with the expectation that the motorist and other traffic

users will clear the path for the emergency vehicle. The flashing lights on the

emergency vehicle are only effective if other vehicles has already directly sighted the

lights or from a reflection. The warning sirens means to alerted traffic users of the

unexpected situation that occur due to broken car, hence this warning mechanism is

important for the prevention of collisions. C.E. Saunders and C.J. Heye, “Ambulance

collisions in an urban environment”, Prehospital Disaster Medicine, 9(2), 118-124

(1994) stated that a common factor in many collision incidents is that the motorist

was not alerted, or did not recognise, the approach of an emergency vehicle. This is

where the warning siren on the emergency vehicle is pivotal in the prevention of

collisions with motorists and other vehicles.

Rescue light is one of the innovated device that refer to the concept of ambulance

light. This light provided with LED and siren to alert traffic users of the unexpected

circumstances that occur due to broken car especially during night hour. Chosen of

colour is important factor that contributes and improves the sightedness of traffic

users according to weather. During the night day, the colour should be bright so that

it will be seen clearly. The design of this rescue light is in triangle shape. Triangle

shape indicate the symbol of hazard which is Malaysian mentality always alert of the

information.

2.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF LED

In this rescue light we are using LED Light which is similar concept with

ambulance light. The concept of ambulance light is using LED light. These are more

recent developments, using the 'Super Bright' LED technology, and are entering

wide use as they are easy to fit (being only a few millimetres wide, rather than

several centimetres for most strobes and incandescent lights). This makes them

particularly suitable for covert use. They are much more resistant to vibration and

have much longer service lives. They also present very saturated colors and so

enhance visibility during daylight hours. Flashing LEDs are used as attention

seeking indicators without requiring external electronics. By using this

characteristic, it will be apply in our final project for the convenient of road user

especially for safety.

2.1.1 CHARACTERICTICS OF SIREN

In this rescue light we use siren as a tool of communication to alert others about the

hazard ahead. Selection of siren based on it frequency is important to ensure the

successful of its function whether it can be hear loudly or not based on a certain

speed. This is important because car need stopping sight distance (SSD) to stop their

car due to speed, brake reaction time and deceleration rate to prevent from collision.

According to the siren and LED, the traffic users can be aware of the hazard in front

of them so that they will decelerate their cars which can prevent from collision.

De Lorenzo and Eilers (1991) stated the favourable characteristics for sirens. They

note a US Department of transport report that suggested that “…over a siren’s

effective frequency range, the average signal attenuation (through closed-windowed

automobile bodies combined with typical masking noise) resulted in a maximal siren

effective distance of siren penetration of only 8 to 12 m at urban intersections.” For a

vehicle travelling at 50km/hr, this distance would be covered in less than 1.15

seconds, which is insufficient prevent a collision. T. Caelli and D. Porter (1980)

stated the problem is further exacerbated as road users tend to overestimate the

distance from noise sources by a factor of two, thus causing drivers to assume they

have more time to respond. The favourable siren characteristics include: sufficiently

loud, wide frequency spectrum (1kHz - 4kHz) to overcome ‘masking noise’, rapid

rise in pitch, rapid cycling time. The work conducted provides additional details

about the favourable acoustic characteristics for sirens including findings from

psychoacoustic studies and experiments.

2.1.2 DESIGN

This stage of design is coming after the analysis of the problem statement. During

the stage, all problems have been identify to improve the function and design of

the equipment. The design is still remain as triangle shape which provided with it

own identity of describing a hazard. This shape have reflection symmetry that

causes all the light will reflect and occupies the space. Colours of the equipment

also important in aesthetic and safety value. In aesthetic value, the colour that was

prefer should be bright and interesting so that it can attract attention of other traffic

user to alert. During the process of realizing the hazard, we need enough time to

reduce our speed to prevent from collision. Therefore by using the formula of

stopping sight distance (SSD) from AASHTO Green Books 2001 edition based on

research in NCHRP Report 400 (37) we can estimate the design value for stopping

sight distance based on:

SSD=1.47 Vt + 1.075 V²/aWhere: t = brake reaction time, s

V= design speed, mph

a= deceleration rate, ft/s²

2.1.3 REDUCE NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS

Based on the data from the Highway Planning Unit, Ministry of Works Malaysia, the

bar graph conclude the number of accidents in Malaysia keep increasing from time to

time. This is due to many factors that lead to accident for example poor visibility in

night hours, lost control and etc. The main focuses is to reduce the number of

accident during night hours due to broken cars by creating a new invented device that

is Rescue Light which help to increase visibility of traffic users hence can give

awareness to them to be alert of any obstructions. Therefore, this idea may be apply

to increase awareness and safety.

2.5 INCREASE AWARENESS

Awareness is defined as attentive and well informed of surrounding. For traffic users,

they have to be alert about the obstruction or hazard in front of them. This can

prevent from accident and collision. Along the highway, signboard have been

provided to inform and to alert traffic users about the hazard. Safety triangle have

been designed to solved the problems that faced by traffic users during the broken car

in night days. This device help to increase visibility hence can prevent from accident.

Rescue light is invented by referring to the concept of ambulance light to improve the

safety triangle. The design for this equipment have been created with LED and siren

which is totally different from safety triangle that been provided with reflector

materials. However, not many peoples tend to use the safety triangle when they faced

difficult situation due to broken car. The frequency of the siren should be suitable so

that everyone can alert about the sound. T. Caelli and D. Porter (1980) stated the

problem is further exacerbated as road users tend to overestimate the distance from

noise sources by a factor of two, thus causing drivers to assume they have more time

to respond. The favourable siren characteristics include: sufficiently loud, wide

frequency spectrum (1kHz - 4kHz) to overcome ‘masking noise’, rapid rise in pitch,

rapid cycling time. Therefore, this innovative idea may be apply for the characteristic

of rescue light equipment.

2.4 PREVIOUS STUDY

The innovation is taken from safety triangle. By using this equipment the innovation is created to increase awareness by improving visibility towards the equipment. Safety triangle is the equipment use when the vehicles broke down as it inform others road user towards the hazardous in front. Therefore, Safety triangle has many other names which is Bird’s Triangle, Heinrich’s Triangle or the loss Bird’s Triangle, Heinrich’s Triangle. The safety triangle was devised by Frank E.Bird, Jr based on the findings of H.W.Heinrich in his book, Industrial Accident Prevention. Heinrich established that based on his findings an accident ratio of 1 major in jury to 29 minor injuries, and 29 minor injuries to 300 on-injury accidents existed. Based on the finding, the inventor of safety triangle is innovated from 1971 to 2012. In 1994 the innovation is create by Shin Chyuan Wu. The present invention relates to a simple three-dimensional and two-sided reflective warning triangle which is eye-catching, mobile, water-proof and easily preserved. The present invention provides an improved warning sign for a car accident, a broken-down car, or a roadblock. The prior art warning triangle comprises a single-side plane triangle which is combined with three plates and a cross. Since the surface of which is glued with reflector paper or painted with reflector paint, the distance of refection of the prior art reflective warning triangle is limited. Therefore, it is dangerous to use such warning triangle as the warning sign during a foggy, rainy evening. Thus it can be seen that an improved, two-sided, three-dimensional and large sized warning triangle is needed. The present invention, which is easy to assemble and dismantle, is in the aforesaid structure. The present invention reflects further than the prior art warning sign. The mobile, water-proofed reflective warning triangle will not stop being visible even if part of the circuit is short-circuited. Next is in 1989 by Rick Wojcik and friends. The triangle structure includes a base and the three sides of the triangle proper. The sides (blades) are detachably fitted together by pin/notch connections, being movable to a folded position and a set-up position and the same pin-notch connections are utilized in both positions. The bottom blade is mounted on the base by a swivel connection, enabling the base to be swung to a transverse position for use in setting up the device, and it enables separation of the base when swung to an opposite position. In 2003 the inventor is Bernell G. Haerer. An improvement to the standard highway traffic warning triangles is presented which provided greater illumination and visibility for the traffic warning triangles. The new device includes an essentially flat frame having upper and lower sections. The lower section of the frame can be attached to the upper vertical flange of the base leg of the traffic triangle. This attaching is accomplished either by the use of inwardly biased lower legs, inwardly biased staggered teeth or clips. Once the illumination frame is attached to the lower leg of the safety triangle, an illumination light unit having both strobing and flashing battery powered mechanisms can be attached to the upper section of the frame. This attachment of light is normally by the use of magnets, but the light can also be permanently bolted to the frame or attached by other methods. The improvement draws

greater attention by other methods. The improvement draws greater attention to the traffic safety warning triangle at greater distances and can be deployed 50 feet or more from the action hazard. While in 22 Jan 2008 the inventor is Matthew Distefano. A nautical light emitting diode (LED) safety channel marker that is cylindrical in shape, capable of displaying lighted oceanic regulation symbols on either side, and that at night illuminates the panels that display a red triangle and a green square through the use of LEDs that surround the perimeter of the square and triangle in order to more effectively prevent boats from colliding with the markers during the darkness hours. For year 2012, Lies Eric Tobios Levon have make the innovation reflectors are used Widely to secure a safer environment for cyclists, pedestrians, mariners, aviators and others by reflecting back light from a light source. Road reflectors have been proven to be highly effective by providing an alert system to prevent drivers from straying off road or out of lanes, helping to reduce accidents and save lives. The final innovation based on research is in 2012 by Issifu I Harruna. When a vehicle stops or breaks down along the side of a highway, a hazardous condition is created. The vehicle is either repaired or abandoned near the side of the highway as oncoming motorists continue to speed by. A number of safety devices have been devised that give oncoming motorists an early warning as to the road hazard created by such a break down. Among the types of warning devices commonly used are standard highway safety triangles. These safety triangles are reflective and include a lower base and an upper, frequently collapsible, triangular-shaped device. The triangle is a well-known safety or hazard warning symbol. In many states, it is a legal requirement that trucks be equipped with such deployable safety triangles for use during a breakdown or an accident to warn oncoming motorist of the approaching hazard. There is also a concern for the safety of the driver of the disabled vehicle when placing the safety triangles along the highway. The driver is placing himself at a heightened risk in order to position the safety triangles behind the disabled vehicle. In addition, the safety triangles may be knocked over after being placed on the ground due to strong winds or due to a passing motorist driving too close to the safety triangles. Therefore, what is needed is a safety warning system that can be easily deployed and provide ample warning to oncoming traffic.

Conclusion

Based on the finding, there are many inventor that create innovation for safety

triangle. Each design by the inventor represent the idea of their research which

maintain the concept of safety triangle that is created by Frank E. Bird Jr. This

concept is maintain to represent the meaning of safety triangle which is to inform

others about the hazardous in front. For rescue light the concept is maintain too. This

is to ensure others know that it is the innovation of the safety triangle. This rescue

light is created by adding LED Light and Siren to increase the effectiveness of the

equipment. Where by the LED Light is to alert other road user towards the danger

while the siren to encourage others to take quick action due to danger that will be

facing in front. The design should meet the criteria of safety triangle to let others

know their function on the road when having difficulty of vehicle broke down.

Therefore, hopefully this equipment can help to meet the objective of the innovation.