Final Presentation
-
Upload
kailash-patel -
Category
Documents
-
view
38 -
download
0
Transcript of Final Presentation
WELCOME
STUDIES ON ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF MANGO STONE
Presented By
Anupam Kumar Shahnee, Reg. No. 492 & Kailash Patel, Reg. No. 516
Under The Guidance of
Dr. S. P. DivekarDepartment of Agriculture Process Engineering And
Technology CAET DAPOLI
Topics to be covered Introduction Review of literature
Materials and methods
Results
Conclusions
Introduction Mango is the king among tropical fruits.
In India The production of mango was 18002 MT from 2500 thousand ha area during year 2012 – 2013. (N.H.B.)
The production of mango was 633.0 MT from 482.0 thousand ha Area during year 2012 – 2013 in Maharashtra.
Cont…..
During the processing of ripe mango, its peel and seed are generated as waste, which is approximately 40 - 50 % of the total fruit weight.
The edible pulp makes up 33 – 85 % of the fresh fruit, while peel and kernel amount to 7 – 24 % and 9 – 40 %, respectively, on a fresh weight basis .
After consumption or industrial processing of the fruit, considerable amount of mango seeds are discarded as waste.
Review of LiteratureSr. No.
Author Year Particular
1 Palaniswamy et al.
1974 Mango Seed content 9 to 23 % of mango fruit by weight.
2 Hemabathy et al.
1988 Mango Kernel content of seed is 45.7 % to 72.8 % .
3 Zein & kassab 2005 mango seed kernel contain on a dry weight average 6 % protein, 11 % fat, 77 % carbohydrate, 2 % crude fibre and 2 % ash.
Cont…
Sr. No.
Author Year Particular
4 Gunjan and Waghmare
2007 Flow characteristics of pulp, juice, and nectar of kesar mango.
5 Ashoush and Gadallah
1988 Effect of mango by - products i.e. mango peel and seed kernel powder incorporated in biscuit to check its total phenolic content and antioxidant activity effect in prepared biscuit.
Cont…
Sr. No.
Author Year Particular
6 Ejiofor 1994 Mango kernel composed about 62.8 % lipid, 19.7 % carbohydrates, 8.9 % protein.
7 Arogba S. S. 1997 Discarded kernel in stony seed was convertible to an edible state by processing.
Material and method Moisture content :
Where, W1 = Weight of sample box (g) W2 = Weight of sample box with lid and alphonso / kesar mango stone (g) W3 = Weight of sample box with lid and alphonso / kesar mango stone after drying (g)
Cont…
Figure : Hot air oven and Weighing Balance
Geometric mean diameter :
Where, L = Length, mm B = Breadth, mm T = Thickness, mm
Sphericity :
Where, Dg = Geometric mean diameter, L = Length, mm
Surface Area : S = π * GMD2
where , S = surface area (mm2) GMD = geometric mean diameter, (mm)
Roundness :
Where, AP = Largest projected area of object in natural rest position AC = Area of smallest circumscribing circle.
Bulk density :
True density
Angle of repose
Where, h = height of piled , cm R = radius of piled circle, cm
Coefficient of friction
Where, W1 = Weight to caused sliding of empty box (g) W2 = Weight to caused sliding of filled box (g) W = Weight of material inside the box (g) Cont…
Figure : Frictional Apparatus
STRESS : compressive stress and tensile stress was
measured by help universal testing machine.
where P = Intensity of stress, N/m2
p = Load of force acting on body, N A = Area of Cross section, m2
Cont…
Figure : Universal Testing Machine for Tensile and Compressive Stress
RESULTS
Physical Properties of Mango Stone
Physical properties of mango stone such as moisture content, spatial dimensions, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, roundness, bulk density, true density, angle of repose, coefficient of friction were determined.
Table indicated that the average final moisture content of kesar mango stone was 15.21 % and 13.46 %, (w. b.) respectively.
Moisture content of Mango Stone
Sr. No.
Particular Minimum (%)
Maximum (%)
Average (%)
1 Alphonso mango stone
11.83 18.56 15.20 ± 3.37
2 Kesar mango stone
9.20 17.91 13.46 ± 4.35
The difference in average length of kesar mango stone and alphonso mango stone is about 6.01mm.
Length
Sr. No.
Particular Minimum, mm
Maximum, mm
Average , mm
1 Alphonso mango stone
51.95 82.38 67.35 ± 15.2
2 Kesar mango stone
49.906 107.23 73.36 ± 28.66
The difference in average length of kesar mango stone and alphonso mango stone is about 6.01mm.
Width
Sr. No.
Particular Minimum, mm
Maximum, mm
Average , mm
1 Alphonso mango stone
28.72 47.07 37.75 ± 9.17
2 Kesar mango stone
26.93 50.93 36.17 ± 12.26
The difference in average thickness of kesar mango stone and alphonso mango stone is about 5.7 mm.
Thickness
Sr. No.
Particular Minimum, mm
Maximum, mm
Average , mm
1 Alphonso mango stone
8.89 17.74 12.56 ± 4.46
2 Kesar mango stone
6.60 25.01 18.66 ± 9.21
The difference in average geometric mean diameter of kesar mango stone and alphonso mango stone is about 4.25mm.
Geometric mean diameter
Sr. No.
Particular Minimum, mm
Maximum, mm
Average , mm
1 Alphonso mango stone
27.04 37.16 32.46 ± 5.07
2 Kesar mango stone
22.59 47.84 36.71 ± 12.62
The difference in average sphericity of kesar mango stone and alphonso mango stone is about 0.09 mm.
Sphericity
Sr. No.
Particular Minimum Maximum Average
1 Alphonso mango stone
0.401 0.597 0.51 ± 0.73
2 Kesar mango stone
0.349 0.698 0.501 ± 0.174
The difference in average roundness of kesar mango stone and alphonso mango stone is about 0.016 mm.
Roundness
Sr. No.
Particular Minimum Maximum Average
1 Alphonso mango stone
0.298 0.392 0.342 ± 0.047
2 Kesar mango stone
0.324 0.483 0.358 ± 0.079
The difference in average bulk density of kesar mango stone and alphonso mango stone is about 124.9 kg-m-3.
Bulk density
Maximum Average Minimum0
50100150200250300350400450
Alphonso mango stone Kesar mango stone
Bul
k D
ensi
ty, k
g / m
3
The difference in average bulk density of kesar mango stone and alphonso mango stone is about 180.1 kg-m-3.
True density
Maximum Average Minimum0
200400600800
10001200140016001800
Alphonso mango stone Kesar mango stone
True
Den
sity
, kg
/ m3
The difference in average porosity of kesar mango stone and alphonso mango stone is about 3.95 %.
Porosity
Maximum Average Minimum0
102030405060708090
Alphonso mango stone Kesar mango stone
Poro
sity
, %
The difference in average coefficient of friction of kesar mango stone and alphonso mango stone is about 0.06.
Coefficient of friction
Sr. No.
Particular Minimum Maximum Average
1 Alphonso mango stone
0.71 0.845 0.813 ± 0.067
2 Kesar mango stone
0.739 0.771 0.7537 ± 0.016
The difference in average angle of repose of kesar mango stone and alphonso mango stone is 2.98°.
Angle of repose
Sr. No.
Particular Minimum, Degree
Maximum, Degree
Average, Degree
1 Alphonso mango stone
66.84 67.75 67.30 ± 0.455
2 Kesar mango stone
63.44 65.77 64.32 ± 1.29
Mechanical properties describe the behavior of material under various types of loading. The knowledge of mechanical properties helps in designing of structures and equipments used to handle material, convey food processing of fruits, processing of grains, processing of seeds, processing of vegetables and other food products.
Mechanical properties of mango stone such as compressive stress and tensile stress of mango stone were calculated from universal testing machine.
Mechanical properties
The difference in average compressive stress of kesar mango stone and alphonso mango stone is 1.02 kg-f / cm2.
Compressive Stress for Alphonso Mango Stone
Compressive Stress for Kesar Mango Stone
The difference in average tensile stress of kesar mango stone and alphonso mango stone is 7.99 kg-f / cm2.
Tensile Stress for Alphonso Mango Stone
Tensile Stress of Kesar Mango Stone
The average value of engineering properties, length, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, roundness, area, bulk density, true density, porosity, compressive stress and tensile stress for alphonso mango stone are given as 67.35 mm, 37.75 mm, 12.46 mm, 32.46 mm, 0.51, 0.3424, 34201.56 mm2 , 257.1 kg / m3 ,894 kg / m3 , 69.73 % , 10.29 kg-f / cm2 and 148.13 kg-f / m3 respectively.
The average value of engineering properties, length, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, roundness, area, bulk density, true density, porosity, compressive stress and tensile stress for kesar mango stone are given as 73.36 mm, 36.16 mm, 18.66 mm, 36.71 mm, 0.501, 0.358, 3308 mm2 , 381.9 kg / m3 ,1074.1 kg / m3 , 65.78 % , 11.31 kg-f / cm2 and 16.32 kg-f / m3 respectively.
Conclusion
Thank you
Reference Anonymous (2014). Area and production of
Horticulture crops. Handbook on Horticulture statistics, 2014. Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India. Pp 10-13
Hemavathy J., Prabhakar J. V. and Sen D. P. (1988). Drying and storage behavior of mango (Mangiferaindica) seeds and composition of kernel fat. Asean Food Journal 4(2): 59-65.
Palaniswamy, (1974). Utilization of Mango seed. International Food Research Journal 19(4): 1325-1335.
Zein R. E., El-Bagour A. A. and Kassab H. E. (2005). Chemical and nutritional studies on mango seed kernels. Journal of Agricultural Science, Mansoura University., 30, 3285–3299.
Ashoush and Gadallah (2011). Utilization of Mango Peels and Seed Kernels Powders as Sourcesof Phytochemicals in Biscuit World Journal of Dairy & Food Sciences 6 (1): 35-42, 2011.
Arogba S. S. (1977). Physical, Chemical and Functional Properties of Nigerian mango (Mangifera indica) kernel and its processed flour. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 1997,73, pp.321–328.
Ejiofor M.A.N. (1994). Nutritional values of Ogbono (Irvingi gabonensis var. excels). Proc. ICRAF-IITA Conf. Irvingia gabonensis. May 3-5, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Gunjan V.R. and Vawaghmare D.S. (2007). Studies on dehydration of dahesari mango slices. India food packer.5-9.