FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES

What Is Constitution

Supreme law of India.Longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world, containing 448 articles in 25 parts, 12 schedules and 97 amendments. Besides the English version, there is an official Hindi translation.B. R. Ambedkar is the Chief Architect of Indian Constitution.

• Constitution was enacted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949, and came into effect on 26 January 1950.

• Date 26 January was chosen to commemorate the Purna Swaraj declaration of independence of 1930.

• It declares India to be a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic, assuring its citizens of justice, equality, and liberty, and endeavours to promote fraternity among them.

What are fundamental rights?The basic rights of an individual to live life with safety and security.Enshrined in the constitution and safeguarded by the StateGuaranteed to all citizensDifficult for the State to withdraw these Rights. The process to make any changes is very cumbersomeIf these rights are violated by any individual, corporate body or any arm of the State, the affected party can go to Court.

Fundamental Rights

• The Right to Equality.• Right to Freedom• Right against Exploitation• Right to Freedom of Religion• Cultural and Educational Rights• Right to Constitutional Remedies

RIGHT TO EQUALITY

• Foremost among the fundamental rights guaranteed by the constitution of India is the right to equality.

•  Articles 14-18, state and elaborate the Right to Equality in India.• Article 14 :- Equality before law and equal protection of laws.• Article 15 :- Prohibition of discrimination on grounds only of

religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.• Article 16 :- Equality of opportunity in matters of public

employment• Article 17 :- End of untouchability • Article 18 :- Abolition of titles, Military and academic

distinctions are, however, exempted.

RIGHT TO FREEDOM• Freedom of Speech and expression• Freedom to assemble peacefully without arms• Freedom to form associations or unions• Freedom to move freely throughout the territory

of India• Freedom to reside and settle in any part of the

territory of India• Freedom to practice any profession or to carry

on any occupation, trade or business

RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION The abolition of trafficking in human beings and Begar

(forced labour)

Abolition of employment of children below the age of 14

years in dangerous jobs like factories and mines.

Begar, practised in the past by landlords, has been declared

a crime and is punishable by law

Trafficking in humans for the purpose of slave trade or

prostitution is also prohibited by law.

RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION According to the Constitution, all religions are equal before the State

and no religion shall be given preference over the other. Citizens are free to preach, practice and propagate any religion of their choice

i. Religious communities can set up charitable institutions of their own.

ii. Activities in such institutions which are not religious are performed

according to the laws laid down by the government

iii. No person shall be compelled to pay taxes for the promotion of a

particular religion.

iv. A State run institution cannot impart education that is pro-religion

CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS

•ARTICLES 29 & 30•Any community which has a language and a script of its own has the right to conserve and develop it.•All minorities, religious or linguistic, can set up their own educational institutions to preserve and develop their own culture

RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES

• Right to constitutional remedies empowers the citizens to move a court of law in case of any denial of the fundamental rights.

• This procedure of asking the courts to preserve or safeguard the citizens' fundamental rights can be done in various ways. The courts can issue various kinds of writs. These writs are habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari.

FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES(Article 51A)

• Added to the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, upon the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee.

• These duties set in part IV-A of the Constitution of India.

• They are not legally enforceable. They are held by the Supreme Court to be obligatory for all citizens.

• Originally ten in number, the Fundamental Duties were increased to eleven by the 86th Amendment in 2002.

THE DUTIESThe exact duties of every citizen of India according to the Constitution are:

• To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem.

• To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom.

• To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India. • To defend the country and render national service when called

upon to do so.• To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood

amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.

• To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.

• To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life, and to have compassion for living creatures.

• To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.

• To safeguard public property and to abjure violence. • To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual

and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement.

• Who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or, as the case may be, ward between the age of six and fourteen years.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES

• Fundamental Right applies to both citizens & foreigners but fundamental duties apply only to citizens.

• Fundamental duties are non-justiciable in nature i.e. they can’t be taken to court of law if they are not followed.

• Fundamental duties lack legal sanction & direct enforcement. But Parliament can enforce it if it wants via proper legislation.

• Fundamental Rights have impact on the government. Fundamental Duties have impact on the Citizens.

• Rights are what we want others to do for us whereas the duties are those acts which we should perform for others.