Final R 2 Secondary Units 1-18

7/31/2019 Final R 2 Secondary Units 1-18

1/153

1

Final revision 2nd secondaryUnits 1,2and 3

Important vocab.

air conditioning train (v.) (n.) /bargain (n) //

surf the internet(v)

broadbandconnection(n)

traditional(adj.)

cash(n) (v) /()

activity(n)

cheque(n) attract(v)civil engineer (n.) operation (n.)

commentary (n) explanation (n)complain(v) survey(n) /

cost (n) (v) / charitable(adj.)count (v.) transplant centre (n.)

credit card(n) account(n)debit card(n) catalogue(n)delegation(n.) qualify(v.) /

diplomat (n) imaginative (adj.)

giant (n) neighbouring (adj.)grandchildren (n.) surgeon (n.)interestingly(adv.) growth(n) /make fun of (v)online shopping(n) user-friendly(adj.)

politician (n) politics (n)

publish (v) () represent (v)research (n.) heart transplant (n.)retire (v.) retirement age (n.)ridiculous (adj.) steal (v)tie (v) / ties (n.) / voyage (n)


2/153

2

Make or Do?make friends do an operation

make sure do a jobmake contributions do workmake sense do the shoppingmake a decision / do the homeworkmake a difference to /

do wrong

make a mistake do goodmake parts of cars do harm

make a fire do the washing upmake a suggestion do the cleaningmake a promise do the sweepingmake achievements do a favourmake peace do a project

()

make war do researchmake lunch/dinner / do withoutmake the bed do (his) hairmake up (his) mind do

something/nothing

()

make a noise do the cooking

Prepositions:apply for (a job/a visa)

(/)apply to (a company)

()apply in person apply in writing

look up (

)

interested in

adapt to / study at (school)under the leadershipof

find out

at the age of benefit fromcause of reason forplay a part in play a role inchildren with heartproblems

good at = clever at

have experience in see offgood for from all over the world


3/153

3

report on at the weekend

match with .. run awayfight against interested infamous for laugh at

connect to fall off a bike

fall to the ground work in politicsa favourite of find out aboutdifferent from a storm at seaon the island frightened ofstop from .. tie to ..argue about argue forbelong to speak for

available for a commentary onopinion on/about pleased withupset about at that time

attach with string .. consist ofexcited about log onto the internet

pass from to .. by road

pay for order by phonebuy for someone .. at the cheapest price

complain to someone trade withcomplain aboutsomething

put money into anaccount

get to advantage to / ofthank for over the yearsorder from the internet worry about

increase in be based ondecrease in pay in cashgrowth in pay by credit card

pay by cheque look for = search fordiscount on at the cinemaat the weekend communicate withset up a business


4/153

4

Expressing opinions with reasons:I think /believebecause

I think he will pass the exam because he studies hard.

In my opinion /viewas

In my opinion, we should use cars less as they pollutethe air

If you ask me, so

that .

If you ask me, he should study harder so that he can

pass the test.

Asking for information and giving information

Asking for information RepliesExcuse me, could I ask you somequestions about?

Yes, of course.

Could you tell me? Yes, that's fine. Yes,

certainly.Can you say why / why not? I'd rather not answer thatquestion.

Thank you for your time. You're welcome.

:

deathdeadly / deaddieddie

livinglively / lifealivelive (adj.):

have a shower miss the train (bus, plane)

get upset she was third in the race

catch the train (bus, plane) earn (his) living

answer the phone / door win / lose the war /

SScciieennccee ffiiccttiioonn nnoovveellss

*have:** hhaavvee aa mmeeeettiinngg hhaavvee aa bbaatthh

hh

aa

vv

ee

aa

ss

hh

oo

ww

ee

rr

hh

aa

vv

ee

aa

nn

ee

xx

aa

mm

hhaavvee aa mmeeaall hhaavvee aa ppaarrttyy


5/153


6/153


7/153

7

** arrive (I) Your letter arrived yesterday. She was the last to arrive.** arrive in (Cairo, London, Italy) // //

We arrived inNew Yorkat 6 p.m.

** arrive at (school / the station/ the airport) We arrived atschoolearly.

** reach (T) + We reachedNew Yorkat 6 p.m. ** reach a decision /a conclusion

They were unable to reacha decision.

GGiivvee aa rriinngg== pphhoonnee

homeGGoo // rreettuurrnn // aarrrriivvee hhoommee

IImmaaggiinnee ++ vv++ iinngg iimmaaggiinnee tthhaatt ++

II ccaann''ttiimmaaggiinnee lliivviinngg oonn tthhee mmoooonn..

II ccaann''ttiimmaaggiinnee tthhaatt hhee wwiillll ppaassss tthhee tteesstt..

LLiisstteenn ttoo HHeeaarr

HHeelliisstteenneedd ttoo tthhee nneewwss oonn tthhee rraaddiioo..SShheehheeaarrdd ssoommee nnooiissee oouuttssiiddee..RRaaiissee yyoouurr vvooiiccee,, pplleeaassee.. II ccaann''tthheeaarr yyoouu..

HHeeaarr ooff // aabboouutt

hheeaarr ffrroomm ( ())

in33 mmeettrreess iinn hheeiigghhtt 55 iinncchheess iinn lleennggtthh 55 cceennttiimmeettrreess iinn ddeepptthh

33 mmeettrreess hhiigghh 55 iinncchheess lloonngg 55 cceennttiimmeettrreess ddeeeepp

NNoonnee ++

AAlltthhoouugghh II rreeaadd mmaannyy bbooookkss,, nnoonnee ((ooff tthheemm)) wweerree aass uusseeffuull aass tthhee oonnee IIbboorrrroowweedd ffrroomm yyoouu..

take

IIttttooookk mmee ttwwoo hhoouurrss ttoo ffiinniisshh tthhee hhoommeewwoorrkk..HHooww lloonngg ddooeess iittttaakkee ttoo ddoo tthhiiss jjoobb??

whose

WWhhoosseebbooookk iiss tthhaatt?? == WWhhoo ddooeess tthhaatt bbooookk bbeelloonngg ttoo??

Remember = remember about


8/153

8

Remind = make someone remember something aass ++ aaddjj.. ++ aass== tthhee ssaammee ++ nn.. ++ aass aass bbiigg aass == tthhee ssaammee ssiizzee aass aass lloonngg aass == tthhee ssaammee lleennggtthh aass

HowWhat

HHooww ++ aaddjj.. == WWhhaatt ++ nn.. HHooww oolldd?? == WWhhaatt aaggee?? HHooww ttaallll?? == WWhhaatt hheeiigghhtt?? / HHooww lloonngg?? == WWhhaatt lleennggtthh?? HHooww bbiigg?? == WWhhaatt ssiizzee?? HHooww wwiiddee?? == WWhhaatt wwiiddtthh?? HHooww ffaarr?? == WWhhaatt ddiissttaannccee?? HHooww hhiigghh?? == WWhhaatt hheeiigghhtt??

aatt tthhee eenndd ((ooff)) iinn tthhee eenndd

MMyy hhoouussee iissaatt tthhee eenndd oofftthhiissssttrreeeett..WWee wweenntt sshhooppppiinngg aanndd vviissiitteedd ssoommee ffrriieennddss..IInn tthhee eenndd,, wwee wweenntt hhoommee..

IItt ++ ((bbee)) ++ aaddjj.. ++ ttoo++ iinnff..IItt iiss ffuunnnnyy ttoo rreeaadd aabboouutt tthhee ssmmaallll ppeeooppllee ooff LLiilllliippuutt..

thenextnneexxtt wweeeekk // nneexxtt ssuummmmeerr

thenext

TThhee nneexxtt bbooookk II''mm ggooiinngg ttoo rreeaadd iiss GGuulllliivveerr''ss TTrraavveellss..

:

GGuulllliivveerr''ss TTrraavveellssiiss aa ffuunnnnyy nnoovveell.. TThhee rreeaassoonn wwhhyy ++ TThhee rreeaassoonn ffoorr ++ nn.. // VV++ iinngg

TThhee rreeaassoonn wwhhyy hhee ccaammee llaattee wwaass tthhaatt hhee mmiisssseedd tthhee bbuuss..TThhee rreeaassoonn ffoorr hhiissaabbsseenncceewwaass tthhaatt hhee wwaass iillll..

AA bbrrookkeenn wwiinnddooww aa ssttoolleenn ccaarr

AA wwrriitttteenn tteesstt aa uusseedd bbooookk:

realize /ring /book /

match /tie /

Debit card:

Credit card:

Like ----------------best/most


9/153

9

Which school subject do you like most? I like English best. between she sat between her parents. among This mountain is among the highest in the world. Do internet banking

habit () custom ()

Its my habit to get up early. *It is a custom to givepresents at Christmas.

Do/make/carry out a survey:

Raise / increase the prices Reduce / bring down the prices The prices rise / go up The prices fall / go down

Control the prices Be good value for money Be poor value for money The financial crisis

allow + obj. + to + inf. = let + inf.

He let me use the phone. (allow)He allowed me to use the phone.They do not allow anyone to smoke here.

Allow + inging:

They do not allow smoking here.

adverbs:

Interestingly / undoubtedly / unfortunately / luckily Interestingly, many people prefer to use traditional banks than online banking. Undoubtedly, he is the best person for the job.

yearThe boy is 16 years old.A 16-year-old boy

Look forward to + v-ing I look forward to visiting London.

private (opposite: public )a private school a private hospital

This is my private life. You have no right to interfere .Rather/Prefer


10/153

10

Would rather + inf. .than + inf.Id rather go to the cinema than watch TV.

Would rather + inf. +n.-------than + n. Id ratherhavecoffee than tea.Prefer + ing to ing prefer + n. to+ n.

I preferplayingto studying. I prefer teato coffee.

to+ inf.:The first / the second /the next / the last ------+to- inf.

He was the first to arriveat the party. Mr. John was the next to speakat the meeting.

Other & anotheranother + / one (= one more / a different one)

This tea is nice. Id like anothercup.He lost his job. Hes trying to find anotherone.

another + (few / number : two, three,.) The woman lived for anotherten days.Id like to stay here foranotherfewweeks.

other + / ( ) I need to discuss this with othercolleagues. There was certainly otherinformation. ()

others + v.Some people are rich; others are poor.Some writers are greater than others .

the / some / every / each / many / any / no / (two,three,..)

other: Please, John, bring the other chairs here. I love my son like any other mother does. He gave me one book and kept the other one. Steven and threeother boys went to the party.


11/153

11

Exercises

Choose the correct answer:

1- Surgeons (do/ make/ act/ bring) heart transplant operations.2- She works for a charitable organization as she believes that her work

(does/ lacks/ takes/ makes) a difference to people's lives.3- It's been more than 2 years since he (did/ made/ had/ went) that

operation. Now he's quite healthy.4- I don't think she has (did/ took/ made/ written) the right decision.5- You (had/ made/ did/ saw) me a big favour and I really appreciate it.6- She (reached/ got/ went/ arrived) in New York 2 days ago.7- If you (question/ talk/ ask/ wonder) me, he should look for another job.8- She hopes to (identify/ verify/ beautify/ qualify) as a lawyer at the end

of the year.9- He's got to have a/an (operation/ aspiration/ collaboration/

concentration) on his shoulder10- A (vet/ civil engineer/ nurse/ surgeon) is a doctor who is specially

trained to perform medical operations11- A (complementary/ documentary/ commentary/ elementary) is written

opinions about and descriptions of a subject.12- A (diplomat/ format/ doormat/ carpenter) is a person who is employed

by a government to live in another country and speak for the government.13- This (infant/ grant/ giant/ vacant) tree is 200 years old.

14- A (politician/ musician/ magician/ technician) is a person who works inpolitics.

15- A (commentator/ announcer/ reporter/ publisher) is someone whoprints something and makes it available for people to buy.

16- I can't think of an (example/ explanation/ exchange/ exercise) for theteam playing so badly.

17- His novel was (polished/ published/ crashed/ furnished) a long timeago.

18- Some people do not realize that Gulliver's Travels is a (contemporary/commentary/ diary/ revolutionary) on European politics.


12/153

12

19- When I was a child, I couldn't think of interesting ideas, so my storiesweren't very (imaginative/ negative/ protective/ relative).

20- (Accountants/ Dentists/ Clerks/ Diplomats) are meeting to discussrelations between our two countries.

21- Churchill was a famous British (electrician/ politician/ dietician/musician) who was once a prime minister.

22- A/An (adventure/ safari/ voyage/ tour) is a long journey on a ship.23- You should (lie/ tie/ try/ dye) that plant to the wall to stop it from falling

over.24- The Titanic sank on its first (expedition/ flight/ shore/ voyage) after it

hit an iceberg.25- It is always wrong to (steal/ deal/ clear/ bear) things that belong to

other people.26- Children get upset if their friends (make fun of/ make up for/ keep up

with/ put up with) them.27- Egypt and the Sudan are (considering/ neighbouring/ preserving/

retiring) countries.28- In a dictionary, the letter n (cancels/ deletes/ refers/ represents) the

word noun.29- In the past, some people believed the earth was flat. What a (true/

real/ reasonable/ ridiculous) idea!30- The police found the (caught/ stealing/ robbing/ stolen) car 50

kilometers from where it was taken.31- This coat was half-price. It was a real (bargain/ certain/ complaint/

fountain).32- When you use a (money/ debit/ post plastic) card, money leaves

your bank immediately.33- The money we carry in our pockets is called (rash/ crash/ cash/

brush).34- People who (surf/ scarf/ bark/ drop) the internet usually look for

information.35- (Leaders/ Owners/ Kids/ Adults) pay an admission charge but

children get in free.36- When you use a (credit/ benefit/ deposit/ exit)) card, you can buy

things and pay later.37- Things bought (decline/ airline -online/ offline) are things bought using

the internet.38- The postman brought new clothes (colleague/ dialoguecatastrophe

-catalogue) this morning. It has more than a 1000 pages and is very heavy.


13/153

13

39- If you have a (expand/ broadband/ beforehand/ demand) connection,you can connect to the internet very quickly.

40- My uncle has had a bank (account/ discount/ amount/ recount) sincehe was 18 and he has now saved a lot of money.

41- Companies have interesting websites to try (distract/ attack/ restrict/attract) customers.

42- Many people prefer the (emotional/ multinational -traditional/professional) way of buying things from shops and markets.

43- Online (backing/ barking/ parking/ banking) is now very common.44- I can't send e-mails because there is a problem with my internet

(connection/ infection/ correction/ direction).45- There has been a real (length/ strength/ growth/ depth) in the number

of people with broadband.46- One day, I'd like to work for a (commodity -curiosity/ density/ charity)

organization.47- (Interest/ Interested/ Interestingly/ Interests), many people use the

internet for different purposes.48- Lots of people have (gained/ complained/ maintained/ retained) about

the noise.49- When you buy a new computer, you usually get software included at

no extra (cost/ wages/ salary/ fare).50- This is a (user-friendly /friendly user / use friendly/ friendly use)

printer. It's very simple for people to use.

Find the mistakes in each of the following sentences:

1- What do your do?/ I'm reading a story.2- The better thing about this job is that it is well-paid.3- She felt ashamed because she did a silly mistake.4- Dr. Magdy Yacoub made many heart transplant operations.5- She helped me doing the job.6- Egypt sent a trade allegation to the conference.7- Policemen usually wear a platform.8- He had a kidney transport last year.

9- The normal requirement age in Egypt is 60.10- She is interested on reading newspapers.


14/153

14

11- The complimentary on the Olympic Games was much better onthe other channel.

12- A carpenter represents one country in another.13- Could you give me a quick exploration of how this machine

works?14- This designer always comes up with new ideas. He is very

imaginary.15- They chose a famous lawyer to present them in court.16- He was driving with one hand and waving with the another.17- She was the last student arrives at school.18- The government gives private care to setting up new projects.19- I look forward to see that play.20- She allowed me using her computer.21- I need to draw some money out of my discount.22- The government is trying to contract more tourists to visit Egypt.23- Many people in Egypt still wear conditional clothes.24- He couldn't decide which one he liked good.25- The information in this report is based on a spray completed by

2000 students.

Grammar

The Present Simple Tense

:Nurses look after patients in hospitals. Birds fly.

:Water is a renewable form of energy.


15/153

15

:I have a bath every other day. I prefer coffee to tea.

:How do I get to the station? You go straight on, then you turn left.

she / she / it:

want wants hate hates(adverbs of frequency)ToBe.:

never / rarely = seldom / not often / sometimes = occasionally /often= frequently /usually / always

I alwaystry to save energy. She'soften late for work.adverbs of time

We watch TV every night. Every night we watch TV.

do: He does his homework once a week. How often does he do his

homework?don't / doesn't:

He studies hard. He doesn't study hard.:

ever / generally / / nowadays / on Mondays, on Tuesdays / twice ayear / every week , day, year, summer..

Do you ever go to school on Friday? She frequently visits thePyramids.

do / does:Do you speak English?Does she play tennis?

Present Continuous Tense

:Am/ is / are + v.+ing

:

now/at the moment / look! / Listen! / at presentShe is writing a letter now.


16/153

16

I am reading an interesting book at the moment.:

love like hate preferwant need deserve supposemean understan

d

believe remembe

rcontain consist know belongsee hear smell tasterecogni

zerealize surprise astonish

seem possess own dependconcern / matter lack oweweigh

measure agree

am / is / are + being + PP.

Somebody is cleaning the room. =The room is being cleaned.:

Is she doing the homework now?Are they painting the house at the moment?

eingee:invite inviting write writing

dye:She is dyeing her hair.

ing:

hit hitting sit sitting dig digging run running

They are digging a well at the moment.ing::prefer preferring refer referring begin beginning

Past Simple Tense

:


17/153

17

1-: I went to Cairo last week.

The Chinese invented printing centuries ago.2-:

Sam walked down the road to the block of flats on the corner. He wentthrough the door and

pressedthe button for the lift. He

wentup to ..

3-: When I was young, we lived in Alex.

eded:help helped live lived

:last (year, night, week, month / summer) / ago / yesterday / in

ancient times / once upon a time / the other day, year (= a few days,

years ago)/ in 2000 / in the pastHow many symphonies did Beethoven compose? (

)Did you see Peter at lunch time? I didnt know him then. ()

diddidnt:

Did it rain? It didnt rain. Did you go out last night, Tom? Yes, I went to the cinema, but I didnt enjoy the film.

To Be:was / were Why were you so angry? Tom wasnt at work yesterday

:Was / were + PPHe wrote the letter a few days ago. The letter was written a few

days ago.


18/153

18

Past Continuous Tense

:

Was / Were + V-ingpast continuous:

1-: Between six and half past six this morning, I was having breakfast.

2-: I was having a shower when the phone rang.

3-: I was studying Chemistry when I met Jane. He was doing research when they arrested him.

:While / when / As / Just as

While (When) we were doing the homework, it started to rain.

wwhheenn:: We were doing the homework when it started to rain.

wwhhiillee:: While I was studying, my father was reading.

wwhheenn:: When he arrived , he found the door locked.

OOnnwwhheenn:: VV++ iinngg When he arrived , he foundthe door locked. (On )On arriving, he found the door locked.

dduurriinnggwwhhiilleennoouunn // VV++ iinngg:: While he was playing the game,

he got hurt. (during)

During the game, he got hurt. He got hurt during the game.

aanndd: : He was writinga letter and listeningto some music. She hasfinishedwork and gonehome.

ttoo BBee: : While I was at school, I worked to a plan.


19/153

19

The Present Perfect Tense:

Have / Has + PP.

He hasjustbought a new car. * They havealreadydone theshopping.

:1-:

My car has broken down. = I have to go to work by bus.

2-: I have done this job for many years. = I still do this job.

BUT I lived in Cairo formany years. = I live somewhere elsenow. ()

:already / just / ever / never / yet / since / for / lately / recently / so far /

up till now

:Its/This is the first (second) time..

Its(This) is the only In the last few years/months Inrecent years

over the ages / over the years / over the centuries //

Its the first time I have been to this place.This is the onlyplay I have seen. Egypt has made great progress in the last few years.

eevveerr//nneevveerr//jjuusstt// aallrreeaaddyyhhaavvee//hhaass:: PPPP.. I havejustwritten the letter.eevveerrnneevveerr::

Have you ever travelled by plane? No, I havenever travelled byplane.

Just = a short time ago/ a minute/ a moment ago

They left the building a minute ago. (just) * = They havejust leftthe building.

ssiinnccee // ffoorrSince +


20/153

20

Since last week / last summer / 1999 / five oclock / October / thismorning / yesterday / then / Monday / breakfast

For +

For a week / the last week / a year / five hours / three months / two

days / a long time I havent cleaned the house fora week. She hasnt phoned us

sinceOctober.

ssiinnccee::ssiinncceeppaasstt ssiimmppllee

:: I havent seen her sinceshe graduated.

aaggoossiinnccee:: I haven't seen him sincethree years ago.

aaggooppaasstt ssiimmppllee:: I saw him three years ago.

Last / The last time / ago + past simple

ssiinnccee // ffoorr:: I lasthad my hair cut when I was in Cairo. (since) = I havent had my

hair cut sinceI was in Cairo. The last time I met Jennie was in 2000. (since / for )= I havent met Jennie since2000. = I havent met Jennie for9 years.= I haven't met Jennie since9 years ago.

The last time I played chess was six years ago. (since/for)= I havent played chess since2003. = I havent played chess forsix

years.= I haven't played chess sincesix years ago.

aaggooffoorrssttaarrtteedd ttoo // bbeeggaann ttoo ++ iinnff.: He has learnt English for six years.(ago)* He began / started tolearn English six years ago.

ssiinncceeffoorr:

IIttss ++ ++ ssiinnccee ++ ++ ++ llaasstt ++

He hasnt visited his uncle fora long time.(since) *Its a long timesince he lastvisited his uncle.

eevveerrnneevveerr: :


21/153

21

I haveneverdonesuch a tiring job. (This is) * = This is the mosttiring job I haveeverdone.

nneevveerreevveerrssuucchh ((aa//aann)) aaddjj.. ++ nn..:: This is the worst luck I haveeverhad. (never) * = I have neverhad

such bad luck.

yyeett I havent finished my homework yet.yyeettssttiillll: :

He is still writing the report. (yet)He hasnt finished writing the report yet.

yyeettjjuusstt // aallrreeaaddyy:: He hasjustarrived. He hasnt arrivedyet.

had + PP.:

After / When / As soon as / +

() till / untilBefore / By the time +

No sooner thanHardly / scarcely when

After I had done the shopping, I visited a friend.As soon as I had known he was ill, I visited him.I didn't know about the competition until I had read the papers.Before he cleaned the room, he had seen the film.By the time my friend arrived, I had finished my homework.No sooner had I gone out, than it started to rain

Hurry up! We are all waiting for you.Be quiet. I amstudying my lessons.


22/153

22

:Between 9 and 11 p.m. yesterday, he was watching TV.

: I spent all my childhoodin Cairo.

:

What are you doing? I am reading a story. / I am studying my lessons.

What do you do? I am an engineer. / I am a dentist.

How do you do?

How do you do? / I'm pleased to meet you.

:I'm writingthis letter to tell you that I'm looking forward to hearing from you.

feel / hurt:How do you feel? / How are you feeling?My head hurts. / My head is hurting.

:

I'd rather / It is timeI'd ratheryoudidn't smoke here.It is timewewent home. It is too late.

I wish:I wish I had a computer. = I don't have a computer now.

If:If he had enough money, he would travel abroad.

:

When I woke up, my father left. = He left at the moment I woke up.When I woke up, my father had left. = He left before I woke up.

I saw my cousin again last year. I thought he was tall. (I thought hewas tall at the time I sawhim.I saw my cousin again last year. I had thought he was tall. (I thought hewas tall before I saw him.)

Conjunctionsand: We went to the market and the zoo.


23/153

23

We went to the market. We went to the zoo. (and)Besides + v-ingBesides going to the market, we went to the zoo.

In addition to + v- ingIn addition to going to the market, we went to the zoo.

In addition +We went to the market. In addition, we went to the zoo.as well as + V-ing

As well as going to the market, we went to the zoo.

aass wweellll aass: : I am very keen on computer. My brother is very keen on computer.

I ,as well as my brother, am very keen on computer.

Ex.

We not only went to the market, but also we went to the zoo.We not only went to the market, but we went to the zoo as well.

NNoott oonnllyyNot onlydid we go to the market, but also we went to the zoo.

: :

VV++ iinnggdduuee ttoo // bbeeccaauussee ooff //tthhrroouugghh // oowwiinngg ttoo//oonn aaccccoouunntt ooff

They arrived at school late. They missed the bus. (because of)They arrived at school late because ofmissing the bus..

The match was cancelled. There was a bad storm. (because of)The match was cancelled becauseof a bad storm.

We stayed in. The weather was cold. (due to)We stayed in due to the cold weather.

We lost the match as we played badly. (owing)

Because

Since

AS +

because of

noundue to +

Through

On account of

owing to

adj.

n.

v-ing

ot only .. but also ..ot only .. but as well .....


24/153

24

We lost the match owing to bad play.We lost the match owing to playing badly.

The war was lost. The troops were badly organized. (through)The war was lost through bad organization of the troops.He couldnt come to the meeting since he was ill. (due to)He couldnt come to the meeting due to his illness.

Since/As he had no money, he couldnt buy a bike. (Because of)Because of not having any money, he ----------------.Because of having no money, he ----------------.

: :

My bicycle is broken. I'll have to walk. (so) * My bicycle is broken, so I'll

have to walk.The machine is very old. I don't expect it to work very well. (therefore)* The machine is very old, therefore I don't expect it to work very well.

iinnggnnoott::bbeeccaauusseeBBeeiinngg

He didnt go out because he was ill. (Being..)Beingill, he didnt go out.

: :

He is young. He is strong.He is young, but he is strong.= He is young, however he is strong.= Heis young. However, he is strong.

HHoowweevveerrHowever young he is, he is strong.

Although/ Though / Even thoughHe is rich. He feels unhappy.Although he is rich, he feels unhappy.

aalltthhoouugghh // tthhoouugghh // eevveenn tthhoouugghh..

HHee ffeeeellss uunnhhaappppyy

/ Thats why / Therefore / Consequently / Thus

But / However

In spite of

Despite + n. / -ing / adj.+ n.


25/153

25

Although he was poor, he felt happy. (In spite of)In spite of being poor, he felt happy.In spite of his poverty, he felt happy.

Though there was noise outside, I went to sleep immediately. (Despite)

Despite the noise outside, Iwent to sleep immediately.

The man was a criminal. He was set free. (Despite)Despite being a criminal, the man was set free.Despite the fact that the man was a criminal, he was set free.

Exercises

Choose the correct answer:1- (Are you thinking/ You are thinking/ Do you thinking/ Do you think)

people should work in their 70s or 80s?2- She's (delaying/ dying/ dyeing/ paying) her hair at the moment.3- I only (buy/ buys/ bought/ buying) my new camera last week, but I

(take already/ have already taken/ has already taken/ will already take) 300photos with it.

4- My father (work/ is worked/ working/ works) in a bank in the citycentre. He (works/ has worked/ was working/ worked) there for 15 years.

5- My company (has/ have/ had/ is having/ will have) an importantmeeting last month. A delegation (come/ came/ is coming/ would come)from their office in Japan.

6- I (am/ is/ had been/ was) so tired last night that I (fallen/ falls/ to fall/

fell) asleep while I (was watching/ watches/ have watched/ had watched) afilm on TV.

7- At the moment we (are doing/ do/ have done/ were doing) a historyproject at school. It (was/ has/ does/ is) very interesting.

8- It (does not often rain/ not often rains/ is not often raining/ will notoften rain) in Egypt. It (was/ were/ been/ is) usually hot and sunny, so weneed air conditioning in many of our buildings.

9- I first (meet/ have met/ met/ meeting) my best friend 2 years ago.

10- What (were you done/ you were doing/ do you do/ were you doing) at3 o'clock yesterday?

In spite of the fact thatDespite the fact that

+


26/153

26

11- She plays the piano (as/ as well/ well/ and) the violin.12- Not only (he has been/ has he been/ he was/ he had been) late

three times. But also she hasdone no work

13- Besides (was/ is/ are/ being) cold the place was damp.

14- He cant write to his friend (because/ because of/ as/ since) notknowing his address.

15- I had to take a taxi (as/ because of/ owing to/ due to) It wasraining heavily.

16- He was put in prison (because/ as/ since/ so) of not paying thefine.

17- Many city dwellers move to the country (for the reason that/because of/ owing to/ due to)

there is a great amount of pollution.18- Despite (to have/ having/ he has/ has he) limited vocabulary, he

speaks English fluently.19- (However/ In spite/ Although/ Despite) the cost of living here is high,

there are many advantages.20- Frank was very careful, (despite/ because/ so/ however), he lost

his money21- He felt sick (so/ because/ in order to/ unless) he ate too much22- He says he likes sport. (As/ However/ So/ In order to), he only

watches it on TV.23- He wont do any work for you (so/ although/ unless/ in order to) you

pay him.24- I continued running (because/ in order to/ unless- although) I felt

very tired.25- Shes quite healthy (as/ unless/ even though/ because) she never

takes any exercise.

26- 1- John (paints/ will paint -is painting/ has painted) the garage at themoment.

27- She (is liking/ likes/ liking/ to like) her new school. Everybody there isfriendly.

28- We (are looking/ have looked/ had looked/ looking) for new furniture forthe living room at present.

29- They (have just received/ are just receiving/ haven't just received/ justto receive) a reply from the oil company.

30- She (exercise/ exercises/ exercising/ have exercised) three times aweek.


27/153

27

31- I (was drawing/ am drawing/ am drawn/ has drawn) a picture rightnow.

32- Water (is freezing/ will freeze/ was freezing/ freezes) at 0 C.33- While Stacey (goes/ was going/ went/ has gone) shopping for fruit,

she met an old friend.34- Look at this camera I (was buying/ buy/ bought/ have bought) for my

sister yesterday.35- Last night, while I (surf/ was surfing/ was being surfed/ am surfing) the

internet, I found the camera was much cheaper to buy online.36- I (don't see/ am seeing/ haven't seen/ has seen) him for two years.37- I'm sure your sister will love the present you (have bought/ buy/ buying/

may have bought) her.38- At 7.15 yesterday I (will have/ have had/ am having/ was having)

dinner with my family.39- It (is/ was/ had been/ has been) so cold since yesterday.40- I've just (been seen/ being seen/ saw/ seen) my friend Peter. He is

going shopping.41- I (sent/ have sent/ had sent/ will send) you an e-mail earlier this

morning.42- I (never be/ have never been/ am never/ was never) to Acapulco

before.43- When my father (comes/ has come/ had come/ came) home, I was

finishing my homework.44- In June, 2008, I (would visit/ visited/ had visited/ was visited) my

uncle in Canberra.45- I (don't finish/ have to finish/ haven't finished/ didn't finish) my project

yet.46- The fire (was not/ didn't/ weren't/ couldn't) put out until the firemen

arrived.47- Before (boarded/ had boarded/ boarding/ boards) the plane, security

men checked the bags.48- As soon as he (received/ has received/ receiving/ receives) the fax,

he telephoned us.49- Nobody left the building until the meeting (had ended/ has ended/

ends/ would end).50- He (has/ will have/ has had/ is having) a history lesson at the

moment.

Find the mistakes in each of the following sentences1- What did you do since the weekend?


28/153

28

2- When would you start to learn English?/ Two years ago.3- I want to be a doctor since I was ten.4- When I was eight. I have seen a programme about a famous doctoron TV.5- We were having a meeting at work this morning when suddenly all thelights were going out.6- At the moment my sister trains to be a primary teacher.7- Metals are expanding when they are heated.8- She does research on plants a few years ago.9- I knew him for ten years.10- I didn't see the film yet.11- They were arrested as breaking the law.12- He had to apologize owing to he made a shameful mistake.13- As well as she studied hard, she played tennis regularly.14- If he reads the questions carefully, he answers them.15- There were no accidents though the dangerous roads.16- I like most school subjects because I don't like physics.17- As soon as seeing the accident, I called the police.18- However the box was heavy, he could carry it.19- In addition to he wrote the letter, he saw the film.20- Because they played very well, they lost the match.21- What were you doing when I am calling you?

22- By the time my father was 18, he has been at work for two years.23- My sister is really happy. She is just winning the first prize.24- Alexandria was the last place I was spending a holiday.25- In the past, people thought that the earth has been flat.26- I will see a good film recently.27- He would give me back my money a few hours ago.28- At the moment he has cleaned the room.29- I am understanding this math problem very well.

30- I didn't eat hamburger since last October.


29/153

29


Important vocab.

attach (v) bring up(v)cooperate(v) pack(n)situation(n) string (n) /tolerance(n) individual

sport(n)team sports(n) sports centre(n)combination(n) / choose / chose /

chosen(v)

decision(n) depend(v)exciting(adj.) Keep (v)mix(v) / reason(n)prove(v) group(n)cruel (adj.) literature(n.)navy (n.) optimistic (adj.)pessimistic(adj.)

be shocked

shelter (n.) split(v.) //violent (adj.) frightening (adj.)capture(v.)above amazingdeep sea levelsummit challengeconquer // lifelong (adj.)mountaineer slightly /toddler


30/153

30

ssppoorrttss: :ssppoorrttss ccllootthheess aa ssppoorrttss ffeessttiivvaall aa ssppoorrttss cceennttrree

DDoo // ppllaayy ssppoorrttssWWee sshhoouullddddoo ssppoorrttss ttoo ggeett ffiitt..

OOnn ((hhiiss)) oowwnn // ooff ((hhiiss)) oowwnnHHee ddiidd tthhee jjoobboonn hhiiss oowwnn.. HHee hhaass aa rroooommooff hhiiss oowwnn..

EExxppeerriieennccee

ccoonndduucctt // ccaarrrryy oouutt // ddoo aann eexxppeerriimmeenntt

TThhiiss jjoobb nneeeeddss aa lloonnggeexxppeerriieennccee.. SScciieennttiissttss aarreeddooiinnggeexxppeerriimmeennttss ttoo tteesstt tthhee eeffffeeccttiivveenneessss ooff tthhee

nneeww ddrruugg..EEnnccoouurraaggee ttoo++iinnff //ddiissccoouurraaggee ffrroomm ++ vv++iinnggWWee sshhoouullddeennccoouurraaggee oouurr cchhiillddrreennttoorreeaadd..

WWee sshhoouullddddiissccoouurraaggee ppeeoopplleeffrroomm ppoolllluuttiinngg tthhee eennvviirroonnmmeenntt..SSppeenndd ((ttiimmee)) ++ vv--iinngg

IIssppeenntt tthheeeevveenniinngg rreeaaddiinngg aann eexxcciittiinngg ssttoorryy..

GGoo == bbeeccoommeeGGoo bbaadd //bblliinndd //ddeeaaff //dduummbb

GGeett == bbeeccoommeeggeett ffiitt //ggeett aannggrryy //ggeett ddeepprreesssseedd

HHaavvee == hhaavvee ggoott == oowwnn

IIhhaavvee aa ccaarr == IIhhaavvee ggoott aa ccaarr..DDooyyoouuhhaavvee aa ccaarr ?? ==HHaavveeyyoouuggoott aa ccaarr?? II ddoonn''tt hhaavvee == II hhaavveenn''tt ggoott

had: IIhhaadd aa ccaarr wwhheenn IIwwaass iinn LLoonnddoonn..

wwiillll hhaavvee:: IIwwiillll hhaavvee aa ccoommppuutteerrnneexxtt wweeeekk..

hhaavveettoommuusstt // sshhoouulldd

hhaavvee ggoott:: II wwaannttttoo hhaavvee aa ccaammeerraa..


31/153

31

IIsshhoouulldd hhaavvee aa lloott ooff mmoonneeyy ttoo bbuuyy tthhiiss ccaarr..

havehave gotHHaavvee aa mmeeaall // hhaavvee aa ppaarrttyy // hhaavvee aa hhoolliiddaayy // hhaavvee aann aacccciiddeenntt

EEnndd iinn aa ddrraaww

TThhee mmaattcchh eennddeeddiinn aa ddrraaww..LLoossee ttoo .... EEggyyppttlloosstt ttoo BBrraazziill bbyy 22 ggooaallss..

SSccoorree aa ggooaall () () RReeaalliizzee // aacchhiieevvee aa ggooaall () ()

aa FFaammiillyy mmeemmbbeerraa ssoocciieettyy mmeemmbbeerraa tteeaamm mmeemmbbeerr

aaddvveerrbb // aaddjjeeccttiivvee::DDaaiillyy // wweeeekkllyy // mmoonntthhllyy // yyeeaarrllyy // eeaarrllyy

He gets a yearly salary of 50,000 dollars. (adj.)

The conference is held yearly. (adv.)agree to + inf. / n He agreedto the plan.

She agreedto stay.Agree on

The members agreed on the decision My father and I don't agree on very much.

agree with someone / something

I agreewith Karen. This shirt is too expensive. I don't agreewith hitting children.

Agree that +

I agree that he should be invited to the party.

Couldn't agree more = agree completelyCouldn't agree less = disagree completelyA: I think Egypt will win the match.B: I couldn't agree more.

SSoommeeoonnee ssoommeebbooddyy eevveerryyoonnee eevveerryybbooddyy nnoo oonnee nnoobbooddyy

EEvveerryyoonneehhaasstthheeiirr oowwnn iiddeeaass aabboouutt tthhee bbeesstt wwaayy ttoo bbrriinngg uupp cchhiillddrreenn..

KKnnooww // sshhooww ++ hhooww ttoo--iinnff..HHeekknneeww hhooww ttooddootthhee jjoobb..


32/153

32

HHeesshhoowweeddmmee hhooww ttoouusseetthhiiss mmaacchhiinnee..SSeeee ssoommeeoonnee ooffffIIssaaww mmyy ffrriieennddooffff aatt tthhee aaiirrppoorrtt..SSeeee == uunnddeerrssttaannddTThheeyy ccoouullddnn''ttsseeee mmyy ppooiinntt ooff vviieeww..

SSeeee == tthhiinnkk aabboouuttIItt wwaass eeaassyy ttoosseeee tthhee ggiifftt aass aa ssoorrtt ooff bbrriibbee..

s:decadeIInn tthhee 11998800ss == ffrroomm 11998800 ttoo 11998899

elsesome every no someone / thing / body / where:

SSoommeeoonnee eellssee// eevveerryyoonnee eellssee // ssoommeetthhiinngg eellssee // nnootthhiinngg eellsseeelsewhat / who / why / where:

DDoo yyoouu nneeeeddaannyytthhiinnggeellssee??WWhhoo eellssee aatttteennddeedd tthhee mmeeeettiinngg??

lots of /a lot of / plenty of

a great deal of: He bought a lot ofsugar. He needs a lot of books.

much:She doesnt need much money.

Did you buy much sugar?many:

He didnt see many places in London.Did you invite many people to your party last week?

many/ muchtoo/ so / very

There is somuch sugar in my coffee.PPrroommiissee ttoo == mmaakkee aa pprroommiissee ttooHHeepprroommiisseedd ttoo hheellpp mmee wwiitthh mmyy wwoorrkk..

DDeecciiddee ttoo == mmaakkee aa ddeecciissiioonn ttooHHeeddeecciiddeedd ttoo bbuuyy aa nneeww mmoobbiillee pphhoonnee..LLiiffee () () TThhee hheeaarrtt iiss tthhee ppuummpp oofflliiffee..

TThheerree iiss nnoo eevviiddeennccee oofflliiffee oonn ootthheerr ppllaanneettss..AA lliiffee


33/153

33

HHee hhaaddaaddiiffffiiccuulltt lliiffee..SShhee ddeecciiddeedd ttoo ssttaarrttaanneeww lliiffee iinn AAuussttrraalliiaa..TThhee lliiffeeSShhee rreeaadd aa bbooookk aabboouutttthhee lliiffee ooff LLiinnccoollnn..EExxpprreessssiinngg RRuulleess::

EEvveerryyoonnee mmuusstt aallwwaayyss // sshhoouulldd aallwwaayyss......YYoouu mmuusstt // YYoouu mmuusstt nnoott......DDoonn''tt ....// NNeevveerr ......RReemmeemmbbeerr ttoo ......// DDoonn''tt ffoorrggeett ttoo ......

EExxaammpplleess::EEvveerryyoonnee mmuusstt aallwwaayyssccoommee oonn ttiimmee..YYoouu mmuusstt nnoott ssppeeaakk iinn tthhee lliibbrraarryy..RReemmeemmbbeerr ttoo bbrriinngg ttwwoo rreecceenntt pphhoottooss..

NNeevveerr ttoouucchh tthhiiss wwiirree..RRoooomm ((cc)) rroooomm ((uu))MMyy ffllaatt hhaass ttwwoo bbeeddrroooommss..TThheerree iiss nnoorroooomm ffoorr yyoouu iinn tthhee ccaarr..

: :WWhhaatt ddoo yyoouu lliikkee mmoosstt aabboouutt....??

WWhhaatt ddoo yyoouu lliikkee lleeaasstt aabboouutt....??

WWhhaatt ddoo yyoouu lliikkee mmoosstt aabboouutt yyoouurr sscchhooooll??TThhiinnkk ooff == tthhiinnkk aabboouutt / /II''mmtthhiinnkkiinngg ooff // aabboouutt bbuuyyiinngg aa nneeww ccaarr..WWhhaatt ddoo yyoouutthhiinnkk ooff // aabboouutt tthhiiss sshhiirrtt??

TThhiinnkk ooff / /II ccaann''tttthhiinnkk ooff hheerr nnaammee nnooww..YYoouu sshhoouullddtthhiinnkk ooff ootthheerr ppeeooppllee..eellddeerr (( )) tthhaann eellddeerr ssiisstteerr // eellddeerr bbrrootthheerr

SShhee iiss mmyyeellddeerr ssiisstteerr..eldest ( ) eldest sister / eldest brother HHee iisstthhee eellddeesstt mmeemmbbeerr ooff tthhee ffaammiillyy..

oollddeerr ((tthhaann)) () () SShhee iiss ffiivvee yyeeaarrssoollddeerrtthhaann mmee..oollddeesstt () () HHee iiss tthhee oollddeessttssttuuddeenntt iinn oouurr ccllaassss....LLeeaarrnn // tteeaacchh ++ttoo--iinnff..

HHeelleeaarrnntt ttoouusseetthhee ccoommppuutteerr..WWhhoottaauugghhtt yyoouuttooccooookk??


34/153

34

KKeeeepp yyoouurr ccooooll == ttoo ssttaayy ccaallmm aanndd nnoott ggeett uuppsseett oorr nneerrvvoouuss

AA cclloossee ccaallll== mmaannaaggee ttoo aavvooiidd aa ddaannggeerroouuss ssiittuuaattiioonn

IInn aa ttiigghhtt ccoorrnneerr == iinn aa ddiiffffiiccuulltt ssiittuuaattiioonn

MMaaddee mmyy ddaayy== mmaaddee mmee hhaappppyyOOuutt ooff tthhee bblluuee== ssuuddddeennllyy aanndd uunneexxppeecctteeddllyyRRaaiissee mmoonneeyy == ccoolllleecctt mmoonneeyy

::PPrrooffeessssiioonn

HHee lleefftt tthhee tteeaacchhiinnggpprrooffeessssiioonn ttoo sseett uupp hhiiss oowwnn bbuussiinneessss..WWoorrkk::PPeetteerr''ss wwoorrkk iinnvvoollvveess aa lloott ooff ttrraavveelllliinngg..

JJoobb:: () ()WWhheenn sshhee lleefftt ccoolllleeggee,, sshhee ggoottaajjoobb aass aa sseeccrreettaarryy..SShhee hhaass aapppplliieedd ffoorraa jjoobb wwiitthh aann iinnssuurraannccee ccoommppaannyy..

CCaarreeeerr::HHee hhaass aa ggoooodd ccaarreeeerr iinn jjoouurrnnaalliissmm..

QQuuiitt ((qquuiitt//qquuiitt)) //He quit smoking a year ago. She quit school when she was 15.

QQuuiieett = calm Be quiet! Ive got a headache .

QQuuiittee / = fairly / completelyAlthough they are brothers, they are quite different.

Prepositions:mix with people depend on = rely

on

talk about ask for advicehunt in packs live in groupsattached to=tiedto

benefit from

cooperate with show tolerancetowards

people of differentages

come out ()

specialize in related toanswer to solution to


35/153

35

pass onknowledge to

at times =sometimes

go on holiday takeresponsibility for

signal to on the islandshoot down aplane

escape from

set fire to look aftersplit into protect

from/againstplan for the future compare .. with ..get on with cruel topopular with give up

have advice for under controlexposure to fall off amountain

fall to his death excited abouton the walls dream of / aboutat the summit of nervous ofgo away / worried aboutfamiliar with

Asking for Advice / Giving Advice

Asking for Advice Giving AdviceWhich (sport) do you think I shouldchoose?

If you ask me, youshould

I want to .. What do you think Ishould do?If I were you, I'd

Can you give me some advice(about)..?

I think you should

Can I ask your advice about? Why don't you?It is a good idea to The best thing is to

ExercisesExercises on Vocabulary and Language Notes:


36/153


37/153


38/153

38

Next (year/month/week) / in the future / soon / in a year, month, week / tomorrow /his time next week / this time tomorrow

I'll meet him tomorrow morning.She will visit us soon.Where will you be this time next year?

:

expect / I'm sure / I think / I don't think / I wonder / probably / I suppose /I hope

believe / I feel sure / Perhaps..

I expect she will pass the test.I don't think he will leave the country.I wonder what will happen.I'll probably be home late this evening.

If: If I know his address, I'll write him a letter.

Will is used:

1- To express a true fact I'll be 18 next week.2- To predict event The plane will land in half an hour.3- To decide something quickly. I'll have coffee, please.4- To offer to do something I'll clean the car for you.5- To ask someone to do somethingWill you look at my homework tonight?

6- To make an arrangement I'll see you this evening.7- To make a threat I'll resign if I don't get a pay rise.

Shall (I / we)

I / We shall go to Cairo next month.You / He / She / It / Theywill stay here.

1- To make suggestions: shallShall I meet you on Friday? Shall we have a party?

2- To make offers:

Shall I help you with your homework?

Shall / will = 'll

I'll do it. You'll do it.

will not = won't

Shall shan't / ( )

We shall meet the boss tomorrow, shan't we?: am / is / are + going to

: We are saving up because we are going to buy a car.


39/153

39

I'm going to make some coffee. Do you want some?:

I think I'm going to fail this exam. (I haven't done much work) I think it's going to rain. The sky's looking very dark.

was / were going to + inf.:I was going to tidy the flat, but I didnt have time.

:Are you going to + inf. = Do you intend to + inf.

Are you going to buy a new car? (Do)Do you intend to buy a new car?

Is she going to take the test? (Does)Does she intend to take the test?

():

He's travelling to Cairo tomorrow. (He's got his tickets)I'm going home in half an hour. (I have arranged it with the boss)

(:

You leave Cairo International Airport at 7 p.m. and arrive in Paris at 11 p.m.The film starts at 9. The exam takes place on 2nd April.

The future continuous:

Will/shall + be + ING:

A : Can I come and see you at 4 o'clock tomorrow?B : No. I'll be driving to the airport then. Come at 2.30 before I leave.

Between 9 and 11 a.m. tomorrow I'll be studying

Definite and Indefinite Articles

A / an

We have a house with a garden.

Hes an engineer

:a couple / a dozen / a hundred / a thousand


40/153

40

Two pounds a kilo / sixty kilometers an hour

:What a clever boy! / What an interestingstory!

ananapple /aneye /anumbrella /an

orangeuaan:anulceranuncle

:university /aunit /auniform / aEuropean country /ausefulbook

a / an:

I usually have lunch at 2 p.m. He gave us a good breakfast.

the:

1-

The sun/ the moon/ the world / the Earth The country / thecountryside / the town / the sea / the sky / the ground / the

Pyramids /the Cairo Tower /the High Dam /the state

Cairo is the capital of Egypt.

2-:

the best /the most difficult /the least expensive /the smallest /the biggest

3-:at the top of his voice / at the end of ... / in the end

4-:go to thecinema /go to thetheatre /listen to theradio /usetheinternet /go tothebank /go to thepost office /go to theshops

:watch TV

5-play / practiseplay the piano, the violin , the guitar , the lute , etc.

6-:

the poor the young the richthe dead the unemployed the deaf


41/153

41

the old the injured the sick:

The young are in need of help.

7-:

the U.A.E the U.K. the U.S.A / theSudan / The Nile / the Himalayas / the Atlantic /the Red Sea / the Mediterranean / the Alps / the

Middle East / the Far East / the south of Egypt /

the Sahara

8-:

I saw a film last night. The film was about the Second World War.

9-:

The more you practice, the better you getThe warmer the weather, the better I feel . The more you have, the more you want .

10-:

TheGiraffe is found in Africa

11-:

When was thetelephone invented?

Thebicycle is an excellent means of transport.

12-:

the French the English the Swiss

13-:

I like your garden. The flowers are beautiful. (the flowers in your garden)

Do you like the coffee we had last night?

Can you pass the salt, please? (the salt on the table)]

14-of:


42/153

42

The Museum of Modern Art The Bank of England

The Great Wall of China The Tower of London

15-:The TimesThe Guardian

16

-:The Quran / The Bible

17-the():

the government /the state /the stone age / in the morning /

in the afternoon / in the evening /the environment /the weather

18-:The man who lost his son was verysad.

19-:

The fifties the nineties

:

1-people/food/jobs/ plants:Women usually live longer than men do. Scientists do research.

Beans are good for you. Money does not grow on trees.

2-: Food and drink : milk, water etc.

Activities: smoking / reading / writing / shopping

Sports : football / basketball / volleyball

Abstract nouns : democracy , beauty , love ,

happiness , sadness , misery , truth , poverty , progress ,music, etc./

People fear death. Everyone is looking for happiness.

the:

The death of their father made them very sad.

School subjects : History , Math , Science , etc.

Languages : English, Arabic etc.)


43/153

43

Oil is used to make plastic.

Smoking is harmful to health.

I want to study Science and Technology .

Englishis the worlds most widely used language.

languagethe:

The English language / the French language

3-:northern / southern / eastern / western

He went to hospital = he was ill.

He went to the hospital = to visit someone.

He went to prison = he did something wrong

He went to the prison to visit his brother

thework:

He arrives at work at 7 every day.

King William attended the conference.

President Mubarak appointed a new prime minister.

I do not go out at Christmas.

thehomego/comemount /mountain / lake:

He went home early yesterday.

He climbed Mount Everest.

Lake Victoria is in Africa.

the:

The Bahamas The Great Lakes The Andes

/


44/153

44

:the:

Pollution is a dangerous problem.

Music can be used to cure some diseases.

Peace is the dream of all nations.

Adjectives

Comparative adjectives:

to belook / seem / appear / taste / feel /sound / smell:

It wascold. She looks ill. The food smells bad.

er:

cheap cheaper large larger quiet quieter

eryyi:lucky luckier funny funnier happy happier

big bigger hot hotter fat fatter

erstWide wider widest

:

more / less . than


45/153

45

more / less expensivethan more / less terrifyingthan

:

as + adj./adv. + as

John is as tallas Peter:

not as / so + adj./ adv. + as

Hassan isnt as old as Peter. (older/younger)

Peter is older than HassanHassan is younger than Peter.

I dont know as many people as you do. (more/fewer)You know more people than I do.

I know fewer people than you do.

Frank isnt as rich as Joe. (richer)Joe is richerthan Frank.

The test was not as difficult as I thought. (easier)The test was easierthan I thought.

I didnt expect her to be so smart. (smarter)She was smarterthan I expected.

/slightly / even / a bit / much /a lot / a little / far:

Going by bus is a lotcheaperthan going by plane. Going by plane is much more expensive. You have to move a bit faster.

illworsewellbetter She feels much better today. He was so ill yesterday. He's even

worse today.


46/153

46

Superlative adjectives:

:

the . est

deep the deepest old the oldest

high the highest short the shortest

clever the cleverest rich the richest

stupid the stupidest

:

the most / the least .

interesting the most / the least interesting

expensive the most / the least expensive

Irregular adjectives:

good better best bad worse worst

much

many

far farther/further farthest / furthest

little less least

further = more Are there any further questions?

most + adj. (without the) = very

The article Ive just read was mostinteresting. = very interestingfirst / second / third,..etc

Alexandria is the second largest city in Egypt.

the:It was his biggest achievement in Chemistry.

more the most


47/153

47

less

He is less tall than his friend. = He is not as tall as his friend= His friend is taller than him.= He is not the same heightas his friend.

the same + n. + as = as + adj. + as

:

long Length expensive pricewide width big size

old age far distancedeep depth high heightYour house is as high as mine. (height)Your house is the same height as mine.

The red shirt is as expensive as the white shirt. (price)The red shirt is the same price as the white shirt.

Adjectives ending inly:

friendly friendlier friendliest

lovely lovelier loveliest

silly sillier silliest

the . the.. ----

the less the less

the more the more

the + adj.-er the + adj.-er


48/153

48

The harder you study, the higher marks you get.

You eat a lot. You become fat. (The more)

The more you eat the fatter you become.

If we leave early, well arrive soon. (The earlier)

The earlier we leave, the sooner we will arrive.

You use much electricity. Your bill will be high. (The more..)

The more electricity you use, the higher your bill will be.

inThe longest river in the world (Not: of the world)

The best student in the class /The best player in the team

This is the loveliestcard Ive ever received.Its the most boringfilm Ive ever seen.

than + .me (I +v.) / her (she +v.),etc.

than():

He is taller than me/him/her.

But: He is taller than I am / he is/ she is.

TThey earn more money than us. But: They earn more money than wedo

The boy is clever. A clever boy

To Be

beseem / look / feel

afraid / awake / asleep / alone / alight / absent/alive

The boy wasafraid. She is still awake.

edingfascinating fascinated exciting excited


49/153

49

amazing amazed terrifying terrified

embarrassing embarrassed boring bored

annoying / annoyed confusing confused

depressing depressed frightening frighteneddisappointing disappointed

Jane is bored because her job is boring.Tom is interested in the job. Tom finds the job interesting.

ing:

He is a boring person.She is bored.Exception: impressed impressive

Delighted delightful

She was delighted with the news.Thank you for a delightful evening.

and.

Its becoming harder and harder to find a job. Its becoming more and more difficult to find a job. These days more and more people are learning English. The weather is getting colder and colder.

to + inf.happy / pleased/ disappointed /amazed/afraid/glad / delighted /surprised

/ sad / relieved astonished

I am sorry to hearthat your brother is ill. Tom was surprised to seeme. She was delighted to getyour letter.

:

It ( be ) + adj. + of + someone + to do something

(nice / kind / stupid / silly / clever / polite / careless)

It is kind of you to help me.

It was careless of Jack to leave the door unlocked.It was very generous of Ann to lend us the money.not to:

The boy didnt study his lessons well. (It was careless)It was careless of the boy not tostudy his lessons well.

ExercisesChoose the correct answer:

1- I (am flying fly going to fly flies) to Moscow tomorrow.2- The train from Cairo (has arrived will be arriving arrives was arriving) at

5.15 p.m. tomorrow morning.


50/153

50

3- He (may drive shall drive drives - is driving) the children to the match tonight.He has booked 3 tickets.4- I think I (buy am buying will buy had been buying) this watch.5- Tom (is seeing saw has seen was going to see) the director in a few

minutes.6- I promise I (have bought will buy am going to buy must buy) you a nice

present.7- The cup is on the edge of the table. It (is falling has fallen is going to fall

will be falling).8- She has already packed her luggage. She (is going to might has been

shall) leave.9- I (break has broken will break will be breaking) your neck if you do that

again.10- (Might May Should Will) you buy me some stamps, please?11- They (leave would have left would be leaving are leaving) for Rome

tomorrow morning.12- (Do Does Are Will) you intend to resign from the company?13- The forecast says it's (be going to going to will shall) be hot and sunny

tomorrow.14- My cousin and his wife (must were going to shouldn't are going to) have a

baby next spring.15- A: My car has broken down. B: Don't worry. I (will mustn't ought need) give

you a life.16- (Do Will Should May) you give that to Ali when you see him, please?

17- If he's late again, I (should ought going to will) be angry.18- We (shall will have are going ought) let you know as soon as there's anynews.19- I don't think he (shall will couldn't might) come on time.20- Between 10 and 12 a.m. tomorrow, They (travel travelled have travelled

will be travelling) to London.21- As soon as he (is finishing will finish to finish finishes) his work, hell go

home.22- I (phoned had phoned will phone have phoned) my friend after he comes

back from London.23- Before she (does will do had done did) the washing up, she will see a

movie.24- I (wouldnt wont would might) leave until I have lunch.25- When she (sees had seen saw will see) her exam results, she will be so

happy.26- He (got will get would get had got) a job as soon as he gets his degree.27- As soon as Peter arrives, (told will tell would tell tell) him to come to the

managers office.

28- Before you operate this machine, (read will read has read had read) theinstructions very well.


51/153

51

29- I will wait here until they (had called are calling will call call) my name.30- When she (get gets will get had got) the new job, she will move into a new

house.31- After (a an the no article) sun went down, (a an the no article) moon

came up.32- (A An The no article) policeman usually wears (a an the no article)

uniform.33- (A An The no article) intelligence is important for (a an the no article)

success.34- (A An The no article) hard work which John did was the reason for (a an

the no article) success that he enjoyed.35- The interviewer asked (a an the no article) Professor Zewail about his

work.36- I think he plays (a an the no article) guitar very well.37- It was (a an the no article) happy party, but we could only stay for half (a

an the no article) hour.38- (a an the no article) Chemistry is a difficult subject.39- Vegetarians dont eat (a an the no article) meat.40- My uncle plays (a an the no article) tennis well.41- (A An The No article) reason I was successful was because my parents

encouraged me.42- I think (a an the no article) education is something all (a an the no

article) children should value.43- He said that (a an the no article) subject he enjoyed most at school was (a

an the no article) Science.44- Dont spend all (a an the no article) money you have.45- (A An Theno article) Money doesnt always bring (a an the no article)

happiness.46- Yesterday I heard a (fright frightened- frightening frighten) noise outside.47- He often tells me (amused amusing amusement entertainment) stories about

his family.48- This is the (hard- harder less hard- hardest) test Ive ever taken.49- It was wrong (with for of to) him to neglect his study.

50- He was not (cooperative as cooperative more cooperative less cooperative) ashis colleagues.51- He is not (so more less lessen) reliable as his friend.52- My flat is (more big less big bigger the biggest) than yours.53- You didn't do as (more less least much) work as I did.54- Her friend is (wealthy wealthiest wealthier wealthiest) than her.55- My car is (less more least most ) small than yours.56- Nobody in our company is (efficient as efficient as most efficient than as

efficient) Peter.

57- It was (more foolish than less foolish foolish least foolish) of her to wasteall her money.


52/153

52

58- Laptops are becoming (less and more more and less much and more moreand more) popular nowadays.59- She was astonished (seeing to see of seeing seen) some of her old friends

at the party.60- You shouldn't have invited John to the party. He's a (bored bores boring to

bore) man.

Find the mistakes in the following sentences and write themcorrectly:

1- She is gone to finish her work early today.2- Can she intend to study medicine in the USA?3- We are packing our luggage because we have gone to travel to Italy.4- Should you close that window, please?5- The bookcase isn't well fixed. It's will go falling.6- Italy is an European country.

7- The continent to the east of Europe is the Asia.8- The Aswan High Dam is on river Nile in Egypt.9- Good doctor needs a lot of experience.10- I must go to bank and change some money.11- I really enjoyed book I've just finished reading.12- I'm just going to have wash.13- All I had for lunch was piece of cake.14- It's a honour to get this international award.15- During sixties, people were interested in music.

16- The much food you eat, the fatter you become.17- The place was more farther than I thought.18- No student in our class is as cleverer as John.19- This is the more higher building in our city.20- Tokyo is the more busier city in the world.21- She is more hard-working of all the students in this class.22- The blue vase is the same price than the yellow one.23- The weather is many colder than normal for this time of year.24- Thats the funny joke I have ever heard.25- Eating fruit is most fattening than eating chocolate.


53/153

53


Important vocab.

chain chief //representative / yield /afford corporation

distribute distributioneconomy employ /global goods /technology wagespopulation communication

represent take off ()/ ()act // armycanoeing collectionadmire balldebts identicalmanual necklace /savings valuablecontinuously except (for)

bronze medal exercise /judo take part inbenefit // boxingcareer professionaltake place festivalhighlight / destroy

amateur regularlytake care of take turns

Prepositions:work for acompanyexport to .. import from ..proud of do a project onrefer to all over the world

all over Egypt in this waycommunicate with set uptrade with in the same


54/153

54

regionat the same time thank somebody

forthanks to grow upbring up write to someonewrite about

something

talk on the phone

stay at a hotel look for = searchfor

related toat the age of fight forin the past in the futureat present at all timeshappy with/about the way to

success

attached to =joined to consist of

perform in a play mix with peoplea set of things an invitation toclose to borrow .. from ..lend .. to .. share withowe money to go on holidayon a small scale on a large scalework at his

computer

be based in

exchange .. for .. exchange ..with ..be exposed to be willing tolook up switch off = turn

off()

turn on = switchon

() tend to

win a medal forjudo

prepare to + inf.

prepare for + n.interested in at that timein ancient times harmful tothrow someoneonto the ground

with the help of

at the side of theroad

play for a team

pay for .. suitable forhave contact with sail through the

Suez Canalat a reasonableprice

be based on


55/153

55

aspire to participate in

:aa ccaarr ffaaccttoorryy ttwwoo ccaarr ffaaccttoorriieessaa ddoooorr kknnoobb tthhrreeee ddoooorr kknnoobbss

EEvveerryyddaayy ((aaddjj..))EEvveerryy ddaayy ((aaddvv..))

WWee ffaaccee aa lloott ooff pprroobblleemmss iinn oouurreevveerryyddaayy lliiffee.. II ggoo ttoo sscchhoooolleevveerryyddaayy..

ss::EEccoonnoommiiccss ssttaattiissttiiccssmmaatthheemmaattiiccss pphhyyssiiccss EEccoonnoommiiccssiissssoommeettiimmeess hhaarrdd ttoo uunnddeerrssttaanndd..

affect = have an effect oneffectaffecthave:

The storm affected the roads badly. (effect)The storm hada bad effect on the roads.

The accident has affected her deeply. (effect)The accident has hada deepeffecton her.

:chiefchief buyer chief engineer

be made of This handbag is made of plastic.

be made from Bread is made from flour and water.

be made in (a country)

We should encourage products that are made in Egypt.be made by


56/153

56

This table was made by a clever carpenter.

Most = nearly all / almost allMost students passed the test. = Nearly all students passed the test

:Wages salary fare fees

Wages () The workers went on strike because they wanted higher wages.

SalaryThis bank manager gets a salary of 40,000 dollars a year.Fare Taxi fare bus fare plane fareFees lawyer's fees school fees

Doctors' fees are very high nowadays.

afford + to + inf. . ... afford + n.I cant affordto buy a new car. I wish I could afforda

new computer.

hire ()/ We hired a car for a week. The company hired a new

secretary.hire out

Why don't you hire out your car to your neighbours while you areaway and make some money?Rent : (a flat / an office / a building)

Look forward to + v-ing / n. I look forward to visiting London. I am looking

forward to my holiday.

Be located in = be situated inBe located on = be situated onThe office is located in the city center. The town is

situated on the Mediterranean Sea.

Start with = begin with + n. Start by = begin by + v-ing


57/153

57

Let's begin withexercise B. He started his speech bytelling us something about his life.

wear /.. ( + . )wear:

He was wearing his best suit at the party.

Policemen usuallywear a uniform.We wear light clothes in summer. put on .. ( + . )Put on your coatits cold. She put on her uniform and went toschool.Hurry up. Put on your shoes. We are late for school. dress (I) = get dressed ()She always dresses fashionably.

dress: Can you dress the kids for me?be dressed in () . = be wearing

He was dressed in a black suit. = He was wearing a black suit.

Suggest: + v-ingHe suggested sending Frank some flowers.

Suggest (that) +Sub+ inf.

He suggestedthatIprune the trees. He suggested thatshecome early.

should: He suggested that she shouldcome early.

Ashamed of ()Shy

You made a big mistake. You should be ashamed of yourself. My son was too shy to speak to the guests.

except (for) / Everyone went to the show except for Scott . (Scott was..)

Scott was the only one who didnt go to the show.except / except for:1-except:

It's the same everywhere except in Scotland.

He's good-looking except when he smiles.


58/153

58

2-except / except for: Everybody understands except me. We are all ready

except for her.3-except that:

I know nothing about him except that he lives in Cairo.

Accept + n accept an invitation / an apology / a presentExpect to + inf.Expect will

He accepted my invitation to the party . She expects tofind a good job soon. I expect that she will pass the test.

fy / ify:

solid solidify pure purify

beauty beautify terror terrify

gas gasify liquid liquefy

Way of + V-ing way to + inf. There are many ways of solving the problem. That's not the

way to do the job.

Stop to + inf

Stop + -ing.

On his way to work, he stopped to buy a newspaper. The doctoradvised me to stop eating fatty food.

:What + be ++ like ? = describe What was life

like in the past?

What is Ali like? What is theweather like today?


59/153

59

sense verbs: (smell / taste / feel / sound / look) + Adj. :

That flower smells beautiful. That cloth feels soft. Themeat tasted nice.

have

: That flower hasa beautiful smell. That cloth hasa soft

feel. The meat hada nice taste.

: :BBee sseeeemm aappppeeaarr

SShhee''ss cclleevveerr.. SShheesseeeemmss iillll..II''mm aaffrraaiiddII''mm ssoorrrryy ttoo ssaayy....::

II''mm aaffrraaiidd II''mm ssoo bbuussyy..== II''mm ssoorrrryy ttoo ssaayy tthhaatt II''mm ssoo bbuussyy..

hheeaarr // wwaattcchh // sseeeeiinnff..iinngg::IIssaaww hhiimmppllaayyiinngg tteennnniiss.. IIssaaww hhiimmppllaayy tteennnniiss..

eachevery2/ 3 / 4:every student / every 4 years

each one / each book

:: eevveerryywwhheerreeII llooookkeedd ffoorr mmyy bbooookkeevveerryywwhheerree,, bbuutt II ccoouullddnn''tt ffiinndd iitt..

TTooggeetthheerr wwiitthh == iinncclluuddiinnggLLoonnggeerr rraacceess wweerree aaddddeedd ttoo tthhee OOllyymmppiiccss,,ttooggeetthheerr wwiitthh bbooxxiinngg..

ppllaayy::PPllaayy ))ffoooottbbaallll,, bbaasskkeettbbaallll,, hhoocckkeeyy,, ssoocccceerr,, tteennnniiss,, ssqquuaasshh ,,

ttaabbllee--tteennnniiss,, rraacckkeettss,, ppiinngg--ppoonngg,, vvoolllleeyybbaallll))ggooiinngg::

Go (swimming, jogging = slow running, sailing ,dancing

water-skiing , running, scuba-diving, riding, hunting,climbing )

iinnggssoommeeaa lloott ooff:: ddoo

IIddiidd ssoommeessccuubbaa ddiivviinngg llaasstt wweeeekk..ddoo::


60/153

60

DDoo ((ggyymmnnaassttiiccss // kkaarraattee // aatthhlleettiiccss // ssppoorrttss))do/playsport::

DDoo yyoouuddoo aannyyssppoorrttss?? YYeess,, IIppllaayy hhoocckkeeyy..

bbeeeennggoonneeiinngg::HHaavvee yyoouu eevveerr ggoonnee sswwiimmmmiinngg?? //HHaavvee yyoouu eevveerr bbeeeenn sswwiimmmmiinngg??

wwiinn ((TT//II)) // aa ggaammee// aa rraaccee // aa mmeeddaall // aa ccoommppeettiittiioonn // aaccuupp // aa mmaattcchh //

aa ccoonntteesstt // ssuuppppoorrtt // // // lloovvee // ttrruusstt // ccoonnffiiddeennccee// aapppprroovvaall //wwaarr//llooyyaallttyy / / // ffrriieennddss..

WWhhiicchh yyeeaarr wwaass iitt tthhaatt IIttaallyywwoonn tthhee WWoorrllddCCuupp??

bbeeaatt // HHoollllaannddbbeeaatt BBeellggiiuumm bbyy 33//11..ggaaiinn ))iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn // kknnoowwlleeddggee // eexxppeerriieennccee // rreeppuuttaattiioonn ((

ggaaiinn ((wweeiigghhtt // ssppeeeedd // hheeiigghhtt (//) (//) ))eeaarrnn ((mmoonneeyy // eeaarrnn aa lliivviinngg))

SShheeeeaarrnnss $$4400,,000000 aa yyeeaarr..AAcchhiieevvee aa ggooaall () () SSccoorree aa ggooaall

() ()

Business Letters

.

1.2.3.4.5."Dear sir,""Dear

Madam,""Dear Sir or Madam,"6.7

., I will, I would, I am, I have, etc.:


61/153

61

Thank you for your assistance.I look forward to hearing from you.I am looking forward to meeting you.

Yours sincerely,

Your address,

Your Phone No.E-mail address

Name and address of the Company/person you are writing to

Dear Mr./ Mrs.,OR Dear Sir or Madam,

Letter detailsYours Sincerely,

Name and Signature

Making Suggestions:

Making Suggestions Agreeing withsuggestions Disagreeing withsuggestionsIf you ask me, he (should)

That's a good idea. I'm not sure about that

What about + V+ing. I'll go along with that. I don't agree.I think it'd be a good idea to..

I agree No, I'd prefer to ..

Why don't (you / we)..? That's what I think I wouldn't choose ..How about + V+ing. That sounds nice I'm not very keen on

Let's .. / Shall we .. Fine by me I really don't feel like it

Exercises

Choose the correct answer:

1- To (employ dismiss expel convoy) means to pay someone to work for you.2- (Fees Fares Salaries Wages) means the money that someone is paid

every week by their employer

3- To (affect afford offend defend) means to have enough money to pay forsomething.


62/153

62

4- To (distribute disturb distill destroy) means to supply goods to shops andcompanies in a particular area

5- A (collaboration combination contamination corporation) is a large businessorganisation.

6- (General Global Verbal Herbal) means affecting or including the wholeworld

7- (Astronomy Anatomy Economy Gloomy) is the way that money,businesses and products are organized in a country

8- (Woods Goods Methods Roots) are things that are produced to be sold.9- The global economy has increased (international rational irrational

intentional) trade.10- The (economic historic climatic dynamic) situation in our country is

getting better..11- New businesses will (destroy enjoy - employannoy) hundreds of people in

the city. There will be a lot of job opportunities.12- E-mails help to improve the way companies (calculate advocate -

communicate dedicate) with their customers.13- China has a (pollution population revelation violation) of 1.3 billion

people.14- They chose a famous barrister to (present - represent offend resent) them

in court.15- This drug is said to have no side (affects reflects effects contests).16- This gold watch is so (valuable cheap inexpensive worthless) and looks

beautiful. It cost me a fortune.17- (Manual Easy Casual Gradual) work can be very tiring and it is not very

well-paid.18- I really (hate astonish dislike admire) my grandfather. He has spent his

whole life working to look after his family.19- She is going to spend some of her (accounts taxes - savings cheques) on

a new car.20- (Savings- Coins Currencies Banknotes) are all the money you have not

spent.21- A/An ( bracelet earring watch - necklace) is a piece of jewellery worn

around the neck.

22- (Usual Habitual Factual - Manual) work is done by people using theirhands.

23- To (recount act detect apply)) means to be a character in a film or play.24- A (ball call fall install) is a large formal occasion when people dance.25- (Optical Classical Identical Critical) means exactly the same.26- He gave her some of his (savings samples saves seeds) to buy a new

dress.27- This morning I received an invitation (to for in with) a meeting at my

college.

28- I'm going to borrow a dictionary (to - fromby with) one of my friends.29- Before he retired, my uncle worked (like alike - as is) a hospital doctor.30- She was (wearing dressing acting putting) a nice dress at the party.


63/153


64/153

64

8- She has built up a shine9- of 80 bookshops across the country.10- How many people does your company unemployed?11- Ali and Peter look very similar accept that Ali is a little taller12- That's not the way to doing it - let me show you.13- He suggested to visit the museum.14- I really admit people who can work in such difficult conditions.15- They are selecting money for the new hospital.

Grammar

Relative Clauses

:

who.whom who: TThhee bbooyy llooookkss vveerryy ttiirreedd.. HHee rraann aa lloonngg wwaayy.. ((wwhhoo))

TThhee bbooyy wwhhoo rraann aa lloonngg wwaayy llooookkss vveerryy ttiirreedd.. TThhee wwoommaann wwaass ppuutt iinn jjaaiill.. TThhee ppoolliiccee cchhaarrggeedd hheerr wwiitthh mmuurrddeerr..

TThhee wwoommaann wwhhoo ((wwhhoomm)) tthhee ppoolliiccee cchhaarrggeedd wwiitthh mmuurrddeerr wwaass ppuutt iinn jjaaiill..

which: TThhee jjoobb wwaass vveerryy ttiirriinngg.. HHee aapppplliieedd ffoorr iitt aa wweeeekk aaggoo..

TThhee jjoobb wwhhiicchh ((tthhaatt)) hhee aapppplliieedd ffoorr wwaass vveerryy ttiirriinngg..

whose. TThhee mmaann ffeelltt vveerryy ssaadd.. HHiiss wwiiffee ddiieedd iinn tthhee aacccciiddeenntt..

TThhee mmaann wwhhoossee wwiiffee ddiieedd iinn tthhee aacccciiddeenntt ffeelltt vveerryy ssaadd..

who / which / whomcomma.that.

TThhee ccoommppaannyy wwhhiicchh hhee wwoorrkkss ffoorr sseellllss ccoommppuutteerr..

TThhee wwoommaann wwhhoo kkiilllleedd hheerr hhuussbbaanndd wwaass sseenntteenncceedd ttoo ddeeaatthh..

commathat:

MMrr.. AAhhmmeedd,, wwhhoo hhaass jjuusstt aarrrriivveedd,, iiss aa ffaammoouuss ppoolliittiicciiaann.. TThhee ccoommppaannyy,, wwhhiicchh iiss iinn CCaaiirroo,, eemmppllooyyss 220000 ppeeooppllee..

that / who:TThhee mmaann ffoorr wwhhoomm hhee wwoorrkkss iiss GGeerrmmaann..TThhee mmaann tthhaatt hhee wwoorrkkss ffoorr iiss GGeerrmmaann..

TThhee mmaann wwhhoo //wwhhoomm hhee wwoorrkkss ffoorr iiss GGeerrmmaann..that:


65/153


66/153

66

TThhee sshhoopp wwaass ssoo bbiigg.. HHee wwoorrkkeedd iinn iitt.. ((wwhhiicchh //wwhheerree))TThhee sshhoopp wwhhiicchh hhee wwoorrkkeedd iinn wwaass ssoo bbiigg..TThhee sshhoopp wwhheerree hhee wwoorrkkeedd wwaass ssoo bbiigg..

HHee wweenntt ttoo AAccaappuullccoo.. HHee ssppeenntt mmoosstt ooff hhiiss hhoolliiddaayy tthheerree..HHee wweenntt ttoo AAccaappuullccoo wwhheerree hhee ssppeenntt mmoosstt ooff hhiiss hhoolliiddaayy..

whenwhich: TThhee ddaayy wwaass rreemmeemmbbeerreedd ffoorr lloonngg.. TThheeyy mmeett oonn iitt..

TThhee ddaayy oonn wwhhiicchh tthheeyy mmeett wwaass rreemmeemmbbeerreedd ffoorr lloonngg..TThhee ddaayy wwhheenn tthheeyy mmeett wwaass rreemmeemmbbeerreedd ffoorr lloonngg..

:Active:V.+ ING

TThhee mmaann iiss vveerryy kkiinndd.. HHee wwoorrkkss iinn tthhiiss ooffffiiccee..TThhee mmaann wwhhoo wwoorrkkss iinn tthhiiss ooffffiiccee iiss vveerryy kkiinndd..TThhee mmaann wwoorrkkiinngg iinn tthhiiss ooffffiiccee iiss vveerryy kkiinndd..

: TThhee ooffffiicceerr ttrreeaatteedd mmee vveerryy wweellll.. II mmeett hhiimm aatt tthhee ppoolliiccee ssttaattiioonn..

TThhee ooffffiicceerr wwhhoomm//wwhhoo//tthhaatt II mmeett aatt tthhee ppoolliiccee ssttaattiioonn ttrreeaatteedd mmee vveerryy wweellll..TThhee ooffffiicceerr II mmeett aatt tthhee ppoolliiccee ssttaattiioonn ttrreeaatteedd mmee vveerryy wweellll..

II uusseedd ttoo rreenntt aa ffllaatt,, bbuutt nnooww II oowwnn oonnee..HHee uusseedd ttoo sseenndd lleetttteerrss ttoo hhiiss ffrriieennddss,, bbuutt nnooww hhee sseennddss ee--mmaaiillss.. II uusseedd ttoo ppllaayy tthhee gguuiittaarr wwhheenn II wwaass yyoouunngg.. HHee uusseedd ttoo bbee aa ddrriivveerr,, bbuutt nnooww hhee iissnntt..

:Didn't use to + inf.

HHee ddiiddnntt uussee ttoo ssmmookkee,, bbuutt nnooww hhee ddooeess..

:Did + + use to + inf. ..?

DDiidd sshhee uussee ttoo ccrryy aa lloott wwhheenn sshhee wwaass aa bbaabbyy??

:am / is / are used to + -ing

HHee iiss uusseedd ttoo hhaavviinngg aa ccuupp ooff ccooffffeeee eevveerryy mmoorrnniinngg..

== HHee uussuuaallllyy hhaass aa ccuupp ooff ccooffffeeee eevveerryy mmoorrnniinngg..:

+


67/153

67

AmIs + + used to + V-ing. ..?Are

IIss sshhee uusseedd ttoo lliivviinngg oonn hheerr oowwnn?? AArree tthheeyy uusseedd ttoo ttaakkiinngg eexxeerrcciissee??

no longerused to:any more / any longerused to

:

HHee uusseedd ttoo lliivvee hheerree.. ((nnoo lloonnggeerr))== HHee nnoo lloonnggeerr lliivveess hheerree..

HHee uusseedd ttoo lliivvee hheerree.. ((aannyy mmoorree))== HHee ddooeessnntt lliivvee hheerree aannyy mmoorree..

HHee uussuuaallllyy ggooeess ttoo tthhee cclluubb oonn ffoooott.. ((uusseedd ttoo))== HHee iiss uusseedd ttoo ggooiinngg ttoo tthhee cclluubb oonn ffoooott....

HHee ddiiddnntt lliikkee CChhiinneessee ffoooodd wwhheenn hhee wwaass yyoouunngg,, bbuutt hhee iiss uusseedd ttoo iitt nnooww..

:be used to

be used to""inf.: WWaatteerr iiss uusseedd ttoo ggeenneerraattee eelleeccttrriicciittyy..

WW

oo

oo

dd

iiss

uu

ssee

dd

ttoo

mm

aa

kkee

pp

aa

pp

ee

rr.. :

am / is / are used to + -ing = am / is / are in the habit of + ing

HHee iiss iinn tthhee hhaabbiitt ooff bboorrrroowwiinngg mmoonneeyy ffrroomm ootthheerrss..((uusseedd ttoo))HHee iiss uusseedd ttoo bboorrrroowwiinngg mmoonneeyy ffrroomm ootthheerrss..

used to + inf. = was / were in the habit of + ing

SShhee uusseedd ttoo sslleeeepp iinn ccllaassss....((iinn tthhee hhaabbiitt ooff))SShhee wwaass iinn tthhee hhaabbiitt ooff sslleeeeppiinngg iinn ccllaassss..

The present perfect simple and continuous

:1-:

SS

hh

ee

hh

aa

ss

ww

oo

rrkkee

dd

vvee

rryy

hh

aa

rrdd

tthh

iiss

ww

ee

ee

kk.. SShhee hhaass lliivveedd hheerree ffoorr 1100 yyeeaarrss..

2-:


68/153

68

HHee hhaass jjuusstt ppaasssseedd tthhee eexxaamm.. SShhee hhaass aallrreeaaddyy ddoonnee tthhee hhoommeewwoorrkk..

3-: HHee hhaass aallwwaayyss eennjjooyyeedd ffiisshhiinngg..

4-: CChhaarrlleess hhaass wwrriitttteenn aa nnuummbbeerr ooff sshhoorrtt ssttoorriieess..

:

TThhiiss //IItt //TThhaatt iiss tthhee ffiirrsstt //sseeccoonndd //tthhiirrdd //oonnllyy //bbeesstt //wwoorrsstt,, eettcc.. TThhiiss iiss tthhee ffiirrsstt ttiimmee II hhaavvee sseeeenn tthhiiss mmaann.. TThhiiss iiss tthhee ffiifftthh ttiimmee yyoouu hhaavvee aasskkeedd mmee tthhiiss qquueessttiioonn.. IItt iiss tthhee wwoorrsstt ffiillmm II''vvee ((eevveerr)) sseeeenn..

:HHaavvee //hhaass ggoonnee ttooHHaavvee //hhaass bbeeeenn ttoo SShhee hhaass bbeeeenn ttoo MMyyaannmmaarr.. SShhee ccaammee bbaacckk ttwwoo ddaayyss aaggoo.. HHee hhaass ggoonnee ttoo TTuurrkkeeyy.. HHee wwiillll bbee bbaacckk iinn aa ffeeww ddaayyss..

:WWhheerree hhaavvee yyoouu bbeeeenn?? II hhaavvee bbeeeenn ttoo LLoonnddoonn..


69/153


70/153

70

HHeehhaass wwrriitttteenn tthhrreeee lleetttteerrss..

:():IIhhaavvee kknnoowwnn hhiimmffoorr tteenn yyeeaarrssnnooww..IIhhaavvee oowwnneedd tthhiiss wwaasshhiinngg mmaacchhiinneeffoorr 55 yyeeaarrssnnooww..HHeehhaass bbeeeenn iinn tthhee aarrmmyyffoorr 55 yyeeaarrssnnooww..

so + adj./adv. + that + sentence

very:The shirt was very nice. I couldn't resist buying it. (so that)

The shirt was so nice that I couldn't resist buying it. She ran very quickly. She could catch the train. (so that)

She ran so quickly that she could catch the train.

Such (a/an) + adj. + n. + that + sentence

a/an: He was a stupid boy. He failed all the tests.

He was such a stupid boy that he failed all the tests. The furniture he bought was so wonderful that everyone admired it. (It was)

It was such wonderful furniture that everyone admired it.

asuchfurniture:

noun: He was so reckless / that he had a terrible accident. (suc

Final R 2 Secondary Units 1-18

Documents

Transcript of Final R 2 Secondary Units 1-18