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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to take this opportunity to thank to everybody whohas helped me in the successful completion of this project in time.

We would like to express our gratitude to our guide Prof.

., who in spite of her busy schedule found the time to

provide us with her expert guidance and to see the project to

completion.

By .


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CONTENTS

1 Central and State Governments

1.1 Legislative branch

1.2 State Government

1.3 Judicial branch

2 Political parties and elections

3 Local governance

4 Role of political parties

5 Political issues

5.1 Social issues

5.2 Economic issues

5.3 Law and order

6 Some Best Article On Politics Of India
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Central_and_State_Governmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Central_and_State_Governmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Legislative_branchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Legislative_branchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#State_Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#State_Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Judicial_branchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Judicial_branchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Political_parties_and_electionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Political_parties_and_electionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Local_governancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Local_governancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Role_of_political_partieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Role_of_political_partieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Political_issueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Political_issueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Social_issueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Social_issueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Economic_issueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Economic_issueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Law_and_orderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Law_and_orderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Law_and_orderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Economic_issueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Social_issueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Political_issueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Role_of_political_partieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Local_governancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Political_parties_and_electionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Judicial_branchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#State_Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Legislative_branchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Central_and_State_Governments


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1 Central and State GovernmentsThe central government exercises its broad administrative powers in the name of

thePresident, whose duties are largely ceremonial. The president and vice president

are elected indirectly for 5-year terms by a special electoral college. The vice president

assumes the office of president in case of the death or resignation of the incumbent

president.

The constitution designates the governance of India under two branches, namely: the

executive branch and the legislative branch. Real national executive power is centered

in the Council of Ministers, led by thePrime Minister of India. The President appointsthe Prime Minister, who is designated by legislators of the political party or coalition

commanding a parliamentary majority. The President then appoints subordinate

ministers on the advice of the Prime Minister. In reality, the President has no discretion

on the question of whom to appoint as Prime Minister except when no political party or

coalition of parties gains a majority in the Lok Sabha. Once the Prime Minister has been

appointed, the President has no discretion on any other matter whatsoever, including

the appointment of ministers. But all Central Government decisions are nominally taken

in his/her name.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Central_and_State_Governmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Central_and_State_Governmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Central_and_State_Governments


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1.1 Legislative branch

The constitution designates the Parliament of India as the legislative branch to oversee

the operation of the government.India's bicameral parliamentconsists of theRajya

Sabha(Council of States) and theLok Sabha(House of the People or Council of

Ministers).

1.2 State Government

States in India have their own elected governments, whereas Union Territories are

governed by an administrator appointed by the president. Some of the state legislatures

are bicameral, patterned after the two houses of the national parliament. The states'

chief ministers are responsible to the legislatures in the same way the prime minister is

responsible to parliament.

Each state also has a presidentially appointed governor who may assume certain broad

powers when directed by the central government. The central government exerts

greater control over the union territories than over the States, although some territories

have gained more power to administer their own affairs. Local state governments in

India have less autonomy compared to their counterparts in the United States, Africa

and Australia.,

1.3 Judicial branch

India's independent judicial system began under theBritish, and its concepts and

procedures resemble those ofAnglo-Saxoncountries. The constitution designates the

Supreme Court, the High Courts and the lower courts as the authority to resolve

disputes among the people as well as the disputes related to the people and the

government. The constitution through its articles relating to the judicial system provides

a way to question the laws of the government, if the common man finds the laws as

unsuitable for any community in India.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajya_Sabhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajya_Sabhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajya_Sabhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajya_Sabhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajya_Sabhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajya_Sabhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_India


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2 Political parties and elections
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Political_parties_and_electionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Political_parties_and_electionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Political_parties_and_elections


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Indian general election, 2009.

Alliances Party Seatswon

ChangePopular

VoteVote % Swing

United ProgressiveAllianceSeats: 262Seat Change: +80PopularVote: 153,482,356PopularVote %: 37.22%Swing: +3.96%

Indian NationalCongress

206 +61 119,110,776 28.55% +2.02%

All IndiaTrinamoolCongress

19 +17 13,355,986 3.20% +1.13%

DravidaMunnetraKazhagam

18 +2 7,625,397 1.83% +0.02%

NationalistCongress Party

9 8,521,349 2.04% +0.24%

National

Conference3 +1 498,374 0.55% +0.42%

Jharkhand MuktiMorcha

2 3 1,665,173 0.40% -0.07%

Indian UnionMuslim League

2 +1 877,503 0.21% +0.01%

ViduthalaiChiruthaigalKatchi

1 +1 735,847 0.18% +0.18%

Kerala Congress1 +1 404,962 0.10% +0.05%
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_general_election,_2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_general_election,_2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Progressive_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Progressive_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Progressive_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Trinamool_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Trinamool_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Trinamool_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Trinamool_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir_National_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir_National_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand_Mukti_Morchahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand_Mukti_Morchahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viduthalai_Chiruthaigal_Katchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viduthalai_Chiruthaigal_Katchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viduthalai_Chiruthaigal_Katchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Congress_(Mani)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Congress_(Mani)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viduthalai_Chiruthaigal_Katchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viduthalai_Chiruthaigal_Katchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viduthalai_Chiruthaigal_Katchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand_Mukti_Morchahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand_Mukti_Morchahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir_National_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir_National_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Trinamool_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Trinamool_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Trinamool_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Progressive_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Progressive_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_general_election,_2009


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(Mani)

All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul

Muslimeen1 308,061 0.07% -0.04%

Republican Partyof India (Athvale)

1 378,928 0.09%

National DemocraticAllianceSeats: 159

Seat Change:17PopularVote: 102,689,312PopularVote %: 24.63%Swing: -4.88%

Bharatiya JanataParty

116 22 78,435,538 18.80% -3.36%

Janata Dal(United)

20 +12 6,331,079 1.52% -0.83%

Shiv Sena 11 1 6,454,850 1.55% -0.26%

Rashtriya LokDal

5 +2 1,821,054 0.44% -0.19%

Shiromani AkaliDal

4 4 4,004,789 0.96% +0.06%

TelanganaRashtra Samithi

2 3 2,582,326 0.62% -0.01%

Asom Gana

Parishad

1 1 1,773,103 0.43% -0.10%

Indian NationalLok Dal

1,286,573 0.31% -0.19%
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Congress_(Mani)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Majlis-e-Ittehadul_Muslimeenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Majlis-e-Ittehadul_Muslimeenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Majlis-e-Ittehadul_Muslimeenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Majlis-e-Ittehadul_Muslimeenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_of_India_(Athvale)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_of_India_(Athvale)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_of_India_(Athvale)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Dal_(United)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Dal_(United)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Dal_(United)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiv_Senahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiv_Senahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtriya_Lok_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtriya_Lok_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtriya_Lok_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telangana_Rashtra_Samithihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telangana_Rashtra_Samithihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asom_Gana_Parishadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asom_Gana_Parishadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asom_Gana_Parishadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Lok_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Lok_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Lok_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Lok_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asom_Gana_Parishadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asom_Gana_Parishadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telangana_Rashtra_Samithihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telangana_Rashtra_Samithihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtriya_Lok_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtriya_Lok_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiv_Senahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Dal_(United)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Dal_(United)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_of_India_(Athvale)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_of_India_(Athvale)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Majlis-e-Ittehadul_Muslimeenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Majlis-e-Ittehadul_Muslimeenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Majlis-e-Ittehadul_Muslimeenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Congress_(Mani)


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Third FrontSeats: 79Seat Change:30Popular

Vote: 88,174,229PopularVote %: 21.15%Swing: -1.06%

Communist Partyof India (Marxist)

16 27 22,219,111 5.33% -0.33%

Communist Partyof India

4 6 5,951,888 1.43% +0.02%

RevolutionarySocialist Party

2 -1 1,573,650 0.37% -0.06%

All India ForwardBloc

2 -1 1,345,803 0.32% -0.03%

Bahujan SamajParty

21 +2 25,728,889 6.17% +0.84%

Biju Janata Dal 14 +3 6,612,552 1.59% +0.29%

All India AnnaDravida

MunnetraKazhagam

9 +9 6,953,591 1.67% -0.52%

Telugu DesamParty

6 +1 10,481,348 2.51% -0.53%

Janata Dal(Secular)

3 1 3,434,082 0.82% -0.65%

MarumalarchiDravidaMunnetraKazhagam

1 3 1,112,908 0.27% -0.16%
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_National_Progressive_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_National_Progressive_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Forward_Blochttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Forward_Blochttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Forward_Blochttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahujan_Samaj_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahujan_Samaj_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biju_Janata_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biju_Janata_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Anna_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Anna_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Anna_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Anna_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Anna_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_Desam_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_Desam_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Dal_(Secular)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Dal_(Secular)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Dal_(Secular)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marumalarchi_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marumalarchi_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marumalarchi_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marumalarchi_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marumalarchi_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marumalarchi_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marumalarchi_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marumalarchi_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marumalarchi_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Dal_(Secular)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Dal_(Secular)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_Desam_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_Desam_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Anna_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Anna_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Anna_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Anna_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biju_Janata_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahujan_Samaj_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahujan_Samaj_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Forward_Blochttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Forward_Blochttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_National_Progressive_Alliance


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Haryana JanhitCongress

1 +1 816,395 0.20% +0.20%

Pattali MakkalKatchi

6 1,944,619 0.47% -0.09%

Fourth FrontSeats: 27Seat Change: -37PopularVote: 21,456,117PopularVote %: 5.14%

Swing: -2.30%

Samajwadi Party 23 13 14,284,638 3.42% -0.90%

Rashtriya JanataDal

4 20 5,279,059 1.27% -1.14%

Lok JanshaktiParty

4 1,892,420 0.45% -0.26%

Other Parties andIndependentsSeats: 16Seat Change: +9PopularVote: 27,146,939

PopularVote %: 6.51%Swing: +2.04%

Assam UnitedDemocratic Front

1 +1 2,184,556 0.52% +0.52%

Jharkhand VikasMorcha(Prajatantrik)

1 +1 963,274 0.23% +0.23%

NagalandPeople's Front

1 832,224 0.20% +0.02%

BodolandPeople's Front

1 +1 656,430 0.16% +0.16%

SwabhimaniPaksha

1 +1 481,025 0.12% +0.12%

Bahujan Vikas1 +1 223,234 0.05% +0.05%
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryana_Janhit_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryana_Janhit_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryana_Janhit_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattali_Makkal_Katchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattali_Makkal_Katchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samajwadi_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtriya_Janata_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtriya_Janata_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtriya_Janata_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Janshakti_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Janshakti_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_United_Democratic_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_United_Democratic_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand_Vikas_Morcha_(Prajatantrik)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand_Vikas_Morcha_(Prajatantrik)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand_Vikas_Morcha_(Prajatantrik)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagaland_People%27s_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagaland_People%27s_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagaland_People%27s_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodoland_People%27s_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodoland_People%27s_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodoland_People%27s_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabhimani_Pakshahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabhimani_Pakshahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahujan_Vikas_Aaghadihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahujan_Vikas_Aaghadihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabhimani_Pakshahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabhimani_Pakshahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodoland_People%27s_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodoland_People%27s_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagaland_People%27s_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagaland_People%27s_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand_Vikas_Morcha_(Prajatantrik)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand_Vikas_Morcha_(Prajatantrik)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand_Vikas_Morcha_(Prajatantrik)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_United_Democratic_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_United_Democratic_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Janshakti_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Janshakti_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtriya_Janata_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtriya_Janata_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samajwadi_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattali_Makkal_Katchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattali_Makkal_Katchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryana_Janhit_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryana_Janhit_Congress


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Aaghadi

SikkimDemocratic Front

1 159,351 0.04%

Independents 9 +4 21,646,845 5.19% +0.94%

Total 364 PoliticalParties

543 417,156,494
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahujan_Vikas_Aaghadihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim_Democratic_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim_Democratic_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_(politician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_(politician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_(politician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim_Democratic_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim_Democratic_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahujan_Vikas_Aaghadi


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3 Local governance

Main article:Panchayati Raj

On April 24, 1993, the Constitutional (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992 came into force to

provide constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj institutions. This Act was extended to

Panchayats in the tribal areas of eight States, namely Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat,

Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Rajasthan from 24

December 1996.

The Act aims to provide 3-tier system of Panchayati Raj for all States having population

of over 2 million, to hold Panchayat elections regularly every 5 years, to provide

reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Women, to appoint

State Finance Commission to make recommendations as regards the financial powers

of the Panchayats and to constitute District Planning Committee to prepare draft

development plan for the district.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Local_governancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Local_governancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchayati_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchayati_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchayati_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchayati_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Local_governance


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4 Role of political parties

Role of political parties

For other political parties seeList of political parties in India. An overview onelections and election results is included inElections in India.

As any other democracy, political parties represent different sections among the Indian

society and regions, and their core values play a major role in the politics of India. Both

the executive branch and the legislative branch of the government are run by the

representatives of the political parties who have been elected through the elections.

Through the electoral process, the people of India choose which majority in the lower

house, a government can be formed by that party or the coalition.

Indian state governments led by various political parties as of March 2009.

India has a multi-party system, where there are a number of national as well as regionalparties. A regional party may gain a majority and rule a particular state. If a party

represents more than 4 states then such parties are considered as national parties. In

the 63 years since India's independence, India has been ruled by the Indian National

Congress(INC) for 51 of those years.

The party enjoyed a parliamentary majority barring two brief periods during the 1970s

and late 1980s. This rule was interrupted between 1977 to 1980, when theJanata

Partycoalition won the election owing to public discontent with thecontroversial state of

emergencydeclared by the then Prime MinisterIndira Gandhi. TheJanata Dalwonelections in 1989, but its government managed to hold on to power for only two years.

Between 1996 and 1998, there was a period of political flux with the government being

formed first by theright-wingnationalistBharatiya Janata Party(BJP) followed by a left-

leaningUnited Frontcoalition. In 1998, the BJP formed theNational Democratic

Alliancewith smaller regional parties, and became the first non-INC and coalition

government to complete a full five-year term. The2004 Indian electionssaw the INC

winning the largest number of seats to form a government leading theUnited

Progressive Alliance, and supported by left-parties and those opposed to the BJP.

On 22 May 2004,Manmohan Singhwas appointed thePrime Minister of Indiafollowing

the victory of theINC& the left front in the2004 Lok Sabha election. TheUPAnow

rules India without the support of the left front. Previously,Atal Bihari Vajpayeehad

taken office in October 1999 after a general election in which a BJP-led coalition of 13

parties called theNational Democratic Allianceemerged with a majority.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Role_of_political_partieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Role_of_political_partieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Emergency_(1975_-_77)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Emergency_(1975_-_77)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Emergency_(1975_-_77)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Emergency_(1975_-_77)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Front_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Front_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_general_elections,_2004http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_general_elections,_2004http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_general_elections,_2004http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Progressive_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Progressive_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Progressive_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manmohan_Singhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manmohan_Singhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manmohan_Singhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_general_election,_2004http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_general_election,_2004http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_general_election,_2004http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Progressive_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Progressive_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Progressive_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Progressive_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_general_election,_2004http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manmohan_Singhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Progressive_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Progressive_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_general_elections,_2004http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Front_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Emergency_(1975_-_77)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Emergency_(1975_-_77)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Role_of_political_parties


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Formation of coalition governments reflects the transition in Indian politics away from

the national parties toward smaller, more narrowly-basedregional parties. Some

regional parties, especially in South India, are deeply aligned to the ideologies of the

region unlike the national parties and thus the relationship between the central

government and the state government in various states has not always been free of

rancor. Disparity between the ideologies of the political parties ruling the centre and the

state leads to severely skewed allocation of resources between the states.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_party


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5 Political issues

Political issues are divided in to three major parts, such as,

5.1 Social issues

5.2 Economic issues

5.3 Law and order

Social issues :

1) Supreme Court adjourns 2G case for Delhi blast.

New Delhi, Sep 7 (IANS) The Supreme Court Wednesday adjourned the 2G spectrumcase hearing for 10 minutes after learning about the bomb blast outside the Delhi HighCourt.

Justice G.S. Singhvi and Justice H.L. Dattu were informed about the explosion by seniorcounsel Ram Jethmalani.

Justice Singhvi said: It is very difficult to be mechanical and say that life will go on. Loss

of human life is loss to the nation.

2)Drama in court before Amar Singhs arrest.

New Delhi, Sep 6 (IANS) A fair amount of drama in court preceded the arrest of RajyaSabha member Amar Singh Tuesday in connection with the cash-for-vote scam.

As his lawyers told a Delhi court that their client was seriously ill and bed ridden and inno position to attend court, the former Samajwadi Party leader made a surprise entry in

the court room, stunning everyone present.

In the morning, Singh, 55, skipped the court appearance as his lawyers argued that hewas too ill to appear in the court.

But an unimpressed special judge Sangita Dhingra Sehgal demanded that either Singhappear in the court or his complete medical report be submitted by 12.30 p.m.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Political_issueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Political_issueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Social_issueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Social_issueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Economic_issueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Economic_issueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Law_and_orderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Law_and_orderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Law_and_orderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Economic_issueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Social_issueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India#Political_issues


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Unable to present a medical report to back their claim, Singhs lawyers urged the courtfor some more time. However, shortly before 1 p.m., Singh himself arrived in court, toeveryones shock and surprise.

3)Anna Hazare News :

Very few social activists have captured the attention of Indians across the globe as

Anna Hazare did during his "fast unto death" over the issue of the Lokpal Bill in New

Delhi in April 2011. Hazare, a Gandhian by belief, outlook and practice, has become the

face of India's fight against corruption. During his fast over the Lokpal Bill, Hazare, a

quintessential traditional Indian by looks and mannerism, managed to inspire and

mobilize the support of even the ultra-modern Indians - Indians for whom the word

"social" only means having a profile on social networking sites. The "Anna Hazare fast"

can be described as the first real "social networking movement" in India. Hazare, a

former Army man, began his social activism from Ralegan Siddhi, a village inAhmednagar district in Maharashtra, where he successfully led a movement against

alcoholism and made Ralegan Siddhi a "model village". Hazare's campaign was

instrumental in the implementation of the Right to Information Act in Maharashtra, which

is considered one of the best RTI Acts in India. A Ramon Magsaysay award winner,

Anna Hazare, like his idol, Mahatma Gandhi, has triggered a debate over the use of fast

as a means of protest in India. By sheer commitment and simplicity, he has

demonstrated that Gandhian principles are relevant even in the 21st-century India.

4)Lokpal Bill :

In 2011, Hazare initiated aSatyagrahamovement for passing a stronger anti-

corruptionLokpal(ombudsman) bill in the Indian Parliament as conceived in theJan

Lokpal Bill(People's Ombudsman Bill). The Jan Lokpal Bill was drafted earlier byN.

Santosh Hegde, former justice of theSupreme Court of

IndiaandLokayuktaofKarnataka,Prashant Bhushan, a senior lawyer in the Supreme

Court andArvind Kejriwal, a social activist along with members of theIndia Against

Corruptionmovement. This draft bill incorporated more stringent provisions and wider

power to the Lokpal (Ombudsman) than the draft Lokpal bill prepared by the

government in 2010. These include placing "thePrime Ministerwithin the ambit of the

proposed lokpals powers".
http://www.merinews.com/topic/anna-hazare-news.shtmlhttp://www.merinews.com/topic/lokpal-bill.shtmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyagrahahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyagrahahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyagrahahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Lokpal_Billhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Lokpal_Billhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Lokpal_Billhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombudsmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombudsmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombudsmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Lokpal_Billhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Lokpal_Billhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Lokpal_Billhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Lokpal_Billhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._Santosh_Hegdehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._Santosh_Hegdehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._Santosh_Hegdehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._Santosh_Hegdehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokayuktahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokayuktahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokayuktahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prashant_Bhushanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prashant_Bhushanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prashant_Bhushanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvind_Kejriwalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvind_Kejriwalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvind_Kejriwalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Against_Corruptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Against_Corruptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Against_Corruptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Against_Corruptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Against_Corruptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvind_Kejriwalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prashant_Bhushanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokayuktahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._Santosh_Hegdehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._Santosh_Hegdehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Lokpal_Billhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Lokpal_Billhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombudsmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Lokpal_Billhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyagrahahttp://www.merinews.com/topic/lokpal-bill.shtmlhttp://www.merinews.com/topic/anna-hazare-news.shtml


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5)India Japan Relations

A PARTNERSHIP between India and Japan should be a marriage made in heaven.

Both countries of the orient have a shared history and are a people blessed with an

innate resilience of spirit that has helped them survive crises through the centuries. A

relationship between the two nations was forged way back in the 6th century but a

special initiative between the governments of the two countries in the last three to four

decades has been very crucial in furthering it. And the Indo-Japan Global Partnership

Summit 2011 in Tokyo is a significant step forward.

The opening session of the summit comprised of the whos who from both India and

Japan, such as Former Prime Minister Yoshiro Mori, Mr. Sam Pitroda, Chairman

Mukesh Ambani, and of course Mr. Vibhav Kant Upadhyay, the main initiator of theevent, giving their points of view as to how an Indo-Japan bond can be forged to the

extent that its not only mutually beneficial to both countries but also for the entire world

at large. The current worldwide economic crisis gives good reason to test this theory,

and so in the two days, seminars were held on different aspects of collaboration such as

education, business, infrastructure, and culture.

What makes these two countries' collaboration a prospective success is that the high

level execution capabilities of the Japanese, and their hardware expertise and

innovativeness along with Indias software capabilities and large youth

population, which can complement each other so tha t both countries can mutually

benefit from the partnership. Besides, public and private sector initiative, a long-termsustainable growth model can be achieved through P2P (people to people) partnership.

Summits and meets such as the IJGPS ensure that the two countries are not only

connected through the government and business houses, but are joined by a

relationship from the heart. Forums such as these help cultures fuse. People of

different sections of the society interact at different levels making it a win-win

partnership - benefiting not just the countries involved, but the entire world. So, in the

words of Mr. Mukesh Ambani, let the power of great ideas guide us in the days

ahead.
http://www.merinews.com/topic/india-japan-relations.shtmlhttp://www.merinews.com/topic/india-japan-relations.shtml


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Economic issues

1)Indian Rupee settled at one-year low against the US Currency on 7 September

The Indian rupee on 7 September 2011 settled at one-year low of 46.16/17 against theUS currency, down by 5 paise over last close as sustained dollar demand fromimporters and some banks erased its early gains.

At the Interbank Foreign Exchange (Forex) market, the domestic unit opened higher at46.05/06 a dollar from last close of 46.11/12 and touched a high of 45.98 in line withsmart rise in local stocks. It was however not able to maintain the surge concluded theday at 46.16/17. it had ended at 46.35/36 a dollar last on 15 September 2010.

Dealers attributed the fall in rupee to late dollar demand from importers and some bankson expectations of a decline in dollar in overseas markets.

The dollar index, a measure of six major currencies, was down by nearly 0.3 per cent.

2) UNCTAD projected an Economic Growth of 8.1 per cent for India in 2011

UNCTAD's Trade and Development Report 2011 was launched in New Delhi on 6

September 2011. In the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

(UNCTAD) projected an economic growth of 8.1 per cent for India, the fastest rate of

expansion in the world after China in midst of an anticipated global slowdown to 3 per

cent in 2011.

3) Committee set up by TRAI to determine Value of Spectrum during 2001-2008

submitted Report

A three-member expert committee, set up by the Telecom Regulatory Authority of Indiaand meant to determine the precise value of spectrum during 2001-2008 submitted areport on 19 August 2011. In the report the committee compalined of a tricky exerciseplagued by data deficit.


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The report was filed at a time when the valuation of public loss caused by the 2008spectrum allocation under then Telecom Minister A Raja is being pegged between Rs1.76 lakh crore by the Comptroller and Auditor General to over Rs 30000 crore by theCBI and zero loss by Rajas successor Kapil Sibal.

4) Rating Agency Moody's projected India's GDP Growth for the 2011-12 fiscal at

7.5-8%

Global rating agency Moody's projected India's GDP (gross domestic product) growthfor the 2011-12 fiscal at 7.5-8 per cent on 5 September 2011. It also cited high domesticinterest rates coupled with the current global uncertainties as the near-term factors thatcould affect its economic expansion. Moody's noted in its annual sovereign creditupdate on India that the cyclical slowdown was unlikely to alter its credit outlook.

The rating agency is of the opinion that rising domestic interest rates and an uncertainglobal economic environment would possibly dampen India's near term GDP growth.However, the report mentioned that a cyclical slowdown is unlikely to alter its creditoutlook.

Moody's analysis was in sync with the view held by the RBI on inflation. Inflation waslikely to moderate to around 7 per cent by the end of the fiscal in March 2012. Theagency highlighted the concern over investment slowdown, a major issue that India Inc.cited for bringing about a pause in further rate hikes by the RBI.

Moody's report pointed to the limited room for further fiscal stimulus, given the fact thatthe government targeted to cap the fiscal deficit at 4.6 per cent of GDP in 2011-12,down from 4.7 per cent last fiscal. Moody's noted that its outlook on India's Baa3 foreigncurrency government bond rating remained stable with a Ba1 rating on the country'slocal currency debt. The gap between the Baa3 foreign currency debt and Ba1 localcurrency debt ratings reflects the potential likelihood that the government could prioritiseits external obligations over its domestic obligations.


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5) SAT observed that SEBI has Powers under the Sebi Act to issue Directions to

Unlisted Firms

The Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT) observed on 5 September 2011 that theSecurities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has wider powers under the Sebi Act toissue directions to even unlisted firms to protect interest of investors in the securitiesmarket.

The SAT observation followed a Sahara Group argument that the jurisdiction to regulate

an unlisted public company lies with the Central government and not with the SEBI.

SAT also directed the ministry of corporate affairs (MCA) to produce a copy of itsresponse to a query raised by Sahara Group in 2010 on whether the OFCD issued bythe company fell within the purview of the Central government or the Sebi. The matterwas brought before SAT after SEBI directed two Sahara Group firms to refund money toinvestors in the companies optionally fully convertible debentures (OFCD) scheme.

The Supreme Court had in July 2011 directed SAT to expedite the case with in a periodof eight weeks and also decide the jurisdiction to regulate such instruments.

The Sahara counsel pointed out Section 55 A of the Companies Act, which makes adistinction between listed and unlisted public companies with relation to the issue andtransfer of securities. The provision states that SEBI can regulate the issue and transferof securities in case of listed public companies and those public companies, whichintend to get their securities listed on any recognised stock exchange. However theunlisted public companies will be administered by the Central government. The SaharaGroup argued that they were an unlisted public company and therefore prima facie,Sebi Act did not apply to them.

However, SAT observed that Section 55 A of the Companies Act should not overridethe wider powers enjoyed by Sebi under the Sebi Act.

SEBI had in November 2010 indicted two Sahara Group firms Sahara India RealEstate Corporation now known as Sahara Commodity Services Corporation Ltd andSahara Housing Investment Corporation for raising funds from the public through OFCDscheme without conforming to prudent disclosure and other investor protection norms,which govern such public issues.


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Law and order

1)BSES fined for faulty power bill, lodging false case

The citys power distribution firm BSES Rajdhani Power has been fined Rs 25,000 by a Delhiconsumer court for raising an inflated electricity bill of Rs 1.17 lakh against an user and lodginga false power theft case against him.

Theft case was registered by BSES against the consumer and later it was withdrawn andrefund was agreed to be made which shows that the theft case was without substance. Refundof money to him has been delayed for a very long time without any genuine ground, a citydistrict consumer forum presided by MP Mehndiratta said while giving the relief to the user.

Holding BSES Rajdhani Power to be deficient in service, we allow the complaint to the effectthat the company shall pay Rs 25,000 as compensation within one month from the receipt ofthis order, it said.

The order came on a complaint by South Delhi resident RK Saxena who alleged the discomlodged a false case of dishonest abstraction of energy and forced him to part with Rs 32,000against the bill amount of Rs 1.17 lakh under threat of disconnection.

1) Coca Cola to compensate for deadly fly in Limca

Soft drinks major Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages has been ordered by a Delhi court to pay asum of Rs 7,000 as compensation to a businessman who found a dead fly inside a sealed Limca

bottle.

It stands satisfactorily proved that the Limca bottle purchased by the complainant businessmanfrom the retailer, manufactured by Hindustan Cola Beverages, was found to contain a dead flyand in the circumstances a case of unfair trade practice is clearly made out, a District ConsumerRedressal Forum said.

In his complaint, Lal had said that he had bought five bottles of Limca and some snack to serve adelegation visiting him for a business deal. One of the Limca bottles had a mosquito or flyfloating inside, he had added.

The complainant felt humiliated and the members of the delegation were shocked. It broughtbad reputation to him and resultantly the business deal could not be finalised, the consumerforum said, noting Lals claims.

The businessman then sent legal notices to Limca Manufacturers and the retailer, HemantKumar, but when it did not help he approached the consumer court.

The complaint had sought compensation of Rs 5.75 lakh including litigation expenses, allegingdeficiency in service against both Coca-Cola and the retailer.
http://consumerlaw.in/bses-fined-for-faulty-power-bill-lodging-false-case/http://consumerlaw.in/bses-fined-for-faulty-power-bill-lodging-false-case/http://consumerlaw.in/bses-fined-for-faulty-power-bill-lodging-false-case/http://consumerlaw.in/coca-cola-to-compensate-for-deadly-fly-in-limca/http://consumerlaw.in/coca-cola-to-compensate-for-deadly-fly-in-limca/http://consumerlaw.in/bses-fined-for-faulty-power-bill-lodging-false-case/


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In reply to the complaint in the consumer forum, the cola major refuted his claims saying thatno receipt is produced by the complainant. The court, however, accepted the complainantsargument that small items like soft drinks may not always be sold with a bill.

There is merit in the contention of counsel for complainant that generally no bill is obtained forpurchase of such small items, the consumer court said.

In similar cases, in the past courts have ordered compensation in lakhs even,considering that it can be very dangerous to consumer such a product !

Some issues

Section.8(1)(j) of the RTI Act:RTI Act, 2005 was set up to create transparency in the

governance of the country but sometimes people use it as a tool for unwarranted invasion of

privacy......By Manjeet Kumar Sahu - Posted: 2011/8/31

Indias Foreign policy from Constitutional Perspective: Constitution of India constitutes India

into a Sovereign Socialist, Sovereign and Democratic, republic Nation. Socialist Nation is aNation which allows ......By Ravishankar Mor - Posted: 2011/8/31

The Role of Indian Judiciary with Special Reference to Global IP Regime: Intellectual Property

pertains to invention/creation/innovation of any artistic, literary, scientific creation, concept

etc.......By Aniket Pandey - Posted: 2011/8/31

IPR protection in outer space activities: Despite the fact that space technology is always one of

the most advanced technical area, and outer space activities are, in fact, the fruit of intellectual

........By Krishanu Das - Posted: 2011/8/31

Validity of foreign arbitral awards in India: With the expansion of international trade in recentyears, the business world has been increasingly reluctant to litigate in courts of law for

differences arising from.....By Swati Nargotra - Posted: 2011/8/31

Euthanasia in India: From the moment of his birth, a person is clothed with basic human rights.

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Some Best Article On Politics Of India

INDIAN POLITICS ENTERED a new era at the beginning of the 1990s. The period of politicaldomination by the Congress (I) branch of the Indian National Congress came to an end with theparty's defeat in the 1989 general elections, and India began a period of intense multipartypolitical competition. Even though the Congress (I) regained power as a minority government in1991, its grasp on power was precarious. The Nehruvian socialist ideology that the party hadused to fashion India's political agenda had lost much of its popular appeal. The Congress (I)political leadership had lost the mantle of moral integrity inherited from the Indian NationalCongress's role in the independence movement, and it was widely viewed as corrupt. Supportamong key social bases of the Congress (I) political coalition was seriously eroding. The mainalternative to the Congress (I), the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP--Indian People's Party),embarked on a campaign to reorganize the Indian electorate in an effort to create a Hindunationalist majority coalition. Simultaneously, such parties as the Janata Dal (People's Party),the Samajwadi Party (Socialist Party), and the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP--Party of Society'sMajority) attempted to ascend to power on the crest of an alliance of interests uniting Dalits (seeGlossary), Backward Classes, Scheduled Tribes (see Glossary), and religious minorities.

The structure of India's federal--or union--system not only creates a strong central governmentbut also has facilitated the concentration of power in the central government in general and inparticular in the Office of the Prime Minister. This centralization of power has been a source ofconsiderable controversy and political tension. It is likely to further exacerbate political conflictbecause of the increasing pluralism of the country's party system and the growing diversity ofinterest-group representation.

Once viewed as a source of solutions for the country's economic and social problems, theIndian polity is increasingly seen by political observers as the problem. When populist politicalappeals stir the passions of the masses, government institutions appear less capable than everbefore of accommodating conflicts in a society mobilized along competing ethnic and religiouslines. In addition, law and order have become increasingly tenuous because of the growinginability of the police to curb criminal activities and quell communal disturbances. Indeed, manyobservers bemoan the "criminalization" of Indian politics at a time when politicians routinely hire"muscle power" to improve their electoral prospects, and criminals themselves successfully runfor public office. These circumstances have led some observers to conclude that India hasentered into a growing crisis of governability.

Few analysts would deny the gravity of India's problems, but some contend they have occurredamidst the maturation of civil society and the emergence of new, more democratic politicalpractices. Backward Classes, the Dalits, and tribal peoples increasingly have refused to restcontent with the patronage and populism characteristic of the "Congress system." Mobilizationof these groups has provided a viable base for the political opposition and unraveled the fabricof the Congress. Since the late 1970s, there has been a proliferation of nongovernmentalorganizations. These groups made new demands on the political system that required asubstantial redistribution of political power, economic resources, and social status.

Whether or not developments in Indian politics exacerbate the continuing problems or give birthto greater democracy broadly hinges on efforts to resolve three key issues. How will India'spolitical system, now more than ever based on egalitarian democratic values, accommodate thechanges taking place in its hierarchical social system? How will the state balance the need torecognize the interests of the country's remarkably heterogeneous society with the imperatives


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of national unity? And, in the face of the declining legitimacy of the Indian state and thecontinuing development of civil society, can the Indian state regenerate its legitimacy, and if it isto do so, how should it redefine the boundaries between state and society? India has confrontedthese issues throughout much of its history. These issues, with their intrinsic tensions, willcontinue to serve as sources of change in the continuing evolution of the Indian polity.

The Indian constitution & The Constitutional Framework

The constitution of India draws extensively from Western legal traditions in its outline of theprinciples of liberal democracy. It is distinguished from many Western constitutions, however, inits elaboration of principles reflecting the aspirations to end the inequities of traditional socialrelations and enhance the social welfare of the population. According to constitutional scholarGranville Austin, probably no other nation's constitution "has provided so much impetus towardchanging and rebuilding society for the common good." Since its enactment, the constitutionhas fostered a steady concentration of power in the central government--especially the Office ofthe Prime Minister. This centralization has occurred in the face of the increasing assertivenessof an array of ethnic and caste groups across Indian society. Increasingly, the government has

responded to the resulting tensions by resorting to the formidable array of authoritarian powersprovided by the constitution. Together with the public's perception of pervasive corruptionamong India's politicians, the state's centralization of authority and increasing resort to coercivepower have eroded its legitimacy. However, a new assertiveness shown by the Supreme Courtand the Election Commission suggests that the remaining checks and balances among thecountry's political institutions continue to support the resilience of Indian democracy.

Adopted after some two and one-half years of deliberation by the Constituent Assembly thatalso acted as India's first legislature, the Indian constitution was put into effect on January 26,1950. Bhimrao Ramji (B.R.) Ambedkar, a Dalit who earned a law degree from ColumbiaUniversity, chaired the drafting committee of the constitution and shepherded it throughConstituent Assembly debates. Supporters of independent India's founding father, Mohandas

Karamchand (Mahatma) Gandhi, backed measures that would form a decentralized polity withstrong local administration--known as panchayat--in a system known as panchayati raj, that isrule by panchayats. However, the support of more modernist leaders, such as JawaharlalNehru, ultimately led to a parliamentary government and a federal system with a strong centralgovernment . Following a British parliamentary pattern, the constitution embodies theFundamental Rights, which are similar to the United States Bill of Rights, and a Supreme Courtsimilar to that of the United States. It creates a "sovereign democratic republic" called India, orBharat (after the legendary king of the Mahabharata), which "shall be a Union of States." Indiais a federal system in which residual powers of legislation remain with the central government,similar to that in Canada. The constitution of India provides detailed lists dividing up powersbetween central and state governments as in Australia, and it elaborates a set of DirectivePrinciples of State Policy as does the Irish constitution.

The 395 articles and ten appendixes, known as schedules, in the constitution make it one of thelongest and most detailed in the world. Schedules can be added to the constitution byamendment. The ten schedules in force cover the designations of the states and unionterritories; the emoluments for high-level officials; forms of oaths; allocation of the number ofseats in the Rajya Sabha (Council of States--the upper house of Parliament) per state orterritory; provisions for the administration and control of Scheduled Areas (see Glossary) andScheduled Tribes; provisions for the administration of tribal areas in Assam; the union (meaning


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central government), state, and concurrent (dual) lists of responsibilities; the official languages;land and tenure reforms; and the association of Sikkim with India.

The Indian constitution is also one of the most frequently amended constitutions in the world.The first amendment came only a year after the adoption of the constitution and institutednumerous minor changes. Many more amendments followed, and through June 1995 the

constitution had been amended seventy-seven times, a rate of almost two amendments peryear since 1950. Most of the constitution can be amended after a quorum of more than half ofthe members of each house in Parliament passes an amendment with a two-thirds majorityvote. Articles pertaining to the distribution of legislative authority between the central and stategovernments must also be approved by 50 percent of the state legislatures.

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