Final Report - DDC Makwanpurddcmakwanpur.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Report-of-DTMP.pdf ·...

Government of Nepal Ministry of Local Development

Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads (DoLIDAR) Rural Access Improvement and Decentralization Project (RAIDP)

Project Coordination Unit (PCU) Jawalakhel, Lalitpur

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Preparation of

DISTRICT TRANSPORT MASTER PLAN (DTMP) (Makawanpur District)

(Contract No: RAIDP/10/DTMP/066-67)

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Submitted by: Joint Venture of December, 2012

North Star Engineering Consultant (P) Ltd. P. O. Box 3522, Chakupat, Lalitpur Tel: 52 60 835 Fax: ++977-1-52 60 834 E-mail: [email protected]

ITECO Nepal (P) Ltd. Min Bhawan, New Baneshwor P. O. Box 2147, Kathmandu Tel: 4621764 (Hunting Line) Fax: ++977-1-44 82 298 Email : [email protected]

Fuji Int’l Design Associates (FIDA) New Baneshwor P. O. Box 8975, Kathmandu Tel: 01-4781863 Fax: ++977-1-4781378 E-mail: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

District Transport Master Plan (DTMP): Makawanpur Final Report

Foreword It is my great pleasure to introduce this District transport Master Plan (DTMP) of Makawanpur District. I believe that this DTMP will be very helpful in providing single approach on sustainable planning, resource mobilization, implementation and monitoring for the development of rural road sub-sector. Transport facilities help in developing access of rural urban linkages also. Road accessibility can reduce isolation, stimulate crop production and marketing activities, encourage public services and help technology transfer. Road building has been seen to bring about notable enthusiasm and visible changes in rural life. Thus, this document is expected to generate substantial opportunities for the employment of rural people through the commercialization, industrialization and diversification of traditional agricultural system of the rural area.

For the rational and effective use of available resource of DDC, development of rural road sector in planned and sustainable way is the most crucial requirement. Viewing these aspects, the DTMP of Makawanpur District which comprises the existing and proposed rural roads network with their prioritization for new construction, rehabilitation and periodic maintenance will of course be a strong guideline for the ultimate development of the District. This document is also assumed to be helpful in drawing the attention of the donor agencies. It will also be justifiable for the central government to allocate adequate resources for transport sector development of the district. Furthermore, this document will make the work easy for resource allocation to rural roads by avoiding duplication between the different development agencies.

Last but not least, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to RAIDP, DoLIDAR for the endevour of updating/preparing this DTMP. I would also like express my gratitude to all experts whose diligent effort has been clearly reflected in this document.

I would warmly appreciate any creative and positive suggestions regarding this document.

Bhuwan Prakash Bista Local Development Officer DDC, Makawanpur

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Acknowledgement The District Transport Master Plan of Makawanpur District has been prepared for Rural Access Improvement and Decentralization Project (RAIDP), DoLIDAR [ IDA Grant No : H525-NEP & Credit No: 4664 ] under the Contract Agreement between RAIDP and North Star Engineering Consultant (P) Ltd, ITECO Nepal (P) Ltd and FIDA JV. We would like to convey our indebtness to RAIDP for entrusting us the responsibility to carry out the task of updating / preparing of DTMP of 10 districts of Nepal.

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the Project Co-ordinator Mr. Raja Karmacharya, Engineer Baikuntha Aryal and Shekhar Pokharel whose valuable co-operation and suggestions guided us to accomplish the agreed task to this level. Account and Administrative personnel of the project are also thankful for their liberal cooperation in the financial and administrative dealings. We would also like to convey our sincere thanks to LDO of Makawanpur DDC, Mr Bhuwan Prakash Bista, DTO Chief Mr. Sanjiv Pradhan, Engineers, Sub-engineers and other staffs of DDC and DTO, Makawanpur for their extended help and regular support; and coordination at different levels while working at the field level.

The local leaders and local people from Makawanpur district are also thankful for their help and suggestion for the selection and identification of the roads. We hope, this updated / prepared DTMP of Makawanpur District will be very helpful and a valuable guideline for the planning and development of effective and systematic transport network in Makawanpur District.

_____________________

Dhruba Raj Tripathi On behalf of North Star – ITECO – FIDA JV

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Abbreviations Agri : Agriculture CEA : Cost Efficient Analysis DADO : District Agriculture Development Office DBUD : Department of Building and Urban Development DDC : District Development Committee DEO : District Education Office DFID : Department for International Development (UK) DIM : District Inventory Map DRILP : Decentralized Rural Infrastructure and Livelihood Project DoLIDAR : Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agriculture Roads DoR : Department of Roads DTICC : District Transport Infrastructure Coordination Committee DPA : Development Potential Area DRCC : District Road Coordination Committee DTMP : District Transport Master Plan DTO : District Technical Office DTPP : District Transport Perspective Plan DVO : District Veterinary Office GIS : Geographical Information System GoN : Government of Nepal GPS : Global Positioning System Ha : Hectare HH : House Hold IDPM : Indicative Development Potential Map IF : Importance Factor INGO : International Non Governmental Organization Irri : Irrigation ILO : International Labour Organization KM : Kilometers LGCDP : Local Governance and Community Development Programme LEP : Labour based, Environment friendly and Participatory MLD : Ministry of Local Development MP : Master Plan MT : Metric Ton NGO : Non Governmental Organization Nos : Numbers NRs : Nepalese Rupees PCO : Public Call Office P-RRA : Participatory Rapid Rural Appraisal RRA : Rural Road Class A RRB : Rural Road Class B RRC : Rural Road Class C RTI : Rural Transport Infrastructure St : Student SBD : Suspension Bridge Division TBSU : Trail Bridge Support Unit TU : Transportation Unit UR : Urban Road VDC : Village Development Committee VR : Village Roads Yr : Year ZoI : Zone of Influence North Star-ITECO-FIDA JV iii


Executive Summary

It is obvious that transport is one of the major components to improve access of the people to services and facilities through increased mobility. Increased mobility results in better linkages with the market centres, agricultural production pocket areas and help in generating numerous opportunities in the district. With transport sector interventions and planning based on accessibility considerations, District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) for a district offers long term perspective for the planned development of the rural roads network in the district. Thus, DTMP is being developed in Makawanpur District including other programmed Districts to support for the probable investments in the development of systematic transport system with appropriate guidelines and criteria for rational decision making process.

Makawanpur District is located in Narayani Zone of the Central Development Region of Nepal. It extends from 84°41’ to 85°31’ east and 27°10’ to 27°40’ north. As per the census of 2001, total population of the district is 3, 92,604 comprising 1, 99,144 male and 1, 93,460 female clustered in 71,112 households with household size of 5.53 and annual population growth rate of 2.24%. Average population density of district is 162.34 per sq. km.

In order to arrive at the socio-economic profile of various existing and potential market centers, the consultant has studied relevant documents/reports and conducted detailed socio-economic survey through consultation and interaction with program/project personnels and the local people. From such study, a total of 61 existing and potential market centers were identified and considered for present analysis. Based upon the centrality index, each existing market center is graded as ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C” using updated guideline of district transport master plan of DoLIDAR and the potential markets as ‘Others’. From such analysis, total number of existing markets centers of grade A, B and C were 5, 13 and 27 respectively and the remaining 16 markets as other potential ones.

All the rural roads network in Makawanpur district consist of 95 roads comprising a total of nearly 743.87 km. length which are classified as class A, B and C in accordance with the Interim Guidelines of DTMP prepared by DoLIDAR. From such classification, 14 roads comprising a total length of 248.72 km. were found under class A, 23 roads comprising a total length of 243.25 km. under class B and the rest under class C. Similarly, under pedestrian mobility a total of 58 trail bridges have been recorded within the district. Besides rural road network, this district consists of 293.4 km. of strategic roads, three highways of 190 km. length, three feeder roads, 103.4 km. length and 578 Urban roads 222.9 km long. From these data, it can be regarded that Makawanpur district is in a relatively better transport situation. However, most of the district roads are earth/gravel surface, mostly in fair weather condition and need to be upgraded. Present study also reveals that accessibility areas can be categorized into accessible and partially accessible VDCs.

After a through study of rural transport network and the related socio-economic and development trend of existing and potential market centers of the district, a total of 151.5 km of seven district roads of class ‘A’, 152 km. of 17 district roads of class ‘B’ and 10 Trail Bridges are proposed for new construction. Similarly, 248.72 km of 14 district roads of class ‘A’ and 243.25 km of 23 district roads of class ‘B’ are proposed for maintenance and upgrading/rehabilitation in the present District Transport Perspective Plan (DTPP).

The first five-year financial plan is prepared on the basis of the present available financial resources and the existing trend of funding from various sources and their projections for the next five years. Total projected financial resource for the first five year is NRs. 780,989,484.00. Sharing of the total financial resource to various interventions of roads and trail bridges is 30 % for new construction, 60 % for upgrading/rehabilitation and 10 % for maintenance.

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Based upon the prioritized transport linkages and the projected financial plan, first five year District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) indicating the year-wise physical and financial target has been prepared. Various categories of interventions of new construction, maintenance and upgrading/rehabilitation for different classes of roads including the trail bridges has been addressed with year-wise physical and financial targets. Total target for different interventions in the first five year DTMP has been summarized as follows:

Class of Transport Linkage

Intervention Type First Five Year target

No. of Roads/Bridges Physical (Km) Financial

(NRs. in '000)

District Road A

New construction 2 32 128,863

Upgrading/ Rehabilitation 5 94 281,156

Maintenance 716 42,954

District Road B

New construction 2 22 82,004

Upgrading/ Rehabilitation 5 62 187,437

Maintenance 521 31,240

Trail Bridge New construction 25 521 23,430

Major Maintenance 18 781 3,905

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Table of Contents Foreword Acknowledgement Abbreviations Executive Summary Table of Contents

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................................................ 2

CHAPTER II: APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ................................................................................. 4

2.1 APPROACH ........................................................................................................................................................ 4 2.2 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................................. 4 2.3 COLLECTION AND REVIEW OF SECONDARY SOURCES OF INFORMATION ....................................................... 6 2.4 COLLECTIONS OF PRIMARY DATA AND ANALYSIS ........................................................................................... 7 2.5 PREPARATION OF INDICATIVE DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL MAP ..................................................................... 7 2.6 PREPARATION OF DISTRICT INVENTORY MAP (DIM) ....................................................................................... 8 2.7 PREPARATION OF DISTRICT NETWORK PLAN (DNP) ...................................................................................... 9 2.8 FINANCIAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT AND PROJECTION ................................................................................. 9 2.9 PREPARATION OF DISTRICT TRANSPORT PERSPECTIVE PLAN (DTPP) ....................................................... 10

2.9.1 Scoring System for Prioritization of Proposed New Roads .......................................................................... 10 2.9.2 Scoring System for Prioritization of Rural Roads for Upgrading/ Rehabilitation ...................................... 11 2.9.3 Prioritization of Trail Bridges ...................................................................................................................... 11

2.10 PREPARATION OF FIVE YEAR RURAL ROAD MASTER PLAN OF DISTRICT (DTMP) ..................................... 12 2.11 ENDORSEMENT OF THE FIVE YEAR DISTRICT TRANSPORT MASTER PLAN OF DISTRICT RTI NETWORK .... 12 2.12 COMPLEMENTARY ACTIVITIES IN THE DISTRICT FOR DTMP .......................................................................... 12

CHAPTER III: INDICATIVE DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL MAP (IDPM) ..................................... 13

3.1 PHYSICAL LOCATION AND GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS ................................................................... 13 3.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS ............................................................................................................ 13

3.2.1 Demography ............................................................................................................................................... 13 3.2.2 Religion, Festivals and Caste ....................................................................................................................... 15 3.2.3 Education Status ......................................................................................................................................... 15 3.2.4 Economically Active and Inactive Population ............................................................................................. 15 3.2.5 Occupation Pattern ..................................................................................................................................... 15 3.2.6 Land Use Pattern......................................................................................................................................... 15 3.2.7 Agriculture Production ................................................................................................................................ 16 3.2.8 Livestock Production ........................................................................................................................................ 18

3.3 SERVICE CENTERS AND FACILITIES ............................................................................................................... 18 3.3.1 Post Office ................................................................................................................................................... 19 3.3.2 Telecommunication..................................................................................................................................... 19 3.3.3 Financial Institution .................................................................................................................................... 19 3.3.4 Agriculture Service Centers ......................................................................................................................... 19 3.3.5 Veterinary Service Centre ............................................................................................................................ 20 3.3.6 Irrigation ..................................................................................................................................................... 20 3.3.7 Health ......................................................................................................................................................... 21

3.4 EXISTING/POTENTIAL AREA FOR TOURISM, RELIGIOUS AND HISTORICAL PLACE ....................................... 21 3.5 EXISTING/POTENTIAL AREA FOR NON TIMBER FOREST PRODUCT (NTFP)/HERBAL .................................. 22 3.6 EXISTING/POTENTIAL AREA FOR SMALL/MAJOR HYDROPOWER ................................................................. 23 3.7 MINES DEVELOPMENT ..................................................................................................................................... 23 3.8 MARKET CENTERS .......................................................................................................................................... 23 3.9 DESCRIPTIONS OF MARKET CENTRE .............................................................................................................. 25

3.9.1 Descriptions of Market Centre Grade A ...................................................................................................... 25 3.9.2 The briefs description of Market centre class ‘B’ ........................................................................................ 25 3.9.3 The briefs description of Market Centre class ‘C’ ........................................................................................ 27 3.9.4 The briefs description Potential growth centers ......................................................................................... 30

CHAPTER IV: DISTRICT INVENTORY MAP OF RURAL ROAD NETWORK ................................. 32

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4.1 EXISTING TRANSPORT SITUATION .................................................................................................................. 32 4.2 CLASSIFICATION OF RURAL ROADS .............................................................................................................. 33 4.3 INVENTORY OF RURAL ROAD.......................................................................................................................... 33

4.3.1 Summary of District Roads “A” ................................................................................................................... 34 4.3.2 Briefs on District Roads “A” ........................................................................................................................ 35 4.3.3 Summary of District Roads “B” .................................................................................................................. 37 4.3.4 Briefs on District Roads Class “B” ............................................................................................................... 39

4.4 LIST OF EXISTING TRAIL BRIDGE.................................................................................................................... 41 4.5 CONSTRUCTION APPROACH ........................................................................................................................... 42

CHAPTER V: DISTRICT ROAD NETWORK PLANNING ....................................................................... 44

5.1 ACCESSIBILITY SITUATION .............................................................................................................................. 44 5.2 ZONE OF INFLUENCE AREA ............................................................................................................................. 44 5.3 DELINEATION OF ACCESSIBLE AREA ............................................................................................................. 44 5.4 INACCESSIBLE AREA ...................................................................................................................................... 45 5.5 DELINEATION OF INACCESSIBLE AREA ......................................................................................................... 45 5.6 NETWORK PLANNING IN INACCESSIBLE AREA ............................................................................................... 45

CHAPTER VI: DISTRICT TRANSPORT PERSPECTIVE PLAN (DTPP) .......................................... 47

6.1 PERSPECTIVE PLAN OF DISTRICT RURAL ROAD NETWORKS ....................................................................... 47 6.2 EXISTING TRANSPORT SITUATION .................................................................................................................. 47 6.3 PRIORITIZATION OF PROPOSED NEW ROADS ................................................................................................ 47

6.3.1 Prioritization of District Road ‘A’ for New Linkage ..................................................................................... 47 6.3.2 Brief on Proposed District Roads Class ‘A’ for New Construction ............................................................... 49 6.3.3 Prioritization of District Road ‘B’ for New Linkage ...................................................................................... 49 6.3.4 Brief on Proposed District Roads Class ‘B’ for New Construction ................................................................ 52

6.4 POSSIBLE INTER-DISTRICT TRANSPORT LINKAGES ...................................................................................... 52 6.5 PRIORITIZATION OF RURAL ROADS CLASS UPGRADING/REHABILITATION .................................................. 52

6.5.1 Prioritized List of District Road ‘A’ for Upgrading ....................................................................................... 52 6.5.2 Prioritization of District Road ‘B’ for Upgrading ......................................................................................... 54

6.6 LIST OF VILLAGE ROADS ................................................................................................................................ 56 6.7 LIST OF URBAN ROADS .................................................................................................................................. 59 6.8 PRIORITION OF TRAIL BRIDGE ........................................................................................................................ 72

6.8.1 Prioritization of Trail Bridges for New Construction ................................................................................... 72 6.8.2 Prioritization of Trail Bridge for Major Maintenance.................................................................................. 73

CHAPTER VII: FIRST FIVE-YEAR DISTRICT TRANSPORT MASTER PLAN ............................... 74

7.1 FIRST FIVE-YEAR DISTRICT TRANSPORT MASTER PLAN .............................................................................. 74 7.2 FIVE YEAR PROJECTED FINANCIAL PLAN ...................................................................................................... 74 7.3 SHARING OF BUDGET ...................................................................................................................................... 74 7.4 YEAR- WISE SHARING OF BUDGET ................................................................................................................ 76 7.5 YEAR-WISE TARGETS ..................................................................................................................................... 76 7.6 PRIORITIZED TRANSPORT LINKAGES FOR THE FIRST FIVE YEAR PLAN (DTMP)......................................... 77

7.6.1 Prioritized District Roads ‘A’ for the First Five Year Plan (DTMP) ............................................................... 78 7.6.2 Prioritized District Roads ‘B’ for the First Five Year Plan (DTMP) ................................................................ 79

7.7 PRIORITITY LIST OF TRAIL BRIDGE FOR THE FIRST FIVE YEAR PLAN (DTMP) ............................................ 81

CHAPTER VIII: CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................... 83

8.1 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................................... 83

ANNEXES ANNEX I : Existing and Potential Market Centres and Analysis ANNEX II : Prioritization of Proposed Transport Linkage for New ANNEX III : Prioritization of proposed Transport Linkage for Upgrading ANNEX IV : Prioritization Year Wise Financial Analysis ANNEX V : Photographs

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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction Makawanpur district is located in Narayani zone of Central Development Region and it covers an area of 2418 square kilometer within latitude 27°10’ N to 27°40’N and longitude 84°41’E to 85°31’E. Makawanpur district is surrounded by the borders of Bara, Parsa and Rautahat districts to the South, Lalitpur, Kavre and Sindhuli to the East, Chitwan district to the West and Kathmandu and Dhading districts to the north. According to the national census 2001, the total population of the district is 3, 92,604 comprising 1, 99,144 male and 1, 93,460 female. Subsistence agriculture farming, mainly traditional agriculture is the main source of occupation and livelihood of the majority of the population. The shape of the district is like a military boot and represents different agro-climate zone comprising of valley, flat land to middle hills and high hills. Makawanpur district is well known for religious, historical, tourism, rafting (Indrasarobar), trekking and expedition.

The district is served by surface transport facilities linking the district with the national strategic road network through Mahendra Highway, Tribhuwan Rajpath, Sisneri-Kulekhani-Bhainse and Pharping Kulekhani roads. The network of feeder roads, district roads and village roads are increasing significantly in the district. However, district and village roads are mostly in poor condition that requires upgrading/rehabilitation and proper maintenance.

Development activities are mainly dependent on the transport facilities available. Adequate roads network in any district is the key infrastructure for good transportation. Transport facilities help in developing access to rural-urban linkages; stimulate crop production and marketing activities. Road accessibility can reduce isolation; encourage availing public services and help to transfer technology. Road construction has been seen to bring about notable enthusiasm and visible changes in rural life. However, in the absence of rational criteria and professional guidelines, road constructions are carried out in an adhoc manner in many of the districts.

District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) is being developed in the district to support investments in transport development with appropriate guideline and criteria for rational and transparent decision making process.

Transport is one of the major components to improve people’s access to services and facilities through increased mobility which ultimately results in better linkages with market centres/agricultural production pocket areas and other opportunities in the district. With transport sector interventions and planning based on accessibility considerations, District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) for a district offers long term perspective for the planned development of the rural roads network in the district.

District Transport Master Plan is primarily a reflection of existing transport infrastructure situation and future potential ones in consistent with the resources available in the district. DTMP essentially covers the rural transport infrastructures, which are funded, supported and implemented by DDCs. The DTMP preparation strongly advocates meaningful participation of all key stakeholders of rural roads in the planning process, which makes DTMP more acceptable and ensure ownership. The preparation process goes through a series of techno-political activities that include consultation workshops and interactive meetings with stakeholders to increase participation of all stakeholders. These activities include district level workshop and cluster or Ilaka level workshops, formal/informal meeting, focus group discussions and transit walk etc. At every stage of its preparation, careful consideration is to be given to ensure easy access and active participation of representstives from line agencies, major political parties, social leaders, local level NGO’s, women organizations, dalit and janajatis coordination committees, disabled people, chamber of commerce, transportation association etc. The approach is to work towards consensus building among all the stakeholders.

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A comprehensive DTMP serves as a planning document when potential donor agencies, line agencies and development partners will have ready made tool to discuss with the district authority for possible transport sector investments. DTMP becomes an authoritative document of the district to negotiate possible grant and loan assistance from donor agencies. It facilitates project identification. Donors or funding agencies supporting rural transport investments have accepted DTMP as a prerequisite tool for transport related assistance.

Proper planning and sustainability are the key issues for development of rural transport network. As stated in the National Strategy (MoLD, 1997), the long term vision of the Government of Nepal for road sector, is the development of basic rural infrastructure (with strong emphasis on district agricultural roads) country-wide in a planned and sustainable manner. In line with the poverty alleviation objectives, labour based technology and environmental friendly, local resource oriented construction methods have to be incorporated in rural infrastructure development process in a decentralized environment.

1.2 Objective of the Study The overall objective of the consulting services was the updating/preparation of the District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) and District Transport Perspective Plan (DTPP) of the district as indicated in the ToR and to prepare the DTMP as per the Interim Guidelines of DTMP of DoLIDAR.

The specific objectives, but not necessarily limited to the following, were:

Review and analyze the existing DTMP.

Train district personnel for operating and processing the GPS data collected and converting those data to GIS shape file during preparation of road inventory and to up-date the inventory in the future.

Train district personnel for preparation of DTMP.

Prepare Indicative Developmental Potential Map (IDPM).

Prepare the District Inventory Map (DIM) of Rural Road networks and based on DIM prepare accessibility mapping for two hours and four hours by considering terrain, major river and river crossing facilities.

Preparation of Road Network Plan.

Develop scoring criteria and its approval from DDC.

Prepare the District Transport Perspective Plan (DTPP).

Prepare/update the five year District Transport Master Plan (DTMP); and

Prepare a realistic physical and financial implementation plan of prioritized Rural Transport Infrastructures (RTIs) over or the DTMP period.



MAKAWANPUR DISTRICT



CHAPTER II: APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

2.1 Approach District transport Master Plan has been prepared using participatory bottom-up approach and differs from conventional practices of top down approach. Techno-Political interface has been incorporated in the planning process, where active participation from representatives of political parties, line agencies, DDC officials is crucial.

The District Transport Infrastructure Coordination Committee (DTICC) has been constituted at the district level as authorized legislative body of DDC. This body, comprising political representatives from all political parties, provides necessary policy decisions during the DTMP preparation process.

2.2 Methodology The Consultant has studied the entire procedure of project implementation as recommended by the Interim guidelines and DTMP methodology developed. The Consultant has strictly followed the methodology prescribed by the guideline while preparing/updating the existing DTMPs of the districts under the study area. The general methodology of the study is outlined below: Table 2.1: General Methodology of Study

Action No. Description 1.0 Desk Study and Review of previous DTMP reports

1.1 Collection and review of other Relevant Documents

1.2 Collection and review of Maps

1.3 Collection and review of other socioeconomic aspects.

1.4 Identification of existing and potential areas with development activities

2.0 Prepare the accessibility profile of settlements and compile them at VDC level

3.0 Preparation of indicative Development Potential Map

4.0 Preparation of District Inventory Map (DIM)

5.0 Preparation of District Network Plan (DNP)

6.0 Financial Resource Assessment and preparation

7.0 Preparation of perspective plan

8.0 Five year projected Financial Plan

9.0 Preparation of DTMP

The Consultant has followed the following specific process to accomplish the assignment as specified in the objectives and scopes of work in the ToR.



Figure 2.1: DTMP Planning Process and its Methodology

Formation/Reformation of District Transport

Infrastructure Coordination Committee (DTICC)

Preparation of Indicative Development Potential Map (IDPM) of District (Analysis of District Profile – Grading

of Markets)

Preparation of District Inventory Map (DIM)

Preparation of District Road Network Plan

Prioritization of District Transport Perspective Plan (DTPP)

Preparation of Five Year Transport Investment Plan of District

Presentation of DTMP in the DTICC & Approval of the

transport plan by the District Council

Endorsements by the NPC and DOLIDAR

End of Planning Stage

District Level Introductory Workshop and organizing

GPS Training

Preparation of District Transport Master

Plan (DTMP)

Secondary/Primary data collection identification of development potential area, marketing survey (focused group discussion, informal corner meeting, key information interview Data entry/data analysis Presentation of IDPM in DTICC meeting.

Technical data/Data collection Traffic Survey Preparing Base map at Field study Analysis of existing situation of road networks and plotting of TOP/DIS map Presentation

Preparing preliminary Road network planning based on inaccessible area Discuss and verify with DTICC Refine and present proposed preliminary Road network in cluster of Illaka workshops Get verification and validity of road networks prepared road network.

Collection of technical and socio-economic data within the ZOI area of proposed road Data analysis Prioritisation of proposed roads prepare draft DTPP and present at DTICC meeting.

Process

Decision

Terminator

Legend



Figure 2.2: Planning Processes for DTMP Preparation

2.3 Collection and Review of Secondary Sources of Information Secondary data were collected from annual report published by district level offices and consultation with stakeholders such as District Agriculture Development Office (DADO), District Veterinary Office (DVO), District Development Committee (DDC), District Education Office (DEO), Women Development Office (WDO), District Forest Office (DFO), Small Cottage Industries and Local Business Entrepreneurs etc.

Field study was carried out for general socio-economic assessment of the district. During the field study, data collection was done from primary and secondary sources by using P-RRA and consultation methods with emphasis on related data/information. Field survey method has focused on collection of data regarding area, location and significance of development potential areas such as extensive agriculture, horticulture, livestock farming, high value cash crops, cottage and agro-based industries, centre for business/commerce/markets places, tourism area, hydropower and water mills, mining area, service centers; e.g. hospital, health post, agriculture service sub-centre etc. from published reports and documents by line agencies. The information about demographic data of district, maps, service flow pattern, various maps showing service centers or the location of SOR (Service of Road) facilities, transport infrastructure inventory, past plans and sector study reports, sector standards and policy targets were collected from the secondary sources - Bureau of

Preparation of Indicative Development Potential Map (IDPM)

P

L

A

N

N

I

N

G

Preparation of District Inventory Map (DIM)

Preparation of District Road Network and Synchronization of DTPP of Adjoining Districts

Preparation of District Transport Perspective Plan (DTPP)

Preparation of Five Year District Investment Plan (DTMP)

Endorsement of the Perspective Plan of District Rural Road Network

1

2

3

4

5

6



Statistics, Kathmandu, Survey Department, Local NGOs, line agencies, DDC, etc. The details on the documents collected are summarized below:

List of documents Previous reports of DTMP prepared by the DDC.

District Periodic Plan Prepared by DDC.

District Profile of Makawanpur 2066/67.

Annual report of Agriculture Development Office, District Veterinary Office, report of District Education Office and District Forest Office etc.

Report on settlement pattern and market centers of the district.

Demographic statistics and socio-economic feature of the district.

Collection of Maps Topo maps of the 1:25000 scales, for use as base map.

Digitized topographic maps of department of survey.

District Administrative Map.

District Trail Maps, Helvetas/ TBSU.

Strategic road network map of DoR.

2.4 Collections of Primary Data and Analysis Primary information on existing accessibility level of settlements was derived from the communities, VDC officials, school teachers and other related organizations/individuals during the field investigation period to a standard format specially developed for this purpose. The primary data has been collected from local people through answer to the structured questionnaires which were filled up by the enumerators. Tracking of the existing road network has been carried out by enumerators employed by consultants using the GPS.

2.5 Preparation of Indicative Development Potential Map IDPM is basically the indication of the existing and potential market centre/service centers (key growth centers) and the areas having various development potentials such as high value cash crops, agro-based industries and tourism. Thus, IDPM shows high value cash crops, tourism area, and area of extensive agriculture, extensive horticulture, livestock farming, fisheries, NTFP/ MAPs, hydropower and the service centers such as hospital, post office, telecommunication, school, campus, VDC centers, security offices and large settlements, important historic and religious places. Finally it prepares the ranking of the markets of the district as the basis of network planning.

Existing/potential areas are defined as:

• Areas with extensive agriculture. • Areas with extensive high value cash crops. • Areas with extensive NTFP. • Areas with extensive horticulture. • Areas with extensive livestock farming. • Areas with extensive fisheries. • Areas with extensive small cottage industries. • Potential areas for tourism development. • Existing/potential areas for development of large industries like hydropower, mining etc



Market Survey Market survey was carried out to identify market and service centre. Data and information collected in the field was the main basis for determining the relative importance of market/service centre and central places. All services existing in a particular centre listed by the district line agencies were collected from the respective districts and supplemented by more detailed field data such as economic population structure for the centre itself and its influence area, by means of P-RRA approach. For evaluation purpose, data from offices, Industry, Business & Commerce, Education, Health, Communication, Electricity Supply, Drinking Water Supply services were combined for the centre and its influence area. Assessment of economic facilities and services existing in the market/service centers and their influence areas lead to the identification of the most important market/service centre. Centrality analysis of the market facilities and government services were carried out.

The Centrality Index is calculated using following formula

Cj = Σ (Wi * Xij)

Where,

Cj = Centrality Index of the jth market centre

Xij = value of the ith function (number of establishments or shops at the jth market centre)

Wi = Weightage of the jth function

The weightage of each function is calculated by adopting the Median Threshold Population Technique. The Median Threshold Population Technique calculates the weightage as:

Wi = Median population of the ith function

Lowest median population of the market centers, where a function exists

Weightage were assigned to different type of economic facilities and governments services and they are then aggregated. Based on the centrality index, the market centres are categorized as first grade, second grade, and third grade market/Service centres. Graded market centres were plotted in GIS based district map.

Market was graded and this was the basis for network planning in the inaccessible area, rehabilitation and upgrading of existing roads. The whole Transport Network Planning depends on hierarchy of market/service centres, so the market survey is conducted more cautiously.

Draft Indicative Development Potential Map (IDPM) of the district was prepared by plotting all the development potential areas and sites on the Base Map. Brief notes on each of the potential development areas plotted were prepared by highlighting the nature and size of the area.

2.6 Preparation of District Inventory Map (DIM) The following steps were taken for preparation of DIM report:

• The inventory survey of the existing rural roads was carried out and necessary interventions such as new construction, rehabilitation, periodic maintenance, regular maintenance etc. were identified.

• The information/data on existing rural infrastructures was taken using Global Positioning System (GPS) instruments including GPS tracking of existing roads and GPS way points of trail bridges constructed by TBSU. GPS tracking constituted major activity for DIM preparation, which has taken considerable effort in field level.

• Information on road surface type, traffic levels, status of passability, status of construction, adequacy of bypasses, existing bridges and their requirements, status of drainage and other improvement required were collected during inventory survey.

• The DIM was presented and discussed in the DTICC meetings and the mode of interventions on rehabilitations, maintenance and upgrading of the existing rural roads was agreed. The required interventions were analyzed based on accessibility situation.



• Presentation on DIM and IDPM was made in one day meeting with DTICC. This meeting then finalized the proposed IDPM and DIM plans.

2.7 Preparation of District Network Plan (DNP) • Gradation of Market centers was done based on the centrality index score as Market grade

A (> 100), grade B (50- 100), grade C (25-50), and potential (< 25).

• GIS map of nodal centers was prepared according to the grading of market centers.

• All the market centers based on their hierarchy lying within the core of the central place was plotted in GIS map.

• After plotting all market centers, all the existing roads were overlaid on the GIS Map.

• Accessibility situation was analyzed using GIS model.

• Buffering along the left and right of the existing all weather road was carried out on the basis of walking distance of 2 hours for Terai and 4 hours for hills. These delineated areas were considered as accessible area.

• The planning tree proposes road network for the inaccessible area identified by the ZoI analysis.

• Preliminary road network plan for inaccessible areas was prepared based on the nodal points/market centers and government policy of 4 hours walking distances.

• Rural roads identified are categorized into two type of roads i.e. district roads and village roads. District roads are classified as RRA and RRB according to the significance of the roads.

• Prior to disseminating information in clusters of Ilaka level workshops, DTICC meetings was conducted and the proposed preliminary road network plan for inaccessible areas was presented and discussed to verify and obtain preliminary approval of the proposed road networks.

• All suggestions and feedbacks were collected from DTICC meetings and incorporated them into the preliminary proposed road network plans.

• Preliminary road network plan was presented and discussed in series of Ilaka level workshops to collect the views of the participants and proposal for DTPP. Road network plan was thus finalized in the workshop.

• In the workshop, the DTMP study team had made presentation clarifying the objective of the DTMP and process of its preparation.

• Plenary discussion was organized to verify the views of local participants on new demands as well as existing road networks.

2.8 Financial Resource Assessment and Projection In Nepal, DDCs are heavily relying on GoN grant and donors contribution and is expected this situation to be prevailed for next couple of years. Besides the GoN grant, involvement of VDC, line agency participation, international donors and NGO contribution have also been examined. In this context, resource projection became very difficult task.

The Consultant has thoroughly collected, reviewed and analyzed the expenditures made by the respective DDCs and other agencies in rural transportation sector in last five years and estimated the availability of financial resources for the next five years. Since this is being a very important task, it was carried out in close consultation & cooperation with the related Account Section and Planning Section of the respective DDCs. NGOs and other relevant district level offices were also consulted during this stage. The Consultant in consultation with respective DDCs tried to make provisions for



allocation of necessary funds in yearly basis by linkage and intervention type i.e. routine maintenance, periodic maintenance, rehabilitation, upgrading and new construction works.

2.9 Preparation of District Transport Perspective Plan (DTPP) 2.9.1 Scoring System for Prioritization of Proposed New Roads A network consists of several links. It is not possible to construct all roads at a time due to resource and time constraint. Therefore, each link in a network needs to be prioritized. After developing a district level network, a road engineer prepares the cost estimate of the road and assesses benefit of each link in the network. In the present study, Cost Efficiency Analysis (CEA) was used to prioritize new transport linkage. Criteria such as per capita cost and special social consideration (of inclusiveness) receive certain weightage (points) relative to their perceived importance. Each road link was then allocated the number of points corresponding to the fulfillment of the particular criteria. The aggregate number of points that each intervention receives was computed by simply adding the points allocated per indicator. The result of this process leads to a ranking of the investment options. The following criteria were used for prioritization of new transport linkages.

Existing population within the zone of influence, accessibility situation, land use pattern, environmental and social safeguard, proximity to the market/cervice centers, religious and tourism places were taken as the indicators for prioritization of rural roads. According to the importance of each of these indicators in transport sector, different score has been assigned to each of them as given in table 2.2.

Table 2.2: Scoring System for Prioritization of New Linkages SN Parameter Scoring Unit Score

1 Population (Within the Zone of influences) Population/Km 40

2 Inaccessibility Population Walking hour 15

3 Cultivated Land (Within the Zone of influences) Hectare / Km 15

4 Environment and Social Safeguard

a) Population of Dalit and Janajati (Within the Zone of influences)

b) Loss of forest due to road alignment

Population / Km

Hectare / Km

10

5

5 Market/service centre Centrality Index 10

6 Religious centre/ Tourist place Number of spot 5

Calculation of Scores for Prioritization of New, Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Roads In order to make the indicators comparable their results have to be transformed to dimensionless indices using the zero-to-one method.

The following formula was applied to each indicator for all the areas of investigation

(For high value ranking) d = ((x-min) * Max score)/( Max-min) Where,

d = transformed indicator

x = original indicator value

Max = maximum original value

min = minimum original value



For each area of investigation, the road link with the highest indicator value ‘d’ results in ‘1’ multiplied by the highest mark available under the relevant indicators.

(Note: to avoid possible confusion, the value of lowest score, zero is transformed by relating it to the value of second lowest score using pro-rata distribution method)

(For low value ranking) d = (max-x) multiply by score/( Max-min) Where,

d = transformed indicator

x = original indicator value

Max = maximum original value

min = minimum original value

For each area of investigation, the road link with the lowest indicator value ‘d’ results in ‘1’ multiplied by the maximum available score.

(Note: to avoid possible confusion, the value of lowest score, zero is transformed by relating it to the value of second lowest score using pro-rata distribution method)

2.9.2 Scoring System for Prioritization of Rural Roads for Upgrading/ Rehabilitation Similar to prioritization of new linkages, prioritization system for upgrading/rehabilitation has also been adopted. In this case, one additional indicator, ‘traffic volume’ which significantly contribute to the urgency of upgrading/rehabilitation roadshas been considered. Different indicators and the score assigned to each of them in accordance with their importance in transport sector are given in table 2.3.

Table: 2.3 Scoring System for Prioritization for Upgrading/Rehabilitation S. No. Criteria Scoring Unit Score

1 Population (Within the Zone of influences) Population/Km 30

2 Cultivated Land (Within the Zone of influences)

Hectare / Km 20

3 Traffic Volume Traffic Unit (TU) 20

4 Market/service centre Centrality Index 20

5 Religious centre/ Tourist place Number of spot 10

Total 100

2.9.3 Prioritization of Trail Bridges The prioritization was based on following formula derived on the basis of a simulation model using ICIMOD indices, related poverty, education, health etc. used by TBSU as follows:

Prioritization Formula for New Construction

SSTB : {(2.041 P+2.856 MP)×DG} × {{(12-RT)×(1+RF/100)}/12} LSTB : 0.3 × {(2.041 P+2.856 MP) ×DG} × {{(12-RT) × (1+RF/100)}/12}

Prioritization Formula for Major Maintenance

SSTB : 2 × {(2.041 P+2.856 MP) ×DG} × {{(12-RT) × (1+RF/100)}/12} LSTB : 1.2 × {(2.041 P+2.856 MP) ×DG} × {{(12-RT) × (1+RF/100)}/12}

Prioritization Formula for Rehabilitation

SSTB : 1 × {(2.041 P+2.856 MP) ×DG} × {{(12-RT) × (1+RF/100)}/12}

LSTB : 0.3 × {(2.041 P+2.856 MP) ×DG} × {{(12-RT) × (1+RF/100)}/12}



Where,

P = Population i.e. the beneficiay population of the prospective bridge MP = Marginalized population (total dalit + marginalized janajatis + total minority + total poor

from other caste) DG = Distance gained RT = River Type (no. of months fordable without a bridge) RF = Risk Factor (Percent of population who have died within the last five year.

On the basis of above criteria, the transport linkages under different categories of each class of roads are prioritized.

2.10 Preparation of Five Year Rural Road Master Plan of District (DTMP) Following steps were considered to prepare the DTMP.

• The DTPP was used as the primary documents based on which the District Transport Master Plan was prepared.

• The available financial resource of the district for and spent on rural transportation sector was assessed from past trend and forecasted the budget in the basis of this for coming years. Moreover, the tentative budget plan for coming five years was prepared in consultation with DDC.

• The interventions and road linkages identified in the DTPP were prioritised then selected high scored roads for coming five year’s plan whatever the budget sufficiency.

• Final workshop was organized at the DDC where the prioritisation of roads was approved.

2.11 Endorsement of the Five Year District Transport Master Plan of District RTI Network

DDC should submit the final District Transport Master Plan to District Council for approval. DTICC with support of planning team, will brief to the Council on the entire process of preparation of DTMP including scoring system for prioritization. The DTMP is finally approved by the District Council.

2.12 Complementary Activities in the district for DTMP In line with the approach mentioned above, orientation and interactive workshops and meetings were held at the district and Illaka/cluster level. Activities that were carried out in the district as part of this DTMP preparation are summarized as follows.

i. Orientation workshop (1st district level) in DDC on 2068/07/03. ii. GPS training (3 days) in DDC from 2068/07/04 to 2068/07/06 iii. Ilaka/cluster level workshop at Phaparbari on 2068/10/29 iv. Ilaka/cluster level workshop at Manhari on 2068/11/02 v. Ilaka/cluster level workshop at Daman on 2068/12/27 vi. Ilaka/cluster level workshop at Bhimphendi on 2068/12/28 vii. Ilaka/cluster level workshop at Hetauda on 2068/12/29 viii. District level workshop (2nd district level) in DDC on 2069/2/25 ix. GIS training (4 days) in DDC from 2068/10/22 to 2068/10/25 x. District level workshop (3rd district level) in DDC on 2069/6/12

xi. Center level workshop at DoLIDAR on 2069/08/10 In addition to above, meetings and sharing at individual level were also carried out with selected persons, representatives from NGOs, line agencies, district based projects related to transport infrastructures development for collecting secondary informations which were used in the preparation/updating of the present DTMP.



CHAPTER III: INDICATIVE DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL MAP (IDPM)

3.1 Physical Location and Geographical Characteristics Makawanpur is a hill district of Nepal. It is located on the south of Kathmandu district. Although the district is located at the border of Kathmandu valley, many parts of the district are still inaccessible by road. The district is surrounded by Kathmandu and Dhading districts at north, Chitwan district at west, Lalitpur, Kavre and Sindhuli districts at east and Bara, Parsa and Rautahat districts in the south. The district encompasses 2418 sq. Km. hill and plain lands (CBS).

There are 5 Rivers and 41 Streams/Kholas. Some major rivers are; Rapti Khola, Bagmati River, Manahari khola, Lothar khola and Bakaiya Khola. Topographically, Makawanpur district entails 27°10' - 27°40' latitude and 84° 41' - 85°31' longitudes. The climate of the district varies from valley plain to Mahabharat range.

Makawanpur district has the subtropical to Alpine climate. So it will be very hot in the summer at plain area and very cold in the winter at mountaneous area. The maximum temperature rises up to 34 degree Celsius and falls down as low as minus 1.6 degree Celsius. The rainfall is mainly due to the southern-eastern monsoon. The monsoon, generally starts from the mid of June and ends by the mid of October. More than 80% of the annual rainfall takes place between June and September. The average annual rainfall, generally, varies from 1971 mm to 2331.3 mm.

Makawanpur district is well known for religious, historical and tourism. Many places are religious, historical importance. Bhutandevi Temple and Churiyamai Temple are the most famous temples of the district.

Geopolitically, the district is administratively divided into 4 Electoral constituencies 13 Illakas which consist of 43 VDCs and one municipality. Each VDC is divided into 9 Wards.

3.2 Socio-economic Characteristics 3.2.1 Demography According to National Population Census 2011 projection, the total population of the Makawanpur district is 4,27,494 which comprises of 2,10,564 male and 2,16,930 female. According to the National population census 2001 (CBS), total populations of the district was 3, 92,604 of which male population was 1,99,144 and female population was 1, 93,460. There were 71,112 households in the district with an average household size of 5.53 (CBS). The population density per sq. km. is 162.34 with an average growth rate inpopulation is recorced at 2.24 % per annum. Only Population census of 2001 is presented in following table.

Table 3.1: Population Census S.N Description 1 Total Population 3,92,604 2 Female 1,93,460 3 Male 1,99,144 4 Population Growth Rate 2.24 5 No. of households 71,112 6 Population Density Per Sq.KM 162.34 7 Household size 5.53

Source: District Profile of Makawanpur, 2067/68 Population of the district by VDC, household and male and female number is given here under:



Table3.2: VDC wise population in Makawanpur District

S.N.

Name of VDC

Population

Total No. of Household

Total

Female

Male

1

Agara 7,999 3,961 4,038 1,415 2

Ambhanjyang 8,566 4,287 4,279 1,519 3

Bajrabarahi 7,427 3,755 3,672 1,360 4

Basamadi 14,170 6,957 7,213 2,545 5

Betini 3,216 1,555 1,661 539 6

Bhainse 7,614 3,787 3,827 1,286 7

Bharta (pundadevi) 3,719 1,843 1,876 621 8

Bhimphedi 5,742 2,957 2,785 1,107 9

Budhichaur 2,085 1,009 1,076 361 10

Chitlang 5,830 3,139 2,691 1,170

11

Churiyamai 12,905 6,475 6,430 2,344

12

Daman 8,360 4,133 4,227 1,611 13

Dandakharka 3,770 1,814 1,956 654

14

Dhiyal 6,726 3,291 3,435 1,080 15

Fakhel 4,856 2,554 2,302 906

16

Phaparbari 16,676 8,249 8,427 2,656 17

Gogane 5,140 2,579 2,561 893

18

Handikhola 17,770 8,900 8,870 3,155 19

Hatiya 12,152 6,052 6,100 2,283

20

Hetauda Municipality 68,482 33,162 35,320 14,271 21

Harnamadi 6,259 3,151 3,108 1,263

22

Ipa Panchakanya 2,658 1,291 1,367 446 23

Kalikatar 4,390 2,111 2,279 726

24

Kankada 7,759 3,811 3,948 1,183 25

Khairang 3,036 1,452 1,584 530

26

Kogate 1,429 724 705 253 27

Kulekhani 3,194 1,625 1,569 591

28

Makawanpugadhi 12,651 6,386 6,265 2,320

29

Manahari 13,835 6,849 6,986 2,620 30

Manthali 2,663 1,315 1,348 446

31

Markhu 3,916 1,932 1,984 661 32

Namtar 8,623 4,238 4,385 1,490

33

Nibuwatar 4,477 2,217 2,260 817 34

Padampokhari 15,904 8,068 7,836 2,833

35

Palung 6,029 3,118 2,911 1,110 36

Raigaon 10,785 5,356 5,429 1,799

37

Raksirang 6,343 3,123 3,220 983 38

Sarikhet (Palase) 8,537 4,202 4,335 1,416

39

Shikharpur 4,854 2,439 2,415 823 40

Shreepur Chhatiwan 21,523 10,768 10,755 3,879

41

Sisneri Sukaura 3,359 1,672 1,687 658 42

Sukaura 3,657 1,811 1,846 603

43 Thingan 4,080 1,982 2,098 653 44 Tistung Deurali 6,585 3,293 3,292 1,190 45 Institutional 2,853 67 2,786 43

Total

3,92,604 1,93,460 1,99,144 71,112 Source: VDC Profile of Nepal, 2008



3.2.2 Religion, Festivals and Caste Different ethnic caste is found in Makawanpur district. Majorities are Tamang (47.65%) and followed by Brahman/Chhetri (25.28%), Newar (6.81%), Magar (4.54%), Chepang (3.94%), and others Kami, Rai, Thakuri and Gurung are 2.69%, 2.08%, 0.66% and 0.88% respectively. Actually all the caste is used communicating common Nepali language. Major festivals celebrated are Dashain, Tihar, Phagupurnima, Sivaratri, Losar and Christmas etc.

3.2.3 Education Status There are altogether 593 all types of educational institutions with 386 primary and pre pre-primary schools, 92 are lower secondary schools, 83 are secondary schools and 23 are higher secondary schools and 9 Campus. Literacy rate of the district is 63.4% whereas female literacy rate is 53.9% and male literacy rate is 72.6%.

Table 3.3: Education Status SN Level of Educational Institutions Community Institutional Total

1 Pre Primary, Primary 355 31 386 2 Lower Secondary 80 12 92

3 Secondary 63 20 83

4 Higher Secondary 20 3 23 5 Campus 9 0 9

Total 527 66 593 Source: DEO, Makawanpur 2068

3.2.4 Economically Active and Inactive Population About 1,58,738 people are economically active and 1,28,966 inactive. Among the active population, 97,744 are male and 60,989 are female. Among inactive population, 48,347 are male and 80,619 are female. These data have been taken from 2001 projection as shown in the following table.

Table 3.4: Economically active and inactive population

Status Total Male Female Economically Active 1,58,733 97,744 60,989 Economically Inactive 1,28,966 48,347 80,619

Total 2,87,699 1,46,091 1,41,608 Source: CBS, 2001

3.2.5 Occupation Pattern Major occupation in the district is agriculture. But this has shifted with high youth force migration due to social conflict and unemployment problem. About 52.83% of people are being involved in agriculture as subsistence livelihood and 30.66% in service and 16.51% in others as shown in following table.

Table 3.5: Occupation Pattern of Economically Active Population

SN Occupation Percentage 1 Agriculture 52.83% 2 Service/Other 30.66% 3 Other 16.51%

Total 100% Source: DDC Profile, 2067

3.2.6 Land Use Pattern The district has 2,39,076 (Ha) total lands out of which 1,67,453 (Ha) is forest land, 40,842 (Ha) cultivated land, 18,815 hectares is non cultivated land, 3,136 hectares is pasture land and 8,830 hectares is other land. The topographical distribution of land is shown in the following table.



Table 3.6: Land Use Pattern of District

S.N.

Land Use pattern

Total Land (Ha)

Remarks

1

Forest

1,67,453

2

Agriculture

- Cultivated

- Non Cultivated

40842

18815

3

Pasture

3136

4 Others (Residence, River, Khola,

Rock, Roads etc.

8,830

Total

2,39,076

Source: VDC Profile of Nepal, 2008

3.2.7 Agriculture Production Economically active population is 82.7% in total who depend mostly on agriculture. Major agriculture production of this district is cereal crops (Paddy, Maize and millet). Paddy production, fruit and vegetable are the main agricultural production in this district for the domestic use and exporting to other districts, particularly in Kathmandu. Types of crops, its production area and the quantity produced are given in Table 3.7.

3.2.7.1 Cultivated land 41338 hec of total land is cultivated in this district. Highest cultivated land is in Manahari, Basamadi, Hatiya, Harnamadi, Namtar, Chhatiwan, Handikhoal, Palung, Chitlang, Markhu and Makawanpurgadhi and major cereal crops production are paddy, Millet and maize.

Table 3.7: Major crops and their production

Crops Area (HA) Production (MT) Productivity Per Hectare (MT)

Paddy 11493 34249 2.98 Maize 19812 48539 2.45

Wheat 4265 10662 2.5

Millet 2961 3216 1.09 Barley 100 120 1.2 Oilseed 1200 1000 0.83 Potato 4596 58900 12.82 Sugarcane 90 2600 28.89 Green Vegetable 1643 30691 18.68 Fruits 666 6782 10.18

Source: VDC Profile of Nepal, 2008

3.2.7.2 Cropping pattern and cropping calendar Major crops of this district are paddy, wheat, maize, oilseed, potato and fresh vegetable. Cereal crops are soybean, peas, gram and bean. Vegetable are radish, cauliflower, cabbage, pumpkin and potato etc. Fruits are orange, banana, mango, lemon, guava etc. Vegetable seeds are soybean, radish, carrot, cucumber, tomato, cauliflower. Cash crops are ginger, garlic, onion. Detail cropping pattern with calendar of district is shown below.



Table 3.8: Cropping Calendar

SN Crops Time of Sowing/Transplanting Time of Harvesting

1 Paddy (Chaite) April/May July/August 2 Paddy (Barse) June/July Oct/Nov 3 Maize March/April July/August 4 Wheat Oct/Nov April/May 5 Millet June/July Oct/Nov 6 Barley Nov/Dec April/May 7 Winter Potato Sep/Nov Jan/March 8 Summer Potato Jan/March June/August 9 Winter Vegetable Sep/Nov Jan/March 10 Summer Vegetable April/June June/August

Source: Annual Report, DADO, Makawanpur, 2067/68

3.2.7.3 Existing/ Potential Area with Extensive Agriculture Due to the fertility of the plain land, mostly southern part of the district are suitable for production of paddy crops as well as other crops such as; Wheat, Pulses, Mustard, Maize (Monsoon), Maize (Winter), Pulse (Mung), Pulse (Rahar), Gram, Pea, Winter Vegetables and oilseed.

Existing potential area for major crops pocket area are shown in following table.

Table 3.10: Potential Area with Extensive Agriculture

SN Major Crops Potential Pocket Area/VDCs

1 Paddy Hetauda, Manhari, Basamadi, Phasparbari, Hatiya, Harnamadi, Raigaun, Namtar, Chhatiwan, Ambhanjyang, Makawanpurgadhi, Sukaura, Chitlang, Markhu, Sisneri, Manthali and Handikhola

2 Wheat Manhari, Bhainse, Handikhola, Hetauda, Basamadi, Hatiya, Harnamandi, Padampokhari and Namtar

3 Maize and Millet All VDCs

4 Legumes Manhari, Basamandi, Hatiya, Harnamandi, Chhatiwan, Raigaun and Phaparbari

5 Oil seeds Namtar, Bahainse, Basamandi, Manhari, Hatiya, Harnamandi, Chhatiwan, Raigaun and Phaparbari


3.2.7.4 Existing/ Potential Area with Extensive Horticulture Most of the lands of the district are covered by mountain which is suitable for various kinds of fruits due to suitable climate. Existing and potential pocket areas for horticulture are shown in the following table 3.10.

Table 3.10: Potential Area with Extensive Horticulture S/N Crops Potential Pocket Area/VDCs

1 Orange Sisneri and Phakhel 3 Lemon Nibuwatar, Phakhel, Namtar and Palung

4 Mango Manhari, Basamandi, Hatiya, Handikhola, Hetauda, Padampokhari, Churiyamai and Ambhanjyang

5 Lichi Manhari, Basamandi, Hatiya, Handikhola, Hetauda, Padampokhari, Churiyamai and Ambhanjyang

6 Gauva Chhatiwan, Padampokhari, Gadhi, Shikharpur

7 Pineapple Manhari, Basamandi, Hatiya, Handikhola, Hetauda, Padampokhari, Churiyamai and Ambhanjyang

8 Banana Thingan, Ambhanjyang, Gadhi, Manthali Source: Annual Report, DADO, Makawanpur, 2067/68



3.2.7.5 Existing/ Potential Area for Cash Crops Existing and potential area for high value crops pocket areas are shown in following table.

Table 3.11: Potential Area with Extensive Cash Crops SN Crops Potential Pocket Area/VDCs 1 Fisheries Kulekhani, Markhu, Hetauda

2 Fresh Vegetable

Handikhola, Daman, Palung, Bajrabarahi, Tistung, Namtar, Chitlang, and Ambhanjyang

3 Ginger Harnamadi, Hatiya, Namtar, Makawanpurgadhi, Bhimphendi, Sukaura, Raksirang and Churiyamai

4 Silk warm Sarikhet, Nibuwatar 5 Honey Tistung, Raksirang, Bhimphendi, Bhudhichaur, Kankada and Bhainse


3.2.8 Livestock Production Livestock is an important component of farming system in Makawanpur district. Livestock are regarded as one of the major assets of farm household. Cattle and buffaloes are primarily reared for draught power cultivation and transport, with the latter also providing milk and meat for on-farm consumption and opportunity sales. The livestock's population and their production are presented in following table. Table 3.12: Livestock Population

S.N. Livestock Total Number 1 Cow/Ox 98,490 2 She/he Buffaloes 94,536 3 Goat 2,39,844 4 Pig/Swine 9,668 5 Chicken 9,32,623

Source: DDC Profile, 2066/67 Table 3.13: Livestock Production

S.N. Livestock Products Unit Annual Production (MT) 1 Milk Liter 47,786 2 Meat MT 4,857 3 Egg (Hen) Thousand 11,016

Source: DDC Profile, 2066/67

3.2.8.1 Livestock Potential Area Potential areas for livestock production are shown in following table.

Table 3.14: Livestock Potential Area SN Livestock Potential Pocket Area/VDCs

1 Buffalo Farming Gadhi, Thingan, Manthali, Handikhola, Padampokhari

2 Goat Farming Namtar, Manahari, Kalikatar

3 Pig/Swine Farming Braise, Phaparbari

4 Poultry Farming Hetauda, Hatiya, Padampokhari, Chhattiwan

Source: District Veterinary office, Makawanpur, 2068

3.3 Service Centers and Facilities As per the data/information regarding the service centres and facilities available in the district, the government, non-government and INGOs and public/private institutions are established who are continuously providing their services to the people. Details of service centres and their capacity are discussed below in brief.



3.3.1 Post Office This district has one district post office at Hetauda. Illaka level post office is in 11 VDCs, additional post office is in 34 VDCs and counter post are in 2 places. The communication system of the district comprises of the post office and Telecommunication facilities. The number of post offices according to their types is presented in below. Table 3.15: Status of Post Office

S.N. Type of Post Office(s) Number VDC/Municipality 1 District Post Office 1

Post offices are available in 1 municipality 43 and VDCs. 2 Illaka Post Office 11

3 Additional Post Office 34 4 Counter Post 2

Source: District Profile 2066/2067 3.3.2 Telecommunication Telecommunication tower for mobile and landline is available in some places. Mobile communication is working throughout the Makawanpur district. In this way access to telephone facility is in all VDCs. The type of telecommunication system and their access to various locations/VDC of the district is given in following table. Table 3.16: List of Access to Telephone Facilities

SN Type Number Access/VDCs 1 PSTN Telephone 6423 43 VDCs 2 GSM (Prepaid, Postpaid) 55686 43 VDCs 3 CDMA Mobile (Prepaid, Postpaid) 2407 43 VDCs 4 MARTS Exchange - 4 VDCs 5 VHF - 12 VDCs

Source: Nepal Telecom, Makawanpur

3.3.3 Financial Institution Many Banking and financial institution are established in the district. Among them, Rastriya Banijaya Bank, Nepal Bank Limited and Agriculture Development Bank are the government institution. Likewise, more than 10 Development Banks and above 300 cooperatives i.e Cooperatives, Agriculture, Dairy, Women Development, Livestock etc are also functioning in the district.

3.3.4 Agriculture Service Centers Government has lunched various programmes in agriculture sector for people’s economic growth. Makawanpur is also a pocket centre of agriculture production. Agriculture service and sub service centre in district are shown in the following table.

Table 3.17: Agriculture Service Center/Agriculture Sub-Center S.N.

Agriculture Service /Agriculture Sub-Center

Located Place/VDCs Service Providing VDCs

1 Agriculture Service Center Manahari Manahari, Handikhola, Basamadi, Kankada, Raksirang, Sarikhet and Khairang

2 Agriculture Service Center Hatiya Hatiya, Harnamadi, Thingan, Gadhi, Sukaura and Ambhanjyang

3 Agriculture Service Center Namtar Namtar, Kalikatar, Bhainse, Bharta, Dandakharka and Gogane

4 Agriculture Service Center Bhimphedi Bhimphedi, Kulekhani, Nibuwatar, Kogate, Sisneri, Ipa and Budhichaur

5 Agriculture Service Center Daman Daman, Palung, Chitlang, Bajrabarahi, Tistung, Agra, Markhu and Phakhel

6 Agriculture Service Center Phaparbari Phaparbari, Raigaon, Manthali and Betini



7 Agriculture Service Contact Place Chhatiwan Shikharpur, Chhatiwan and Dhiyal

8 Agriculture Service Contact Place Hetauda Hetauda Municipality, Padampokhari and

Churiyamai Source: Annual Report, DADO, Makawanpur, 2067/2068

3.3.5 Veterinary Service Centre The district has one district veterinary office at Hetauda, 6 service centres and 9 sub-service centres. The existing situation of the veterinary service and sub-service centres in district are shown in the following table:

Table 3.18: Veterinary Service Centre/Sub-Service Center

SN Veterinary Service Centre/Sub-Service

Center Located

Place/VDCs Influence VDCs

1 Service Centre Hatiya Hatiya, Harnamadi and Churiyamai 2 Service Centre Phaparbari Phaparbari, Betini, Dhiyal and Raigaon 3 Service Centre Basamadi Basamadi and Handikhola 4 Service Centre Kalikatar Kalikatar, Bharta 5 Service Centre Raksirang Raksirang, Sarikhet and Khairang 6 Service Centre Chitlang Chitlang, Markhu, Kulekhani and Bajrabarahi 7 Sub-Service Center Chhatiwan Chhatiwan, Thingan, Shikharpur and Manthali 8 Sub-Service Center Ambhanjyang Ambhanjyang, Gadhi, Sukaura and Budhichaur 9 Sub-Service Center Padampokhari Padampokhari

10 Sub-Service Center Manahari Manahari and Kankada 11 Sub-Service Center Ipa Ipa and Kogate 12 Sub-Service Center Bhimphedi Bhimphedi and Nibuwatar 13 Sub-Service Center Phakhel Phakhel and Sisneri 14 Sub-Service Center Palung Palung, Agra, Gogane, Daman, Tistung Dandakharka 15 Sub-Service Center Namtar Namtar and Bhainse

Source: District Veterinary office, Makawanpur, 2068

3.3.6 Irrigation The district has total irrigated land area of 12556 Ha and non irrigated area 16226 of Ha. There are many number of completed irrigation project in the district and some are still ongoing construction. The existing situation of irrigation in the district is given below table.

Table 3.19: Irrigation

SN Irrigation Area (Ha) Percentage

1 Total arable area 41338

2 Total Irrigated area 12556 30.38

3 Non Irrigated area 16226 39.25

4 Regular irrigated area 7232 17.49

5 Seasonal irrigated area 5324 12.88 Source: Annual Report, DADO, Makawanpur, 2067/68



3.3.7 Health In Makawanpur district, access to health facilities is in all VDCs. There are one District Hospital is in district headquarters, 4 Primary Health Center, 2 Ayurvedik Ausadhalaya, 10 Health Posts, 30 Sub-Health Post(s). The health institutions and facilities available in the district are given in detail below.

Table 3.20: Health Service Centers

SN Type of Health Centres Number Places/Locations

1 District Hospital 1 District Headquarters 2 Zonal Ayurvedik Hospital 1 District Headquarters 3 Ayurvedik Ausadhalaya 1 4 Primary Health Center 4 4 VDCs, 5 Health Post(s) 10 10 VDCs

6 Sub-Health Post(s) 30 Rest of the VDCs

Source: District Profile, 2066/67

3.4 Existing/Potential Area for Tourism, Religious and Historical Place Makawanpur district is very famous for Tourism, Religious and Historical Place. Existing/ Potential Area for Tourism, Religious and Historical Place are given below table.

Table 3.21: Potential Area for Religious and Historical Place

SN VDC Descriptions Significance 1 Daman Rikheshowr, Indrayani, Seti Ganesh Temple etc. Religious/Historical 2 Markhu Mahachuni, Mahankal, Bhimsen Temple etc Religious/Historical 3 Chitlang Godawari, Kaladevi, Nayapauwa Temple etc. Religious/Historical 4 Kulekhani Kalidevi, Mahankalthan, Kalivedi Temple etc. Religious/Historical 6 Phakhel Narayan, Chaukotdevi, Manedada Temple etc. Religious 7 Tistung Naukhande Chaitya, Mulabir Chaur Religious/Historical 8 Bajrabarahi Bajrabarahi, Pasupati, Chuni Devata Temple etc. Religious/Historical 9 Manahari Manakamana, Churiyamai, Ranipokhari Temple etc. Religious/Historical

10 Basamadi Newarpani Gumba, Mahadev, Manakamana Temple etc. Religious/Historical 11 Sarikhet Grindi and Kerabari Bumba Religious/Historical 12 Namtar Syarsekalika, Devithan, Ram Temple etc. Religious/Historical 13 Kalikatar Kalika, Mahadev Temple etc. and Nagchheda Falls Religious/Historical 14 Nibuwatar Gupteswori, Ganeshsthan, Kalidevi, Balkanya Temple etc. Religious/Historical 15 Agra 7 No. of Mahadevsthan Temple and Meduk Chhyoling Gumba Religious/Historical 16 Bhimphedi Bhimsen Temple, Chisapani Gadhi, Barahithan etc. Religious/Historical 17 Bhainse Srikrashna Temple, Ganesh Temple, Tasi Wangchong Gumba Religious/Historical 18 Kogate Pandeswori, Mahadev, Pashupati, Chamelidevi Temple etc. Religious/Historical 19 Padampokhari Ranakalin Gumba, Siba Temple, Siddhakali Temple etc. Religious/Historical 20 Hadikhola Dhaneswori and Pashupati Temple etc. Religious/Historical 21 Hatiya Baisnab, Bhimsensthan, Mahadev, Panchakanya Temple etc. Religious/Historical

22 Harnamadi Gupteswori Gufa, Kamaladevi/Kalidevi/Baghbhairab Temple etc. Religious/Historical

23 Raigaon Purmina Mela, Gumba Mela, Lower Place above mean sea level Religious/Historical

24 Phaparbari Golme Rajako Darbar, Siddhi Rameswor Mela Religious/Historical

25 Hetauda Mu. Bhutandevi, Krishna, Hanuman Temple etc. and types of Gumba Religious/Historical

26 Chhatiwan Pashupati Temple and Machhedamar Gumba Religious/Historical 27 Kankada Bhinbungdada Mela Religious/Historical



SN VDC Descriptions Significance 28 Gadhi Bansagopal, Kalidevi, Narayan Temple etc. Religious/Historical 29 Sukaura 3 Boudh Gumba and Pashupati Temple Religious/Historical

30 Ambhanjyang Shiba, Shreekrishna, Kalidevi, Kaleshowr Mahadev Temple etc. Religious/Historical

32 Churiyamai Churiyamai, Shiba, Bandevi Temple and 3 Boudh Gumba etc Religious/Historical 33 Bharta Kalika Temple and Chakradevi Stone etc Religious/Historical

34 Raksirang Rikheswor and Pajani Mahadev Gufa and Thumki Dada Gumba Religious/Historical

35 Khairang Kamadhenu, Kalika, Rakasdevi Temple Religious/Historical 36 Dandakharka Gupteswori and Krishna Temple and ChhyangdungGumba Religious/Historical

37 Budhichaur Rupnarayan, Devithan, BaghbhairavKalika Temple and 5 Gumba Religious/Historical

38 Manthali Siddhababa Temple/ Natural Gufa, Thani Puja Religious/Historical 39 Palung Religious/Historical

Source: Ilaka Level Workshop, 2068, and DDC Profile 2066/2067

Makawanpur district is rich in tourism places and earning a lot of money. Having transport facility and the diversity in climate, culture and geographical features add value of those places for development of tourism industry in Makawanpur district.

Table 3.22: Potential Area for Tourism Place

SN VDC Descriptions Significance 1 Gadhi Makanwanpurgadhi Tourism/ Historical 2 Bhimphedi Chisapanigadhi Tourism/ Historical

3 Hetauda-11 Sahid Smarak Tourism

4 Daman Daman View Tower Tourism/ Historical

5 Churiyamai/Padampokhari/Handikhola Parsa Wildlife Conservation Tourism

6 Manahari Chitwan Wildlife Conservation Tourism

7 Markhu/Kulekhani Indrasarobar Tourism Source: Ilaka Level Workshop, 2068, and DDC Profile 2066/2067

3.5 Existing/Potential Area for Non Timber Forest Product (NTFP)/Herbal Northern part of the Makawanpur district is famous for different type of herbs. Almost 120 types of herbal plants can be found in the district. Allo, Sisno, Lokta, Bamboo, Amliso are the other important NTFP of this district. These products are found in the following VDCs: Table 3.23: Potential Area for (NTFP)/Herbal

S.N VDCs NTFP Items 1 Daman Silajit,Nirmasi,Jatamasi,Bhojo,Pakhanbed,Kurilo,Chiraito,Kutki,

Panchaule,Sunakhari,Padamchal Sikakai,Soamlataand Timur etc. 2 Tistung

3 Chitlang 4 Dandakharka 5 Gogane 6 Namtar 7 Manahari 8 Bajrabarahi 9 Sarikhet 10 Palung 11 Agra

Source: DDC Profile, 2067/68, Makawanpur



3.6 Existing/Potential Area for Small/Major Hydropower Development and production of hydropower is not as expectation even the district have high potentiality for electricity production because major rivers like, Rapti, Lothar, Bakaiya, Manahari and Bagmati are running through the district. Besides this so many other small streams are flowing in the district, which are potential for small hydropower. Existing and potential hydropower project and their capacity are mentioned in table given below.

Table 3.24: Major / Small Hydropower

SN Name of Site No Significance 1 Kulekhani 1 and 2 - 90 MW 2 Kulekhani 3 (Ongoing) - 18 MW 3 Small Hydropower 5 - 4 Bio Gas Plant 3088 - KW

Source: DDC Profile and Group Discussion

3.7 Mines Development Makawanpur district has potential small mine areas of copper, lead, zinc, cobalt, limestone scattered over district. There is not operational any mines in commercial scale. Although, excavating limestone at Okhre and Bhainse by Hetauda Cement Factory is only the mine industry operational in district. List of the potential mines are given in table below.

Table 3.25: Mines Development

SN Name of Mines Located Places 1 Copper Arkhale, Barhaghare, Golkhalte, Sanotar, Ipa, Agra Khola 2 Zink and Glass Damar, Barhaghare 3 Urenium Tinbhangale 4 Cobalt Jurikhet-Mandu, Ipakhola, Damar 5 Gasoline Daman 6 Limestone Bhainse, Dovan, Sukaura and Okhare

Source: District Profile 2066/2067

3.8 Market Centers According to the study of relevant literature / reports, consultation with related program/ project, consultation of the various person and field visit, total 61 possible market centres were considered for analysis. After required data collection and analysis of collected information according to interim guideline of DTMP, market centres are graded as A, B and C. Other potential market centres were identified as existing market centres. Table 3.26: Market Centers in the Makawanpur District

SN Name of Market Center VDC/Municipality Market Grade Remarks 1 Hetauda Municipality Hetauda A 2 Sikharkot Daman A 3 Manahari Manahari A 4 Saraswoti Bazaar Bajrabarahi A 5 Bhimphedi Bhimphedi A 6 Bastipur Basamadi B 7 Simbhanjyang Daman B 8 Markhu Markhu B 9 Bhainse Bhainse B 10 Phaparbari Phaparbari B 11 Basamadi Basamadi B 12 Daman Bazaar Daman B



SN Name of Market Center VDC/Municipality Market Grade Remarks 13 Padampokhari Padampokhari B 14 Chitlang Chitlang B 15 Kharanga Manahari B 16 Hattisudhe Chhatiwan B 17 Dandabas Agra B 18 Lothar Manahari B 19 Dhading Ambhanjyang C 20 Simlang Markhu C 21 Kalikatar Kalikatar C 22 Namtar Namtar C 23 Simpani Manahari C 24 Deurali Kulekhani C 25 Naukhande Tistung C 26 Sananitar Basamadi C 27 Raigaon Raigaun C 28 Makawanpurgadhi Gadhi C 29 Kogate Kogate C 30 Purundi Phakhel C 31 Jureli Chhatiwan C 32 Ratmate Churiyamai C 33 Khadpu Phakhel C 34 Palanse Sarikhet C 35 Sisneri Sisneri C 36 Taukhel Chitlang C 37 Ipa Ipa C 38 Chisapani Agra C 39 Dhiyal Dhiyal C 40 Rajdevi Hatiya C 41 Chaukibhanjyang Agra C 42 Chuniya Namtar C 43 Chuchekhola Hatiya C 44 Thingan Thingan C 45 Makranchuli Gadhi C 46 Baikuntha Agra P 47 Rajaiya Manahari P 48 Mohoriya Agra P 49 Phurkechaur Harnamadi P 50 Bhorleni Phaparbari P 51 Makari Hardikhola P 52 Pakane Gogane P 53 Jhurjhure Phaparbari P 54 Simaltar Bazaar Ambhanjyang P 55 Kalanki Kulekhani P 56 Pandrang Nibuawatar P 57 Suping Bhimphedi P 58 Kunchhal Bajrabarahi P



SN Name of Market Center VDC/Municipality Market Grade Remarks 59 Banaspati Padampokhari P 60 Juina Chhatiwan P 61 Kudule Shikharpur P

3.9 Descriptions of Market Centre According to analysed market centres and their priority list, 5 market centres are graded as A, 13 market centres are graded as B, 27 market centres are graded as C, 16 market centres are identified as potential market centres. Brief description of market centres is given below.

3.9.1 Descriptions of Market Centre Grade A Hetauda It is the district headquarters and major agricultural market having social institutions and district infrastructure service centres. It has an industrial area with remarkable operating industry and has numerous agro-based cottage industries. Being the district headquarters, municipality and industrial area, the area is growing day by day as a town. MRM and TRP highway are crossing through the market area and linked from Kathmandu in the North and India boarder in the South. There are so many primary, secondary, higher secondary and near about thirty five private boarding schools with the district Hospital. There are three governmental and more than ten private collages with Electricity facility is available for domestic and industrial purposes and telephone and mobile is also available. This market center is important for tourism and religious places.

Shikharkot The growth centre is gradually developing as a market located on TRP highway in Daman VDC. It is 65 km far from the district headquarters Hetauda and connected by black topped road. There is one lower secondary school, Post Office, Cooperative, sub-health centre and other facilities are available here. Electricity and telephone are also available.

Manahari The growth centre is located on MRM highway and one of the agricultural product collection centers for this area. It is 30 km far from the district headquarters. There are one Higher secondary School, area post office, primary health centre, agriculture and veterinary service centers. Telephone facility is also available at this market.

Saraswati Bazaar The growth centre is gradually developing as a main market and located in Bajrabarahi VDC. It is connected with TRP highway by feeder road at Kunchhal. Kunchhal-Kulekhani Road is passes through this market center. It is 87 km far from the district headquarter. Governmental and private boarding school is located here. It is one of the main vegetable collection centers. Electricity and telephone are also available.

Bhimphedi The growth centre is old market located 24 km far from the district headquarters Hetauda. It is the old district headquarters of the district. It is connected by Bhainse-Bhimphedi Kulekhani feeder road and linked with other district road with money order facility, higher secondary school, primary health centre, agriculture and veterinary service centres. Electricity and Telephone is also available. Other many services and facilities are available there.

3.9.2 The briefs description of Market centre class ‘B’ Bastipur The growth centre is gradually developing as a market centre located at MRM high way of Basamadi VDC. It is centrally located between three VDCs. It is 10 km far from the district headquarters Hetauda and connected with MRM highway. There are one secondary school and agriculture and veterinary service centers are available here. Electricity and telephone are also available. It is the important market centre for the vegetable collection.



Simbhanjyang The growth centre is small market and located on TRP in Daman VDC. It is potential for tourist centre and 50 km far from the district headquarters connected by black topped road. It is situated on high altitude of the district. There is one Mount view tower and Resort for the external and internal tourist. One high school, Electricity and telephone facilities is available here.

Markhu The growth centre is located in Markhu VDC along the Kunchhal-Kulekhani feeder road and linked with TRP linked with other district roads. It is centrally located among four VDCs and developing as a market. It is situated 42 km far from the district headquarters. It is important for tourism because Indrasarobar Lake and other natural beauty is available here. There are one high school, area post office and health centre. Likewise, electricity and telephone facilities are available there.

Bhainse The growth centre is located on 11 km far from the Hetauda and linked by black-topped TRP highway. It is potential for agriculture and commercial market. Most of the people are literate in this area. There is fertile land so farmers produce a lot of paddy. There is one higher secondary school, one primary school, cooperative, post office; agriculture and veterinary service center and other facilities like electricity and telephone are available here.

Phaparbari The Growth centre is located in Phaparbari VDC along the Phaparbari-Raigaon-Canteen and other road. It is 42 km far from district headquarters Hetauda and centrally located among four VDCs. It is small business centre and developing as a major market. There are one higher secondary school, area post office with cooperative facility, health centre, agriculture and veterinary service centers with the weekly and daily market activities.

Basamadi It is very close to the Hetuada and connected with MRM highway with black topped road. It is highly potential for agro-based industries. There are one high school, area post office, sub health centre, agriculture and veterinary service centres. Electricity and telephone are also available for domestic and industrial proposes. There are many industries producing different product.

Daman Bazaar The growth centre is small market located on TRP highway in Daman VDC. It is 60 km far from the district headquarters Hetauda and connected by black topped road. There is one lower secondary school. Electricity and telephone facility are available. It is important place for tourism and religious. Likewise, it is the potential center for NTFP.

Padampokhari The growth centre is located on Pandampokhari VDC and 4 km far from the district headquarters Hetauda. It is linked by black topped and gravel district road with Hetauda. It is highly potential agriculture market and agro-based industry. There are one higher secondary school, additional post office and health centre. Electricity and telephone are facilities are also available.

Chitlang The growth centre is gradually developing as a market located in north part of the district. It is 45 km far from the district headquarters Hetauda. Taukhel-Chitlang-Chandagiri district road passed through the market. There are one high school, additional post office, sub-health centre, agriculture and veterinary service centre. Electricity and telephone are also available.

Kharanga The growth centre is located on Manahari VDC. It is important center for agricultural product collection. It is it is western part form the district headquarters Hetauda and linked by black topped MRM highway. There is one primary school. Electricity and telephone facility is also available.



Hattisunde The growth centre is centrally located on Chhatiwan VDC and about 25 km far from district headquarters Hetauda and centrally located between three VDCs. It is gradually developing as a market centre for agriculture and livestock production. There is one high school and electricity and telephone facility is also available hare.

Dandabas The growth centre is centrally located on Daman-Dandabas-Lothar district road starting from Daman of TRP and end to Lothar of MRM. It is gradually developing as a market centre for the West-North part of the district. It is center for other VDC e.g. Agra, Gogane and other surrounding VDC. There is one high school and electricity facility is also available here.

Lothar Bazaar The growth centre is located on MRM highway and one of the major markets for Hotel business. It is 43 km far from the district headquarters Hetauda and linked by black topped MRM highway. This market center also linked with Daman – Dandabas District Road. There is one primary school, telephone and electricity facility is also available here.

3.9.3 The briefs description of Market Centre class ‘C’ Dhading The growth centre is centrally located between two VDCs and gradually developing as a market in Ambhanjyang VDC. It is 12 km far from the district headquarters Hetauda and connected with TRP highway by Samaripul-Ambhanjyang road. There are high school, health centre, area post office, agriculture road and veterinary sub-service centers. Electricity and telephone is also available here.

Simlang The growth centre is gradually developing as an agriculture and fishery market and located at Markhu VDC. It is 75 km far from the district headquarters Hetauda and connected with TRP highway linked with kulekhani-Humanebhanjyang District Road. There are one primary school and telephone and electricity facilities are available here. This center is famous for NTFP seed production. This centre produces a lot of vegetable and high value cash crop. It will be the important tourism place in the future.

Kalikatar The growth centre is centrally located among four VDCs and developing as a market centre. It is 36 km far from the district headquarters Hetauda and connected by district Road. There are one high school, additional post office, health centre, agriculture and veterinary services center. It is the important for livestock production.

Namtar The growth centre is a Namtar VDC and developing as a market centre. It is 26 km far from the district headquarters Hetauda and connected by 6 km fair weather district road with TRP highway at Chuniya. There are one high school, one private lower secondary school, additional post office, sub-health centre, agriculture and veterinary sub-services centers. Telephone and electricity facilities are also available here. Likewise, it is the important center for livestock production especially for national level goat farming.

Simpani The growth centre is a Manahari VDC and developing as a market centre at Western part from the district headquarters Hetauda and connected by Simpani-Sarihket district road. There is one school, one private lower secondary school. Telephone and electricity facility is available here. Deurali The growth centre is a Kulekhani VDC and developing as a market centre. It is northern from the district headquarters Hetauda and connected by 6 km fair weather district road. There are one high school, one private lower secondary school. Telephone and electricity facility is available here. It is one of the growing one of the growth center in the district.



Naukhande The growth centre is small market located on TRP in Tistung Deurali VDC. It is 80 km far from the district headquarters Hetauda and connected by black topped road. There is one lower secondary school. Electricity and telephone facility is also available here. It is potential for potato production and NTFP collection.

Sannanitar It is very close to the Hetuada and connected with MRM highway with black topped road. It is highly potential for agro-based industries. There is one high school, and other Electricity and telephone facilities are also available for domestic proposes. It is the most potential center for collection of vegetable to be supplied to the Kathmandu city.

Raigaon The growth centre is located in the east part of the district headquarter near the Bagmati River. It is connected with Fast Tract. It is 65 km far from the district headquarters and potential for agriculture and livestock production. There is one high school, sub health centre, additional post office. Makawanpurgadhi The growth centre is developing as a market and located in Makawapurgadhi VDC near about 25 km far from the district headquarters Hetauda. It is connected with kanji Rajpath and link with district road. It is centrally located among two VDCs. There is one high school, post office and other necessary facility likewise electricity, telephone is also available here.

Kogate The growth centre is centrally located at Kogate VDC and situated district road. It is highly potential for livestock and agriculture market. There are one high school, area post office with cooperative facility, sub-health centre. Electricity and telephone facilities are also available here. It is potential center for hotel business.

Purundi The growth centre is gradually developing as a market and located in Phakhel VDC east-north of the district. It is 40 km far from the district headquarters Hetauda and connected with TRP feeder road by Kulekhani-Humanebhanjyang district road. Telephone and Electricity facilities are also available.

Jureli The growth centre is centrally located among three VDCs and situated on district road. It is highly potential for livestock and agriculture market. There are one high school, area post office with cooperative facility, sub-health centre, agriculture and veterinary sub-service centers. Electricity and telephone are also available.

Ratomate The Growth centre is centrally located on MRM in Churiyamai VDC. It is 10 km far from the District headquarters Hetauda. There is one high school, VDC office, sub-health post and additional post office. Electricity and telephone are also available.

Khadpu The growth centre is gradually developing as a market and located in Phakhel VDC east-north part of the district. It is 40 km far from the district headquarters Hetauda and connected with TRP feeder road by Kulekhani-Humanebhanjyang district road. Electricity and telephone facilities are also available here. It is the potential center for fresh vegetable and other agriculture production.

Palase The growth centre is gradually developing as a market and located in Sarikhet VDC west-north part of the district. It is about 30 km far from the district headquarters Hetauda and connected with. Electricity is also available here.



Sisneri The growth centre is gradually developing as a market and located in Sisneri VDC north part of the district. It is about 45 km far from the district headquarters Hetauda and connected with Kulekhani-Chhaimale District Road and also linked with Phakhel-Sisneri Road. Electricity, telephone and other postal service are also available in this market center. It is high potential center for hotel business.

Taukhel The growth centre is small market located on Kunchhal-Kulekhani feeder road in Chitlang VDC and also starting point of the Taukhel-Chandragiri Road. It is 75 km far from the district headquarters Hetauda through TRP. It is centrally located among two VDCs. There is one high school. Telephone, electricity, cooperative and other facilities are also available.

Ipa The growth centre is small market located on Bhimphedi-Kogate-Ipa road in Ipa VDC. It is 35 km far from the district headquarters Hetauda through Bhimphedi. It is centrally located among two VDCs. There is one high school. Electricity and telephone are also available here. It is potential market for Same VDC.

Chisapani The growth centre is located in Agra VDC and 70 km far from the district headquarters Hetauda. It is connected with Daman – Dadabas Road. It is gradually developing as a market and centrally located among two VDCs.

Dhiyal The growth centre is small market situated in the east part of the district in Dhiyal VDC and connected with Phaparbari-Raigaon road. Secondary School, Health Post, Telephone, cooperatives facilities are available here. Rajdevi The growth centre is developing as an agriculture market situated on Chuchhekhola-Phurkechaur district road in Hatiya VDC. It is 12 km far from the district headquarters. There is one Secondary school. Other facilities like, medical shop, telephone and electricity facilities are also available here.

Chaukibhanjyang The growth centre is located in Agra VDC and about 100 km far from the district headquarters Hetauda through Palung. It is connected with Daman-Dadabas District road. It is gradually developing as a market and centrally located. Electricity, telephone and other consumable good shops, small medical shop are also available in this market center.

Chuniya The growth centre is small market located in Namtar VDC. It is 30 km far from the district headquarters Hetauda and connected with TRP feeder and Chuniya-Namtar road. There is one lower secondary school. Electricity and telephone facilities are also available. Chuchhchekhola The growth centre is located on Kantirajpath in Hatiya VDC. It is centrally located among two VDCs. It is about 6 km far from the district head quarters Hetauda and highly potential for agriculture and livestock market. Telephone and Electricity facilities are also available.

Thingan The growth centre is located in the north-east part of the district. It is small market and connected by Kantirajpath with district headquarters Hetauda and 42 km far from the Hetauda. It is centrally located among three VDCs. There are one secondary school, health centre and an additional post office.

Makarnchuli The growth centre is developing as a market center and located in Makawapurgadhi VDC near Hetauda. It is connected with district headquarters Hetauda by Piple-Makranchuli and Manakamana-Makawanpur Village Road. It is centrally located among two VDCs. There is one high school. Electricity, telephone and other facilities are also available. North Star-ITECO-FIDA JV 29


3.9.4 The briefs description Potential growth centers Baikuntha The growth centre is located in Agra VDC and about 100 km far from the district headquarters Hetauda. It is connected with Daman-Dadabas District road and linked with TRP highway respectively. It is gradually developing as a market and centrally located among two VDCs. There is one secondary school.

Rajaiya The growth centre is located in Manahari VDC along the east-west highway. It is 12 km far from the district headquarters Hetauda and gradually developing as agriculture market. There is one higher secondary school and electricity and telephone facilities are also available here.

Mohariya The growth centre is located in Agra VDC and 110 km far from the district headquarters Hetauda. It is connected with Daman-Dadabas District road and linked with TRP highway respectively. It is gradually developing as a market and centrally located among two VDCs. Phurkechaure The growth centre is located in Harnamadi VDC along the Dharan-Chatara Road and linked with Chuchekhola-Phurkechaur district road and connected with Kantirajpath. It is 12 km far from the district headquarters Hetauda and gradually developing as agriculture market. There is one lower secondary school and telephone and electricity facility is also available at this market center.

Bhorleni The growth centre is located on the east part of the district in Phaparbari VDC. Bhorleni is a rural market and hat bazaar covering two VDCs. It is connected by main trail at Jhurjhure with Phaparbari-Bhorleni district road. It is about 60 km far from the district headquarters Hetauda. There is one primary school. This market center located at the centre of three districts namely Makawanpur, Sindhuli and Kabhrepalanchowk.

Makari The growth centre is located in Handikhola VDC. It is potential for agriculture market and connected by Pasupatinagar-Sannanitar fair weather district road and linked with east-west highway at Pasupatinagar and Sannanitar. It is 7 km far from the district headquarters Hetauda. Electricity and telephone are also available at this market center.

Pakane The growth centre is located in Gogane VDC and about 120 km far from the district headquarters Hetauda via Daman. It is connected with TRP highway and linked with Daman-Dadabas district road respectively. It is gradually developing as a market center at local level. Jhurjhure The Growth centre is located in Phaparbari VDC along the Phaparbari-Raigaon district road. It is about 42 km far from district headquarters Hetauda and centrally located among four VDCs. It is small business centre and developing as a major agriculture and livestock market center. One primary school are located nearby this market center, telephone and electricity facility are available here.

Simaltar Bazaar The growth centre is small market located in Ambhanjyang VDC. It is nearby district headquarters Hetauda and connected by district and village road. There is one primary school. Electricity and telephone facility is available here.

Kalanki The growth centre is small market located on Kulekhani-Humane district road in Kulekhani VDC. This center is also located near the Indrasarobar Pond. It is 45 km far from the district headquarters Hetauda and connected by black topped road. One secondary school is located nearby this center. Electricity, telephone and other facilities are available here. It is potential market center for fishery business. North Star-ITECO-FIDA JV 30


Pandrang The growth centre is centrally along the Bhaise-Bhimphedi feeder road. It is gradually developing as a market and 13 km far from the district headquarters Hetauda. One secondary school is located there. Electricity, telephone and other health and consumable goods shop are available in this center.

Suping The growth centre is gradually developing as a market located in Bhimphedi VDC. It is 20 km far from the district headquarters Hetauda and connected by main trail with Bhaise-Bhimphedi feeder road at Bhimphedi. There is one lower secondary school. Telephone, electricity and other facilities are available here.

Kunchhal The growth centre is small market located on TRP in Bajrabarahi VDC. It is 75 km far from the district headquarters Hetauda and connected by black topped road and linked with Kunchhal-Kulekhani Road. There is one lower secondary school. Electricity, telephone and other facility is also available here. Banaspati The growth centre is small market located in Padampokhari VDC. It is about 5 km far from the district headquarters Hetauda and connected with east-west highway and linked with Pashupatinagar-Sannanitar district road. There is one primary school. Electricity is also available here.

Juina The growth centre is gradually developing as a market centre located in Shreepur Chhatiwan VDC. It is 30 km far from the district headquarters Hetauda and connected with district road by village road at Chhatiwan. It is centrally located among two VDCs. And it is potential growth center for agriculture and livestock.

Kudule The growth centre is small market situated in Sikharpur VDC and connected with Dharan-Chatara Road and Hattisure Bastipur village road at Hattisunde. There is one lower secondary school, additional post office, sub-health post, telephone, electricity and other facility is available here.



CHAPTER IV: DISTRICT INVENTORY MAP OF RURAL ROAD NETWORK

4.1 Existing Transport Situation Makawwanpur district has no air transport service to complement the surface transport facilities. Inner and inter district mobility and as such the development activities fully depend on expansion of rural road network within the district. In Makawanpur district, the existing transport system constitutes the strategic roads (highways and feeder road), district and village roads, and trail bridges. Strategic roads within the district are all weather and play vital role in the overall transportation system of the district. List of strategic roads is given in table 4.1. There are numerous district and village roads. From the field study, it has been observed that most of them are in fair weather condition. Most of these roads have been constructed on an adhoc basis without proper planning and engineering design. In the present work, detailed study of these roads have been made and prioritized to their contribution to enhance the rural transport network system of the district.

The study team has found Makawanpur district in a relatively better transport situation. This district has an easy surface transport connection with major market and commercial cities namely Birgung, in the south, Narayangadh in the west. However, most of the rural roads are in poor condition and need to be improved /upgraded for safe and reliable journey.

Prime objective of the present study is to prepare a master plan of rural transport network of the district. Consultant has therefore, focused mainly on the detailed study of district and village roads as described in the subsequent sections. Strategic roads are only shown to show the relative linkages to the rural roads.

Table 4.1 List of National Highway/Feeder Roads SN Highway/Feeder road Total length (KM)

1 Mahendra Highway 50.6

2 Tribhuwan Rajpath 89.4

3 Kanti Rajpath 50.0

4 Bhainse-Bhimphendi-Kulekhani (NEA road) 30.0

5 Kunchhal-Kulekhani (NEA road) 19.4

6 Ratamate-Raigaun (Dharan-Chatara) 54.0

Total 293.4

Source: SSRN, 2011/12

Brief description of all transport linkages i.e. National highway, Feeder road, and District Mahendra Highway Mahendra Rajmarga enters to Makawanpur district at Churiyamai VDC and goes towards north direction and touches Hetauda municipality. The road turns to west from Hetauda municipality and crosses the Rapti river. Then the road enters to Basamadi VDC and Manhari VDC. Makawnpur district section of Mahendra highway ends at Lothar river and enters to Chitwan district. 50 Km road section of mahendra highway falls on makawanpur district. Major maket centres of Makawanpur touches by this highway are Hetauda and Lothar.

Tribhuwan Rajpath Tribhuwan Rajpath enters to Makawanpur district at Sopyang of Tistung VDC while it is starts from Naubise of Dhading district. This road was constructed by Government of India aimed to linked capital city Kathmandu with Indian boarder Raxaul. This road crosses Tistung, Bajrabarahi, Palung, Dama, Namtar, Bhainse VDCs and Heatuda municipality. The road links with Mahendra highway at Hetauda bazar. This road is historical and links the trorism centres like Daman. The road is narrow and has numerous bends which creates dificulty to maneuver large vehicles. Hence, the road traffic become lesser while other alternative routes have opened. Longest part of of Tribhuwan Rajpath i.e. 89.4 Km lies in Makawanpur district. North Star-ITECO-FIDA JV 32


Kanti Rajpath Kanti Rajpath is not completed yet even it was initiated around 2016 BS. Eventhough 16 Km road section from Hetauda to Gadhi is providing vehicle service. Total length of the road is 50 km in Makawanpur district. The road connects Lalitpur district at Bhariyadanda of Ipa VDC. The road was planned to connect Tikabhairab of Lalitpur to Hetauda.

Bhainse-Bhimphendi-Kulekhani (NEA road) The road diverges from Tribhuwan Rajpath at Bhainse and goes to Kulekhani hydropower. The road was constructed by Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) to transport construction material. The road connects the Bhimphendi bazaar an old and historic market centre of Makawanpur district. This road links Nibuwatar, Bhimphendi and Kulekhani VDCs. Total length of the road is 30 km. When the road links with Pharping-Humanebhanjyang-Phakhel and Chhaimale-Sisneri-Kulekhani, this road is being the part of alternative route linking Kathmandu with Hetauda.

Kunchhal-Kulekhani (NEA road) This road was constructed by NEA for transporting construction materials for Kulekhani dam. The road is diverges from Tribhuwan Rajpath at Kunchhal of Bajrabarahi VDC. This road passes from Bajrabarahi, Chitlang and Markhu VDCs. Total length of the road is 19.4 Km.

Ratamate-Raigaun (Dharan-Chatara) This road diverges from Mahendra highway at Ratamate. It connects the Churiyamai, Hatiya, Harnamadi, Chhatiwan, Phaparbari and Raigaon VDCs. It passes through different market centers like Hattisunde, Phaparbari, Panchpandav and Raigaon. The road is constructed by the Department of Roads and Local Construction Development Project, Ministry of Local Development. Road surface is partially blacktopped and graveled but track opening work is completed. Total length of the road is 54 Km. This road links eastern part of the district to district headquarters.

4.2 Classification of Rural Roads Rural roads are classified as A and B on the basis of enroute market grade, connection to VDCs / service centers, linkage to strategic roads, connection to major growth centers or connection of VDCs with district headquarter etc. as defined in the Interim Guidelines of DTMP, DoLIDAR (Chapter:4)

4.3 Inventory of Rural Road Road condition assessment has been made in terms of length by pavement type (i.e. blacktop, gravel or earth), surface condition (good, fair or poor), serviceability condition (i.e. all weather/fair weather) and type of intervention required. Inventory of each class of roads has been separately prepared and presented in the following sub-sections:



4.3.1 Summary of District Roads “A” Table 4.2: Summary of District Roads “A”

Road code Road name Total

length

Total existin

g length (Km)

Road status (blacktopped gravel/ earthen)

Surface condition (good/fair/poor)

Serviceability (all weather/fair

weather) Required

intervention (Km)

Black top Gravel Earthen Good Fair Poor All

weather Fair

weather

Upgrading/

Rehab New

31A001R Pasupatinagar-Padampokhari-Handikhola-Rajaiya 18.10 18.10 18.10 18.10 18.10 18.01

31A002R Gairigaon-Dadakharka-Bharta-Manahari 50.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 33.00

31A003R Bastipur-Ratmate-Phurkechaur 28.00 14.00 3.00 5.00 6.00 3.00 5.00 6.00 8.00 6.00 11.00 17.00

31A004R Kulekhani-Sisneri-Chhaimale 19.00 19.00 19.00 0 15.00 4.00 0 19.00 0 19.0

31A005R Daman-Dandabas-Baikuntha 32.50 32.50 2.50 9.00 21.00 2.50 5.00 25.00 11.50 21.00 30.0

31A006R Phaparbari-Raigaon-Canteen 18.12 18.12 18.12 18.12 18.12 18.12

31A007R Kulekhani-Phakhel-Humanebhanjyang 14.00 14.00 6.70 4.00 3.30 6.70 4.00 3.30 10.70 3.30 14.00

31A008R Bhimphedi-Kogate-Sisneri 23.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 3.00

31A009R Phaparbari-Bhorleni 15.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 6.00

31A010R Thingan-Manthali-Betini-Bhorleni 50.00 22.0 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 28.00

31A011R Taukhel-Chitlang-Chandragiri 15.00 15.00 12.00 3.00 12.00 3.00 12.00 3.00 15.00

31A012R Chuniya-Namtar-Khairang 50.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 20.00

31A013R Chuchhekhola-Phurkechaur 10.00 10.00 4.00 6.00 4.00 6.00 10.00 10.00

31A014R Mahalaxmipul - Dovan - Deurali 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00

Total 352.72 248.72 31.2 34.0 183.52 27.2 34.0 187.52 61.2 187.52 243.13 107.0



4.3.2 Briefs on District Roads “A” Study and analysis shows that Makawanpur district has 14 existing district roads and one new road under class A. Most of the district roads have earthen surface restricting their operations in only fair weather. Moreover, construction quality of the road is poor and has to be upgraded to all weather roads to increase accessibility of the people and improve overall transport situation of the district. Different roads need different type of interventions as given in summary table above. The briefs on individual district roads are given below:

Pasupatinagar-Padampokhari-Handikhola-Rajaiya road (31A001R) Pashupatinagar-Padampokhari-Handikhola-Rajaiya road starts from Pashupatinagar of Hetauda Municipality ward no 9 and diverges from Mahendra highway at that place. This road passes through different market centres and small settlements like Chaudhaghari, Badhipidit Basti, Buddhachowk, Padampokhari bazaar, Beldanda, Gathdamad, Chakauri, Makari, Ghundrung, Handikhola, Lamitar and Rajaiya. The road ends at Rajaiya bazaar where it connects Mahendra Highway. The road links Padampokhari and Handikhola VDCs with district headquarters Hetauda. The road crosses Rapti river and nos of kholsies.

Gairigaun-Dandakharka-Bharta-Manahari road (31A002R) This road starts from Gairigaun of Gogane VDC and diverges with Daman-Dandakharka-Baikuntha road. The road ends at Manahari bazaar of Manhari VDC at Mahendra Highway. This road connects the different settlements and market centres like Gogane, Pakani, Dandakharka, Chhyangdung, Bharta, Madalsing, Botbari, Chainpur, Kuttasing and Manahari. The road links Gogane, Dandakharks, Bharta, Rangsing and Manahari VDCs with Mahendra Highway. The road is very important because it covers 5 VDCs of western part of district by 50 Km road where as 17 Km is existing and 33 km should be constructed and proposed as new.

Bastipur –Ratmate-Phurkechaur road (31A003R) Being the part of proposed Hetauda ring road this road links various market centres and settlements surrounding district head quarters like Bastipur, Hattigauda, Beldanda, Padampokhari, Utterpani, Ratmate, Gauritar, Ghyampe, Gumbadanda and Phurkechaur. The road starts from Bastipur of Basamadi VDC at Mahendra highway and ends at Phurkechaur where it connects Chuchhekhola-Phurkechaur road and forms ring road. It has 14 Km existing road whereas 3 Km is the part of Mahendra highway and remaining 11 Km to be upgraded. 14 km road to be constructed as new. This road connects Basamadi, Padampokhari, Churiyamai, Hatiya and Harnamadi VDCs and crosses Rapti Khola and other various rivulets.

Kulekhani-Sisneri-Chhaimale road (31A004R) It is a next corridor to adjoin the Pharping through Chhaimale of Kathmandu from Kulekhani damp side. This road passes through Kulekhani and Sisneri of Makawanpur and Chhaimale of Kathmandu districts. Entire length of this road is blacktopped recently by Indian embassy. Traffic movements on this road are increased rampantly when the road is upgraded as blacktopped. 19 Km roads section lies on Makawanpur district.

Daman-Dandabas-Baikuntha road (31A005R) The existing road is an important agriculture road starts from Sikharkot of Daman VDC. This road connects to TRP at Sikharkot and frequently used by Daman, Agra, Gogane and Dandakharka VDCs. Major Settlements and market centres such as Shikharkot, Chaukibhanjyang, Damki, Dandabas, Ainsalukharka, Bhakunde, Dumsikharka and Baikunthe connects by this road. This is 32.5 km ridge road connects historical and tourist areas. Out of total length initial 2.5 km is blacktopped 9 km is gravel 21km is earthen.

Phaparbari-Raigaun-Canteen road (31A006R) Phaparbari-Raigaun-Canteen road diverges from Ratmate-Phaparbari (Dharan-Chatara) road and ends at Canteen Bazaar near Bagmati barrage at Mahendra Highway. The road links settlements like Panchpandav, Lamkana, Banjare, Majgaun, Botgaun, Hattigauda, Raigaun, Pahire, Gida, Dote and Canteen bazaar etc. The road has 18.12 Km length and passes through Phaparbari, Raigaun and Paurahi (Rautahat). The road alignment mostly runs along the Bagmati River eastern boarder of district and connects to Rautahat district.



Kulekhani-Phakhel-Humanebhanjyang (31A007R) It is a new road starts from Hevi of Kulekhani VDC and ends at Humanebhanjyang boarder of Kathmandu and Makawanpur districts. Hevi, Kiteni, Kalanki, Salle, Mahalaxmi Dovan, Purundi, Rakas Khola and Humanebhanjyang are settlements and market centres linked by the road. The road passes through Kulekhani and Phakhel VDCs and crosses Mahalaxmi and Rakas Khola. The road was constructed by DDC and RCIW. Total length of this road is 14 Km.

Bhimphendi-Kogate-Sisneri road (31A008R) The road starts from Bhimphedi bazaar where it diverges Bhaise-Bhimphedi feeder road. Similarly this road ends at Dodare of Sisneri where it links with Sisneri Kulekhani road. The road connects settlements and market centres like Damki, Damar, Kogate, Chameli, Deurali and Sisneri. Total length of this road is 23 Km whereas 20 km is existing earthen surface and 3 km proposed for new construction. The road passes through Bhimphedi, Kogate, Ipa and Sisneri VDCs.

Phaparbari-Bhorleni road (31A009R) 15 Km road starts from Jhurjhure of Phaparbari VDC at Dharan-Chatara road and ends at Bhorleni where it links Thingan-Manthali-Betini-Bhorleni road. The road will be extended up to Taldhunga of Kavre district. Out of 15 Km 9 km road length is completed as earthen road. Jhurjhure, Jyamire, Lilaban, Bageri, Bhorleni are settlements links by the road.

Thingan-Manthali-Betini-Bhorleni road (31A010R) Thingan at Kanti Rajpath is the beginning point of this road and ends at Bhorleni of Phaparbari VDC where it links Phaparbari-Bhorleni road. The follows the right bank of Bagmati river and connects settlements like Thingan, Chipleti, Manthali, Dhuwakot, Ambas, Jaubari, Tuintar, Andheri, Gairigaun, Betini, Liti etc. Total length of this road is 50 Km, whereas 22 Km from Thingan to Liti is completed. Remaining length 28 Km from Dhuwakot to Jaubari and Liti to Bhorleni sections are yet to be initiated. The road provides direct access to Thingan, Manthali, Betini and Phaparbari VDCs.

Taukhel-Chitlang-Chandragiri road (31A011R) It starts from Taukhel of Chitlang VDC and passes through kusulechaur, Chitlang and ends at Chandragiri boarder of Makawanpur and Kathmandu Districts. Then the road links Thankot of Kathmandu. This is one of the important alternative pass to Kathmandu. It bears the great importance to connect people of Kulekhani, Markhu, Chitlang, Sisneri, Bajrabarahi, Palung and others VDC to capital city. The road links historical and tourist area i.e. Kalidevi temple, Naranhity and Chitlang. Local people argued that the name of Narayanhity royal palace was referred from this Naranhity. Total length 15 km road is already constructed by DDC whereas 12 km is gravel and 3km is earthen standard.

Chuniya-Namtar-Kahirang road (31A012R) The existing road is fair weathered road and starts from Chuniya of Bhainse VDC at TRP and passes through the Namtar, Kalikatar, Bharta and Khairang VDCs. There are two major rivers crosses by the alignment i.e. Manahari river in Namtar VDC and Kali khola boarder of Kalikatar and Bharta VDCs. Major settlements and market centres links by the road alignment are Chuniya, Dhungen, Namtar, Bharta, Bedghari, Tapuwa, Chyakhetar, Ruprang etc. Out of total 50 Km toad, 30 Km is already completed from Chuniya to Ruprang. New alignment is proposed from Ruprang to Khairang.

Chuchhekhola-Phurkechaur Road (31A013R) It is a link road starts from Chuchhekhola of Hatiya VDC and ends at Phurkechaur of Harnamadi VDC. It connects Kantirajpath at Chuchhekhola and passes from Hatiya and Harnamadi VDC. The road crosses Karra and Barauli Khola. This 10 km road is constructed by DDC with people participation as gravel and earthen standard.

Mahalaxmipul-Dovan-Deurali (31A014R) The road starts from Mahalaxmipul and passes through Khadpu, Chakle of Phakhel VDC and ends at Deurali, district border with Kathmandu District. The road is under construction by DDC. This road is one of the alternative routes to Kathmandu from Makawanpur district because it further extension up to Matatirtha of Kathmandu. Total 10 km road is already completed as earthen standard and needs to upgrade. North Star-ITECO-FIDA JV 36


4.3.3 Summary of District Roads “B” Table 4.3: Summary of District Roads “B”


length

Total existing length (Km)

Road status (blacktopped/ gravel/ earthen)



weather) Required

intervention (Km)

Black top Gravel Earthen Good Fair Poor

All weathe

r Fair

weather Upgrading/

Rehab New

31B001R Pangdure-Tinbhangale-Raigaon 27 12 12 12 12 12 15

31B002R Hattisude-Shikharpur-Phaparbari 18 18 16 2 16 2 16 2 18

31B003R Damgade - Mahadevbeshi 15 13 13 13 13 13 2

31B004R Golmoth-Phaparbari-Deurali 10 10 10 10 10 10

31B005R Phaparbari-Betini-Andheri (Gimdi) 10.5 9 9 9 9 9 1.5

31B006R Gothkhola-Thali-Kantirajpath 11 5 5 5 5 5 6

31B007R Markhu-Bhedapharm-Chitlang 7 7 7 7 7 7

31B008R Markhu-Kharka - Chitlang 11 11 11 11 11 11

31B009R Damki -Mathillo Suping-Budhichaur 10 4 4 4 4 4 6

31B010R Nawalpur-Basamadi-Sarikhet 30 15 15 15 15 15 15

31B011R Manahari-Rupachuri-Siladhuni(Kankada) 25 15 15 15 15 15 10

31B012R Simpani-Sarikhet-Bharta 20 10 3 7 3 7 3 7 10 10

31B013R Samaripul-Dumrekuna-Sukaura 15 15 10 5 10 5 10 5 15

31B014R Gogane-Katahare-Kalikatar 20 5 5 5 5 5 15

31B015R Daman-Sera 15 10 10 10 10 10 5

31B016R Ramdhuni-Tikauli-Ratanpur (Bara) 13 3 3 3 3 3 10

31B017R Piple-Makranchuli-Shikharkateri 9.5 9.5 9.5 0 9.5 0 9.5 9.5

31B018R Tistung-Liti-Tasarpu 8 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 3.5




length

Total existing length (Km)

Road status (blacktopped/ gravel/ earthen)



weather) Required

intervention (Km)

Black top Gravel Earthen Good Fair Poor

All weathe

r Fair

weather Upgrading/

Rehab New

31B019R Bastipur-Kuwapani- Sarikhet (Mukti marga) 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.2

31B020R Pandrang-Budhichaur 18 10 10 10 10 10 8

31B021R Phakhel-Sisneri (Tekar) 9 5 5 5 5 5 4

31B022R Brindaban-Charghare-Ramantar 10 10 10 10 10 10

31B023R Pulko Mukh-Angare--Agra Khola 26.05 26.05 26.05 26.06 26.05 26.05

Total 354.25 243.25 38.5 204.75 38.5 204.75 38.5 204.75 243.25 111.0



4.3.4 Briefs on District Roads Class “B” Makawanpur district has 23 existing and 3 new roads under class B. Most of the district roads have earthen surface restricting their operations in only fair weather. Moreover, construction quality of the road is poor and has to be upgraded to all weather roads to increase accessibility of the people and improve overall transport situation of the district. Different roads need different type of interventions as given in summary table above. The briefs on individual district roads are given below.

Pangdure-Tinbhangale-Raigaun Road (21B001R) The road starts from Pangdure of Chhatiwan VDC at Dharan-Chatara road and ends at Gadan of Raigaun. Pangdure, Hiramuni, Mamdamar, Tinbhangale, Chandesil and Gadan are the settlements links by the road. Total 27 km road crosses 3 VDCs viz. Chhatiwan, Dhiyal and Raigaun. Out of 27 Km 12 Km road is already constructed as earthen standard and remaining 15 km is new proposed road.

Hattisude-Shikharpur-Phaparbari Road (31B002R) The road starts from Dharan-Chatara district road at Hattisunde of Chhatiwan VDC and runs to Phaparbari Bazaar. This alignment connects Hattisude, Kudule, Bastipur and Phaparbari market centres. Out of total 18 km 16 Km road is gravel surface and remaining 2 km is earthen surface.

Damgade-Mahadevbesi Road (31B003R) The road starts from Damgade of Gogane VDC and ends at Agra Khola the boarder of Dhading district. The road links the road coming from Dhading. Out of total 15 Km length 13 km is already constructed and remaining 2 km to be constructed to link to Dhading boarder.

Golmoth-Phaparbari-Deurali Road (31B004R) The road from west to east and connects to TRP at Golmoth of Daman VDC. The road starts from Golmoth and ends at Deurali of Bhimphendi VDC. The road have 10 km length earthen surface to be upgraded as gravel. Phaparbari and Deurali are the settlements touches by alignment. This road will promote the agriculture production of this area.

Phaparbari-Beteni-Andheri (Gimdi) Road (31B005R) The road begins from VDC center of Phaparbari and moves upwards to north and move again towards east and reaches the Andheri of Betini VDC where it links the Thingan-Manthali-Betini-Bhorleni road. Again the road goes towards north and reaches at right bank of Bagmati river. The road will connect Gimdi VDC of Lalitpur when build the bridge over Bagmati river. Out of total 10.5 Km 9 km from Gaide to Andheri section has track opened and remaining 1.5 Km is new proposed. The road covers Phaparbari and Betini VDCs.

Gothkhola- Thali-Kantirajpath (31B006R) The road connects Ratomate-Raigaon district road at Gothkhola of Chhatiwan VDC and ends at Thali of Thingan VDC where it connects Kantirajpath. Out of total 11 km road 5 km is constructed and remaining 6 km to be constructed. The road passes through Chhatiwan and Thingan VDCs.

Markhu-Bhedafarm-Chitlang road (31B007R) This road starts from the Markhu VDC at Kunchhal-Kulekhani road and ends at Narayanhity at Chitlang-Taukhel road. The road passes to Markhu, Bhedagoth, Kuslechaur, Tupikhel and ends Narayanhity. The aims of the road are to be connected forward to Kathmandu via Ganeshman Rajmarga. This road helps the agriculture and economic activities of this area.

Markhu-Kharka-Chitlang road (31B008R) The road starts from Markhu and ends at Chitlang and links to Taukhel-Chitlang-Chandragiri road. The road passes through settlements like Simlang, Bajramatha and Chitlang having total length of 11 km.

Damki-Mathillo Suping-Budhichaur road (31B009R) The road connects Damki at Bhimphedi-Kogate road and Suping of Bhimphedi VDC and ends at Budhichaur. The road entirely runs in Bhimphedi VDC. The road comprises 10 Km total length whereas 4 Km is existing road as earthen road and 5 km is remains to construction.



Nawalpur-Basamadi-Sarikhet Road (31B010B) The road connects the Sarikhet VDC with Mahendra Highway at Nawalpur of Basamadi VDC. The road connects Nawalpur, Dangdunge, Bhairabdanda, Nakauli and Sarikhet settlements. The proposed 30 km road passes through Hetauda Na. Pa., Basamadi and Sarikhet. Nearly 15 km road is existence and remaining 15 is proposed as new construction.

Manahari-Rupachuri-Siladhuni (Kankada) Road (31B011B) The proposed road is extended to north side from MRH from Manahari settlement of Manahari VDC and aims to join Siladhuni of Kankada VDC. The proposed road is followed the river bank of Manahari. The length of 15 Km is constructed from Manahari and further 10 to be made to link Siladhuni with Manahari Bazaar. The road touches the settlements like Manahari, Rupachuli, Pangthali, Siladhuni of Manahari and Kankada VDCs.

Simpani-Sarikhet-Bharta Road (31B012R) The road connects the Sarikhet and Bharta VDCs with MRH at Simpani of Manhari VDC. The road directly touches settlements such as Simpani, Devkot, Sarikhet and Bharta. Existence road length is 10 km and 10 is new road to be constructed. 3 Km is gravel and 7 Km is earthen surface in this road.

Samaripul-Dumrekuna-Sukaura Road (31B013R) 15 Km long this road started from Samari Khola Bridge at Hetauda Bhainse road and ends at Sukaura. It links Simaltar, Dhading, Bagdali, Dumrekuna and Sukaura settlements with TRP. Out of 15 Km existence road 10 is gravel and 5 km is earthen surface in this road.

Gogane-Katahare-Kalikatar road (31B014R) Proposed 20 Km this road have 5 km existing earthen surface. The road starts from Gogane where it diverges from Gairigaun–Bharta road and ends at Kalikatar where it links to Chuniya- Namtar-Kalikatar road. The directly provides accessibility to Gogane and Kalikatar VDCs.

Daman-Sera Road (31B015B) This road begins from Daman bazaar and ends at sera bazaar of Markhu VDC. Road length is 15 km whereas 10 km is already constructed. The road is passes through Daman, Markhu and Bajrabarahi VDCs.

Ramdhuni-Tikauli-Ratanpur (Bara) Road (31B016R) Ramdhuni of Harnamandi VDC at Dharan-Chatara road is the divergence point of the road. The road passes through Harnamadi and Chhatiwan VDCs and touches different settlements like Ramdhuni, Sukaura, Bhalukhola gaun, Hattigauda and Juina. The road further runs from Juina toward Ratanpur of Bara district.

Piple-Makranchuli-Shikharkateri Road (31B017R) The 9.5 km existing road is starts from Piple of Hetauda Municipality and parallel to Kantirajpath. The road links Makranchuli, Sikharkateri and Kurule with Hetauda. The road was constructed as a rural road by DDC and VDC. Entire road surface of this road is gravel and all weather condition.

Tistung-Liti-Tasarpu Road (31B018B) This road diverges from TRP at Naukhande of Tistung VDC and end at Tasarpu of Dhading. 4.5 Km road is already constructed. This is interdistrict linkage passes through Tistung VDC.

Bastipur- Kuwapani-Sarikhet (Muktimarga) Road (31B019R) The road diverges from Bastipur of Basamadi VDC at Mahendra highway and runs towards Sarikhet (Sano Bhabar). 16.2 Km earthen road covers Basamadi and Sarikhet VDCs and connects Kuwapani and Bhawar settlements with Mahendra highway.

Pandrang-Bhdhichaur Road (31B020R) The road starts from Pandrang of Nibuwatar VDC at Bhainse-Bhimphendi Road and runs to Okhardanda, Machhedada and ends up Budhichaur. It is a fair weathered road. This road connects the Okhardada, Ichung and Machhedada settlements to reach the Budichaur. Total length of this road is about 18 km whereas 10 km is already constructed.



Phakhel-Sisneri (Tekar) Road (31B021R) It starts from Purundi of Phakhel VDC and it is an adjoining point of Phakhel-Humanebhanjyang road and goes toward the south to Tekar of Sisneri VDC. The road links the Phakhel-Humanebhanjyang and Kulekhani-Sisneri roads. There is regular bus service to Sisneri from Kathmandu via Dakshinkali, Chhaimale.

Bindraban-Charghare-Ramantar Road (31B022R) The road runs from Pasupatinagar-Sannanitar district road at Bindraban of Padampokhari VDC and joins to Ramantar of same VDC. The road connects Charghare, Ramantar-Kalyantar, Bhorle settlements. It is a fair weathered earthen road consists of 10 km length.

Pulko Mukh-Angare-Agra khola Road (31B023R) It begins from Okharbazar of Palung VDC at TRP and ends at Agra khola the border with Dhading district where it links with Damgade-Agra-Mahadevbesi road. The road directly connects Angare, Chisapani, Deukhel and Agra settlements with Okharbazar at TRP.

4.4 List of Existing Trail Bridge Table 4.4 : Existing Trail Bridges

S.No. Name Left Bank Right Bank River Type/Span (m)

1 Agra Khola Trail Bridge Agra Agra Agra Khola 70.4 2 Damahaliti Trail Bridge Tistung Lalitpur Mai Khola 3 Markhu Trail Bridge Markhu Markhu Palung Khola 4 Tasar Truss Trail Bridge Daman Bajrabarahi Palung Khola 5 Daman Palung Palung Daman Palung Khola 83.0 6 Daman Palung Trail Bridge Daman Palung Palung Khola 7 Rikheshwor Trail Bridge Daman Daman Khalti Khola

8 Kali Khola Trail Bridge Gogane Gogane Kali Khola

9 Kali Khola Trail Bridge Dandakharka Dandakharka Changdung Khola 120.6

10 Yadu Khola Trail Bridge Raksiran Bharta Yado Khola

11

Bageshwari Gorangdi Trail Bridge Bharta Raksirang Gorangdi

Khola 79.0

12 Kalikatar Trail Bridge Bharta Bharta Kali Khola

13 Kalikatar Glewar Kalikatar Kalikatar Manahari Khola 124.0

14 Kothalitar Trail Bridge Kalikatar Bharta Manahari Khola

15 Marvangkot Lamtar Lamtar Kami Khola 86.5 16 Arubote Trail Bridge Namtar Namtar Duha Khola

17 Namtar Trail Bridge Namtar Namtar Manahari Khola

18 Sinchai Trail Bridge Namtar Namtar Manahari Khola

19 Mahadevsthan Namtar Namtar Manahari Khola 77.0

20 Basuki Gaitami Namtar Namtar Manahari Khola 66.3

21 Simaltar Bridge Bhainse Bhainse Khani Khola 88.6 22 Pandrang Trail Bridge Namtar Namtar Rapti Nadi 23 Dhorsing Amling Nibuwatar Bhimphedi Rapti Khola 138.0

24 Dhundure Khola Trail Bridge Bhimphedi Bhimphedi Jyamire Khola

25 Rapti Suping Trail Bridge Suping Nibuwatar Rapti Khola 62.0



S.No. Name Left Bank Right Bank River Type/Span (m)

26 Sukaura Trail Bridge Sukaura Sukaura Sukaura Khola

27 Ghoreghat Baguwa Trail Bridge

Ipa Panchakanya

Ipa Panchakanya Bagmati Nadi

28 Thadi Khola Trail Bridge Phaparbari Phaparbari Thadi Khola 29 Ghyamedaha Pyutar Manthali Kaileni Khola D/126.81

30 Bakaiya Trail Bridge Shiripur Chitwan Diya Bakiya Khola

31 Urlabari Trail Bridge

Shiripur Chitwan

Shiripur Chitwan Pangre Khola

32 Karra Khola Harnamadi Harnamadi Karra Khola 103.0

33 Budune Khola Harnamadi Makwanpur

Gadi Budune Khola 94.6

34 Pangthali Trail Bridge Kakada Manahari Panthali Khola 35 Handi Khola Handi Khola Basamadi Rapti 243.0

36 Kalyantar Bridge Padampokhari Padampokhari Rapti Khola 15.5

37 Rapti Nadi Padam

Pokhari Basamadi Rapti 256.8

38 Laljahdi Chaukitole Trail Bridge Basamadi Hetauda

Municipality Rapti Nadi 263.0

39 Kamalmatta Trail Bridge Basamadi Bhaise Rapti Khola 40 Bhainse Trail Bridge Bhaise Bhaise Rapti Khola 41 Mandu Khola Bridge Bhemphedi Daman Sim Khola

42 Diwalitar Bridge Nilkantha Sangkos Kulekhani Khola 76.9

43 Chiwbas Trail Bridge Sisneri Sisneri Kulekhani Khola

44

Bagmati Dovan Ipa Kh. Ipa Panchakanya

Ipa Panchakanya Ipa Khola 109.0

45 Jyamire Bridge Basamadi Basamadi Jyamire Khola 119.0 46 Andheri Trail Bridge Palung Bajrabarahi Andheri Khola

47 Thingan Pyutar Thingan Bagmati 174.0 48 Malta Malta Kogate Bagmati 200.4

49 Gorangdi Khola Satpur Raksirang Garaudi Khola 59.0

50 Bharta Palase Kalikatar Manahari Khola 115.0

51 Rapti (Suping) Bhimphedi Bhimphedi Rapti Khola 140.5 52 Markhu Markhu Markhu Kulekhani 227.0 53 Arubote Bridge bhainse Kalikatar Thulo Khola 91.0

54 Cheubas Simletar Sisneri Sisneri Kulekhani Khola 88.3

55 Bakaiya Bridge Dhinyal Chhatiwan Bakaiya Khola 123.0

56 Ghatte Dovan Bajrabarahi Bajrabarahi Palung Khola 120.0

57 Damaha Bridge Tistung Tistung Lipti Khola 97.0

58 Dhundure Khola Bhimphedi Bhimphedi Dhundure Khola 95.0

4.5 Construction Approach It is recommended to adopt Labour based Environmental friendly and Participatory (LEP) approach popularly known as green roads construction method. Green Road approach aims at reducing scarring by minimizing the amount of cut necessary and by balancing the amount of material cut with the amount of fill required. Fill material is disposed off in layers “tipping areas”, adjacent to the



roads on the valley side and were necessary dry stone retaining walls are used to retain this on the road as well as in the tipping areas. Gabion structures are used for retaining structures over 3 meters high. Fill material is further protected by bioengineering and re-vegetation programs. In areas where large cut are unavoidable and it is uneconomical to transport the earth for long distance, surplus material is disposed off over the valley side. However, dry stone check dams or breast walls are built at intervals down the slope to terrain this material.

Following are the main aspects of LEP/Green Road Approach.

Labour Based Labour is one of Nepal’s largest resources and it is also one of the country’s most under utilized resource especially in the agricultural slack period of October to May. During this period, underemployment is a problem in most districts when farmers need to supplement their agricultural income with off-farm work. The creation of short and medium-term employment is one of the major aims of the LEP approach.

Labour is employment from within a one to two hour walk from a construction site. They bring their own food and do not require accommodation, so the complications arising out of encampment are avoided. Some 65% to 80% of the construction cost is paid in wages, so the major part of the investment remains in the district and has a trickle down beneficial effect on the whole community. Local labourers learn skills that they can apply on their farms, use of future employment and which are beneficial for later road maintenance work. Labour is organized into group of 15 to 20 persons each with a group leader.

Environmental Friendly A phased construction method is an essential part of this construction approach. Machine and outside contract oriented construction activities are not allowed in this method. The use of explosives is usually prohibited and rock splitter is used for breaking hard rocks. The improper use of explosives for blasting can destabilize mountain slopes and lead to environmental damage.

Due to very steep slopes, inherently unstable geology and harsh monsoon climate, standard engineering practices are not always the optimum solution for protection roadside slopes in Nepal. Bio-engineering with vegetation can play an important role in stabilizing the surface layers of any slope. Vegetation with wide spreading root system binds soil together and increases its sheer strength and limits the extent of slope failure.

Participatory Approach All stakeholders in the district and local people are involved in the process of planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation and maintenance and operation of roads. LEP approach can only succeed if the local government and the people of the district feel a collective responsibility of the construction and maintenance of the district and village roads. The people will only assume this responsibility if they are the main benefactors of the program, both in terms of income earned during the construction phase and user benefit during the operation phase. Locally based and elected officials and organization is the best vehicle to represent the interests of local people and this is reflected in the user committees constituted using LEP approach.



CHAPTER V: DISTRICT ROAD NETWORK PLANNING

Rural transportation provision is mainly to improve accessibility of the people to markets and services; and promote economic activities through employment generation and marketing of local products. In context of Nepal, a fixed point system model is adopted for networking where junctions are confined to a finite set of locations such as markets, historical/archeological locations 5.1 Accessibility Situation Makawanpur district is rich in road network structure comprises 6 numbers of strategic roads, 14 numbers of class A district roads and 23 numbers of class-B district roads. According to DoR and DDC sources there are 208 Km blacktopped and 50.4 km graveled and 35 km earthen strategic road, 243.25 Km Class A district road and 248.72 km Class B district road scattered over the district. Road density is high in middle part of district comparing to western part where settlement is much dispersed and geographical condition is unfavourable. Being the district headquarters, Hetauda is located at almost centres of district and linked directly by East West highway and Tribhuwan Rajpath and other more district roads. Population of middle and surrounding part of Makawanpur fully depends on Hetauda to receive higher degree of function. But people of northern part and proximity of Mahendra highway have choice to get higher degree function either from Kathmandu or Narayanghat.

5.2 Zone of Influence Area National Transport Policy has considered 4 hrs walking distance as the zone of influence (ZoI) for the hilly terrain. Mainly influencing factors such as a) the degree of hill slope, b) existence of rivers and c) existence of river crossing were used in determining the ZoI. The zone of influence area is determined by two ways concerning the road facility viz. all weather and fair weather service.

According to GIS analysis 60 market centres out of 61 have been covered by all weather roads. Similarly, all market centres are covered by fair weather district roads.

5.3 Delineation of Accessible Area Delineation of accessible within ZoI is carried out using the GIS Model for Strategic roads and district roads in three different categories viz. 20 minutes, 2hrs and 4hrs walking time to reach the nearest road head (ref Map no. 3a and 3b).

From the accessibility analysis, approximately 86% of people and 69% of the areas coverage are within ZoI for strategic road network. Similarly, 92% of the areas coverage and 97 % of people are within ZoI for strategic and district road networks (Table 5.1 and 5.2). This indicates that at present existing road networks cover almost all areas and population accessible to motorable roads. However, there are still some area and population mainly of western part of district to be linked by new motorable road network. Table 5.1 All Weather Accessibility with respect to Area Coverage, and Population Coverage

Walking Time Population Population % Area coverage (Sq.Km) Area %

20 minutes 159,398 37 323 13

2 Hours 146,793 34 787 32

4 Hours 64,210 15 587 24

Total 370,401 86 1697 69

Table 5.2 All weather and Fair Weather Accessibility with respect to Area Coverage, and Population Coverage



Walking Time Population Population % Area coverage (Sq.Km)

Area %

20 minutes 248,356 57 669 27

2 Hours 145,231 33 1194 49

4 Hours 29,879 7 400 16

Total 423,466 97 2263 92

5.4 Inaccessible Area In Makawanpur district, large part of area and market centers is within accessible area. All existing/potential market centres are linked by at least fair weather class B district roads except Kalikatar. Most of north-western (Kankada, Kalikatar VDCs) and few parts of Budhichaur and Ipa VDCs of Makawanpur are inaccessible to road network (ref map 3a and 3b). These areas have scatter settlement very less population density and high altitude and steep topography. Socio-economic activities in these areas depend on foot trails, animal pack for the means of transport. Linking with district road network by constructing new road is big challenge in those areas in term of time and cost. DDC Makawanpur should allocate more resources to cope with challenges.

5.5 Delineation of Inaccessible Area Excluding accessible area from the GIS model, all the remaining areas are delineated as inaccessible area. Just reverse to the accessible area14%, population and 31% areas coverage are inaccessible to strategic road head within ZoI. Similarly, 8% of the areas coverage and 3% population are out of ZoI for all weather and district road network.

5.6 Network Planning in Inaccessible Area With the detail study of accessibility, network planning was carried out for further extension of road network in inaccessible areas in meeting the National Transport Policy. The road network is planned by incremental method. Increment method specially deals with inaccessible area beyond the 4 hrs walking distance from existing road network. Four roads namely i) Baikuntha-Khairang-Kankada-Lothar (47.5Km), ii) Manahari-Kutsing-Chainpur (10 Km), iii) Phaparbari-Gauribhanjyang-Bageri (16 Km) and iv) Kirne-Ambas-Manthali (8 Km) are proposed for new road network to meet the national transport policy following the increment method. Total length of new proposed road determined from increment method is 56.5 Km (Table 5.3). Table 5.3 : New Proposed Roads as per Incremental method

S.N Name of Road Length (KM) Class of road VDCs

1 Baikuntha-Khairang-Kankada-Lothar

47.5 A Manahari, Dandakharks, Khairang, Kankada

2 Manahari-Kutsing-Chainpur 10.0 B Manahari, Raksirang

3 Phaparbari-Gauribhanjyang-Bageri

16.0 B Phaparbari

4 Kirne-Ambas-Manthali 8.0 B Manthali, Shikharpur

Total 81.5 B

Similarly, during the planning, possible synchronization of road linkage with the abutting districts was carried out. Details of road which make interdistrict linkages and given priority during analysis are summarized below in table 5.4. North Star-ITECO-FIDA JV 45


Table 5.4 : List of Inter-district Linkage Roads

S.N Name of Road Length (KM) Class of road Linkage district

1 Phaparbari-Raigaun-Canteen (31A006R)

18.12 A Sindhuli, Rautahat

2 Phaparbari-Bhorleni (31A009R)

15.0 A Sindhuli-Kavre

3 Kulekhani-Phakhel-Humanebhanjyang (31A007R)

14.0 A Kathmandu

4 Mahalaxmipul-Dovan-Deurali (31A014R)

10.0 A Kathmandu

5 Taukhel-Chitlang-Chandragiri(31A011R)

15.0 A Kathmandu

6 Baikuntha-Khairang-Kankada-Lothar (31A015R)

47.5 A Chitwan

7 Damgade-Mahadevbensi (31B003R)

15.0 B Dhading

8 Tistung-Liti-Tasarpu (31B018R

8.0 B Dhading

9 Ramdhuni-Tikauli-Ratanpur (31B016R)

13.0 B Bara

10 Phaparbari-Betini-Andheri (Gimdi)(31B005R)

10.5 B Lalitpur

Total



CHAPTER VI: DISTRICT TRANSPORT PERSPECTIVE PLAN (DTPP)

6.1 Perspective Plan of District Rural Road Networks The DTPP has perspective of 20 years. The DTPP is revised every five years when a new DTMP is being prepared according to the rolling plan system.

6.2 Existing Transport Situation As explained in District Inventory Map of Rural Transport Network, Chapter IV, Makawanpur district consists of highways, feeder road, district roads and village roads including trail bridges for pedestrian mobility. Strategic roads are all weather and in good condition. They have been referred to show the linkages of other roads with them and as such they have not been considered in the present planning process.

Rural roads are scattered throughout the district. Many of them are partially completed. Network planning thus requires construction of new road for incomplete ones and also the addition of new linkages to connect inaccessible areas; maintenance and upgrading/ rehabilitation of existing roads.

6.3 Prioritization of Proposed New Roads Prioritization of proposed new roads has been done as per the scoring system discussed in section 2.9.

6.3.1 Prioritization of District Road ‘A’ for New Linkage Table 6.1 shows the priority list of proposed district roads class ‘A’ for new construction. Detailed calculation of scores for each parameter is shown in Annex II-A-1 to II-A-7.



Table 6.1: Priority List of District Road ‘A’ for New Linkage

SN Road code Name of Road

Tota

l Len

gth(

KM

)

Leng

th o

f Roa

d fo

r N

ew c

onst

ruct

ion

(Km

)

Parameter used for the prioritization of road corridors and their corresponding scores

Tota

l Sco

re (1

00)

Prio

rity

Ran

k

Popu

latio

n pe

r Km

(40)

Pop*

Wal

king

H

our/K

m (1

5)

Cul

tivat

ed

land

(Ha)

/Km

(1

5)

Popu

latio

n (D

alit/

Jana

jati

)/Km

(10)

Loss

of

Forr

est

(Ha)

/Km

(5)

Mar

ket/s

ervi

ce

cent

er (1

0)

Rel

igio

us/to

uris

t pla

ce (5

)

1 31A002R Gairigaon-Dadakharka-Bharta-Manahari 50.00 33.00 28.60 15.00 7.61 8.32 4.63 10.00 5.00 79.16 1

2 31A003R Bastipur-Ratmate-Phurkechaur 28.00 14.00 40.00 3.50 7.84 10.00 4.99 7.64 3.33 77.29 2

3 31A008R Bhimphedi-Kogate-Sisneri 23.00 3.00 20.21 7.07 15.00 5.84 4.77 9.46 5.00 67.34 3

4 31A012R Chuniya-Namtar-Khairang 50.00 20.00 25.63 13.45 5.82 7.51 4.70 6.32 3.33 66.75 4

5 31A009R Phaparbari-Bhorleni 15.00 6.00 25.36 8.87 6.49 6.83 4.63 2.26 3.33 57.77 5

6 31A015R Baikuntha-Khairang-Kankada-Lothar 47.50 47.50 17.33 12.13 4.03 5.01 4.84 7.54 1.67 52.55 6

7 31A010R Thingan-Manthali-Betini-Bhorleni 50.00 28.00 21.71 7.59 5.68 6.36 4.99 2.54 3.33 52.19 7

Total 263.50 151.50


District Transport Master Plan (DTMP): Makawanpur Final Report 6.3.2 Brief on Proposed District Roads Class ‘A’ for New Construction Baikuntha-Khairang-Kankada-Lothar (31A015R) This is the extended road of Daman-Dandabas-Baikuntha road having 47.5 km completely new alignment. The road started from Baikuntha and passes through Khairang, Dandakharka, Kankada and Manahari VDCs. The road ends at Lothar of Manahari VDC. Kahairang, Charimarbhanjyang, Siladhuni, Pangthali and Lothar are settlements and market centres links by the road. Gorangdi and Pangthali are the khola crosses by the alignment. The road is very important because it covers that areas which is beyond fair weather accessibility within 4 hrs walking distance and very poor and underdeveloped people like Chepang inhabit.

6.3.3 Prioritization of District Road ‘B’ for New Linkage Table 6.2 shows the priority list of proposed district roads class ‘B’ for new construction. Detailed calculation of scores for each parameter is shown in Annex II-B-1 to II-B-7.



Table 6.2: Priority list of District Road ‘B’ for New Linkage


Tota

l Len

gth(

KM

)

Leng

th o

f Roa

d fo

r N

ew C

onst

ruct

ion

(Km

)


Tota

l Sco

re (1

00)

Prio

rity

Ran

k

Popu

latio

n pe

r K

m (4

0)

Pop*

Wal

king

H

our/K

m (1

5)

Cul

tivat

ed la

nd

(Ha)

/Km

(15)

Popu

latio

n (D

alit/

Jana

jati)

/K

m (1

0)

Loss

of F

orre

st

(Ha)

/Km

(5)

Mar

ket /

serv

ice

cent

er (1

0)

Rel

igio

us/to

uri

st p

lace

(5)

1 31B024R Manahari-Kutsing-Chainpur 10.00 10.00 40.00 13.41 4.29 10.00 4.29 10.00 2.50 84.48 1

2 31B001R Pangdure-Tinbhangale-Raigaon 27.00 15.00 38.71 12.97 4.29 9.67 4.29 5.34 5.00 80.26 2

3 31B015R Daman-Sera 15.00 5.00 39.06 13.09 5.20 9.77 4.29 4.52 2.50 78.43 3

4 31B018R Tistung-Liti-Tasarpu 8.00 3.50 37.32 15.00 3.83 9.32 4.29 3.25 2.50 75.51 4

5 31B012R Simpani-Sarikhet-Bharta 20.00 10.00 33.26 13.38 2.91 8.32 4.29 6.06 5.00 73.20 5

6 31B005R Phaparbari-Betini -Andheri (Gimdi) 10.50 1.50 31.87 10.68 3.98 7.97 5.00 4.97 5.00 69.47 6

7 31B010R Nawalpur-Basamadi-Sarikhet 30.00 15.00 30.04 8.05 3.52 7.50 4.29 4.96 2.50 60.85 7

8 31B011R Manahari-Rupachuri-Siladhuni-Silinge (Kankada) 25.00 10.00 26.77 7.17 2.76 6.69 4.29 10.00 2.50 60.17 8

9 31B006R Gothkhola-Thali-Kantirajpath 11.00 6.00 21.16 8.50 4.44 5.29 4.29 4.20 5.00 52.88 9

10 31B009R Damki -Mathillo Suping-Budhichaur 10.00 6.00

12.94 6.93 9.49 3.23 4.29 9.03 2.50 48.40 10

11 31B003R Damgade - Mahadebeshi 15.00 2.00 19.83 7.97 2.76 4.96 4.29 1.74 5.00 46.53 11

12 31B021R Phakhel-Sisneri (Tekar) 9.00 4.00 10.21 4.10 15.00 2.55 4.29 5.38 2.50 44.02 12

13 31B025R Phaparbari-Gauribhanjyang-Bageri 16.00 16.00 15.51 5.19 4.59 3.87 4.62 4.97 2.50 41.26 13




Tota

l Len

gth(

KM

)

Leng

th o

f Roa

d fo

r N

ew C

onst

ruct

ion

(Km

)


Tota

l Sco

re (1

00)

Prio

rity

Ran

k

Popu

latio

n pe

r K

m (4

0)

Pop*

Wal

king

H

our/K

m (1

5)

Cul

tivat

ed la

nd

(Ha)

/Km

(15)

Popu

latio

n (D

alit/

Jana

jati)

/K

m (1

0)

Loss

of F

orre

st

(Ha)

/Km

(5)

Mar

ket /

serv

ice

cent

er (1

0)

Rel

igio

us/to

uri

st p

lace

(5)

14 31B020R Pandrang-Bhdhichaur 18.00 8.00 10.16 4.09 11.17 2.54 4.29 1.01 2.50 35.76 14

15 31B016R Ramdhuni-Tikauli-Ratanpur (Bara) 13.00 10.00 10.66 3.57 2.76 2.67 3.75 4.86 2.50 30.76 15

16 31B014R Gogane-Katahare-Kalikatar 20.00 15.00 9.47 5.07 2.98 2.36 4.29 3.52 2.50 30.19 16

17 31B026R Kirne-Ambas-Manthali 15.00 15.00 11.20 4.50 2.76 2.79 4.62 0.00 2.50 28.36 17

Total 272.50 152.00


District Transport Master Plan (DTMP): Makawanpur Final Report 6.3.4 Brief on Proposed District Roads Class ‘B’ for New Construction Manahari-Kutsing-Chainpur Road (31B024R) New The proposed new road starts from Manahari of Manahari VDC and ends at Chainpur of Raksirang VDC. The road links Manahari-Rupachauri-Siladhuni and Gairigaun-Dandakharka-Bharta-Manahari Road. This 10 km proposed road passes through Manahari and Raksiran VDCs. It crosses Kunaran Khola.

Phaparbari-Gauribhanjyang-Bageri Road (31B025R) New The proposed new road starts from Kholmakharka of Phaparbari VDC and ends at Bageri of Phaparbari VDC. The road links Phaparbari-Betini-Andheri and Phaparbari-Bhorleni Road. This 16 km proposed road passes through Phaparbari VDC.It crosses Sano Liti and Liti Kholas.

Kirne-Ambas-Manthali Road (31B026R) New The proposed new road starts from Kirne of Shikharpur VDC and ends at Ambasbesi of Manthali VDC. The road links Shikharpur-Phaparbari and Thingan-Manthali-Betini-Bhorleni Road. This 15 km proposed road passes through Shikharpur and Manthali VDCs.

6.4 Possible Inter-District Transport Linkages In Makawanpur district, there are some district roads which in future will be possible inter-district link roads. After completing the target of planned roads, there will be good transport facilities for the people of two districts. District should give priority for constructing the planned road which will be inter-district linkage and DTMP should be updated regularly. List of possible inter-district link roads are as follows:

Table 6.3: List of Inter-District Transport Linkages

SN Road code Name of Road Total Length

(Km) Length of Road for New

construction (Km)

1 31A009R Phaparbari-Bhorleni 15.0 6.18

2 31A015R Baikuntha-Khairang-Kankada-Lothar

47.5 47.5

3 31B003R Damgade-Mahadevbensi 15.0 2.0

4 31B018R Tistung-Liti-Tasarpu 8.0 3.5

5 31B016R Ramdhuni-Tikauli-Ratanpur 13.0 10.0

6.5 Prioritization of Rural Roads Class Upgrading/Rehabilitation Prioritization of rural roads class ‘A’ and ‘B’ for upgrading/rehabilitation has been done on the basis of population served within the zone of influence, loss of cultivated land, traffic volume, proximity to market/service centers and religious/tourist places. Details of scoring system for each parameter have already been discussed in section 2.9.

6.5.1 Prioritized List of District Road ‘A’ for Upgrading Table 6.4 shows the priority list of proposed district roads class ‘A’ for upgrading. Detailed calculation of scores for each parameter is shown in Annex III-A-1 to III-A-5.



Table 6.4: Priority List of District Road ‘A’ for Upgrading


Tota

l Len

gth(

KM

)

Req

uire

d le

ngth

of

Upg

radi

ng


Tota

l Sco

re (1

00)

Prio

rity

Ran

k

Popu

latio

n pe

r K

m (3

0)

Cul

tivat

ed la

nd

(Ha)

/Km

(20)

Traf

fic V

olum

e (2

0)

Mar

ket/s

ervi

ce

cent

er (2

0)

Rel

igio

us/to

uri

st p

lace

(10)

1 31A001R Pasupatinagar-Padamapokhari-Handikhola-Rajaiya 18.10 18.10 30.00 8.33 11.77 11.33 7.50 68.93 1

2 31A002R Gairigaon-Dadakharka-Bharta-Manahari 50.00 17.00 23.18 14.17 5.01 20.00 5.00 67.36 2

3 31A003R Bastipur-Ratmate-Phurkechaur 28.00 14.00 21.27 14.58 7.93 13.49 5.00 62.27 3

4 31A004R Kulekhani-Sisneri-Chhaimale 19.00 19.00 10.52 17.50 20.00 3.62 10.00 61.64 4

5 31A005R Daman-Dandabas-Baikuntha 32.50 32.50 22.22 9.58 7.10 14.44 7.50 60.84 5

6 31A006R Phaparbari-Raigaon-Canteen 18.12 18.12 19.25 12.89 9.63 11.28 7.50 60.54 6

7 31A007R Kulekhani-Phakhel-Humanebhanjyang 14.00 14.00 19.75 12.92 11.38 5.69 7.50 57.23 7

8 31A008R Bhimphedi-Kogate-Sisneri 23.00 20.00 9.38 18.75 1.50 18.93 7.50 56.05 8

9 31A009R Phaparbari-Bhorleni 15.00 9.00 24.74 12.50 6.11 9.87 2.50 55.72 9

10 31A010R Thingan-Manthali-Betini-Bhorleni 50.00 22.00 23.06 14.58 6.34 5.08 5.00 54.07 10

11 31A011R Taukhel-Chitlang-Chandragiri 15.00 15.00 11.86 17.50 2.30 9.82 10.00 51.47 11

12 31A012R Chuniya-Namtar-Khairang 50.00 30.00 14.26 10.83 4.65 12.63 7.50 49.88 12

13 31A013R Chuchhekhola-Phurkechaur 10.00 10.00 18.26 14.58 7.24 5.13 2.50 47.71 13

14 31A014R Mahalaxmipul - Dovan - Deurali 10.00 10.00 9.26 17.50 1.87 3.80 7.50 39.94 14

Total 352.72 248.72 North Star-ITECO-FIDA JV 53


6.5.2 Prioritization of District Road ‘B’ for Upgrading

Table 6.5 shows the priority list of proposed district roads class ‘B’ for upgrading. Detailed calculation of scores for each parameter is shown in Annex III-B-1 to III-B-5.

Table 6.5: Prioritized List of District Road ‘B’ for Upgrading


Tota

l Len

gth(

KM

)

Req

uire

d le

ngth

of

Upg

radi

ng


Tota

l Sco

re (1

00)

Prio

rity

Ran

k

Popu

latio

n pe

r Km

(30)

Cul

tivat

ed

land

(H

a)/K

m (2

0)

Traf

fic

Volu

me

(20)

Mar

ket/s

ervi

ce c

ente

r (2

0)

Rel

igio

us/to

uris

t pla

ce

(10)

1 31B001R Pangdure-Tinbhangale-Raigaon 27.00 12.00 28.59 7.67 13.87 9.60 6.67 66.40 1

2 31B002R Hattisude-Shikharpur-Phaparbari 18.00 18.00 7.00 9.32 20.00 20.00 6.67 62.98 2

3 31B003R Damgade - Mahadebeshi 15.00 13.00 7.21 4.93 4.24 3.13 10.00 62.69 3

4 31B004R Golmoth-Phaparbari-Deurali 10.00 10.00 24.02 10.14 1.34 16.70 10.00 62.20 4

5 31B005R Phaparbari-Betini -Andheri (Gimdi) 10.5 9.00 16.20 7.12 17.27 8.94 10.00 59.53 5

6 31B006R Gothkhola-Thali-Kantirajpath 11.00 5.00 30.00 8.77 5.46 7.56 6.67 58.46 6

7 31B007R Markhu-Bhedapharm-Chitlang 7.00 7.00 16.32 14.25 3.77 17.14 6.67 58.14 7

8 31B008R Markhu-Kharka - Chitlang 11.00 11.00 10.37 19.73 3.52 17.14 6.67 57.42 8

9 31B009R Damki -Mathillo Suping-Budhichaur 10.00 4.00 14.33 16.99 4.71 16.24 6.67 51.42 9

10 31B010R Nawalpur-Basamadi-Sarikhet 30.00 15.00 13.30 6.30 11.76 8.93 10.00 50.29 10

11 31B011R Manahari-Rupachuri-Siladhuni-Silinge (Kankada) 25.00 15.00 14.77 4.93 5.42 17.99 6.67 49.78 11

12 31B012R Simpani-Sarikhet-Bharta 20.00 10.00 16.38 5.21 6.39 10.90 10.00 48.87 12




Tota

l Len

gth(

KM

)

Req

uire

d le

ngth

of

Upg

radi

ng


Tota

l Sco

re (1

00)

Prio

rity

Ran

k

Popu

latio

n pe

r Km

(30)

Cul

tivat

ed

land

(H

a)/K

m (2

0)

Traf

fic

Volu

me

(20)

Mar

ket/s

ervi

ce c

ente

r (2

0)

Rel

igio

us/to

uris

t pla

ce

(10)

13 31B013R Samaripul-Dumrekuna-Sukaura 15.00 15.00 7.00 10.96 17.14 6.69 6.67 48.46 13

14 31B014R Gogane-Katahare-Kalikatar 20.00 5.00 11.16 5.34 18.66 6.34 6.67 48.16 14

15 31B015R Daman-Sera 15.00 10.00 17.31 9.32 8.40 8.14 3.33 46.51 15

16 31B016R Ramdhuni-Tikauli-Ratanpur (Bara) 13.00 3.00 21.01 4.93 4.83 8.74 6.67 46.18 16

17 31B017R Piple-Makranchuli-Shikharkateri 9.50 9.50 11.72 17.81 5.88 3.45 6.67 45.53 17

18 31B018R Tistung-Liti-Tasarpu 8.00 4.50 21.45 6.85 3.06 5.84 6.67 43.86 18

19 31B019R Bastipur-Kuwapani- Sarikhet (Mukti Marga) 16.20 16.20 12.33 8.77 4.54 11.31 6.67 43.62 19

20 31B020R Pandrang-Budhichaur 18.00 10.00 7.68 20.00 1.88 1.82 6.67 38.04 20

21 31B021R Phakhel-Sisneri (Tekar) 9.00 5.00 12.04 14.25 1.71 4.60 3.33 35.94 21

22 31B022R Brindaban-Charghare-Ramantar 10.00 10.00 13.97 9.59 4.12 8.13 0.00 35.81 22

23 31B023R Okharbazar-Angare--Agra Khola 26.05 26.05 3.96 9.32 7.61 4.36 10.00 35.24 23

Total 354.25 243.25



6.6 List of Village Roads Village roads as identified during the road inventory survey are given in the following table 6.6. Table 6.6: List of Village Roads

SN Name of Roads TL(km) Road condition

VDC Passes BT Gra Ear New Type

1 Ahale-Thingan-Manthali 7.0 1.5 5.5 N/UP Thingan-Manthali 2 Aldamar-Kunatol-Hattigauda 4.0 2.0 2.0 N/UP Padampokhari 3 Aldamar-Raptibagar 2.0 2.0 Up Padampokhari

4 Bagdhura-Ghantekhola-Lamidanda 9.0 2.5 6.5 N/Up Bhainse, Namtar

5 Balchhibhanjyang-Humane (Tourist Path) 11.0 3.0 8.0 N/UP Phakhel, Sisneri

6 Bandanda-Manakamana 2.5 1.0 1.5 N/Up Gadhi 7 Basamadi-Nakauli-6,7 7.0 2.0 5.0 N/UP Basamadi

8 Basan-Bhirkot-Hattikhola-Maintar-Nayabasti 9.0 9.0 Up Chhatiwan

9 Basuki-Namtar-Manaharikhola 5.0 2.0 3.0 N/UP Namtar

10 Bhalukhola-Chyakhalbhanjyang-Sukaura 10.0 10.0 Up Sukaura

11 Bhorlechowk-Ghartitole-Mathillo Bhandaritole (Harnamadi)

3.5 3.5 Up Harnamadi

12 Bindraban-Sikreni-Pantale 4.5 4.5 Up Padampokhari 13 Budhichaur-Ipa 8.0 8.0 New Budhichaur-Ipa 14 Burundi (Khairang)-Nayabasti 10.0 10.0 Up Khairang

15 Chandesir-Gaidatar-Chandranigahapur 4.0 4.0 Up Dhiyal

16 Chaukibhanjyang (Bhainse)-Pokhari-Dhairang (Namtar) 6.0 4.0 2.0 N/UP Bhainse, Namtar

17 Chauki-Kiteni-Phurke 2.0 2.0 Up

18 Chisapani-Gairigaon-Chuchekhola 4.0 4.0 Up Harnamadi

19 Chisapani-Saktikhola-Dammarpur (Bara) 5.0 2.0 3.0 Up Hatiya

20 Chyau Chyau-Thingan 15.0 15.0 New Shikharpur, Thinghan

21 Daman Bazar-Bhattedada 7.0 5.0 2.0 N/UP Daman 22 Daman-Bahundada-Damki 3.0 2.0 1.0 Up Daman

23 Deurali-Chhapkhoriya-Kogate 10.0 3.0 7.0 N/UP Kogate, Bhimphedhi, Kulekhani

24 Deurali-Ipa-Ukhubari 7.0 3.0 4.0 N/Up Ipa 25 Dharmachuli-Lamidada 7.0 5.0 2.0 N/UP Gadhi

26 Dhorsing-Golping-Aghor 14.0 7.0 7.0 Up Bhimphedhi, Nibiwatar, Namtar

27 Dhwankacha-Tasar 7.0 7.0 Up Bajrabarahi, Markhu

28 Eklephant-Simadh 6.0 4.0 2.0 UP Harnamadhi, Chhatiwan

29 Gaganchuli-Tintale 2.0 2.0 Up Chhatiwan

30 Gangate-Bhulbhule (Harnamadi)-Jalari 4.0 4.0 Up Harnamadi





31 Hatiya-2, Gaubari-Balbodh 2.0 2.0 Up Hatiya

32 Ipa-Deurali-Gangate-Kanti Rajpath 5.0 5.0 Up Ipa

33 Jetport Zhanjiang-Sukaura 4.0 4.0 Up Sukaura

34 Jureli-Muktanswara (Chhatiwan) 3.0 3.0 Up Chhatiwan

35 Jwaladevi-Phirkepakha-Samarikhola-Gadhi 4.0 4.0 Up Gadhi

36 Kalikhola-Kusumtar 4.0 3.0 1.0 N/UP Ghadhi

37 Khairang, 1- Malekhu 15.0 7.0 8.0 N/UP

Khairang, Malekhu (Dhading)

38 Kisedi-Yangrang 14.0 1.0 13.0 N/Up Bhainse

39 Kogate-Thulobarghare-Ipa 6.0 6.0 New Kogate, Ipa, Bhudhichaur

40 Kunchal-Karkichhap-Barahichaur 6.0 6.0 UP Bajrabarahi

41 Laxmipur-Alainche (Hatiya) 1.2 1.2 Up Hatiya 42 Lewot-Baluwatar-Kuwapani 4.0 3.0 1.0 N/UP Handikhola

43 Manakamana-Dhading 10.0 10.0 Up Gadhi, Ambhanjyang

44 Mathillo Bhawanchuli-Champakhare 15.0 15.0 New Phaparbari ,

Chhatiwan 45 Namtar-Dhunagyan 5.0 3.0 2.0 N/UP Namtar

46 Newarpani-Kuwapani-Basamadi 4.0 3.0 1.0 N/UP Basamadi,

Hadikhola 47 Padampokhari-Sikreni 4.0 4.0 Up Padampokhari 48 Padampokhari-Thulothali 3.0 3.0 Up Padampokhari

49 Padampokhari-Tutepani-Simpani 5.0 4.0 1.0 Up Padampokhari

50 Pantale-Bhorle 4.0 4.0 Up Padampokhari 51 Phakhel-Kodokhoriya-Chitlang 6.0 6.0 Up Phakhel, Chitlang

52 Phaparbari (Jhurjhure)-Thali-Dhiyal 30.0 30.0 New Phaparbari, Dhiyal

53 Phaparbari-Dhansai-Thotarikhola-Dhiyal 25.0 25.0 New Phaparbari ,Dhiyal

54 Phaparbari-Aandheri-Gahateswanra (Lalitpur) 10.0 2.0 8.0 N/Up Betini, Phaparbari

55 Phaparbari-Mansai-Lamitar 12.0 12.0 New Phaparbari

56 Purundi-Salle-Bhalukharka-Kasichaur-Tekar Sisneri 12.0 6.0 6.0

N/UP Phakhel, Sisneri

57 Sannanitar-Masine 12.0 12.0 Up Hadikhola, Basamadhi

58 Saraswati Bazar – Mulabari - Magdhaya 7.0 4.0 3.0 N/UP

Bajrabarahi

59 Saraswoti Bazar-Budhichaur-Devithumki 6.0 6.0 Up

Bajrabarahi

60 Simadha-Pipaldanda-Chhatiwan 12.0 12.0 N Thingan,

Chhatiwan

61 Sirsire-Chyauchyau-Katuspani-Kudule-Shikharpur

4.0 4.0 Up

Chhatiwan, Sikharpur

62 Striper-Juina-Garden-Ratanpur 27.2 7.2 20.0 N/Up Chhatiwan,

Sikharpur North Star-ITECO-FIDA JV 57




63 Sripur-Tintale-Ranisera- 7.0 4.0 3.0 UP Chhatiwan, Gadhi, Thingan

64 Sukaura-Humanedada-Purundi 9.0 6.0 3.0 N/UP Kulekhani,

Phakhel

65 Tallo Bhanwanchuli-Simle-Sikharpur 13.0 13.0 New Phaparbari ,

Shikharpur 66 Ratuwa-Raksirang VDC 10.0 5.0 5.0 N/Up Raksirang

67 Thingan-Simaltwak-Chhatiwaan 15.0 15.0 N Thingan,

Chhatiwan

68 Tinbhangale-Thakalchaur-Sinaul-Bara (Bharatganj)

3.5 3.5 Up Chhatiwan

Total 534.4 2.0 22.2 227.7 282.5



6.7 List of Urban Roads Table 6.7 : List of Urban Roads

SN Category Name Surface Type Width Length KM

1 Other Road Paribartan Marga PCC 4 0.100 2 Cart Track Suyogya Marga Earthen 3 0.100 3 Cart Track Srijana Marga Earthen 3 0.101 4 Foot Path Siddheshwar Marga Earthen 1.5 0.101 5 Cart Track Lalupate Galli Gravel 1.5 0.101 6 Other Road Bhintuna Marga Black Top 3 0.101 7 Other Road Kalika Marga PCC 4 0.102 8 Other Road Bibhusan Marga Black Top 8 0.102 9 Other Road Bigyan Marga PCC 4 0.102

10 Cart Track Kusmanda Galli Earthen 2 0.102 11 Cart Track Naya Galli Gravel 2.5 0.102 12 Cart Track Yoghari Galli Earthen 2.5 0.102 13 Other Road Hatemalo Marga Gravel 3 0.102 14 Other Road Pratibhanagar Marga Gravel 3 0.102 15 Other Road Netra Jyoti Marga Gravel 3 0.102 16 Cart Track Swagat Galli Earthen 2 0.102 17 Other Road Hari Kunja Marga Black Top 6 0.102 18 Other Road China Quarter Marga Gravel 4 0.102 19 Cart Track Ghasi Kuwa Marga Earthen 3 0.102 20 Other Road Bikash Marga Gravel 4 0.103 21 Other Road Aakarshan Marga Gravel 4 0.103 22 Cart Track Dharti Marga Earthen 3 0.103 23 Cart Track Bhanu Marga Earthen 3 0.103 24 Other Road Chisapani Marga Gravel 3 0.103 25 Cart Track Kasturi Galli Earthen 2 0.103 26 Cart Track Brahmanda Marga Earthen 3 0.104 27 Cart Track Sughanda Galli Earthen 2 0.104 28 Other Road Children Park Marga Gravel 3 0.104 29 Cart Track Jimba Galli Gravel 2 0.104 30 Other Road Chandrodaya Galli Earthen 2 0.105 31 Other Road Gravel 2 0.105 32 Other Road Bhitri Chisapani Marga PCC 4 0.105 33 Other Road Basudev Marga Gravel 4 0.105 34 Cart Track Prem Marga Earthen 3 0.105 35 Cart Track Basanta Marga Earthen 4 0.105 36 Cart Track Pabitra Galli PCC 2 0.105 37 Other Road Pathibhara Marga Gravel 4 0.106 38 Other Road Thulo Aawas Marga Gravel 3 0.106 39 Other Road PCC 4 0.107 40 Other Road Milan Marga Gravel 4 0.107 41 Cart Track Sital Marga Earthen 3 0.107 42 Other Road Bibhusan Marga Black Top 8 0.108 43 Cart Track Academy Marga Gravel 3 0.108




44 Other Road Bhutandevi Marga PCC 4 0.108 45 Cart Track Suyogya Galli Gravel 2 0.108 46 Cart Track Karnawati Marga Earthen 2 0.109 47 Cart Track Pragatishil Galli Earthen 2 0.109 48 Cart Track Kamal Galli Earthen 2 0.110 49 Cart Track Earthen 3 0.110 50 Other Road Gravel 4 0.110 51 Foot Path Naya Nepal Galli Earthen 2 0.111 52 Foot Path Dwapar Galli Earthen 1.5 0.111 53 Cart Track Shanti Marga Earthen 3 0.111 54 Other Road Basu Marga Gravel 4 0.112 55 Other Road Satyawati Marga Gravel 5 0.112 56 Cart Track Ananda Marga Earthen 3 0.112 57 Other Road Kalika Marga PCC 4 0.113 58 Cart Track Prajatantrik Marga Gravel 3 0.113 59 Main Trail Piple Marga Earthen 4 0.114 60 Cart Track Prakriti Marga Earthen 2 0.115 61 Cart Track Master Galli Gravel 2 0.115 62 Cart Track Pragati Marga Earthen 4 0.115 63 Other Road Rudrakshya Marga Gravel 5 0.115 64 Cart Track Kalyani Galli Gravel 2 0.116 65 Cart Track Lali Gurans Marga Gravel 3 0.116 66 Cart Track Kanchan Galli Earthen 2 0.116 67 Cart Track Nakul Galli Gravel 2 0.116 68 Other Road Bus Park Marga PCC 4 0.116 69 Other Road Aakarshan Marga Gravel 4 0.117 70 Other Road Children Park Marga Gravel 3 0.117 71 Cart Track Gaurishankar Marga Gravel 3 0.117 72 Cart Track G.S. Marga Earthen 3 0.118 73 Foot Path Sital Galli Earthen 1.5 0.118 74 Other Road Ekikrit Marga Gravel 3 0.118 75 Other Road Bishal Marga Gravel 4 0.118 76 Other Road Motiram Marga Gravel 4 0.118 77 Other Road Basudev Marga Gravel 4 0.118 78 Cart Track Bihani Marga Gravel 3 0.119 79 Cart Track Subarna Galli Earthen 2 0.119 80 Other Road Kalika Marga Gravel 3 0.119 81 Cart Track Milan Galli Earthen 2 0.119 82 Other Road Danfe Marga Gravel 4 0.119 83 Cart Track Bhrikuti Marga Earthen 3 0.120 84 Other Road Sukra Marga PCC 4 0.120 85 Cart Track Adhunik Marga Earthen 3 0.120 86 Cart Track Munal Marga Gravel 3 0.120 87 Cart Track Om Galli Earthen 2 0.122 88 Other Road Naya Marga Gravel 3 0.123 89 Other Road Basu Marga PCC 4 0.123




90 Other Road Aakarshan Marga Gravel 4 0.124 91 Cart Track Sahara Galli Earthen 2 0.125 92 Other Road Children Park Marga Gravel 3 0.125 93 Cart Track Kalpa Galli Earthen 2 0.125 94 Other Road Hatemalo Marga Gravel 3 0.126 95 Other Road Ward Samiti Galli Gravel 2 0.126 96 Cart Track Krishna Marga Earthen 3 0.127 97 Cart Track Simal Marga Gravel 3 0.127 98 Cart Track Bansha Gopal Galli Gravel 1.5 0.128 99 Cart Track Hariyali Marga Earthen 3 0.128 100 Other Road Pratibhanagar Marga Gravel 3 0.128

101 Other Road Purano Manakamana Marga PCC 4 0.128

102 Cart Track Gayatri Marga Gravel 3 0.129 103 Other Road Yuwa Marga PCC 4 0.129 104 Cart Track Satya Galli Gravel 2 0.129 105 Other Road Gravel 3 0.130 106 Cart Track Danfe Galli Earthen 1.5 0.131 107 Cart Track Pragatisil Marga Gravel 3 0.131 108 Foot Path Bhrikuti Galli Earthen 1.5 0.132 109 Other Road Solidarity Marga Gravel 4 0.132 110 Other Road Shanti Marga PCC 4 0.132 111 Other Road Loktantrik Marga PCC 4 0.132 112 Other Road Pragati Marga-1 Gravel 3 0.133 113 Other Road Pariwartan Marga Gravel 3 0.133 114 Other Road Mitra Marga PCC 4 0.133 115 Cart Track Rudra Marga Gravel 3 0.133 116 Other Road Rai Tole Marga PCC 3 0.134 117 Cart Track Salikram Marga Earthen 4 0.135 118 Cart Track Shanti Kunja Marga Gravel 2 0.136 119 Cart Track Gramin Galli Earthen 2 0.136 120 Cart Track Manakamana Galli Gravel 1.5 0.137 121 Cart Track Ganatantra Marga Earthen 4 0.137 122 Cart Track Aapasi Galli Gravel 2 0.137 123 Foot Path Gumba Galli Earthen 1.5 0.137 124 Other Road Shanti Marga PCC 4 0.138 125 Cart Track Arpan Galli Earthen 2 0.139 126 Other Road Buddha Marga Black Top 4 0.139 127 Other Road Gravel 4 0.140 128 Other Road Hari Kunja Marga Black Top 6 0.140 129 Other Road Harsha Marga PCC 4 0.142 130 Other Road Sikhar Marga Gravel 3 0.142 131 Cart Track Kamal Galli Earthen 2 0.143 132 Foot Path Shanti Galli Earthen 1.5 0.144 133 Other Road Janak Marga Gravel 3 0.144 134 Cart Track G.S. Galli Earthen 2 0.145 135 Cart Track Phoolbhari Marga Earthen 4 0.147




136 Cart Track Gadhadevi Galli Gravel 2 0.147 137 Cart Track Farm Galli Earthen 2 0.148 138 Cart Track Munal Galli Gravel 2 0.148 139 Cart Track Limbu Galli Earthen 2 0.149 140 Other Road Kuwa Marga PCC 4 0.149 141 Other Road Gravel 4 0.149 142 Cart Track Friends Marga Earthen 3 0.149 143 Cart Track Kamadhenu Marga Earthen 3 0.149 144 Other Road Campus Marga PCC 4 0.149 145 Other Road Ranga Marga Earthen 4 0.149 146 Other Road Pratibha Marga Gravel 3 0.150 147 Foot Path Yug Galli Earthen 1 0.150 148 Other Road Black Top 4 0.151 149 Cart Track Bhakti Marga Gravel 3 0.152 150 Foot Path Upakar Galli Earthen 1.5 0.152 151 Cart Track Danphe Galli Gravel 1.5 0.152 152 Cart Track Munal Marga Earthen 3 0.153 153 Cart Track Danfe Galli Earthen 2.5 0.153 154 Other Road Bikash Marga Gravel 4 0.154

155 Cart Track Purano Manakamana Marga Gravel 3 0.154

156 Other Road Pratibhanagar Marga Gravel 3 0.156 157 Other Road Aawaj Marga Gravel 3 0.156 158 Cart Track Chakra Marga Earthen 3 0.157 159 Other Road Pragati Marga PCC 4 0.157 160 Other Road Hari Kunja Marga Earthen 6 0.157 161 Cart Track Satyawati Galli Earthen 2 0.157 162 Other Road Srijanshil Marga PCC 4 0.158 163 Other Road Shree Devi Marga PCC 4 0.158 164 Other Road Gravel 3 0.160 165 Cart Track Sangam Galli Earthen 2 0.160 166 Other Road Prabhakar Marga Black Top 5 0.160

167 Cart Track Earthen (Temporary Access) 2 0.161

168 Cart Track Tridev Marga Earthen 2 0.162 169 Cart Track Durga Marga Earthen 4 0.163 170 Cart Track Earthen 3 0.163 171 Foot Path Bhirav Galli Earthen 1 0.163 172 Other Road Gravel 3 0.165 173 Other Road Black Top 4 0.166 174 Cart Track Mrigasthali Galli Earthen 2 0.166 175 Other Road Hatemalo Marga Gravel 3 0.166 176 Cart Track Shristi Galli Earthen 2 0.167 177 Cart Track Triveni Galli Earthen 2 0.168 178 Cart Track Buddha Marga Earthen 2 0.168 179 Other Road Buddha Marga-2 PCC 4 0.168 180 Other Road Naya Marga Gravel 5 0.169




181 Other Road Mrigasthali Marga Black Top 6 0.169 182 Cart Track Bhimsen Marga Earthen 3 0.169 183 Other Road Naya Pool Marga Earthen 4 0.169 184 Cart Track Guthi Galli Earthen 2 0.170 185 Cart Track Jagriti Galli Earthen 2 0.170 186 Cart Track Buddha Galli Earthen 2 0.171 187 Other Road Earthen 4 0.171 188 Foot Path Gayatri Marga Earthen 1.5 0.172 189 Other Road Birendra Marga Gravel 3 0.172 190 Other Road Health Post Marga PCC 4 0.173 191 Cart Track Nilgiri Marga Earthen 4 0.174 192 Other Road Children Park Marga Gravel 3 0.174 193 Other Road Bhrikuti Marga Black Top 3 0.174 194 Cart Track Astha Galli Earthen 2 0.175 195 Foot Path Bhrikuti Galli Earthen 1.5 0.175 196 Other Road Bypass Marga-2 Black Top 8 0.175 197 Cart Track Manakamana Marga Earthen 3 0.176 198 Cart Track Academy Marga Gravel 3 0.177 199 Other Road Shanti Marga PCC 4 0.177 200 Cart Track Prabhat Marga Earthen 4 0.178 201 Foot Path Siddhanath Galli Earthen 2 0.179 202 Other Road Bhisma Marga Gravel 4 0.180 203 Cart Track Smriti Galli Earthen 2 0.181 204 Cart Track Bhanu Marga Earthen 4 0.181 205 Other Road Vijay Marga Black Top 5 0.181 206 Other Road Sundar Marga Gravel 3 0.181 207 Other Road Gravel 4 0.182 208 Cart Track Pasang Marga Gravel 2 0.182 209 Other Road Surya Marga Gravel 4 0.182 210 Other Road Dharma Marga PCC 4 0.183 211 Cart Track Shree Devi Marga Earthen 2 0.183 212 Cart Track Milan Marga Earthen 3 0.184 213 Other Road Gravel 3 0.184 214 Cart Track Ashok Galli Earthen 2 0.185 215 Other Road Jana Marga Gravel 3 0.185 216 Cart Track Bhisma Galli Earthen 2 0.186 217 Cart Track Mangal Galli Earthen 2 0.186 218 Cart Track Sital Marga Gravel 3 0.188 219 Other Road Kalika Marga Gravel 4 0.189 220 Cart Track Pragatisil Galli Earthen 2 0.189 221 Cart Track Amar Galli Gravel 2 0.190 222 Other Road Hari Kunja Marga Earthen 6 0.190 223 Other Road Cement Marga-2 Gravel 6.5 0.191 224 Other Road Shreeman Narayan Marga PCC 3 0.191 225 Cart Track Laxmi Narayan Marga Earthen 4 0.192 226 Cart Track Earthen 2 0.192




227 Other Road Ekta Marga Gravel 4 0.192 228 Other Road Laxmi Narayan Marga PCC 4 0.193 229 Cart Track Dangdunge Marga Earthen 3 0.194 230 Other Road Ram Mandir Marga Earthen 3 0.195 231 Cart Track Bishwa Shanti Marga Gravel 3 0.195 232 Cart Track Jana Galli Gravel 2 0.196 233 Other Road Prithvi Marga Gravel 4 0.196 234 Other Road D.I.G. Office Marga Black Top 3 0.197 235 Other Road Motiram Marga Gravel 4 0.198 236 Other Road Gorkheshwor Marga PCC 4 0.198 237 Other Road Swabalambi Marga Gravel 3 0.198 238 Other Road Prajatantrik Marga PCC 3 0.199 239 Cart Track Sungava Galli Earthen 2 0.199 240 Cart Track Saraswati Galli Earthen 2 0.200 241 Other Road Garden Marga-2 PCC 4 0.200 242 Other Road Lali Gurans Marga Gravel 3 0.202 243 Other Road Garden Marga-1 PCC 4 0.203 244 Other Road Nirog Dham Marga PCC 4 0.203 245 Other Road Gravel 3 0.204 246 Other Road Sramik Marga PCC 4 0.204 247 Cart Track Ananda Marga Earthen 4 0.204 248 Cart Track Bageshwori Marga Earthen 3 0.205 249 Cart Track Miteri Galli Gravel 2 0.205 250 Cart Track Srijana Marga Earthen 2 0.207 251 Other Road Gravel 6 0.207 252 Cart Track Pa.Ni. Sangh Marga Earthen 2 0.207 253 Cart Track Dipendra Galli Gravel 2 0.208 254 Cart Track Bhakti Marga Gravel 3 0.209 255 Other Road Sundarimai Galli Earthen 2 0.209 256 Other Road Bindhyabasini Marga Gravel 3 0.210 257 Other Road Nava Adarsha Tole Marga PCC 4 0.210 258 Cart Track Srijana Marga Earthen 3 0.210 259 Cart Track Boarding Marga Gravel 3 0.211 260 Foot Path Darshan Galli Earthen 1.5 0.211 261 Other Road Nanda Sthan Marga Gravel 4 0.212 262 Other Road Gravel 4 0.213 263 Cart Track Ban Devi Galli Earthen 2 0.215 264 Other Road Rajat Stambha Marga PCC 4 0.215 265 Other Road Basudev Marga Gravel 4 0.217 266 Other Road Birendra Marga Gravel 3 0.218 267 Other Road PCC 3 0.219 268 Other Road Lattinath Marga Gravel 3 0.219 269 Cart Track Kinara Marga Earthen 3 0.219 270 Other Road Pashupati Mandir Marga Black Top 7 0.220 271 Cart Track Srijana Marga Earthen 2 0.221 272 Cart Track Sugandha Marga Earthen 3 0.221




273 Other Road Thulo Aawas Marga Gravel 3 0.222 274 Cart Track Academy Marga Gravel 3 0.223 275 Cart Track Darshan Galli Earthen 2 0.223 276 Other Road Ajar Amar Marga Black Top 4 0.223 277 Other Road Black Top 5 0.224 278 Other Road Hedamba Marga Black Top 3 0.224 279 Other Road Cheuni Danda Marga Gravel 4 0.225 280 Other Road Naya Marga Gravel 3 0.225 281 Cart Track Sukra Marga Gravel 3 0.227 282 Cart Track Roop Chandra Marga Gravel 3 0.228 283 Cart Track Pragati Galli-2 Gravel 2.5 0.228 284 Cart Track Godawari Marga Earthen 3 0.228 285 Other Road Cement Marga-2 PCC 6.5 0.229 286 Cart Track Pragati Marga Earthen 3 0.229 287 Other Road Om Nagar Marga PCC 4 0.230 288 Other Road Krishna Mandir Marga PCC 4 0.231 289 Other Road Gravel 3.5 0.232 290 Cart Track Pashupati Marga Earthen 4 0.234 291 Other Road Bindhyabasini Marga Gravel 3 0.235 292 Other Road Black Top 3 0.235 293 Other Road Gravel 4 0.236 294 Other Road Dibya Marga PCC 4 0.236 295 Other Road Om Shanti Marga Gravel 3 0.236 296 Cart Track Ananda Marga Earthen 3 0.237 297 Cart Track Shiva Galli Earthen 2 0.238 298 Cart Track Chautari Marga Gravel 3 0.238 299 Other Road Hari Kunja Marga Black Top 6 0.238 300 Other Road Ujjwal Boarding Galli Gravel 2 0.239 301 Other Road Namuna Marga PCC 4 0.239 302 Cart Track Bahadur Galli Earthen 2 0.241 303 Cart Track Navin Marga Gravel 3 0.242 304 Other Road Sikhar Marga Earthen 3 0.243 305 Other Road Siddheshwar Marga Gravel 4 0.244 306 Cart Track Anjaan Marga Earthen 3 0.246 307 Other Road Gravel 4 0.247 308 Other Road Bhairav Marga Gravel 4 0.247 309 Other Road Bramha Kumari Marga PCC 4 0.248 310 Other Road Basudev Marga Gravel 4 0.249 311 Other Road Shanti Marga PCC 4 0.249 312 Other Road Black Top 3 0.250 313 Cart Track Siddhicharan Marga Gravel 3 0.251 314 Cart Track Earthen 3 0.254 315 Cart Track Krishna Pranami Marga Earthen 3 0.255 316 Other Road Adda Marga Black Top 5 0.255 317 Cart Track Jyoti Galli Earthen 2 0.256 318 Cart Track Rajpani Galli Earthen 2 0.256




319 Other Road Black Top 4 0.256 320 Other Road Milan Marga PCC 4 0.257 321 Other Road Sangharsa Marga Gravel 5 0.258 322 Highway Tribhuwan Raj Path Black Top 12 0.259 323 Other Road Nursery Marga Gravel 2 0.262 324 Other Road Sungava Galli Earthen 2.5 0.264 325 Cart Track Karraghat Marga Earthen 3 0.265 326 Cart Track Tirtha Galli Earthen 2 0.265 327 Cart Track Bishram Galli Gravel 2 0.273 328 Cart Track Bhakti Marga Gravel 3 0.273 329 Other Road Pathibhara Marga Gravel 4 0.273 330 Cart Track Loktantrik Galli Earthen 2 0.274 331 Foot Path Nirman Galli Earthen 1.5 0.274 332 Other Road Bhairav Marga Gravel 4 0.277 333 Other Road Gravel 3 0.279 334 Other Road Surya Marga Black Top 4 0.280 335 Main Trail Bel Danda Marga PCC 3 0.280 336 Cart Track Sima Marga Earthen 4 0.281 337 Cart Track Devendra Galli Earthen 2 0.281 338 Cart Track Manakamana Galli Gravel 1.5 0.282 339 Other Road Bindhyabasini Marga Gravel 3 0.282 340 Other Road Om Shanti Marga Gravel 6 0.282 341 Cart Track Earthen 3 0.284 342 Cart Track Agarathe Marga Earthen 3 0.284 343 Other Road Jagaran Marga Gravel 4 0.286 344 Cart Track Jyoti Marga Earthen 4 0.286 345 Other Road Gravel 3 0.289 346 Other Road Garud Marga Black Top 3 0.289 347 Other Road Purano Makawanpur Marga Black Top 8 0.289 348 Cart Track Pratibha Marga Earthen 4 0.290 349 Foot Path Naya Galli Earthen 1.5 0.291 350 Cart Track Srijana Galli Gravel 2 0.294

351 Foot Path Earthen (Temporary Access) 1 0.297

352 Cart Track Dharma Marga Gravel 3 0.297 353 Other Road Purano Raj Marga Black Top 3 0.297 354 Other Road Krishna Mandir Marga Gravel 4 0.298 355 Foot Path Binayak Galli Earthen 1.5 0.299 356 Other Road Kailash Marga Gravel 4 0.299 357 Cart Track Aasrit Galli Earthen 2 0.300 358 Other Road School Marga Black Top 4 0.305 359 Other Road Swarga Lok Marga Black Top 4 0.307 360 Cart Track Gyaneshwar Galli Earthen 2 0.308 361 Other Road Chandan Marga Gravel 3 0.309 362 Other Road Birendra Marga Gravel 3 0.310 363 Other Road Pashupati Marga PCC 4 0.311 364 Cart Track Sabha Hall Marga Gravel 2 0.312




365 Cart Track Buddha Marga Earthen 4 0.315 366 Cart Track Srijana Marga Earthen 2 0.315 367 Cart Track Shanti Nagar Marga-1 Gravel 3 0.316 368 Cart Track Buddha Galli Earthen 2.5 0.319 369 Other Road Pariwartan Marga Gravel 3 0.319 370 Cart Track Amar Galli Gravel 2 0.321 371 Foot Path Kunja Galli Earthen 1.5 0.322 372 Cart Track Shanti Marga Earthen 3.5 0.323 373 Other Road Ujjwal Marga PCC 4 0.325 374 Other Road Birendra Marga Gravel 3 0.326 375 Cart Track Ban Danda Marga Earthen 3 0.327 376 Cart Track Buddha Marga Earthen 2 0.328 377 Cart Track Bishal Marga Earthen 3 0.328 378 Cart Track Dhunge Dhara Marga Earthen 4 0.329 379 Cart Track Srijana Marga Gravel 3 0.331 380 Other Road Lamsure Height Marga Gravel 3 0.332 381 Other Road Yuddha Prasad Marga Gravel 4 0.332 382 Other Road Prithvi Marga Earthen 5 0.332 383 Cart Track Dhital Galli Earthen 2 0.332 384 Other Road Rangashala Marga Earthen 3 0.334 385 Other Road Devi Marga Black Top 8 0.334 386 Cart Track Jyoti Galli Earthen 2 0.335 387 Other Road Prajatantrik Marga Black Top 4 0.337 388 Foot Path Suryamukhi Galli Earthen 1 0.338 389 Other Road Basudev Marga Black Top 3 0.339 390 Other Road Neureni Marga Gravel 3 0.346 391 Other Road Laxmi Mandir Marga Gravel 3 0.347 392 Other Road T.C.N. Marga Black Top 8 0.354 393 Other Road Bhitri Chisapani Marga Gravel 3 0.355 394 Cart Track Cement Marga-2 Earthen 5 0.357 395 Main Trial Pani Tanki Galli Earthen 2 0.357 396 Other Road Karraghat Marga Gravel 4 0.358 397 Other Road Chisapani Marga Gravel 3 0.358 398 Cart Track Pragati Galli Earthen 2 0.359 399 Foot Path Bikash Galli Earthen 1.5 0.360 400 Other Road Buddha Marga Gravel 4 0.362 401 Other Road Pushpa Marga-1 Black Top 4 0.366 402 Other Road Pathibhara Marga Gravel 4 0.368 403 Cart Track Shanti Galli Earthen 2 0.371 404 Other Road Bhanu Marga Earthen 3 0.373 405 Other Road Laxmi Mandir Marga Gravel 5 0.376 406 Other Road Pratibha Marga Earthen 3 0.377 407 Other Road Shree Devi Marga Black Top 4 0.379 408 Other Road Parishram Marga Gravel 3 0.385 409 Other Road Madan Galli Gravel 2.5 0.387 410 Other Road Srijana Marga Gravel 3 0.387




411 Other Road Durga Marga Gravel 4 0.388 412 Cart Track Swastik Marga Earthen 3 0.389 413 Other Road Black Top 6 0.389 414 Other Road Rangashala Marga Earthen 3 0.390 415 Other Road Lamsure Height Marga PCC 4 0.391 416 Other Road PCC 3 0.392 417 Other Road Tenjing Marga PCC 4 0.392 418 Other Road Gravel 6 0.397 419 Cart Track Sayapatri Galli Earthen 2 0.399 420 Cart Track Bageshwari Galli Earthen 2 0.401 421 Other Road Bhuwaneshwar Marga Black Top 8 0.403 422 Other Road Surya Marga PCC 4 0.404 423 Other Road Gravel 3 0.407 424 Other Road Sramik Marga Gravel 4 0.407 425 Other Road Adarsha Marga Earthen 3 0.408 426 Other Road Bhairav Nath Marga Gravel 4 0.410 427 Other Road Vijay Marga Gravel 3 0.413 428 Other Road Amar Marga Gravel 3 0.413 429 Cart Track Basanta Marga Earthen 2 0.416 430 Cart Track Sukra Galli Earthen 2 0.418 431 Cart Track Hemanta Galli Earthen 2.5 0.419 432 Main Trail Bel Danda Marga Earthen 3 0.419 433 Other Road Naya Manakamana Marga Black Top 5 0.422 434 Other Road Lali Gurans Marga Gravel 3 0.429 435 Cart Track Sagar Marga Earthen 3 0.430 436 Cart Track Pragati Marga Earthen 3 0.432 437 Cart Track Sayapatri Galli Earthen 2 0.439 438 Other Road PCC 3 0.444 439 Cart Track Simsaar Marga Earthen 4 0.446 440 Other Road Godhuli Marga Gravel 4 0.455 441 Other Road Shanti Marga Gravel 4 0.455 442 Cart Track Grisma Marga Earthen 2 0.460 443 Other Road Abwal Danda Marga PCC 4 0.462 444 Other Road Vijay Marga Gravel 3 0.465 445 Other Road Ratna Kali Marga "Kha" Gravel 4 0.465 446 Cart Track Nirman Galli Earthen 2 0.465 447 Cart Track Sramik Marga Earthen 4 0.467 448 Cart Track Bishal Galli Gravel 2.5 0.478 449 Other Road Dibya Marga Earthen 3 0.489 450 Other Road Ratomate Marga Gravel 4 0.496 451 Other Road Buddha Marga-1 Black Top 3 0.497 452 Other Road Bikash Marga Gravel 4 0.500 453 Other Road Chhetra Marga Gravel 3 0.500 454 Other Road Prithvi Marga Gravel 3 0.501 455 Cart Track Anjaan Marga Earthen 3 0.504 456 Other Road Kyampa Marga Gravel 4 0.504




457 Cart Track Kalpa Galli Earthen 2 0.511 458 Other Road Trikon Galli Gravel 2 0.511 459 Other Road Nagar Bikash Samiti Marga Black Top 8 0.527 460 Other Road Black Top 4 0.529 461 Other Road Bhuwaneshwar Marga Gravel 5 0.529 462 Other Road Bhakti Marga Gravel 3 0.532 463 Other Road Jagaran Marga Gravel 3 0.536 464 Cart Track Naya Galli Earthen 2 0.538 465 Other Road Black Top 6 0.538 466 Cart Track Darshan Marga Earthen 2.5 0.542 467 Cart Track Radha Krishna Marga Earthen 3 0.542 468 Other Road Pasang Marga Gravel 3 0.550 469 Other Road PCC 3 0.555 470 Cart Track Aasrit Galli Earthen 2 0.556 471 Cart Track Acedemy Marga Earthen 4 0.557 472 Other Road PCC 3 0.558 473 Cart Track Maldives Marga Earthen 2 0.560 474 Cart Track Parijat Marga Earthen 3 0.562 475 Other Road Vijay Marga Gravel 3 0.562 476 Other Road Buddha Marga PCC 4 0.571 477 Cart Track Kali Ban Galli Earthen 2 0.571 478 Other Road Aawas Chhetra Marga Gravel 4 0.572 479 Other Road Manakamana Marga PCC 3 0.573 480 Foot Path Buddha Galli Earthen 2 0.576 481 Other Road Basudev Marga Black Top 6 0.591 482 Other Road Prithvi Marga Black Top 4 0.597 483 Other Road Karnawati Marga Gravel 5 0.598 484 Other Road Ban Devi Galli PCC 2 0.602 485 Other Road Madan Galli Gravel 2.5 0.606 486 Other Road Ranga Marga PCC 4 0.607 487 Other Road Jagaran Marga Gravel 4 0.608 488 Other Road Baniya Tole Marga Gravel 4 0.613 489 Main Trail Bal Jyoti School Marga Earthen 3 0.624 490 Other Road Bhutandevi Marga Black Top 4 0.626 491 Main Trail Health Post Marga Gravel 2.5 0.631 492 Other Road Prithvi Marga PCC 5 0.632 493 Other Road Netra Jyoti Marga Gravel 4 0.633 494 Other Road Bal Jyoti School Marga Gravel 3 0.641 495 Other Road Gravel 3 0.644 496 Other Road Jana Marga Earthen 2.5 0.653 497 Cart Track Triveni Marga-2 Gravel 3 0.661 498 Other Road Ganatantrik Marga Black Top 8 0.664 499 Other Road Kalika Marga Gravel 4 0.669 500 Cart Track Chandra Marga Earthen 3 0.681 501 Other Road Piple Marga Gravel 4 0.684 502 Cart Track Pani Tanki Marga Earthen 3 0.687




503 Other Road Bhuwan Singh Marga Black Top 5 0.687 504 Cart Track Chandra Surya Marga Earthen 3 0.694 505 Cart Track Gauri Marga Earthen 4 0.699 506 Other Road Purano Makawanpur Marga Black Top 6 0.700 507 Cart Track Bhairav Kunja Marga Earthen 4 0.701 508 Main Trail Sundar Galli Earthen 2 0.702 509 Other Road Dasharath Galli Gravel 2 0.710 510 Other Road Triveni Marga-1 PCC 3 0.712 511 Cart Track Earthen 3 0.713 512 Cart Track Bhimsen Marga Gravel 3 0.727 513 Main Trail Rai Tole Marga Earthen 3 0.728 514 Other Road Sabha Hall Marga Gravel 3 0.743 515 Other Road Pratibha Marga PCC 3 0.743 516 Cart Track Dasharath Marga Earthen 3 0.743 517 Other Road Bhanu Marga Gravel 2.5 0.755 518 Other Road B.P. Marga Gravel 3 0.759 519 Cart Track Rangashala Marga Earthen 3.5 0.764 520 Other Road Ananda Bhairav Marga PCC 4 0.765 521 Main Trail Bel Danda Marga Earthen 3 0.782 522 Cart Track Pushpa Lal Marga Gravel 3 0.796 523 Other Road Ratna Kali Marga "Ka" PCC 3 0.800 524 Other Road Jholunge Pool Marga PCC 4 0.807 525 Cart Track Purano Galli Gravel 2 0.809 526 Other Road Nagarpalika Marga Black Top 6 0.841 527 Other Road Matsya Bikash Marga Gravel 4 0.844 528 Cart Track Srijana Galli Earthen 2 0.870 529 Other Road Dhaneshwar Marga Gravel 4 0.871 530 Other Road Madan Marga Gravel 4 0.898 531 Other Road Dhakal Tole Marga Gravel 4 0.898 532 Other Road Pushpa Marga PCC 4 0.929 533 Other Road Siddhartha Marga Black Top 7 0.930 534 Other Road Bypass Marga-1 Black Top 8 0.949 535 Other Road Om Marga Gravel 3 0.980 536 Other Road Sagar Marga Gravel 4 1.008 537 Other Road PCC 5.5 1.015 538 Other Road Gaurav Marga Black Top 3 1.043 539 Other Road Shanti Nagar Marga-2 Gravel 5 1.047 540 Cart Track Prithvi Marga Earthen 3 1.049 541 Other Road Krishna Mandir Marga PCC 4 1.053 542 Cart Track Karnawati Marga Earthen 2 1.062 543 Cart Track Ban Devi Galli Gravel 2 1.126 544 Cart Track Manmohan Galli Earthen 2.5 1.132 545 Other Road Black Top 6 1.144 546 Feeder Road Banaspati Marga Gravel 5 1.169 547 Other Road Cement Marga-2 PCC 5 1.228 548 Main Trail Shahid Smarak Marga Earthen 5 1.230




549 Other Road Chaughada-Hatiya Marga Black Top 11 1.231 550 Main Trail Piple Marga Earthen 2 1.242 551 Other Road Parijat Marga Black Top 4 1.244 552 Other Road Chakra Marga Black Top 5 1.255 553 Cart Track Ananda Bhairav Marga Earthen 4 1.258 554 Other Road Kanchan Marga Gravel 4 1.307 555 Other Road Adarsha Marga Gravel 4 1.327 556 Cart Track Shiva Marga Earthen 3 1.331 557 Other Road Siddhartha Marga Gravel 3 1.333 558 Other Road Shanti Marga Gravel 4 1.357 559 Other Road Siddhartha Marga Gravel 3 1.406 560 Other Road Saraswati Marga Gravel 4 1.447 561 Other Road Bhairav Marga Black Top 4 1.482 562 Other Road Jagaran Marga Gravel 4 1.543 563 Other Road Shahid Smarak Marga Black Top 4 1.563 564 Other Road Ship Bikash Marga Gravel 3 1.590 565 Other Road Bhakti Marga Gravel 3 1.606 566 Main Trail Ratna Kali Marga "Kha" Earthen 4 1.646 567 Cart Track Madan Marga Gravel 3 1.661 568 Other Road Karnawati Marga Gravel 3 1.751 569 Other Road Manakamana Marga Earthen 4 1.786 570 Other Road Chakra Marga Black Top 6 1.855 571 Other Road Simana Marga Earthen 6 1.925 572 Main Trail Lakhan Marga Earthen 3 2.121 573 Main Trail Health Post Marga Earthen 3 2.130 574 Other Road Hetauda-Hatiya Marga Gravel 6 2.140 575 Other Road Simana Marga Earthen 6 2.428 576 Other Road Black Top 6 3.156 577 Main Trail Simsar Marga Earthen 3 3.529 578 Other Road Farline Marga Gravel 4 5.084



6.8 Priorition of Trail Bridge 6.8.1 Prioritization of Trail Bridges for New Construction Prioritized list of Trail Bridges for new construction is given in Table 6.8. Table 6.8 : Priority List of Trail Bridge for New Construction

SN Name of Bridge Left bank Right bank Name of river/khola

Span (m) Tentative

Ongoing Projects

1 Bagmati Khola Trail Bridge Lalitpur Betini Bagmati

2 Rapti Khola Trail Bridge Bahinse Bhainse Rapti

3 Palung Khola Trail Bridge Tribeni Palung

4 Betini Belbas Trail Bridge Betini 5 Phaparbari-7 Sungure

5 Baikuntha Khola Trail Bridge Dandakharka-4 Dandakharka- 5 Baikuntha

6 Kewati Khola Trail Bridge Kankada-7, Sangraul Kankada-1 Kewati

7 Panchakanya Trail Bridge Kogate -8 Kogate-8

8 Raute Khola Trail Bridge Gogane Raute

9 Kumaltar, Ratmate Trail Bridge

Namtar

10 Thadi Khola Trail Bridge Phaparbari

New Projects

11 Bhadaure Trail Bridge Chhatiwan -6 Chhatiwan-7 Bhadaure

12 Lodar Khola Trail Bridge Shikharpur-8 Thingan-2 Lodar

13 Tapkebid Trail Bridge Kalikatar-2 Kalikatar-5

14 Kali Khola Trail Bridge Kalikatar-1 Bharta-2 Kali Khola

15 Manahari Khola Trail Bridge Namtar-1 Namtar-1 Manahari

16 Dantar, Kandewa, Thade, Trail Bridge

Khairang

17 Rewat Khola Trail Bridge Kankada-8 Kankada-6 Rewat

18 Ruboltarling Trail Bridge Khairang-8 Khairang-5 Sukel

19 Tribeni Dovan Trail Bridge Gogane-3 Gogane-9

20 Khahare Khola Trail Bridge Bhimphendi-5 Bhimphendi-6

21 Handi Khola Trail Bridge Agra-1 Agra-8 Handi Khola

22 Manahari Khola Trail Bridge Sarikhet-5 Manahari-8 Manahari

23 Musle Trail Bridge Manahari-9 Raksirang-8

24 Panitata Trail Bridge Chitlang-3 Chitlang-5

25 Chiuri Bagaicha, Sadikuna Trail Bridge

Nibuwatar-4 Nibuwatar-8



6.8.2 Prioritization of Trail Bridge for Major Maintenance Prioritized list of Trail Bridges for major maintenance is given in Table 6.9

Table 6.9 : Prioritized List of Trail Bridge for Major Maintenance

SN Name of Bridge Left bank Right bank Name of River/ khola Span (m)

1 Rapti Nadi Trail Bridge Padam Pokhari Basamadi Rapti 256.8

2 Kalikatar Trail Bridge Bharta Bharta Kali Khola

3 Rapti Suping Trail Bridge Suping Nibuwatar Rapti Khola 62.0

4 Sinchai Trail Bridge Namtar Namtar Manahari Khola

5 Chiwbas Trail Bridge Sisneri Sisneri Kulekhani Khola 88.3

6 Ghyampedaha Trail Bridge Pyutar Manthali Kaileni Khola D/126.81


8 Handi Khola Trail Bridge Handi Khola Basamadi Rapti 243.0 9 Yadu Khola Trail Bridge Raksiran Bharta Yado Khola


11 Pangthali Trail Bridge Kakada Manahari Panthali Khola


13 Kamalmatta Trail Bridge Basamadi Bhaise Rapti Khola

14 Seti Devi Trail Bridge Dandakharka Dandakharka Changdhunga Khola

120.0

15 Dandunge Trail Bridge Bhimphedi Bhimphedi Jyamire Khola

16 Agra Khola Trail Bridge Agra Agra Agra Khola 70.4

17 Markhu Trail Bridge Markhu Markhu Palung Khola


Ipa Panchakanya




CHAPTER VII: FIRST FIVE-YEAR DISTRICT TRANSPORT MASTER PLAN

7.1 First Five-Year District Transport Master Plan

District transport prospective plan (DTPP) as discussed in the previous chapter covers a wider period, generally 20 years of implementation requiring significant financial input. Based upon the prioritized transport linkages and the projected financial plan, first five year-year District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) indicating the year-wise target has been prepared. Various categories of interventions such as new construction, maintenance and upgrading/rehabilitation for roads including the trail bridges have been prepared and presented in this report.

7.2 Five Year Projected Financial Plan Major sources of funding to rural road network development are mainly the DDC development grant, VDC allocation, DDC's and VDC's own resources, DoLIDAR support, GON’s grant and support from other donor agencies. While preparing the financial plan, current available financial resources and the existing trend of funding from various agencies was identified and this is then projected for the next five years to prepare the First Five-year Financial Plan as presented in table 7.1.

Table 7.1 Possible Funding (Roads) for Coming Five Years Budget (NRs ‘000)

Source of Budget Fiscal Year

069/70 070/71 071/72 072/73 073/074 DDC Block Grant 10,250.00 11,275.00 12,402.50 13,642.75 15,007.03 DDC capital Grant 16,350.00 17,985.00 19,783.50 21,761.85 23,938.04 VDC Fund 34,400.00 37,840.00 41,624.00 45,786.40 50,365.04 Local Transportation Infrastructure Sectoral Program 8,000.00 8,800.00 9,680.00 10,648.00 11,712.80

Rural Community Infrastructure Works (RCIW) 10,000.00 11,000.00 12,100.00 13,310.00 14,641.00

Rural Access Improvrment and Decentralization Proramme (RAIDP)

72,399.00 79,638.90

Road Board Nepal 2,700.00 2,970.00 3,267.00 3,593.70 3,953.07 Sub- Total 154,099.00 169,508.90 98,857.00 108,742.70 119,616.97

People's Participation (20%) 30,819.80 33,901.78 19,771.40 21,748.54 23,923.39

Total 184,918.80 203,410.68 118,628.40 130,491.24 143,540.36 Grand Total 780,989.48

7.3 Sharing of Budget After a through study and also the consultation with related rural roads implementation authorities, the annual budget available for the development of transportation sector in the district is proposed to be shared for various interventions for new construction (30%), upgrading/rehabilitation (60%) and maintenance (10%) of roads and trail bridges which is further divided into district road and village/agriculture road. As per prevailing situation of the district, the sharing of fund will be done as per the chart given below:



Sharing of Budget

Total Annual Budget ( Road) (NRs.'000)

780989 100%

New Construction Rehabilitation/Upgrading Maintenance

30 60 10

% % %

234297 468594 78099

District Road A

District Road B Trail Bridge District

Road A District Road B Trail Bridge

District Road A

District Road B Trail Bridge

55 35 10 60 40 0 55 40 5

% % % % % % % % %

128,863.26 82,003.90 23,429.68 281,156.21 187,437.48 - 42,954.42 31,239.58 3,904.95



7.4 Year- Wise Sharing of Budget Table 7.2: Year- Wise Sharing of Budget

S.N. Fiscal Year

Total Budget (NRs.)

Total Budget ( NRs. in '000) & Percentage for New, Rehabilitation & Maintenance

Total % New Construction Rehabilitation/Upgrading Maintenance

Amount % Amount % Amount %

1 069/70 184919 55476 30 110951 60 18492 10 100 2 070/71 203411 61023 30 122046 60 20341 10 100 3 071/72 118628 35589 30 71177 60 11863 10 100 4 072/73 130491 39147 30 78295 60 13049 10 100 5 073/74 143540 43062 30 86124 60 14354 10 100 Total 780989 234297 468594 78099 100

7.5 Year-Wise Targets Table 7.3: Year-Wise Targets

Fiscal Year

Road Category Trail Bridge

District Road A Km District Road B Km

New

C

onst

ruct

ion

Reh

abili

tatio

n/U

pgra

ding

Mai

nten

ance

New

C

onst

ruct

ion

Reh

abili

tatio

n/

Upg

radi

ng

Mai

nten

ance

New

C

onst

ruct

ion

Reh

abili

tatio

n/

Upg

radi

ng

Mai

nten

ance

069/70 7.63 22.19 169.51 4.85 14.79 123.28 123.28

184.92

070/71 8.39 24.41 186.46 5.34 16.27 135.61 135.61

203.41

071/72 4.89 14.24 108.74 3.11 9.49 79.09 79.09

118.63

072/73 5.38 15.66 119.62 3.43 10.44 86.99 86.99

130.49

073/74 5.92 17.22 131.58 3.77 11.48 95.69 95.69

143.54

Total (km)/no 32.22 93.72 715.91 20.50 62.48 520.66 520.66 0.00 780.99 Grand Total

(km)/m 841.84 603.64 1301.65



Table 7.4: Year-Wise Physical Targets for New Construction

SN Class of

Transport Linkage

New Construction Budget ' 000

2069/70 2070/71 2071/72 2072/73 2073/74 Total

Budget km Budget km Budget km Budget km Budget km Budget km

1 District A Road 30512 8 33563 8 19574 5 21531 5 23684 6 128863 32

2 District road B 19416 5 21358 5 12456 3 13702 3 15072 4 82004 21

3 Trail Bridge 5548 123 6102 136 3559 79 3915 87 4306 96 23430 521

Table 7.5: Year-Wise Physical Targets for Upgrading/Rehabilitation

SN Class of

Transport Linkage

Rehabilitation/Upgrading Budget ' 000 2069/70 2070/71 2071/72 2072/73 2073/74 Total


1 District A Road 66571 22 73228 24 42706 14 46977 16 51675 17 281156 94

2 District Road B 44381 15 48819 16 28471 9 31318 10 34450 11 187437 62

3 Trail Bridge 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table 7.6: Year-Wise Physical Targets for Maintenance

SN Class of

Transport Linkage

Maintenance Budget ' 000 2069/70 2070/71 2071/72 2072/73 2073/74 Total


1 District A Road 10171 170 11188 186 6525 109 7177 120 7895 132 42954 716

2 District road B 7397 123 8136 136 4745 79 5220 87 5742 96 31240 521

3 Trail Bridge 925 185 1017 203 593 119 652 130 718 144 3905 781

7.6 Prioritized Transport Linkages for the First Five Year Plan (DTMP) In the previous chapter, all the rural roads in the district have been prioritized on the basis of pre set indicators and the scoring system assigned to each of them and a detailed DTPP been prepared. In the first five year plan (DTMP), different catagories of roads for various interventions have further been prioritized in relation to the resources available in the district. Priritized list of the roads with their year wise target (physical and financial) is presented in the following sub-sections:



7.6.1 Prioritized District Roads ‘A’ for the First Five Year Plan (DTMP) Table 7.7: Prioritized District Road ‘A’ for New Linkage

S.N. Code Name of Road

Tota

l Len

gth

(km

)

Targ

eted

Len

gth

of R

oad

for N

ew

Con

stru

ctio

n

km

2069/70 2070/71 2071/72 2072/73 2073/74 Total

Sour

ce o

f Fu

ndin

g

Bud

get N

rs

in '0

00

km

Bud

get N

rs

in '0

00

km

Bud

get N

rs

in '0

00

km

Bud

get N

rs

in '0

00

km

Bud

get N

rs

in '0

00

km

Bud

get N

rs

in '0

00

km

1 31A002R Gairigaon-Dadakharka-Bharta-Manahari

50.00 33.00 28000 7 16000 4 12000 3 12000 3 20000 5 88000 22

2 31A003R Bastipur-Ratmate-Phurkechaur 28.00 14.00 16000 4 8000 2 8000 2 8000 2 40000 10

Required budget and targeted length (km) 78.00 47.00 28000 7 32000 8 20000 5 20000 5 28000 7 128000 32

Table 7.8: Prioritized District Road ‘A’ for Upgrading


Tota

l Len

gth

(km

)

Targ

eted

Len

gth

of R

oad

for

Upd

radi

ng

km 2069/70 2070/71 2071/72 2072/73 2073/74 Total

Sour

ce o

f Fu

ndin

g

Bud

get N

rs in

'0

00

km

Bud

get N

rs in

'0

00

km

Bud

get N

rs in

'0

00

km

Bud

get N

rs in

'0

00

km

Bud

get N

rs in

'0

00

km

Bud

get N

rs in

'0

00

km

1 31A001R

Pasupatinagar-Padamapokhari-Handikhola-Rajaiya

18.10 18.10 30000 10 24300 8.1 54300 18.10

2 31A002R Gairigaon-Dadakharka-Bharta-Manahari

50.00 17.00 21000 7 21000 7.0 9000 3 51000 17.00

3 31A003R Bastipur-Ratmate-Phurkechaur

28.00 11.00 15000 5 15000 5.0 3000 1 33000 11.00

4 31A004R Kulekhani-Sisneri-Chhaimale

19.00 19.00 12000 4.0 12000 4 18000 6 15000 5 57000 19.00




Tota

l Len

gth

(km

)

Targ

eted

Len

gth

of R

oad

for

Upd

radi

ng

km 2069/70 2070/71 2071/72 2072/73 2073/74 Total

Sour

ce o

f Fu

ndin

g

Bud

get N

rs in

'0

00

km

Bud

get N

rs in

'0

00

km

Bud

get N

rs in

'0

00

km

Bud

get N

rs in

'0

00

km

Bud

get N

rs in

'0

00

km

Bud

get N

rs in

'0

00

km

5 31A005R Daman-Dandabas-Baikuntha

32.50 32.50 18000 6 30000 10 39000 13 87000 29.00

Required budget and targeted length (km) 147.60 97.60 66000 22 72300 24.1 42000 14 48000 16 54000 18 282300 94.10

7.6.2 Prioritized District Roads ‘B’ for the First Five Year Plan (DTMP) Table 7.9: Prioritized District Road ‘B’ for New Linkage

S.N. Code Name of Road To

tal L

engt

h (k

m)

Targ

eted

Len

gth

of R

oad

for N

ew

Con

stru

ctio

n k

m

2069/70 2070/71 2071/72 2072/73 2073/74 Total

Sour

ce o

f Fu

ndin

g

Bud

get N

rs in

'0

00

km

Bud

get N

rs in

'0

00

km

Bud

get N

rs in

'0

00

km

Bud

get N

rs in

'0

00

km

Bud

get N

rs in

'0

00

km

Bud

get N

rs in

'0

00

km

1 31B024R Manahari-Kutsing-Chainpur 10.00 10.00 8000 2 8000 2 12000 3 12000 3 40000 10

2 31B001R Pangdure-Tinbhangale-Raigaon 27.00 15.00 12000 3 12000 3 18000 4.5 42000 11

Required budget and targeted length (km) 37.00 25.00 20000 5 20000 5 12000 3.00 12000 3 18000 5 82000 21



Table 7.10: Prioritized District Road ‘B’ for Upgrading


Tota

l Len

gth

(km

)

Targ

eted

Len

gth

of R

oad

for

Upd

radi

ng

km

2069/70 2070/71 2071/72 2072/73 2073/74 Total

Sour

ce o

f Fu

ndin

g

Bud

get N

rs

in '0

00

km

Bud

get N

rs

in '0

00

km

Bud

get N

rs

in '0

00

km

Bud

get N

rs

in '0

00

km

Bud

get N

rs

in '0

00

km

Bud

get N

rs

in '0

00

km

1 31B001R Pangdure-Tinbhangale-Raigaon 27.00 12.00 21000 7 15000 5 36000 12.00

2 31B002R Hattisude-Shikharpur-Phaparbari 18.00 18.00 18000 6 18000 6 18000 6 54000 18.00

3 31B003R Damgade - Mahadebeshi 15.00 13.00 6000 2 15000 5 12000 4 6000 2 39000 13.00

4 31B004R Golmoth-Phaparbari-Deurali 10.00 10.00 15000 5 15000 5 30000 10.00

5 31B005R Phaparbari-Betini -Andheri 10.50 9.00 9000 3 18000 6 27000 9.00

Required Budget and targeted length (km) 80.50 62.00 45000 15 48000 16 30000 10 30000 10 33000 11 186000 62.00



7.7 Prioritity List of Trail Bridge for the First Five Year Plan (DTMP) Table 7.11: Priority Trail Bridges for New Construction for Five Years (DTMP)

SN Name of Bridge Left bank Right bank Name of river/khola

Span (m) Tentative

1 Bagmati Khola Trail Bridge Lalitpur Betini Bagmati

2 Rapti Khola Trail Bridge Bahinse Bhainse Rapti

3 Palung Khola Trail Bridge Tribeni Palung

4 Betini Belbas Trail Bridge Betini 5 Phaparbari-7 Sungure

5 Baikuntha Khola Trail Bridge Dandakharka-4 Dandakharka- 5 Baikuntha

6 Kewati Khola Trail Bridge Kankada-7, Sangraul Kankada-1 Kewati

7 Panchakanya Trail Bridge Kogate -8 Kogate-8

8 Raute Khola Trail Bridge Gogane Raute

9 Kumaltar, Ratmate Trail Bridge

Namtar

10 Thadi Khola Trail Bridge Phaparbari

11 Bhadaure Trail Bridge Chhatiwan -6 Chhatiwan-7 Bhadaure

12 Lodar Khola Trail Bridge Shikharpur-8 Thingan-2 Lodar

13 Tapkebid Trail Bridge Kalikatar-2 Kalikatar-5

14 Kali Khola Trail Bridge Kalikatar-1 Bharta-2 Kali Khola

15 Manahari Khola Trail Bridge Namtar-1 Namtar-1 Manahari

16 Dantar, Kandewa, Thade, Trail Bridge

Khairang

17 Rewat Khola Trail Bridge Kankada-8 Kankada-6 Rewat

18 Ruboltarling Trail Bridge Khairang-8 Khairang-5 Sukel

19 Tribeni Dovan Trail Bridge Gogane-3 Gogane-9

20 Khahare Khola Trail Bridge Bhimphendi-5 Bhimphendi-6

21 Handi Khola Trail Bridge Agra-1 Agra-8 Handi Khola

22 Manahari Khola Trail Bridge Sarikhet-5 Manahari-8 Manahari

23 Musle Trail Bridge Manahari-9 Raksirang-8

24 Panitata Trail Bridge Chitlang-3 Chitlang-5

25 Chiuri Bagaicha, Sadikuna Trail Bridge

Nibuwatar-4 Nibuwatar-8

Table 7.12: Priority of Trail Bridges for Major Maintenance for Five Years (DTMP)


1 Rapti Nadi Trail Bridge Padam Pokhari Basamadi Rapti 256.8 2 Kalikatar Trail Bridge Bharta Bharta Kali Khola

3 Rapti Suping Trail Bridge Suping Nibuwatar Rapti Khola 62.0 4 Sinchai Trail Bridge Namtar Namtar Manahari Khola

5 Chiwbas Trail Bridge Sisneri Sisneri Kulekhani Khola 88.3

6 Ghyampedaha Trail Bridge Pyutar Manthali Kaileni Khola D/126.81





8 Handi Khola Trail Bridge Handi Khola Basamadi Rapti 243.0

9 Yadu Khola Trail Bridge Raksiran Bharta Yado Khola


11 Pangthali Trail Bridge Kakada Manahari Panthali Khola


13 Kamalmatta Trail Bridge Basamadi Bhaise Rapti Khola

14 Seti Devi Trail Bridge Dandakharka Dandakharka Changdhunga Khola

120.0

15 Dandunge Trail Bridge Bhimphedi Bhimphedi Jyamire Khola

16 Agra Khola Trail Bridge Agra Agra Agra Khola 70.4

17 Markhu Trail Bridge Markhu Markhu Palung Khola


Ipa Panchakanya




CHAPTER VIII: CONCLUSION

8.1 Conclusion Road transportation is most crucial for socio-economic development of district. DDC should give more emphasis on resource collection and its efficient mobilization. This DTMP will guide for this purpose too. The DTMP is the result of studies considering socio-economic, environmental analysis and potentiality of various sectors as well as the accessibility to transport facilities in the district, which will draw the future scenario of the district rural road development and consequently the overall development of the district. DTMP focuses on existing transportation situation, expected future road network accessibility and socio-economic benefits. It provides directives on utilization of the local resources by local institutions as well as other development agencies in line with the decentralization and local self-government act. In addition, it will provide Government and other donor agencies a rational basis on which to decide future investments efficiently that will improve district transport accessibility situation.

The proposed interventions are reflection of the requirement of DDC to improve accessibility of people on goods and services and plan on current trend of financial resource availability. The study is only concerned within the district boundary, but due consideration is also given to the nearest road head and the inter district linkages as well. National Strategic Roads / Feeder Roads are not included in DTMP. However, their linkages with the local local roads network have been fully considered in its preparation.

Upgrading of road linking district headquarters with national strategic road is major concern of Makawanpur district. Rational planning and proper implementation are two sides of coin. Negligence in one part will make other less effective. DDC is strongly recommended to improve the current practices of ad-hoc investment in roads on short term consideration.

It is strongly recommended that every local institution, especially DDC shall strictly follow the approved DTMP, particularly in the Perspective Plan of District Road Network in deciding the sub-projects to be undertaken for future development even beyond the planned period. Strong commitment from all stakeholders is necessary for its implementation. It is also suggested that the DTMP shall be revised at the end of every fifth year, evaluating the outcome of previous planning and implementation. If the development potentials of the district change tremendiously, DDC should go ahead with adequate and necessary revisions/amendment in the prevailing DTMP.


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