SURVEY DRAFTING.

Exploitation plan of the Handlová mine for the month of October 2016.

doc. Ing. Hana Staňková, Ph.D

INDEX1.SURVEY DRAFTING/DRAWNGS. 2.MAP SCALE. 3.METHOD OF MAPPING. 4.CONSTRUCTION MAPS. 5.TACHEOMETRY.

1-SURVEY DRAFTING Is important to take legitivily, clarance and accuracy to create a

worthy product

Survey drafters Need to know things about survey and methods of measurement Also needs training in mechanical drawing and mathematics

Is important to take awareness of the method to choose the best

Drafters don’t spend time tracing maps. Sometimes Transverse survey Topography notes Reduce cross-section

2-SURVEY DRAWINGS There are three general categories:

Control maps to reestablish ownership lines Showing elevations and form of the Earth Construction maps to control the location

Most maps have few dimensions so a person must rely on the scale → We will see in next step

Survey drawings Are made to be copied and reproduced There are an infinite variety to copy and reproduce them But depends of the quality you have to choose which is the best

One of the most recent and usefull types os Drawing is CAD

CAD:Computer assisted drafting

CAD make a revolution in the survey draftings. In CAD you can make a map without mechanical drawing. Nowadays is the most usefull technique to make maps The big companies use this. To use CAD you need some level of training in survey drafter

2. SURVEY DRAWINGS TRIANGULATION LIFTING METHOD.

Ra/ Representation in three dimensions. b/ Proposed representation of the land.

LEVEL CURVES

e= Equidistance.

Plot of land on a horizontalplane.

Level Curves: Projection of traces on a common horizontal plane.

Horizon plane N4

Horizon plane N3

Horizon plane N2

Horizon plane N1

LEVEL CURVE DEFINITION:

It is the trace that the surface of the land marks on a horizontal plane thatintersects it, so we could define it as the continuous line joining points of equalheight or elevation.

If the surface of the terrain is cut or intercepted by different horizontal planes,at different elevations equidistant from each other, an equal number of contourlines will be obtained when projected or superimposed on a common plane.

They will be represent the SURFACE.

EQUIDISTANCE

DEFINITION:

The vertical or slope distance between two consecutive curves is constant and is called equidistance.

En = Dscale/1000

En= normal equidistance.

Dscale = Denominator of the scale.

METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE LEVEL CURVES.

ANALITIC METHOD.

GRAPHIC METHOD.

CHARACTERISTICS OF LEVEL CURVES.

b/ Soft slope.a/ High slope.

a/ Elevation. b/ Depression.

3-MAP SCALE The scale is a ratio of the distance on the map to the corresponding on the

ground

Earths’s curvature if it’s small town, we can ignore it → plane

if it’s big we have to consider it → Map

The scale is indicated with numbers or by a graphic

With the scale we can determinate the real distance between 2 points in the map

Multiplying the distance in the map with the inverse of the scale fraction

3. MAP SCALENUMERICAL

GRAPHIC

TRANSVERSAL

SIZE OF PLANE

REAL SIZE

1. SIZE2. SURFACE3. PROYECTION

MAP SCALE IN CZECH REPUBLIC

MAP ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS

District Maps → 1:10000

Regional Maps → 1:200000

Czech Maps → 1:500000

THEMATIC STATE MAPS

Review of the trigonometrics and densification points → 1:50000

Road map → 1:50000

PROBLEMATIC SCALES CONDITIONED.

TECHNICAL PLAN

TOPOGRAPHIC MAP

GEOGRAPHICAL MAP

GENERAL MAPS

SIZE SCALES

BIG SCALES

MEDIUM SCALES

SMALL SCALES

GENERAL SCALES

ONWARDS

PROBLEMATIC SCALES CONDITIONED.

SIZE SCALES VISUAL PERCEPTION LEVEL

It is defined as a limit of visual perception at the distance to which two point that are very close thehuman eye confuses them with one.It is usually assumed to be 0,2mm.

PAPER SCALE REAL

That is an uncertainly when observing a map or a plane as well to disguise the error committed in thefunction of the scale.

4. METHOD OF MAPPING The field method to be used for the lifting and representation of a Surface

depends on multiple factors about which can speak:

Study Area.

Map Scale.

Kind of Surface.

Equidistance of the level curves.

Characteristics and type of Project to be developed.

Equipment Available.

MOST COMMON METHODS CLASSIC METHOD

Grid method.

Radiation method.

Cross sections method.

PHOTOGRAMETRIC METHOD.

4-METHOD OF MAPPING There are two classification

maps shown land ownership

maps that show land form

This manuscript must have

High accuracy

Made with hard-grade pencil

Precisely located work

The final map must have this sequence

1. lay out control points and lines

2. plot details

3. compile the topography and other details

4. finish the map with lettering and notes

Another method → SCRIBING : in this process, the lines are photografically transferred to a sheet of drafting film. And using specially scribing tools the drafter scrapes and cuts the coating to reproduce the manuscript.

DATUM FOR MAPPING

All the maps must have a reference to something to determinate elevations and horizontal positions

In America they use he ‘American Datum of 1983’ but only for state plans

Most states use Lambert projection or Mercator projection

The elevations in the U.S are referred to a vertical datum → North American Vertical Datum of 1988 → determinated by the average of 26 sea level stations

TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS

A topographic map is a representation of a portion of the Earth’s surface

It is drawn by → field survey data

→ aerial photographs

It represents → Boundaries

→ Cities

→ Roads

→ Electric lines

→ Buildings

→ Railroads

→And others

A topographic map without contour line is defined as → Planimetric Map

5- CONSTRUCTION MAPS A map should be drawn in 3 phases

producing a framework for plotting details

plot all points of known elevation and location

construct contour lines form plotted points

The charectiristics of contours are:

Counterlines spaced closes represent steeper slopes

Counterlines spaced farther represent gentler slopes

Mounds or depressions are portrayed by closed contour lines

Counter lines never cross or merge each other

Contour lines are perpendicular to the direction of the represented slope

DRAWING CONTOURS BY INTERPOLATION

Interpolation is a procedure to locate contour lines in the correct proportion between two elevate points

There are some ways to do it

Estimated: by mental calculations

Direct calculation: measure the horizontal distance and the correct position for the line

Mechanical interpolation: is an instrument that could change to make the right proportion

Graphic: the interpolation is made with a transparent piece of drafting film.

5. CONSTRUCTION MAPS PHOTOGRAMMETRY.

Uses photographs to obtain land maps.

These photographs are taken from the planes.

Basic information about one frame. Mark and model of the camera.

Focal distance.

Spherical level – verticality photo.

Altimeter / Height about level of the sea.

Scale of photography.

Clock.

Automatic counter.

Date of flight.

Flying Company.

LONGITUDINAL COATING.

Covering.

Two frames.

Three frames.

Four frames.

N frames.

TRANSVERSAL COATING.

Transversal coating.

One pass.

Two passes.

Three passes.

N passes.

SCALE CONCEPT OF A PHOTOGRAPH.

Height of the sun.Height of the sun.

Principal point.

Shadow point.

Height of objects.

STEREOSCOPIC VISION

FLY.

Parallaging.

STEREOSCOPIC PARALLAGING

Photo 1. Photo 2.

6. TACHEOMETRY

Tacheometry is a method of measuring both horizontal distance andvertical elevation of a point in the distance, without use ofsohpisticated technology, such as electronic distance measurement(EDM) or satellite transmissions.

FIXED HAIR METHOD.

This is a method of finding the distance and elevation of staff from the tacheometer.

Different formulas are used in finding distance for different cases.

There are three cases.

CASE 1: When line of sight is horizontal and staff is heal vertically.

EXPLANATION:

Now as i,f and d are constants we can write that the total horizontal distance.

i.e D= K . S + C WHERE,

f/i ; K= Multiplying constant.

C= f+ d = Additive constant (here, VERTICAL DISTANCE IS ZERO).

CASE 2: When line of sight is inclinedbut staff is held vertically.

CASE 2: When line of sight is inclinedbut staff is held vertically.

CASE 3: When line of sight is inclinedbut staff is held normal to the line of sight.

CASE 3: When line of sight is inclinedbut staff is held normal to the line of sight.

TANGENTIAL METHOD: No stadia hairs.

Levelling staff with vanes or targets at known distance.

Horizontal and vertical distances are measured bymeasuring the angels of elevation or depression.

There are three cases.

CASE 1: Both angles of target are angles of elevation.

CASE 2: Both angles of target are angles of depression.

CASE 3: One angle is angle of elevation and the other is angle of depression.

THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION