Final Hydrogeologic Assessment Report, Characterization ......final hydrogeologic assessment report...
Transcript of Final Hydrogeologic Assessment Report, Characterization ......final hydrogeologic assessment report...
FINAL HYDROGEOLOGIC ASSESSMENT REPORT
CHARACTERIZATION FOR DESIGN OF PILOT-SCALE PERMEABLE REACTIVE BARRIERS FOR
NITROGEN REDUCTION IN GROUNDWATER ON CAPE COD
VINLAND DRIVE, DENNIS, MA
May 30, 2017
Prepared for:
US Environmental Protection Agency, Region 1
Contract #: EP-BPA-13-W-0001
Prepared by:
Danna Truslow, P.G., C.G. Sarah Large
Anna Boudreau Peter Shanahan, Ph.D., P.E.
Emily DiFranco Ken Hickey
481 Great Road, Suite 3
Acton, Massachusetts 01720 (978) 263-1092
and
454 Court Street, Suite 304 Portsmouth, NH 03801
(603) 766-6670
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Table of Contents
Introduction and Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Work Performed .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ContinuousSedimentCoresandWellInstallation–.......................................................................4OctoberandNovember2016andMay2017..................................................................................4WaterLevelMeasurementandWaterQualitySampling...............................................................5
December12thto14th,2016...................................................................................................10January12thand13th,2017......................................................................................................10January19th,2017.....................................................................................................................10
WaterLevelMeasurementtoEvaluateTidalInfluencesatWells................................................11GrainSizeAnalysesandSlugTestingtoDetermineHydraulicConductivity.................................11
Grain-SizeAnalyses...................................................................................................................11SlugTesting...............................................................................................................................12
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 SubsurfaceGeology.......................................................................................................................12GroundwaterFlowDirectionsandGradients...............................................................................16
WaterLevelsandHorizontalFlow............................................................................................16UpperSandUnit.................................................................................................................................16LowerSandUnit.................................................................................................................................20
EvaluationofTidalInfluenceonGroundwaterLevelsandHorizontalGradients......................20VerticalHydraulicGradients.....................................................................................................26SummaryofWaterLevelsandGroundwaterFlow...................................................................26
HydraulicConductivityEstimates..................................................................................................27HydraulicConductivityfromGrainSizeDistributions...............................................................27SlugTestAnalyses.....................................................................................................................28SummaryofHydraulicConductivityEstimation........................................................................30Table6aand6b........................................................................................................................31
GroundwaterVelocityEstimates..................................................................................................32WaterQualityDataEvaluation......................................................................................................34
WaterTableWells.....................................................................................................................34PiezometerandWellClusters...................................................................................................34ShallowWellPointsandSurfaceWater....................................................................................47StableNitrogenIsotopeAnalysis..............................................................................................47SummaryofUpperandLowerSandWaterQuality..................................................................50
AnalysisofNitrate-NMassFlux....................................................................................................50SummaryofNitrate-NMassFlux..............................................................................................51
Evaluation of Nitrate-Reducing PRB Technology at the Dennis Site . . . . . . . . . 52 ConceptualDesignFactors............................................................................................................52EvaluationofAnaerobicTreatmentEfficiency..............................................................................53
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Pilot PRB Design Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Cited references: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
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ListofFigures PageFigure1–ExistingandSupplementalWells,WellClusters,DeepWells,
andSamplingPointLocations 6
Figure2–GeologicCrossSectionA-A’ 14
Figure3–GeologicCrossSectionB-B’ 15
Figure4–GroundwaterElevationWaterTable(5-5-17)–
UpperSandUnit 17
Figure5–GroundwaterElevation(5-5-17)-DeepestWells–
LowerSandUnit 21
Figure6a–GroundwaterLevelsatWellsVL-5andVL-6,November26,
2015toJanuary10,2017 22
Figure6b–GroundwaterLevelsatWellVL-5,December2016 24
Figure7–GroundwaterElevationsatVLZ-4dandVLZ-6dandLocalTidal
Elevations 25
Figure8–HorizontalGroundwaterGradientsandVelocityVariationsDue
toTidalInfluence-LowerSandUnit 33
Figure9–Nitrate-NConcentrationinUpperSandandSurfaceWater 38
Figure10–VariationofNitrate-N,DissolvedOxygen,Dissolved
OrganicCarbonandStableNitrogenIsotopeRatios 39
Figure11–VariationofNitrate-N,,TotalAlkalinity,ChlorideandSulfate 40
Figure12–VariationofDissolvedOxygen,DissolvedIron,Dissolved
ManganeseandDissolvedArsenic 41
Figure13–PercentofTotalElectronAcceptorDemandsfor
Denitrification 57
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ListofTables PageTable1–WellandPiezometerConstructionDetails 7
Table2–LaboratoryAnalyzedWaterQualityParameters,Full
HydrogeologicAssessment 9
Table3–SummaryofSiteLithology 13
Table4a–GroundwaterLevelsandElevations 18
Table4b–HorizontalandVerticalHydraulicGradientsatWells
andPiezometers 19
Table5–ResultsofHydraulicConductivityCalculationsfromSieveAnalysis 29
Table6a–CalculationofHydraulicConductivityfromSlugTests 31
Table6b–SummaryofAverageHydraulicConductivityfromSlug
TestAnalysis-UpperandLowerSandUnits 31
Table7–WaterQualityatWaterTableWells 35
Table8–WaterQualityatOne-InchPiezometers 42
Table9–WaterQualityatTwo-InchWellClusters 44
Table10–WaterQualityatShorelineWellPointsandSurfaceWater 48
Table11–SummaryofMassFluxofNitrate-Nitrogen 51
Table12-ExampleEnhancedBioremediationSystemModifications,fromHenry,2010 54Table13-SummaryofPermeableReactiveBarrierCharacteristicsandEmulsifiedVegetableOilSubstrateRequirements 57 AppendicesA.WellInstallationandBoringLogsB.SieveAnalysesandHydraulicConductivityCalculationsC.LaboratoryAnalyticalReportsD.MassFluxofNitrate-NCalculationSheetsE.PRBSubstrateRequirementEvaluationDataSheets
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IntroductionandPurposeTheVinlandDrivesiteinDennis,MAwaschosenforcompletionofaFullHydrogeologicAssessment(FHA)fromthefivesitesevaluatedaspartoftheInitialSiteEvaluationphaseoftheUnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Region1projectentitledSiteCharacterizationforDesignofPilot-ScalePermeableReactiveBarriersforNitrogenReductioninGroundwateronCapeCod.TheDennissiteislocatedinaresidentialneighborhoodadjacenttoKelley’sBay,offthetidalBassRiver.
Theinitialsitecharacterization(ISC)completedduringthewinterandspringof2016includedinstallationofsixwatertablewellsandaclusterofsixpiezometers.Tworoundsofwaterqualitysamplingandwaterlevelmeasurementwerecompletedandasummaryreportwaspreparedfortheproject(WaterVision,2016).Basedonthisinitialworkthefollowingsitecharacteristicswereobserved:
§ Subsurfacematerialsarelargelymediumtocoarsesandwithaone-to-two-
foot-thickshallowclaylens.Asubstantialclaylayerwasdetectedatabout66ft.belowgroundsurface(bgs).Thusthehydrogeologicsequencefromsurfacetodepthisanuppersandunit,ashallowclaylayer,alowersandunit,andalowerclaylayer.
§ Thedepthtogroundwaterwasfoundtobeapproximately35to41ft.bgsacrossthesite.
§ Thegroundwatervelocitywasestimatedat9.0ft./dayintheuppersandunit.§ Nitrate-Nconcentrationswerefoundbetween1.2to6.2mg-N/Latwater
tablewells.§ Nitrate-Nconcentrationsatpiezometerswerebetween2.4to4.3mg-N/L
withthegreatestconcentrationsattheshallowestpiezometer.Nosignificantreducinggeochemicalzonewasencountered.
§ Elevatedchlorideandspecificconductanceinwatertablewellsandshallowpiezometerssuggestanthropogenicinfluencesfromroadsaltand/orsepticsystems.
§ Theshallowclaylayerappearstoactasapartialconfiningunitbasedonstrongupwardgradientsbetweenpiezometersbelowandabovetheclaylayer.
§ Groundwaterwithintheuppersandunitappearstodischargetolocalsurfacewaterbasedonstrongupwardgradientpotential.TheshallowclaylayerwashypothesizedduringtheISCtolikelybediscontinuous(thisfindinghasbeenre-evaluatedinthisstudy)andtonotpreventmigrationofnitrate
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tosurfacewater.Noboundarymarshispresentatthewater’sedgeatKelley’sBay.
§ Thedeeperclayencounteredatabout66ft.bgsappearstoboundanthropogenicinfluencestoa20-footintervalbetweenthewatertableandthelowerclayunit.
§ Themassfluxofnitrate-Ninthetreatmentandsaturatedzoneoverthestudydepthwasestimatedat19g/day/mbasedonanestimatedgroundwatervelocityintheuppersand.
AdetailedscopeofworkwasdevelopedfortheFHAtofurtherrefinesubsurfacehydrogeology,waterquality,andmassfluxofnitrate.TheFHAfieldprogramincluded:
o Installationofthreeadditionalwatertablewells-VL-7,VL-8,andVL-9.Two-inchPVCwellswerecompletedwith5-footor10-footscreensacrossthewatertable.
o InstallationofthreeadditionalwellclustersatVL-4,VL-6,andVL-7.Fourwellswerecompletedateachlocationandwereconstructedoftwo-inchPVCwithaone-footscreen.
o Installationoftwo-inchPVCwellscompletedinthelowersandunitattheVL-1,VL-2,VL-8,andVL-9locationswitha7-to-10-foot-longscreen.
o Completionofcontinuouscoresatallnewwelllocations.o Completionofthreefullroundsofwaterlevelmeasurements.o Automatedwaterlevelmeasurementattwowatertable(uppersand)
wellsandfourwellscompletedinthelowersandunittoobservetidalinfluenceongroundwaterlevels.
o Completionofafullroundofwaterqualitysamplingforselectedanalytesincludingsamplesatselectedwellsforstablenitrogenisotopeanalyses.
o SamplingofshallowgroundwaterandsurfacewaterneartheshorelineofKelley’sBay
o Sieveanalysesofsubsurfacesedimentsamples.o Completionofslugtestsatselectedwells.
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ThepurposeoftheFHAwastocollectdataneededtodesignapilotscalepermeablereactivebarrierforthesite.Inparticular,theFHAwasintendedtoquantifyhydraulicpropertiesthataffectthemassfluxofnitratebeneaththesite,todefinewhereandtowhatdepthaPRBshouldbeconstructed,andtodefinethegeochemicalconditionsthatneedtobeconsidered.Questionsincluded:
a. HowdoessubsurfacelithologychangeacrossthesiteandhowdoesitdifferfromtheISCcharacterization?
b. IsthegroundwaterflowdirectionandhorizontalgradientestimatedduringtheISCcorrectforthelargerVinlandDriveneighborhood?
c. Howdothegroundwaterflowdirectionandgradientdifferbetween
theuppersandunitandthelowersandunit?
d. Whatisthehydraulicconductivityoftheupperandlowersandunitsandhowdoesitchangeacrossthesite?
e. Howdonitrateconcentrationschangeacrossthesiteandwithdepth?
f. Isdenitrificationoccurringintheupperorlowersandunits?
g. Whatarethegeochemicalcharacteristicsoftheupperandlowersand
unitsthataffectorareimportanttothedesignofnitratetreatmentusingthePRBapproach?
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WorkPerformed
ContinuousSedimentCoresandWellInstallation–OctoberandNovember2016andMay2017Thenewwells,cores,andpiezometerswereinstalledinmid-OctoberandlateNovember2016andinMay2017.BoringadvancementandwellinstallationswereperformedusingaGeoprobedirect-pushdrillingrigoperatedbyNewEnglandGeotech,Inc.ofJamestown,RhodeIsland.Atruck-mountedModel6600Geoprobewasusedforsitework.DannaTruslow,PGofWaterVisionLLC(WV)oversawboringadvancement,wellinstallation,andsampling. Asboringswereadvanced,afive-footcorewascollectedintoaclearplasticsleeve.NEGeotechopenedthesleeveformeasurement,sedimentdescription,andsamplecollectionbyWaterVisionLLC.Thelengthofthecorerecoveredwasrecordedalongwithsubsurfacecharacteristicsincludingdegreeofsaturation.Sampleswereplacedintozip-lockplasticbagsandlabeledbywelllocationandsampledepthforlaterinspectionandsieveanalyses.Watertablewellswereconstructedfromtwo-inchdiameterPVCriserandwerecompletedwithfive-orten-footscreens.Wellswerescreenedacrossthewatertableasestimatedbyinitialsaturationencounteredduringcoreadvancement.Wellclusterswerealsocompletedwithtwo-inchPVCandone-footscreens.WellsinstalledinthelowersandadjacenttoVL-1,VL-2,VL-8,andVL-9werecompletedwitheight-toten-footscreens.WelllocationsandelevationsweresurveyedbyComprehensiveEnvironmentalInc.(CEI)inDecember2016andJanuary2017.CEIreturnedtothesiteonApril19,2017tore-surveyseveralexistingandallnewwelllocationsandelevations.AtthattimewellswereresurveyedtothebenchmarkelevationatRM15atLeifEricksonDriveandOldBassRiverRoad(NGVD29)thenconvertedtoNAVD88.TheelevationwasalsomeasuredatthetopflangeboltofthehydrantatthecornerofVinlandandThorwaldDrivetoprovideabenchmarkthatismorelocaltotheprojectsite.DuringtheISConlyoneclusterofmulti-levelwellshadbeeninstalled.Theseone-inchPVCpiezometerswerereferredtoasVLZ-44toVLZ-66withthesuffixrepresentingthetotaldepthofthepiezometer.Thepiezometeridentifierdidnotincludeareferencetothecorrespondingwatertablewelllocation,VL-2.ThethreeadditionalwellclustersinstalledfortheFHAatVL-4,VL-6,andVL-7arenamedVLZ-4a,b,c,ord,etc.,torefertotheadjacentwatertablewelllocation(4,6,or7)andtherelativedepthfromshallow(a)todeep.ThelocationsofwellsandpiezometersateachsiteareshowninFigure1.WellconstructiondetailsfortheexistingandnewwellsareincludedinTable1.Detailedmapsofpiezometerandclusterwell
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locationsareincludedinAppendixA.DetaileddescriptivewellcompletionandboringlogsandsummarizedwellcompletionandboringlogsareincludedinAppendixA.
WaterLevelMeasurementandWaterQualitySamplingWaterqualitysampleswerecollectedandwaterlevelsmeasuredfortheFullHydrogeologicAssessment(FHA)atVinlandDriveinDecember2016andJanuary2017.FielddatacollectionoccurredoverseveralfieldvisitstoexpeditecollectionofsamplesforStable15N–NO3analysisscheduledforlateDecember2016atUC–DavisStableIsotopeLaboratory.Weatherandfieldconditionswerealsoafactor.SampleswerealsotakenattheBarnstableandFalmouth-Shorewoodsiteduringthistimeperiod.ThefieldactivitiesoccurredonDecember12to14,2016,January12,13,and19,andMay5,2017andincluded:
1. Developmentandpurgingwellsandpiezometers/multi-levelwells;2. Measurementofwaterlevelsatwatertablewells(fivefullrounds);3. Measurementofwaterlevelsatpiezometers/multi-levelwells(fivefull
rounds);and,4. Measurementoffieldwaterqualityparametersandsamplingateachwater
tablewell,piezometer/multi-levelwell,andsurfacewaterwellpointsforlaboratoryanalysisforarangeofparameters(Table2).
DannaTruslow,SarahLarge,andEmilyDiFrancoofWaterVisionLLCcompletedallfieldmeasurementsandsampling.Uponarrivalatthesiteallwellsandpiezometerswereopenedandwellcapsremovedtoallowequilibrationwiththeatmosphere.Ifdedicatedtubingwaspresentinthewellsthiswasalsoremovedtoallowwaterlevelmeasurement.WaterlevelswerethenmeasuredtothenearesthundredthofafootwithaSolinstwaterlevelmeterandrecordedintheCapePRBfieldbookandfieldsamplingsheets.Calibrationoffieldparametermeterswasalsocompletedbeforesamplingbeganeachday.Fieldparametersvaluesoneachmeterwerealsocheckedattheendofeachdayagainstparameterstandardstogaugeanydriftduringtheday.Twometerswereusedforfieldparametersampling:aYellowSpringsInstrument(YSI)Model556multi-parametersondeandanYSIProfessionalSeriesmulti-parametersonde.
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MAYFAIR ROAD
VIKING DRIVE
FREYDIS DRIVE
NORSEMAN DRIVE
THORWALD DRIVELIEF ERICSON DRIVE
FIOR
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SAGA ROAD
WILDWOOD STREET
HOLLY STREET
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JOANNE DRIVE
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LegendSurface Water Sampling Point
Shallow Well Points
New Well Clusters and Deep Wells
New Water Table Wells
!( Existing 2" Groundwater Monitoring Wells
!( Existing Piezometer Cluster (6)
Cross Section Locations
Proposed PRB Alignment
Roads
Sources: Roads and Aerial Photograph from Mass GIS. Contours from the Cape Cod Commission. PRB Alignment, Suface Water Sampling Points, Shallow Well Sampling Points, Existing and New Groundwater Monitoring Well Locations, Existing Piezometer Locations, New Well Cluster Locations and Cross Section Locations from WaterVision LLC.
VL-5
VL-4
VL-3
VL-2
VL-1
VL-6
0 250 500 750 1,000125Feet
Figure 1. Existing and Supplemental Wells,Well Clusters, Deep Wells, and Sampling Point Locations - Cape Cod Permeable Reactive Barrier Project Full Hydrogeologic Assessment - Vinland Drive Site, Dennis, MA
Kelley's Bay
VL-7
VL-8
VLZ-4 VLZ-6WP-1
WP-2
WP-3
SW-1VL-2D
VLZ-7
VINLANDDRIVE VL-9
B
A'
B'
A
Map created byWaterVision, LLC
January 2017
VLZ-2
CDM-1
VL-9dVL-1d
VL-8d
Table1-WellandPiezometerConstructionDetailsPermeableReactiveBarrierFullHydrogeologicAssessment-VinlandDrive,Dennis,MA
WellDesignation
Dateofinstallation
Landsurfaceelevation(ft.
msl)
TopofPVCcasing(ft.
msl)
Welldiameter(inches)
Totaldepthofboring/core(ft.)
Totaldepthofwell(ft.)
Topofscreen(ft.bgs)*
Bottomofscreen(ft.
bgs)
Elevationoftopofscreen(ft.msl)
Elevationofbottomofscreen(ft.msl)
Completedinupperorlower
sand?VL-1 2/18/16 42.8 42.35 2 50 40 35 40 7.8 2.8 upperVL-1D 5/4/17 42.7 42.49 2 70 63 53 63 -10.3 -20.3 lower
VL-2 2/18/16 47.3 47.00 2 46 46 41 46 6.3 1.3 upperVL-2d 10/17/16 47.4 47.02 2 65 62 52 62 -4.6 -14.6 lowerPiezometersinstalledadjacenttoVL-2:VLZ-44 2/17/16 47.3 47.05 1 44 44 43 44 4.3 3.3 upperVLZ-48 2/17/16 47.2 47.03 1 48 48 47 48 0.2 -0.8 upperVLZ-52 2/17/16 47.2 47.01 1 52 52 51 52 -3.8 -4.8 lowerVLZ-56 2/17/16 47.2 46.97 1 56 56 55 56 -7.8 -8.8 lowerVLZ-61 2/17/16 47.3 46.96 1 61 61 60 61 -12.8 -13.8 lowerVLZ-66 2/17/16 47.3 47.06 1 66 66 65 66 -17.7 -18.7 lowerVLZ-core 2/17/16 47.3 80
VL-3 2/19/16 46.7 46.35 2 50 44 39 44 7.7 2.7 upper
VL-4 2/16/16 45.8 45.51 2 50 43 38 43 7.8 2.8 upperVLZ-4a 11/28/16 45.8 45.43 2 45 45 44 45 1.8 0.8 upperVLZ-4b 11/28/16 45.8 45.53 2 52 52 51 52 -5.2 -6.2 lowerVLZ-4c 11/28/16 45.9 45.51 2 58 58 57 58 -11.2 -12.2 lowerVLZ-4d 11/28/16 45.9 45.70 2 65 63 62 63 -16.1 -17.1 lower
VL-5 2/16/16 43.0 42.54 2 50 40 35 40 8.0 3.0 upper
VL-6 2/18/16 46.3 45.75 2 50 35 40 40 6.3 6.3 upperVLZ-6a 11/29/16 46.3 45.88 2 41 41 40 41 6.3 5.3 upperVLZ-6b 11/29/16 46.3 45.89 2 47 47 46 47 0.3 -0.7 upperVLZ-6c 11/29/16 46.3 45.99 2 58 58 57 58 -10.7 -11.7 lowerVLZ-6d 11/29/16 46.3 46.13 2 70 64 63 64 -16.7 -17.7 lower
VL-7 10/17/16 42.9 42.52 2 65 40 35 40 7.9 2.9 upperVLZ-7a 10/18/16 43.0 42.62 2 40 40 39 40 4.0 3.0 upperVLZ-7b 10/18/16 43.0 42.65 2 53 53 52 53 -9.0 -10.0 lowerVLZ-7c 10/18/16 43.0 42.69 2 57 57 56 57 -13.0 -14.0 lowerVLZ-7d 10/18/16 43.1 42.79 2 61 61 60 61 -16.9 -17.9 lower
VL-8 11/30/16 48.0 48.46 2 55 46 41 46 7.0 2.0 upperVL-8d 5/4/17 48.0 48.50 2 70 65 55 65 -7.0 -17.0 lower
VL-9 11/30/16 37.8 37.54 2 70 40 30 40 7.8 -2.2 upperVL-9d 5/4/17 37.9 37.71 2 70 61 53 61 -15.1 -23.1 lower
*bgs-belowgroundsurfaceSurveyedbyCEIEngineersbenchmarkNGVD29convertedtoNAVD88
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Wellpurgingandsamplingcommencedafterwaterlevelmeasurementwascomplete.Becausethedepthtowaterexceeds25feetbelowlandsurfaceallsamplingof2-inchwellswasconductedwithaGeoSub,Grundfos,orWhalesubmersiblepumppoweredbyamarinebattery.Finesandwasencounteredinseveralwellsandcausedpumpfoulingandcloggingsobackupequipmentwasrequiredduringthesesamplingrounds.AWaterraHydroliftpumpwasusedtopurgethe1–inch-diameterpiezometers.Wellswerepurgedofatleastthreewellvolumesoruntilfieldparametermeasurementsstabilized.Thesamplesatsurface-waterlocationsWP-1,WP-2,andWP-3(Figure1)weretakenusinga“PushPoint”samplerdevelopedbyMarkHenryofMHEProducts.Thisisa¼-inch-diameterstainlesssteeltubethatisslottedatthetip.Thesamplerwasadvancedbyhandintoshallowsedimentinoradjacenttoawaterbodyandagroundwatersampleextractedusingaperistalticpump.Asurfacewatersamplewasalsocollectedbytakingagrabsamplewithacleanedglasscontainerforfieldparametermeasurementandtransferringitdirectlyintosamplebottlesforthelaboratoryanalyses.Thesurfacewatersamplestakenfordissolvedmetalsanddissolvedorganiccarbonwerelaboratoryfilteredratherthanfieldfiltered.Thesurfacewatersamplingstationwasapproximately10feetfromtheshorelineasshownonFigure1.Fieldmeasurementsofwatertemperature,pH,dissolvedoxygen(DO),specificconductance,andoxidation/reductionpotential(ORP)wereregularlymeasuredusingtheYSIsduringwellpurging.Avisualdescriptionofthepurgedwaterwasalsonoted.Allsamplesweremonitoredforfieldparametersusingtheflow-throughchamber.Allfieldmeasurementsandobservationswerenotedonfieldsheets.Watersamplesweretakeninlaboratory-providedpre-preservedsamplebottlesfortheparameterslistedinTable2.
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Table2–LaboratoryAnalyzedWaterQualityParameters,FullHydrogeologicAssessment,VinlandDrive,Dennis,MAPRB
Name Type
Nitrate-N,NitrateandNitrate-N,Nitrite-N,TotalKjeldahlNitrogen
Generalchemistry
Chloride,Sulfate,TotalAlkalinity Generalchemistry
Organiccarbon(dissolved) Carbonanalyses
Iron(dissolved),Manganese(dissolved),Arsenic(dissolved)
Metals
StableNitrogenIsotopesinNitrate(!!"!–!"!) Isotopeanalyses
Groundwatersamplestakenfor!!"N-NO3analyseswerefirstfield-filteredwitha0.01-microncartridgefilterbeforecollectionintosamplebottles.Twosamplebottleswerefilledateachsamplelocation.Thesesamplesweretobefullyfrozenbeforelaboratorydeliverysoadequateheadspacewasprovidedinthesebottlestoallowforwaterexpansionduringfreezing.Groundwatersampleswerethentakenfordissolvediron,manganese,andarsenicandfordissolvedorganiccarbonanalyses.Thesesampleswerefield-filteredwitha0.45-microncartridgefilterbeforecollectionintosamplebottles.Watersamplescollectedfortheremaininganalyseswerenotfield-filtered.Field-collectedsamplesforstandardlaboratoryanalyseswerekeptoniceinlaboratory-providedcoolersuntildeliverytoAlphaAnalyticalLaboratoryinWestborough,Massachusetts.Thestable-isotopenitrogensampleswereimmediatelycooled,thenfrozenforapproximately24hours.Thesampleswerecarefullywrappedandplacedintoinsulatedshippingcontainerswithblueicepackstokeepthesamplesfrozen.Thesampleswerethenovernight-shippedtotheUniversityofCaliforniaatDavisStableIsotopeLaboratoryinDavis,California.Duplicatesamplesforstablenitrogenanalysistakenatallwelllocationswerekeptfrozenandonreserveincasetheinitialsamplesdidnotstayfrozenorweredeemedunusablebythelaboratoryupondelivery.Whentheresultsofthenitrate-Ngeneral-chemistryanalyseswerereceivedfromAlphaAnalytical,theseresultswereprovidedtoUC-Davistoguidethe
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isotopeanalyses;isotopeanalyseswereconductedonlyonsampleswithnitratelevelsknowntobeabovedetectionlimits.WaterVisionLLCmaintainedcustodyofallsamplesuntildeliverytoAlphaAnalyticallaboratoryorviaovernightdeliverybyFederalExpresstotheUniversityofCaliforniaatDavisStableNitrogenIsotopeLaboratoryinDavis,California.
December12thto14th,2016
TheweatherduringDecember12to14,2016wascloudywithtemperaturesinthemidtohigh30sandaslightbreeze.ThereweresomemorningshowersbeforefieldworkbeganonDecember14th.ThefollowingwellsweresampledonDecember12th:VLZ-6a,VLZ-6b,VLZ-6c,VLZ-6d,andVLZ-4d.OnDecember14th,VLZ-4cwassampled.NoduplicatewastakenduringtheDecember12thsamplingatDennis.BothDennisandBarnstableweresampledonDecember14thandthefieldduplicatewastakenatBarnstableduringthatsamplingday.
January12thand13th,2017
TheweatherduringJanuary12and13thwasclearwithaslightbreeze;temperatureswereinthehigh40s.OnJanuary12th,VL-3,SW-1,WP-1,WP-2,andWP-3weresampledandVLZ-6bwassampledagainforQA/QCpurposessincesamplingneededtobesplitupbetweentwotimeperiods.TheShorewoodsitewasalsosampledonJanuary12thandtheduplicatewastakenatthatlocation.ThefollowingwellsweresampledonJanuary13th:VL-5,VL-6,VL-7,VL-8,VLZ-4a,VLZ-4b,VLZ-7a,VLZ-7b,VLZ-7c,andVLZ-7d.VL-4couldnotbesampledbecausethewellhadtoolittlewater.OnthesamedayVLZ-7ccouldnotbesampledbecausethewellwasfilledwithfinesandandsiltandcloggedtwopumps.VL-9couldnotbesampledon1/13/17becausethewellwentdryafterpurging4gallonsofwater.AduplicatesamplewastakenatVL-6b(VL-6bDUP)forthissamplinground.
January19th,2017
TheweatherforJanuary19thwascloudywithtemperaturesinthemidtohigh30sandaslightbreeze.OnJanuary19th,VL-1,VL-2,VL-2d,VL-4,andV-6,andVLZ-48throughVLZ-66weresampled.VLZ-44wasnotsampledonJanuary19thbecausetherewasnotenoughwaterinthewellfortheWaterrapumptopurge.SamplingwasagainattemptedatVLZ-7cwithboththeWaterraHydroliftandasubmersiblepumpbutwasunsuccessfulduetoexcessivefinesandandsiltinthewell.AduplicatesamplewastakenatVL-4(VL-4DUP).
WaterVision,LLC
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WaterLevelMeasurementtoEvaluateTidalInfluencesatWellsTwoHOBOpressuretransducersprogrammedtocollectwaterlevelmeasurementsevery15minuteswereplacedinwatertablewellsVL-5andVL-6inordertomeasurewaterlevelchangesovertimeandtodetermineiftideinfluenceswaterlevelsintheuppersandunit.VL-5waschosenasitwasthewellclosesttoKelley’sBay.VL-6islocatedonThorwaldDriveapproximately600feetfromKelley’sBayandwaspresumedtoexperiencelesstidalinfluence.ThetransduceratVL-5recordedwaterlevelsfromNovember28,2016toJanuary11,2017.TheVL-6transducerrecordedwaterlevelsfromOctober20,2016toJanuary19,2017.Inordertoassesstidalinfluenceonwaterlevelsinthelowersandunit,waterlevelwasalsomeasuredcontinuouslyatfourwellscompletedinthiszone.WaterlevelwasmeasuredusingHOBOpressuretransducersprogrammedtocollectdataat10-minuteintervalsatVL-2d,VLZ-4d,VLZ-6d,andVLZ-7d.ThesemeasurementsweretakenbetweenApril7andMay4,2017.
GrainSizeAnalysesandSlugTestingtoDetermineHydraulicConductivity
Grain-SizeAnalyses
Grain-sizeanalyseswerecompletedbyAlphaAnalyticalLaboratoryusingASTMMethodD-422-63.WaterVisionLLCrequestedthatallsievesizesbeusedtoprovidethemostcompleterangeingrainsizeforhydraulicconductivityestimation.SamplesfromrepresentativedepthsfromtheVL-2,VL-3,VL-4,VL-6,VL-7,andVL-9monitoringwelllocationsweresubjectedtograin-sizeanalysisforatotalof19samples.ThesamplespreparedforanalysisweretakenfromcontinuouscoresamplescollectedduringwellinstallationduringtheISCworkinFebruary2016andthefollow-upFHAworkinOctoberandNovember2016.
12
SlugTesting
SlugtestswerecompletedonMarch1,2017.TestingwascompletedwithaMidwestGeosciencesH(o)PVCslugdesignedtoachievea24-inchdisplacementinatwo-inch-diameterwell.Theslugistaperedoneachendandhasanoveralllengthof3.8feetandadiameterof1.1inches.Testswerecompletedin11watertableorclusterwells.WaterlevelchangewasmeasuredusinganOnsetHobopressuretransducerprogrammedtocollectwaterlevelmeasurementsatone-secondintervals.Waterlevelsweremeasuredbeforeeachwelltestandseveraltestswerecompletedateachwelltoassurethatagoodresponsewascaptured.
Results
SubsurfaceGeologyContinuouscoreswerecollectedatalllocationspriortoinstallationofmonitoringwells,piezometers,orwellclustersduringtheISCandFHAfieldprograms.ContinuouscoreswerecollectedtothetopofthelowerclayatVL-1,VL-2,VL-4,VL-6,VL-7,VL-8,andVL-9welllocations.Basedonthecharacteristicsencounteredinthesubsurface,theunitshavebeenbrokendownintofouroverallcategoriesforreferenceinthisstudy.Thesaturatedzoneabovetheupperclaylayerisreferredtoastheuppersandandthesaturatedzonebetweentheupperclaylayerandlowerclaylayerisreferredtoasthelowersand.Thetwoclayunitsarereferredtoastheupperclayandthelowerclaylayers.Table3summarizesthesitelithologybydepth,elevation,andoverallthicknessoftheunitsidentifiedbasedonthenewsubsurfacedata.Thehighestgroundwaterlevelmeasuredduringthestudyperioddefinesthetopofthesaturateduppersand.AlsoincludedinthistableissubsurfaceinformationfromawellinstalledonMulhernDriveoffBobCrowellDriveapproximately0.5milesfromVinlandDrive(CDM-1)shownonFigure1.ThewellinstallationandboringlogcompiledbyCDM-SmithforwellCDM-1isalsoincludedinAppendixA.Figures2and3arehydrogeologiccrosssectionsthatillustratethesubsurfacelithologyandwaterlevelsmeasuredatthewellsandpiezometersduringtheFHA.Thelocationsofthecross-sectionlinesareshownonFigure1.
Table3-SummaryofSiteLithology
PermeableReactiveBarrierFullHydrogeologicAssessment-VinlandDrive,Dennis,MA
Well
designation/
Continuous
corelocation
Landsurface
elevation(ft.
msl)*
Totaldepth
ofboring/
core
(ft)
Topof
saturated
uppersand
(depthbgs)++*
Topofupper
claylayer
(depthbgs)
Topoflower
sand(depth
bgs)
Topoflower
claylayer
(depthbgs)
Topof
saturated
uppersand
(ft.MSL)**
Topofupper
claylayer
(ft.MSL)
Topoflower
sand
(ft.MSL)
Topoflower
claylayer
(ft.MSL)
Thicknessof
uppersand
(ft)
Thicknessof
upperclay
layer(ft)
Thicknessof
lowersand
(ft)
VL-1 42.8 70 36.5 46.8 52.8 65.6 6.3 0.5 -10.0 -22.8 5.8 10.5 12.8VL-2 47.3 46 40.1 48.5 51.5 66.2 7.2 -1.2 -4.2 -18.9 8.4 3.0 14.7VL-3 46.7 50 39.4 45.2 NA NA 7.3 NA NA NA NA NA NAVL-4 45.8 70 38.4 45.5 50.4 63.8 7.4 0.3 -4.6 -18.0 7.1 4.9 13.4VL-5 43.0 50 35.0 47.2 NA NA 8.0 -4.2 NA NA 12.2 NA NAVL-6 46.3 50 35.0 46.8 55.6 65.6 11.3 -0.5 -9.3 -19.3 11.8 8.8 10.0VL-7 42.9 65 34.7 41.5 52.1 61.3 8.2 1.4 -9.2 -18.4 6.8 10.6 9.2VL-8 48.0 55 37.9 47.1 55.1 65.6 10.1 0.9 -7.1 -17.6 9.2 8.0 10.5VL-9 37.8 70 28.8 45.7 52.2 63 9.0 -7.9 -14.4 -25.2 16.9 6.5 10.8
CDMS-1*** 40.1 63 26.0 45.0 52.0 NA 14.1 -4.9 -11.9 NA 19.0 7.0 >11
NA-Corenotcompletedtothedepthofthisunit
*bgs-belowgroundsurface
++groundwaterdepthbasedonshallowestwaterlevelmeasurementsinwatertablewells
***BoringlogprovidedbyCDM-SmithforwellinstalledoffBobCrowellDrive
**SurveyedbyCEIEngineersbenchmarkNGVD29convertedtoNAVD88
16
TheadditionalboringsandthegrainsizeanalysescompletedduringtheFHAillustratethatthegrainsizeandthicknessoftheseunitschangesfromplacetoplaceatthesite.DuringtheISCtheuppersandwascharacterizedasmediumtocoarsesandwithsomezonesofcoarsesandandgravel.Basedonthenewestboringinformation,thisunitwasfoundtobe5.8-feettonearly17-feetthickdependingonlocation,withthegreatestthicknessatVL-5andVL-9.Theupperclaylayerwasfoundtobe3-to4.3-feetthickatVL-2andVL-6duringtheISC.AdditionaldefinitionofthislayershowsthatitthickenstoboththenorthandsouthtowardsVL-7andVL-1.Thelowersandwasfoundtobeapproximately15-feetthickduringtheISCandwascharacterizedasmediumtocoarsesand.Theselithologicunitswerefurtherdefinedwithnewboringinformation.ThisunitalsothinstothenorthandisthickestbetweenVL-1andVL-4.ThenewboringinformationalsoshowsthatboththeupperandlowersandbecomefinertothenorthandwestnearVL-7comparedtocoarsermaterialsfoundatVL-2andVL-6.Multiplezonesofcoarseoxidizedred-brownsandwereencounteredinboththeupperandlowersandunitsatmultiplelocationsandmayactaszonesofpreferentialflow.Thisisespeciallyapparentinsedimentsimmediatelyabovetheupperclaylayer.
GroundwaterFlowDirectionsandGradients
WaterLevelsandHorizontalFlow
UpperSandUnitThewaterlevelmeasurementscompletedduringthisphaseofworkattheexistingandnewwellsconfirmtheoverallwatertableflowdirectionofwesttosouthwesttowardsKelley’sBay(Figure4,Table4a).WaterlevelswereonetotwofeetlowerinDecember2016andJanuary2017comparedtoMay2016whenthehighestwaterlevelswereobservedatthesite.WaterlevelshadreboundedtonearlythesamehighelevationbyMay2017.ThegreatestvariationinwaterlevelswasfoundatVL-6wherethewaterlevelchangedby2.75feetbetweenMay2016andJanuary2017.ThehorizontalgradientcalculatedbetweenVL-6andVL-3(Table4b)wasfoundtobemodestlylowerbasedontheFHAwaterlevelmeasurementsinMay2017,
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40
NORSEMAN DRIVE
LIEF ERICSON DRIVE
FIOR
D D
RIVE
THORWALD DRIVE
FREYDIS DRIVE
VIKING DRIVE
JOANNE DRIVE
CO
UN
TRY
CIR
CLE ¯
VL-1
VL-6
0 150 300 450 60075Feet
Figure 4. Groundwater Elevation Water TableContours (5-5-17) - Cape Cod Permeable Reactive Barrier Full Hydrogeologic Assessment- Vinland Drive Site, Dennis, MA
Kelley's Bay
VL-7
VL-8
VLZ-4VLZ-6
WP-1
WP-2
WP-3
SW-1
Map created byWaterVision, LLC
January 2017
VLZ-7
VINLANDDRIVE VL-9
10.56
7.82
6.99
6.64
5.908.76
LegendSurface Water Sampling Point
Shallow Well Points
New Well Clusters and Deep Wells
New Water Table Wells
!( Existing 2" Groundwater Monitoring Wells
!( Existing Piezometer Cluster (6)
Proposed PRB Alignment
Groundwater Elevation Contours (5-5-17)
VL-5
VL-4
Groundwater Flow Direction
Groundwater Table Elevations (5-5-17)
Sources: Surface Water Sampling Points, Shallow Well Sampling Points, Existing and New Groundwater Monitoring Well Locations, Existing Piezometer Locations, New Well Cluster Locations, Groundwater Elevations and Contours, and Groundwater Flow Direction from WaterVision LLC. Roads and Kelley's Bay from Mass GIS, Contours from Cape Cod Commission, and Wetlands from the National Wetlands Inventory (NWI).
6.57
6.62
9.54
6.68
VL-39
86 7
6
98
7
VLZ-2
VL-8d
VL-9dVL-1d
10
10
VL-2DVL-2
Table4a-GroundwaterLevelsandElevationsPermeableReactiveBarrierFullHydrogeologicAssessment-VinlandDrive,Dennis,MA
WellTopofPVC
casing(ft.msl)*
Screenedinupperorlower
sand?3/31/16 5/6/16 12/14/16 1/13/17 4/24/17 5/5/17 3/31/16 5/6/16 12/14/16 1/13/17 4/24/17 5/5/17
VL-1 42.35 upper 36.48 35.98 37.68 37.78 36.48 36.45 5.87 6.37 4.67 4.57 5.87 5.90VL-2 47.00 upper 40.40 40.05 41.70 41.77 40.40 40.36 6.60 6.95 5.30 5.23 6.60 6.64VL-3 46.35 upper 39.77 39.38 41.07 41.12 39.78 39.73 6.58 6.97 5.28 5.23 6.57 6.62VL-4 45.51 upper 38.86 38.40 40.16 40.21 38.93 38.83 6.65 7.11 5.35 5.30 6.58 6.68VL-5 42.54 upper 35.40 34.98 36.98 36.95 35.62 35.55 7.14 7.56 5.56 5.59 6.92 6.99VL-6 45.75 upper 35.82 35.33 37.95 38.08 36.30 36.21 9.93 10.42 7.80 7.67 9.45 9.54VL-7 42.52 upper 36.17 36.24 34.74 34.70 6.35 6.28 7.78 7.82VL-8 48.46 upper 39.78 39.90 38.02 37.90 8.68 8.56 10.44 10.56VL-9 37.54 upper 30.48 30.57 28.85 28.78 7.06 6.97 8.69 8.76CDM-1 42.20 upper 27.82 14.38
WellTopofPVCcasing
Screenedinupperorlower
sand?3/31/16 5/6/16 12/14/16 1/13/17 4/24/17 5/5/17 3/31/16 5/6/16 12/14/16 1/13/17 4/24/17 5/5/17
VL-1 42.35 upper 36.45 5.90VL-1d 42.49 lower 33.68 8.81VL-2 47.00 upper 41.70 41.77 40.40 40.36 5.30 5.23 6.60 6.64VL-2d 47.02 lower 39.52 39.65 38.11 37.98 7.50 7.37 8.91 9.04VLZ-44 47.05 upper 40.40 40.02 41.72 41.78 40.45 40.38 6.65 7.03 5.33 5.27 6.60 6.67VLZ-48 47.03 upper 40.35 40.03 41.65 41.71 40.39 40.30 6.68 7.00 5.38 5.32 6.64 6.73VLZ-52 47.01 lower 37.81 37.12 39.42 39.56 38.08 37.98 9.20 9.89 7.59 7.45 8.93 9.03VLZ-56 46.97 lower 37.64 37.27 39.40 39.55 37.98 37.89 9.33 9.70 7.57 7.42 8.99 9.08VLZ-61 46.96 lower 37.72 37.12 39.41 39.57 38.05 37.91 9.24 9.84 7.55 7.39 8.91 9.05VLZ-66 47.06 lower 37.82 37.24 39.47 39.65 38.13 37.97 9.24 9.82 7.59 7.41 8.93 9.09VLZ-4a 45.43 upper 40.06 41.12 38.86 38.75 5.37 4.31 6.57 6.68VLZ-4b 45.53 lower 37.85 38.05 36.50 38.32 7.68 7.48 9.03 7.21VLZ-4c 45.51 lower 37.83 38.03 36.52 36.33 7.68 7.48 8.99 9.18VLZ-4d 45.70 lower 37.98 38.21 36.69 36.50 7.72 7.49 9.01 9.20VLZ-6a 45.88 upper 38.15 38.25 36.48 36.38 7.73 7.63 9.40 9.50VLZ-6b 45.89 upper 38.10 38.24 36.46 36.35 7.79 7.65 9.43 9.54VLZ-6c 45.99 lower 37.90 38.08 36.48 36.29 8.09 7.91 9.51 9.70VLZ-6d 46.13 lower 38.05 38.15 36.54 36.35 8.08 7.98 9.59 9.78VLZ-7a 42.62 upper 36.18 36.16 34.81 34.65 6.44 6.46 7.81 7.97VLZ-7b 42.65 lower 35.18 35.51 33.93 33.67 7.47 7.14 8.72 8.98VLZ-7c 42.69 lower 35.01 35.35 33.85 33.70 7.68 7.34 8.84 8.99VLZ-7d 42.79 lower 34.91 35.31 33.92 33.54 7.88 7.48 8.87 9.25VL-8 48.46 upper 37.90 10.35VL-8d 48.50 lower 38.15 10.56VL-9 37.54 upper 28.78 8.76VL-9d 37.71 lower 28.33 9.38
*SurveyedtoNGVD29benchmarkatOldBassRiverRoadandLeifEricsonDriveandconvertedtoNAVD88
DepthtoWater(feet)
DepthtoWater(feet) WaterSurfaceElevation(feetabovemeansealevel)*
WaterSurfaceElevation(feetabovemeansealevel)*
Table4b-HorizontalandVerticalHydraulicGradientsatWellsandPiezometersPermeableReactiveBarrierFullHydrogeologicAssessment-VinlandDrive,Dennis,MA
Well
TopofPVCCasing(ftmsl)
Screenedinupperorlower
sand?VL-1 42.35 upperVL-2 47.00 upperVL-3 46.35 upperVL-4 45.51 upper
VL-5 42.54 upperVL-6 45.75 upperVL-7 42.52 upperVL-8 48.46VL-9 37.54 upper
VLZ-6d 46.13 lowerVLZ-66 47.06 lower
Well
TopofPVCCasing(ftmsl)
Screenedinupperorlower
sand?VL-1 42.35 upper
VL-1d 42.49 lower 0.127 stronglyupward
VL-2 47.00 upper
VL-2d47.02
lower 0.200 stronglyupward
0.150 stronglyupward
VLZ-44 47.05 upper
VLZ-48 47.03 upper 0.008 upward -0.007 slightlydownward
0.013 upward 0.015 upward
VLZ-52 47.01 lower 0.630 stronglyupward
0.723 stronglyupward
0.552 stronglyupward
0.575 stronglyupward
VLZ-56 46.97 lower 0.033 upward -0.048 downward -0.005 slightlydownward
0.012 upward
VLZ-61 46.96 lower -0.018 downward 0.028 upward -0.004 slightlydownward
-0.006 slightlydownward
VLZ-66 47.06 lower 0.000 flat -0.004 slightlydownward
0.008 sightlyupward 0.008 sightlyupward
VLZ-4a45.43
upper
VLZ-4b45.53
lower 0.330 stronglyupward
0.076 stronglyupward
VLZ-4c45.51
lower 0.000 flat 0.328 stronglyupward
VLZ-4d 45.70 lower 0.008 slightlyupward 0.004 slightlyupward
VLZ-6a45.88
upper
VLZ-6b45.89
upper 0.060 upward 0.008 slightlyupward
VLZ-6c 45.99 lower 0.027 stronglyupward
0.015 upward
VLZ-6d 46.13 lower -0.001 slightlydownward
0.006 slightlyupward
VLZ-7a42.62
upper
VLZ-7b42.65
lower 0.079 stronglyupward
0.078 stronglyupward
VLZ-7c 42.69 lower 0.053 stronglyupward
0.002 slightlyupward
VLZ-7d 42.79 lower 0.050 stronglyupward
0.065 stronglyupward
VL-8 48.46 upper
VL-8d 48.50 lower 0.013 upward
VL-9 37.54 upper
VL-9d 37.71 lower 0.030 upward
0.007 0.008
HorizontalGradientVL-8toVL-712/14/16
HorizontalGradientVL-8toVL-75/5/17
HorizontalGradient-VLZ-8dtoVL-7d5/5/17
0.004
lessthan-0.009-slightlydownward
Verticalgradientrankings0.05orgreater-stronglyupward0.009to0.049-upwardlessthan0.009-slightlyupward
-0.05orgreater-stronglydownward-0.009to0.049-downward
HorizontalGradientVL-6toVL-33/31/16
HorizontalGradient-VL-6toVL-35/6/16
HorizontalGradientVL-6toVL-312/14/16
HorizontalGradient-VL-6toVL-35/5/17
0.011 0.012 0.008 0.010
**benchmarkNGVD29convertedtoNAVD88
Verticalgradientbetweenadjacentscreens3/31/16
Verticalgradientbetweenadjacentscreens5/6/16
Verticalgradientbetweenadjacentscreens12/14/16
Verticalgradientbetweenadjacentscreens5/5/17
20
decreasingto0.010fromthegradientof0.012observedduringtheISC.Asacheckonthehorizontalgradientoverawiderarea,awellinstalledintheuppersandunitduringthefallof2016byCDM-SmithnearthecornerofMulhernStreetandBobCrowellRoad(Figure1)wasalsoevaluatedwithrespecttothehydraulicgradientintheuppersandunit.Thiswellisapproximately1800feetnortheastofVL-3.ThewatertableelevationmeasuredatCDM-1was14.38ft.mslonMay5,2017.Usingthegroundwaterelevationof6.68ft.mslatVL-3measuredonthesamedate,thehydraulicgradientis0.004,approximatelyhalfthegradientthanmeasuredbetweenVL-6andVL-3onMay5,2017.
LowerSandUnitGeologicandhydrologicdatacollectedduringtheISCsuggestedthattheoverlyingupperclaylayerhydrogeologicallyconfinesthelowersandunit.WaterleveldatacollectedinDecember2016andJanuary2017suggestedthattheflowdirectionandgradientinthelowersanddifferedfromtheupperzoneflowdirectionandgradient.Initially,thedirectionofhorizontalgroundwaterflowinthelowersandwasestimatedbycomparingthewaterlevelsmeasuredinthedeepestpiezometerorwellintheVL-2,VL-4,VL-6,andVL-7clusters.Afterfurtherevaluationofdata,measurementsoftidalinfluenceonthelowerzone(describedinafollowingsection),andinstallationofadditionalwellsinthelowersand,afullroundofwaterlevelmeasurementswereagainmadetoprovideanearlysynopticmeasurementofthepiezometricsurfaceinthelowersand.The13wellscompletedinthelowersandwereallmeasuredoverthespanofaboutonehouronMay5,2017.TheresultingflowdirectionandgradientarebasedonafullroundofwaterleveldatacollectedonMay5,2017usingthewaterlevelsmeasuredinthedeepestpiezometerorwellintheVL-2,VL-4,VL-6,andVL-7clusterwellsandinVL-1d,VL-9dandVL-8dcompletedinthelowersandunit.TheMay5,2017waterlevelmeasurementsareshowninFigure5.TheestimatedflowdirectionissouthwesttowardKelley’sBaysimilartotheuppersandunit.Thehorizontalgradientislessthanintheuppersand.ThegradientcalculatedbetweenVLZ-7dandVLZ-6dis0.004basedontheMay5,2017roundofmeasurements.
EvaluationofTidalInfluenceonGroundwaterLevelsandHorizontalGradients
Figure6aillustratesthecontinuouswaterlevelmeasurementsmadeatwatertablewellsVL-5andVL-6fromNovember2016toJanuary2017.Thedepthswerethenconvertedtowaterlevelelevationfortheplot.VL-5islocatedonVinlandDriveandislessthan200feetfromthebay(Figure1).VL-6islocatedonThorwaldDriveandismorethan500feetinlandfromKelley’sBay.ThedailyprecipitationmeasuredatHyannisAirportinBarnstableoverthattimeisalsoincludedonFigure6a(Weather
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40
NORSEMAN DRIVE
LIEF ERICSON DRIVE
FIOR
D D
RIVE
THORWALD DRIVE
FREYDIS DRIVE
VIKING DRIVE
JOANNE DRIVE
CO
UN
TRY
CIR
CLE ¯
VL-2
VL-1
VL-6
0 150 300 450 60075Feet
Figure 5. Groundwater Elevations (5-5-17)- Deepest Wells - Cape Cod Permeable Reactive Barrier Full Hydrogeologic Assessment - Vinland Drive Site, Dennis, MA
Kelley's Bay
VL-7
VL-8
VLZ-4 VLZ-6
WP-1
WP-2
WP-3
SW-1
Map created byWaterVision, LLC
January 2017
VL-2D
VLZ-7
VINLANDDRIVE VL-9
9.25
9.20
9.04
9.78
LegendSurface Water Sampling Point
Shallow Well Points
New Well Clusters and Deep Wells
New Water Table Wells
!( Existing 2" Groundwater Monitoring Wells
!( Existing Piezometer Cluster (6)
Proposed PRB Alignment
Groundwater Elevation Contours (5-5-17)
VL-5
VL-4
Groundwater Flow Direction
Sources: Surface Water Sampling Points, Shallow Well Sampling Points, Existing and New Groundwater Monitoring Well Locations, Existing Piezometer Locations, New Well Cluster Locations, Groundwater Elevations and Contours, and Groundwater Flow Direction from WaterVision LLC. Roads and Kelley's Bay from Mass GIS, Contours from Cape Cod Commission, and Wetlands from the National Wetlands Inventory (NWI).
VLZ-2
VL-8d10.35
VL-1d8.81 VL-9
9.38
Groundwater Elevations (5-5-17) *Values from deepest well within cluster
9.01
10.0
10.0
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VL-3
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0.2
0.4
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0.8
1
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-40.00
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-39.00
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-38.00
-37.50
-37.00
DailyPrecipita-o
nTo
tal(inches)
Waterlevel(feetbelow
land
surface)
DateofMeasurement
Figure6a-GroundwaterLevelsatWellsVL-5andVL-6,November26,2016toJanuary10,2017
WellVL-6 WellVL-5 DailyPrecipita<onTotal(inches)
WaterVision,LLC
23
Underground,2017).Bothwellsexhibitaslowdeclineinwaterleveloverthistimeperiod,consistentwithexpectedseasonalpatterns,althoughthedecreaseatVL-5waslessthanthatatVL-6.AtVL-6,thewaterleveldroppedapproximately0.15feetoverthemeasurementperiodandwasnotobviouslyinfluencedbytides.Incontrast,thewaterleveldeclinedlessthan0.1feetatVL-5buttherewerealsochangesinwaterlevelatthewellthatappeartoberesponsestoprecipitationeventsratherthantidalinfluence.TheVL-5wellislessthan10feetfromaleachingcatchbasinjustwestofVinlandDrive.ThenoticeableincreasesinwaterlevelatVL-5appeartooccuronetotwodaysafterstorms.ThedischargeofrunofftothestormdrainislikelycausingtheseoccasionalrisesinwaterlevelatVL-5.AgraphofcontinuouswaterlevelelevationmeasurementsatVL-5overafive-dayperiodinDecember2016(Figure6b)whennoprecipitationwasmeasuredshowsthattheremaybeaveryslighttidalinfluenceonwaterlevelsintheuppersand.AlsoincludedinthisfigurearetidalelevationsfromtheChatham,MAtidegage(NOAA,2017).Figure7illustratescontinuouswaterlevelelevationsmeasuredfromApril17toApril21,2017atVLZ-4dandVLZ-6dinthelowersandunit.AlsoincludedinthisfigurearetidalelevationsfromtheChatham,MAtidegage(NOAA,2017).Overthismeasurementperiodtherewasapproximately0.15feetofvariationduetotidalinfluenceatVLZ-4dandVLZ-6dcomparedtoatidalrangeofover5.2feetmeasuredinChatham.Insummary,thereappearstobelittlevariationinwaterlevels(ontheorderof0.01feet)intheuppersandunitduetotidalfluctuations.Incontrastthetidalinfluenceonwaterlevelsintheconfinedlowersandissignificantlygreaterwithasmuchas0.15feetofvariationoverthe12.5-hourtidalcycle.Becauseestimatingthemassfluxofnitrate-Natthesiteisanimportantaspectofthisstudy,gradientvariationsthatcouldimpactfluxwereevaluatedinthelowersandduetotheobviousinfluenceoftidalchangeonthisconfinedaquifer.AlthoughthewaterlevelchangesappeartobesynchronoustherewasdifferenceintheamplitudeofchangebetweentheupgradientwellVLZ-6dandthelowerwellVLZ-4d.ThevariationinthehorizontalhydraulicgradientduetotidalchangeinthelowersandunitisillustratedinFigure8.VLZ-6dandVLZ-4ddonotfallexactlyalongagroundwaterflowlinebutthegradientbetweenthetwowellscanbeestimatedbysubtractingthedifferenceinelevationbetweenthewellsthendividingbytheprojecteddistancebetweenthewellsalongaflowline.Thisresultsinamodestvariationinhorizontalhydraulicgradientbetween0.0025and0.0029overfourtidecyclesinsyncwithtidalvariation.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
5.40
5.42
5.44
5.46
5.48
5.50
5.52
5.54
5.56
5.58
5.60
12/20/160:00 12/21/160:00 12/22/160:00 12/23/160:00 12/24/160:00 12/25/160:00
Grou
ndwaterLevelEleva0o
natwell(feet)
AxisTitle
Figure6b-GroundwaterLevelsatWellVL-5,December2016
WaterLevelEleva6on(:.msl) Chatham,MATideEleva6on
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
2017-04-170:00:00 2017-04-180:00:00 2017-04-190:00:00 2017-04-200:00:00
Tida
lEleva*o
n(..m
sl)
Eleva*
onofw
aterlevelatw
ells(.
.msl)
DateandTimeofMeasurement
Figure7-GroundwaterEleva*onsatWellsVLZ-4dandVLZ-6dandLocalTidalEleva*ons
VLZ-6d VLZ-4d Chatham,MATideGuage
26
VerticalHydraulicGradients
Verticalgradients(Table4b)weremeasuredonlyatVL-2duringtheISC,asthatwastheonlylocationwhereaclusterofprogressivelydeeperwellshadbeeninstalled(VLZ-44toVLZ-66).TheseISCmeasurementdocumentedupwardgradientsbetweenadjacentpiezometersintheuppersandandastronglyupwardgradientbetweenpiezometersimmediatelyaboveandbelowtheupperclaylayer.Withtheinstallationofadditionalwells,similarverticalflowcharacteristicsweredocumented.Upwardgradientsweredocumentedintheuppersand.ThegreatestupwardgradientsareinwellscompletedalongVinlandDriveapproximately200to300feetfromtheshorelineofKelley’sBay.Atwellpairsorclusters500to700feetfromtheshoreline—VL-8,VL-6,andVL-9—upwardgradientsaremoremoderate.
SummaryofWaterLevelsandGroundwaterFlow
GroundwaterflowstothesouthwesttowardsKelley’sBayinboththeupperandlowersandunits.Thehorizontalgradientisovertwotimesgreaterintheuppersandthaninthelowersandunit.Verticalgradientsareupwardfromthelowertotheuppersandwiththelargestgradientobservedinthewellclustersclosesttothebay.Thedatacollectedduringthisroundconfirmthatthelowersandunitisconfinedbasedontheobservedverticalgradientsbetweentheloweranduppersand,thestrongertidalinfluenceonthelowersand,andbytheconfirmedpresenceoftheupperclaylayeratallsitewells.Thethicknessoftheupperclaylayervariesfrom3to10.6feet.ThisiscontrarytotheconclusionsoftheISCthatinferredthattheclaylayerwaslocallydiscontinuous.
WaterVision,LLC
27
HydraulicConductivityEstimatesThehydraulicconductivityoftheupperandlowersandwasestimatedbyevaluatingbothgrainsizeandslugtestdata.
HydraulicConductivityfromGrainSizeDistributions
BoththeKozeny-CarmenandAlyamani&Sensolutionswereusedtoestimatehydraulicconductivityfromthegrainsizedatageneratedbysieveanalyses.ThelaboratoryreportsarecontainedinAppendixB.Sincesampleswithuniquecharacteristicsfromdiscretedepthswereselectedforsieveanalyses,theestimatedhydraulicconductivityvaluesarelikelyrepresentativeofsmallintervalsofthehydrogeologicunitstested.ForinstanceatVL-2,azonevisuallydescribedasafinetocoarsesandaswellasasamplevisuallydescribedasacoarsegrainedsandandfinegravelwerebothselectedforgrainsizeanalysistorepresenttherangeofsedimentpropertiesandhydraulicconductivityatagivenhorizontallocation.Table5providesasummaryoftheanalysescompletedandthesedimentgrainsizefractionvaluesusedintheanalysis.TheKozeny-Carmenequationissuitableforawidevarietyofsoilconditionsexceptforclayeysoilsorthosewithaneffectivegrainsizeabove3mm(Odong,2007).
! = ! !!
!!!!! !
!!"!!"# (1)
whereK=hydraulicconductivity(m/s) ρ=densityofwaterat10°C(106g/m3) g=accelerationduetogravity(9.8m/s2) ν=dynamicviscosityofwaterat10°C(1.307m2/s) n=porosityofsedimentsample(dimensionless),0.30wasassumedforalllocations d10=effectivegrainsizewhere10%ofgrainsarefinerand90%arecoarser(m)ThecalculationspreadsheetforthisformulaisincludedinAppendixB.TheAlyamani&SenformulawasalsousedtoestimateK.Thismethodisappropriateforsedimentswithauniformitycoefficientof20orless.Theuniformitycoefficientistheratioofthed60andd10effectivegrainsizeforagivensample(Odong,2007).Allsamplesanalyzedarebelowthissuggestedratiolimit,butVL-2(45.4’-46.3’depth)isverycloseat19.8. K = 1300 i+ 0.025 d!" − d!" ! (2)
28
whereK=hydraulicconductivity(m/day) i=interceptongrainsizeaxisfromlinebetweend50andd10 d10=effectivegrainsizewhere10%ofgrainsarefinerand90%arecoarser(m)
d50=effectivegrainsizewhere50%ofgrainsarefinerand50%arecoarser(m)ThegraphicallyderivedinterceptestimatesareincludedinAppendixBalongwiththecalculationspreadsheet.Table5summarizestheresultsofthegrain-size-derivedhydraulicconductivityvalues.Valuesarehighlyvariablewithinthecoresamplelocationandbetweenlocations.TheKozeny-CarmenapproachyieldsthelowervaluesofK.TheKvaluesderivedateachlocationwiththetwomethodswereaveragedforeachsampleandthenaveragedagainforthehydrogeologicunit(uppersandandlowersand)atthatlocation.KvalueswerehighestatVL-2andVL-6,withaveragesof186and327ft./dayintheupperandlowersandunitsrespectively.LowerKvalueswereestimatedatVL-4andVL-7,withaveragesof6and127ft./dayintheupperandlowersandunitsrespectively.
SlugTestAnalyses
SlugtestanalyseswerecompletedusingtheUSGSBouwer&Ricespreadsheetprogram(Halford&Kuniansky,2002).Severalslugtestswerecompletedateachwell.Forallwatertablewellswherethescreenwasnotcompletelyentirelywithinthesaturatedzone,onlyrisingheadtestswereanalyzed.Forwellswherescreenswerecompletelyentirelywithinthesaturatedzone,fallingheadtestsweregenerallychosenforanalysis.Consistentwiththepermeablesandsediments,mostofthewellsrecoveredveryquicklyafterslugadditionorremoval.Becausethetwo-inchPVCwellswerecompletedwithin2½-inchboreholes,gravelpackeffectsshouldbeminimal.TestsattemptedatVL-2d,completedwitha10-footscreenwithinthelowersand,werenotsuccessfulasthewaterlevelsrecoveredtooquicklytoanalyze.
Table5-ResultsofHydraulicConductivityCalculationsfromSieveAnalysesVinlandDrive,DennisMA
Depth d10 d50
Kozeny-CarmenSolution
Alyamani&SenSolution
AveragedHydraulic
ConductivityHydrogeologic
Unit
AverageHydraulic
Conductivityfor
hydrogeologicunittested
(ft) (mm) (mm) (ft/day) (ft/day) (ft/day) (ft/day)VL-2 45.5-46.3 0.76 9.89 375 864 620 uppersand 328VL-2 46.3-47 0.12 0.24 9.5 61.4 35.5 uppersandVL-2 51.25-52.8 0.26 0.67 43.6 206 125 lowersand 213VL-2 55-56.2 0.34 0.93 73.7 288 181 lowersandVL-2 56.2-57.5 0.25 0.38 41.8 246 144 lowersandVL-2 60-62 0.44 0.67 123 682 403 lowersand
VL-4 41-45 0.08 0.33 3.7 10.7 7.2 uppersand 7.2VLZ-4 50.4-52.5 0.31 0.68 62.8 267 165 lowersand 127VLZ-4 60-63.4 0.20 0.34 24.9 154 89.4 lowersand
VLZ-7 40-41.5 0.08 0.33 4.6 7.52 6.0 uppersand 6.0VLZ-7 52.1-53.4 0.15 0.24 15.4 123 69.3 lowersand 42.9VL-7 55-58.2 0.15 0.25 13.9 95.9 54.9 lowersandVL-7 60-61.3 0.07 0.10 2.7 6.16 4.5 lowersand
VL-6 40-42.8 0.21 0.49 29.1 138 83.6 uppersand 187VLZ-6 45-46.7 0.42 1.31 116 464 290 uppersandVLZ-6 55.6-57.4 0.30 0.62 58.2 334 196 lowersand 302VLZ-6 60-62.5 0.25 0.51 41.3 226 133 lowersandVLZ-6 65-65.55 0.51 1.05 168 982 575 lowersand
VL-9 30-37.6 0.20 0.53 26.9 109 68.0 uppersand 68.0
Welllocation
30
TheresultsoftheseanalysesareincludedinAppendixC.TestswereperformedattheVL-2,VL-3,VL-4,andVL-6watertablewellsandattheVL-4andVL-6wellclusters.ResultsaresummarizedinTable6.AtVL-2,screenedovermuchoftheuppersand,theresultingKwas110ft./day.DatacollectedduringtheVL-2dtestdidnotyieldresultsthatcouldbeanalyzedduetoquickwaterlevelrecoveryalthoughtheanalysisshowedthatthehydraulicconductivityvaluewasatleast370ft./day.AtVL-3,alsoawatertablewellscreenedintheuppersand,theKvaluewasfoundtobe140ft./day.AtVL-4,hydraulicconductivityvalueswerelowerintheuppersandat52ft./daythanatotherlocations.InthelowersandatVL-4,valuesof23to110ft./dayweredocumented.TestsatVL-6,VLZ-6a,andVLZ-6b,allscreenedintheuppersand,resultedinKvaluesof32to370ft./day.AtVLZ-6cand-6d,Kvalueswere120and300ft./dayrespectively.ThesevaluesaresomewhatlowerthanthosereportedbyLeBlancetal.(1986)—200to300ft./day—althoughthosevaluesweredeterminedatpublicwater-supplywellsandarelikelybiasedhigh.Althoughcomputedhydraulicconductivityvaluesvariedwidelybetweenwellsandscreenedintervals,theoverallpatternsuggeststhatthehydraulicconductivityofsedimentishighestinthecentralportionoftheVinlandDrivesite(nearVL-2andVL-6)butislowertothenorthnearVL-4andVL-7duetothepresenceoffinergrainedsedimentsandfewercoarse-grainedsandzones.
SummaryofHydraulicConductivityEstimation
ThepurposeofthehydraulicconductivityanalyseswastorefinethemassfluxestimatesmadeduringtheISC,forwhichhydraulicconductivitywasassumedtobe300ft.perdayuniformly.ThehydraulicconductivityvaluesderivedfromtheslugtestanalyseswereaveragedtoresultinthevalueslistedinTable6b.Theestimatedaverageconcentrationfortheuppersandis50ft./dayandforthelowersandis70ft./dayinthevicinityofVL-4andVL-7and150and260ft./dayrespectivelyinthevicinityofVL-2andVL-6.
Table6a-CalculationofHydraulicConductivityfromSlugTestsVinlandDrive,DennisMA
VL-2 uppersand 41-46 110VL-2d lowersand 52-62 >370*
VL-3 uppersand 39-44 140
VL-4 uppersand 38-43 52VLZ-4b lowersand 51-52 23VLZ-4c lowersand 57-58 110
VL-6 uppersand 35-40 32VLZ-6a uppersand 40-41 86VLZ-6b uppersand 46-47 370VLZ-6c lowersand 57-58 120VLZ-6d lowersand 63-64 300
*Estimate-wellrecoveredtooquicklytoevaluatetest
VinlandDrive,DennisMAHydraulic
Conductivity(ft./day)
5070150260
WelllocationHydrogeologic
Unit
Screenedinterval(ftbgs)
SlugTestK(ft/day)
Table6b-SummaryofAverageHydraulicConductivityfromSlugTestAnalyses-UpperandLowerSandUnits
VinlandDriveArea
uppersandVL-4toVL-7arealowersandVL-4toVL-7areauppersandVL-2toVL-6arealowersandVL-2toVL-6area
32
GroundwaterVelocityEstimates UsingthelithologiccharacterizationandhydraulicgradientsdevelopedfromthefielddatafortheVinlandDrivesite,weusedDarcy’sLawtoestimategroundwatervelocity: V=(Kix)/n (3)where:
Visthegroundwatervelocity(ft./day);Kisthehydraulicconductivity(ft./day)fromrecenttests;ixisthehorizontalhydraulicgradient(ft./ft.);andnistheporosity(dimensionless),assumedtobe0.3.
ThehorizontalhydraulicgradientintheuppersandunitestimatedfromtheMay2017fielddatais0.010ft./ft.,TheestimatedhydraulicconductivityvaluesforthewatertablewellsintheVL-4andVL-2areasis50and150ft./dayrespectively.Thisresultsinanestimatedvelocityrangeof1.7feetperdayto5.0feetperday.ThiscontrastswiththeISCvalueof9ft./daybasedonthegreaterestimatedhydraulicconductivityandthegreaterhorizontalgradientof0.012measuredinspring2016.Inthelowersandunit,thevelocityofflowwasestimatedusingthehydraulicgradientof0.004measuredinMay2017.UsingtheestimatedlowersandhydraulicconductivityforVL-4andVL-2,thevelocityrangeisestimatedat2.0to3.5ft./day.AnevaluationofthechangeingroundwatervelocityduetochanginghydraulicgradientduetotidalfluctuationisshowninFigure8.Thevelocitychangebetween2.2and2.5feetperdayforwellscompletedinthehigherconductivityareassuchasVL-2.UsingthesomewhatlowerhydraulicconductivityatVLZ-4,thevelocityvariesbetween1.3and1.4feetperday.
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40
2.60
0.0020
0.0022
0.0024
0.0026
0.0028
0.0030
0.0032
2017-04-170:00:00 2017-04-180:00:00 2017-04-190:00:00
Grou
ndwaterVelocity
(2./da
y)
Horizon
talG
roun
dwaterGradien
t
MeasurementDate
Figure8-HorizontalGroundwaterGradientandVelocityVaria@onDuetoTidalInfluence-LowerSandUnit
HorizontalGradient-LowerSand GroundwaterVelocity-LowerSandatVL-2
GroundwaterVelocity-LowerSandatVLZ-4
34
WaterQualityDataEvaluation
WaterTableWells
Table7liststhefield-measuredandlaboratory-analyzedconstituentsfortheWinter2016-2017samplingatexistingandnewwatertablewellsandtheprevioustworoundsofsamplinginAprilandMay2016.Dissolvedoxygen(DO)andnitrate-Narehighlightedinblueandgreenrespectivelyforeaseoftablereview.Field-measuredpHatwatertablewellsrangedfrom4.6to5.3.Field-measuredspecificconductance(SC)wasmeasuredbetween127and406µS/cmwiththehighestreadingsatVL-3andVL-8.Field-measuredDOwasgenerallyhigh,varyingbetween7.6and9.6mg/L.Figure9showstheconcentrationsofselectedconstituentsatwatertablewells.Nitrate-NwashighestatVL-4andVL-8,at7.0and7.5mg-N/Lrespectively,withlowernitrate-Nlevels,1.7to4.2mg-N/L,atotherwatertablewells.Theseconcentrationsarehigheroverallthanthoseobservedinspring2016.Allnitrate-Nlevelsaresufficientlyelevatedtobeindicativeofthepresenceofwastewater.DOCconcentrationswereatorbelow1mg/Linallwellsasin2016.TotalKjeldahlNitrogenorTKN(thesumoforganicnitrogenandammonianitrogen)wasthehighestatVL-5andVL-7at1.7and3.8mg-N/Lrespectivelyandbelowdetectionlimitsatmostotherwells.Ammonia-Nwasnotanalyzedinthisroundsincevaluesweregenerallyverylowinspring2016,sotheseelevatedTKNvaluessuggestthateitherammonia-NororganicNishigheratthesewells.Concentrationsofdissolvedironweregenerallylow,lessthan1mg/L.Sulfateconcentrationswerebetween10and16mg/LatallwellswiththehighestconcentrationatVL-8.ChlorideinVL-3andVL-8,withconcentrationsof71and85mg/Lrespectively,waselevatedcomparedtootherwells,consistentwiththefield-measuredSCvalues.
PiezometerandWellClusters
DifferencesinconstituentconcentrationswithdepthatthepiezometerclusterlocationatVL-2andthewellclustersatVL-4,VL-6,andVL-7areillustratedinFigures10through12.Alinerepresentingthetopoftheupperclaylayerisincludedineachgraph.Table8includesthelaboratoryanalysesattheVL-2piezometerclusterandTable9liststheresultsfortherecentlyinstalledwell
Table7-WaterQualityatWaterTableWellsPermeableReactiveBarrierFullHydrogeologicAssessment-VinlandDrive,Dennis,MASampleID/LocationSamplingDateFieldMeasurementspH(SU) 4.6 5.4 4.8 4.8 5.0 4.8 4.5 5.2 4.6Temperature(°C) 12.3 15.1 11.8 11.9 12.9 11.8 12.3 12.2 12.3DissolvedOxygen(DO;mg/L) 8.7 9.4 9.3 29.4 R 9.3 8.0 9.1 10.0 9.5SpecificConductance(uS/cm) 218 200 127 277 286 146 280 323 320RedoxPotential(ORP;mV) 308 347 216 256 312 218 259 345 281LaboratoryAnalysespH(SU) 4.4 4.3 NM 5.0 4.5 NM 4.6 4.4 NMNitrateasN(mg/L) 2.2 2.6 1.8 4.4 4.5 4.2 5.8 7.1 4.2δ15N-NO3(0/00) NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM 5.53NitriteasN(mg/L) <0.01 <0.01 <0.019 <0.01 <0.01 <0.019 <0.01 <0.01 <0.019AmmoniaasN(mg/L) <0.028 0.037 J NM <0.028 <0.028 NM 0.032 JE <0.028 NMTotalKjeldahlNitrogen(TKN)(mg/L) 0.308 0.083 J <0.066 0.392 0.3 U <0.066 0.351 JE <0.132 E 0.072 JTotalNitrogen(mg/L) 2.5 2.6 1.8 4.8 4.5 4.2 5.8 7.1 4.2Orthophosphate(mg/L) 0.007 0.008 NM 0.005 0.008 NM 0.011 E 0.007 NMTotalAlkalinity(mg/LCaCO3) 2.20 2.2 2.2 3.50 2.9 2.7 2.90 2.5 NDChloride(mg/L) 41.4 34.3 32.6 72.2 40.9 37.6 56.0 42.8 71.2Sulfate(mg/L) 14.1 10.2 12.9 11.1 10.6 9.46 13.6 11.8 11.2DissolvedIron(mg/L) 0.39 0.042 J <0.01 1.3 <0.02 <0.01 6.0 E <0.02 0.03 JDissolvedManganese(mg/L) 0.0277 0.0263 0.016 0.0717 0.0429 0.036 0.0871 E 0.0449 0.063DissolvedBoron(mg/L) 0.0188 J 0.0174 J NM 0.0369 0.0328 NM 0.0343 0.0286 NMDissolvedArsenic(mg/L) <0.002 <0.002 0.004 J 0.0033 J <0.002 0.003 J 0.0073 E <0.002 <0.002DissolvedOrganicCarbon(mg/L) 0.72 J 1.1 0.73 J 0.95 J 0.79 J 0.7 J 1.0 J 0.97 J 0.85 JNotes:
J-Dataindicatesapresenceofacompoundthatmeetstheidentificationcriteria.Theresultislessthanthequantitationlimitbutgreaterthanzero.Theconcentrationgivenisanapproximatevalue.R-SuspectederrorinfieldDOmeasurementsNS-NotSampled/NM-NotMeasuredE-ExceedsRPDof20%withduplicatesampleGreycellmeansdataquestionableandshouldnotbereliedupon
5/6/16VL-2VL-1
1/19/174/1/16 3/31/16 5/6/16 1/12/171/19/17 4/1/16 5/6/16VL-3
Table7-WaterQualityatWaterTableWellsPermeableReactiveBarrierFullHydrogeologicAssessment-VinlandDrive,Dennis,MASampleID/LocationSamplingDateFieldMeasurementspH(SU)Temperature(°C)DissolvedOxygen(DO;mg/L)SpecificConductance(uS/cm)RedoxPotential(ORP;mV)LaboratoryAnalysespH(SU)NitrateasN(mg/L)δ15N-NO3(0/00)NitriteasN(mg/L)AmmoniaasN(mg/L)TotalKjeldahlNitrogen(TKN)(mg/L)TotalNitrogen(mg/L)Orthophosphate(mg/L)TotalAlkalinity(mg/LCaCO3)Chloride(mg/L)Sulfate(mg/L)DissolvedIron(mg/L)DissolvedManganese(mg/L)DissolvedBoron(mg/L)DissolvedArsenic(mg/L)DissolvedOrganicCarbon(mg/L)Notes:
J-Dataindicatesapresenceofacompoundthatmeetstheidentificationcriteria.Theresultislessthanthequantitationlimitbutgreaterthanzero.Theconcentrationgivenisanapproximatevalue.R-SuspectederrorinfieldDOmeasurementsNS-NotSampled/NM-NotMeasuredE-ExceedsRPDof20%withduplicatesampleGreycellmeansdataquestionableandshouldnotbereliedupon
4.4 5.5 5.2 4.7 6.0 5.0 5.2 6.1 5.212.2 13.5 12.2 11.7 12.9 12.3 12.4 14.2 12.27.1 7.3 9.2 9.8 9.8 9.4 10.0 10.3 9.4303 278 186 166 90 136 179 131 157298 336 190 297 290 294 225 285 178
4.6 4.4 NM 5.0 5.0 NM 5.8 4.9 NM6.2 7.4 7 1.9 1.0 1.7 1.2 0.41 3.8NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM
<0.01 <0.01 <0.019 <0.01 <0.01 <0.019 <0.01 0.014 J <0.019<0.028 0.047 J NM 0.035 J <0.028 NM 0.089 <0.028 NM2.41 0.164 J <0.066 0.384 0.098 J 1.7 4.36 0.169 J <0.0668.6 7.4 7 2.3 1 0.19 J 5.6 0.41 3.8
0.006 0.007 NM 0.006 0.009 NM 0.005 0.007 NM3.60 2.4 2.1 E 4.10 5.9 3.3 12.30 4.8 3.856.6 43 44.8 29.6 15.5 24.5 32.3 20.1 41.111.9 11.7 8.2 10.6 4.49 10.3 15.6 13.6 101.7 <0.02 <0.01 0.12 0.023 J <0.009 0.15 <0.02 <0.01
0.0637 0.0497 0.063 0.0204 0.013 0.0221 0.0321 0.0157 0.0350.0237 J 0.018 J NM 0.0198 J 0.0112 J NM 0.0134 J 0.0101 J NM0.0033 J <0.002 0.003 J,E <0.002 <0.002 <0.0019 <0.002 <0.002 0.0049 J
0.86 J 0.84 J 0.69 J 0.89 J 1.2 0.63 J 0.79 J 1.1 0.71 J
VL-61/19/17
VL-51/13/174/1/16 5/6/164/1/16 5/6/16 4/1/16 5/6/16
VL-41/19/17
Table7-WaterQualityatWaterTableWellsPermeableReactiveBarrierFullHydrogeologicAssessment-VinlandDrive,Dennis,MASampleID/LocationSamplingDateFieldMeasurementspH(SU)Temperature(°C)DissolvedOxygen(DO;mg/L)SpecificConductance(uS/cm)RedoxPotential(ORP;mV)LaboratoryAnalysespH(SU)NitrateasN(mg/L)δ15N-NO3(0/00)NitriteasN(mg/L)AmmoniaasN(mg/L)TotalKjeldahlNitrogen(TKN)(mg/L)TotalNitrogen(mg/L)Orthophosphate(mg/L)TotalAlkalinity(mg/LCaCO3)Chloride(mg/L)Sulfate(mg/L)DissolvedIron(mg/L)DissolvedManganese(mg/L)DissolvedBoron(mg/L)DissolvedArsenic(mg/L)DissolvedOrganicCarbon(mg/L)Notes:
J-Dataindicatesapresenceofacompoundthatmeetstheidentificationcriteria.Theresultislessthanthequantitationlimitbutgreaterthanzero.Theconcentrationgivenisanapproximatevalue.R-SuspectederrorinfieldDOmeasurementsNS-NotSampled/NM-NotMeasuredE-ExceedsRPDof20%withduplicatesampleGreycellmeansdataquestionableandshouldnotbereliedupon
5.0 4.9 5.311.9 11.9 11.69.6 8.4 7.6204 406 197259 279 307
NM NM NM2.4 7.5 2.8NM NM NM
<0.019 <0.019 <0.019NM NM NM0.654 3.8 0.189 J
3 11 2.8NM NM NM3.3 3.1 641.6 85.3 41.910.9 16 5.82
0.036 J 0.26 0.240.0289 0.0478 0.0206NM NM NM
<0.0019 <0.0019 <0.00190.63 J 0.98 J 0.69 J
VL-7 VL-91/13/171/13/17
VL-81/13/17
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40
NORSEMAN DRIVE
LIEF ERICSON DRIVE
FIOR
D D
RIVE
THORWALD DRIVE
FREYDIS DRIVE
VIKING DRIVE
JOANNE DRIVE
CO
UN
TRY
CIR
CLE ¯
VL-2
VL-1
VL-6
0 150 300 450 60075Feet
Figure 9. Nitrate Concentrations in Upper Sandand Surface Water (mg/L) (1-12-17, 1-13-17, 1-19-17)- Cape Cod Permeable Reactive Barrier Full Hydrogeologic Assessment- Vinland Drive Site, Dennis, MA
Kelley's Bay
VL-7
VL-8
VLZ-4
VLZ-6
WP-1
WP-2
WP-3
SW-1
Map created byWaterVision, LLC
January 2017
VL-2D
VLZ-7
VINLANDDRIVE VL-9
7.5
2.4
1.7
4.2
1.82.8
LegendSurface Water Sampling Point
Shallow Well Points
New Well Clusters and Deep Wells
New Water Table Wells
!( Existing 2" Groundwater Monitoring Wells
!( Existing Piezometer Cluster (6)
Proposed PRB Alignment
VL-5
VL-4
Nitrate as N (mg/L)(1/12/17, 1/13/17, 1/19/17)
Sources: Surface Water Sampling Points, Shallow Well Sampling Points, Existing and New Groundwater Monitoring Well Locations, Existing Piezometer Locations, New Well Cluster Locations, and Nitrogen Concentrations from WaterVision LLC. Roads and Kelley's Bay from Mass GIS, Contours from Cape Cod Commission, and Wetlands from the National Wetlands Inventory (NWI).
4.2
3.8
7.0
VL-3
3.0
<0.019
0.78 8.7
1.8
VLZ-2
VL-8d
VL-9VL-1d
Figure10-VariationofNitrate-N,DissolvedOxygen,DissolvedOrganicCarbon,andStableNitrogenIsotopeRatiosVinlandDrive,Dennis,MA,Dec2016toJan2017
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
EsNm
ated
ElevaNo
nofGroun
dwaterSam
pmle(S
msl)
ConcentraNonofConsNtuent(mg/L)
VLZ-2
DissolvedOrganicCarbon Nitrate-N DissolvedOxygen
5.2
2.01
5.16
5.19
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
EsNm
ated
ElevaNo
nofGroun
dwaterSam
pmle(S
msl)
ConcentraNonofConsNtuent(mg/Lor0/00)
VLZ-4
DissolvedOrganicCarbon Nitrate-N StableN15(0/00) DissolvedOxygen
5.81
5.28
5.48
5.76
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
EsNm
ated
ElevaNo
nofGroun
dwaterSam
pmle(S
msl)
ConcentraNonofConsNtuent(mg/L)or0/00
VLZ-6
DissolvedOrganicCarbon Nitrate-N StableN15(0/00) DissolvedOxygen
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
EsNm
ated
ElevaNo
nofGroun
dwaterSam
pmle(S
msl)
ConcentraNonofConsNtuent(mg/L)
VLZ-7
DissolvedOrganicCarbon Nitrate-N DissolvedOxygen
Figure 11 - Variation of Nitrate-N, Total Alkalinity, Chloride, and SulfateVinland Drive, Dennis, MA, Dec 2016 to Jan 2017
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Es-m
ated
Eleva-o
nofGroun
dwaterSam
pmle(?
msl)
Concentra-onofCons-tuent(mg/L)
VLZ-2
Nitrate-N TotalAlaklinity Sulfate Chloride-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Es-m
ated
Eleva-o
nofGroun
dwaterSam
pmle(?
msl)
Concentra-onofCons-tuent(mg/L)
VLZ-6
Nitrate-N TotalAlaklinity Sulfate Chloride
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Es-m
ated
Eleva-o
nofGroun
dwaterSam
pmle(?
msl)
Concentra-onofCons-tuent(mg/L)
VLZ-7
Nitrate-N TotalAlaklinity Sulfate Chloride-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Es-m
ated
Eleva-o
nofGroun
dwaterSam
pmle(?
msl)
Concentra-onofCons-tuent(mg/L)
VLZ-4
Nitrate-N TotalAlaklinity Chloride Sulfate
Figure 12 -Variation of Nitrate-N, Dissolved Iron, Dissolved Manganese, and Dissolved ArsenicVinland Drive, Dennis, MA, Dec 2016 to Jan 2017
TheMnlineslookincorrectbecausethevaluesareinthetenthousandthsIthinkIoriginallytookthelessthansymbolsoffofthedata.
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
EsFm
ated
ElevaFo
nofGroun
dwaterSam
pmle(L
msl)
ConcentraFonofConsFtuent(mg/L)
VLZ-2
DissolvedIron DissolvedManganese Nitrate-N DissolvedArsenic
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
EsFm
ated
ElevaFo
nofGroun
dwaterSam
pmle(L
msl)
ConcentraFonofConsFtuent(mg/L)
VLZ-4
DissolvedManganese Nitrate-N DissolvedIron DissolvedArsenic
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
EsFm
ated
ElevaFo
nofGroun
dwaterSam
pmle(L
msl)
ConcentraFonofConsFtuent(mg/L)
VLZ-6
DissolvedIron DissolvedManganese Nitrate-N DissolvedArsenic
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
EsFm
ated
ElevaFo
nofGroun
dwaterSam
pmle(L
msl)
ConcentraFonofConsFtuent(mg/L)
VLZ-7
DissolvedManganese Nitrate-N DissolvedIron DissolvedArsenic
Table8-WaterQualityatOne-InchPiezometersPermeableReactiveBarrierFullHydrogeologicAssessment-VinlandDrive,Dennis,MASampleID/LocationScreenbottomelevation(ftmsl)SamplingDateFieldMeasurementspH(SU) 4.7 5.0 NS 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.3 5.6Temperature(°C) 11.7 12.9 NS 11.6 11.8 11.7 12.3 11.87 11.3DissolvedOxygen(DO;mg/L) 7.1 9.3 NS 4.2 4.1 4.6 6.3 4.7 4.9SpecificConductance(uS/cm) 381 286 NS 235 219 196 206 185 180RedoxPotential(ORP;mV) 301 312 NS 127 100 271 220 137 304LaboratoryAnalysespH(SU) 4.8 NS NS 5.9 5.5 NM 5.8 5.3 NMNitrateasN(mg/L) 4.3 NS NS 2.4 2.5 3.6 4.0 3.9 3.5NitriteasN(mg/L) <0.010 NS NS <0.010 <0.010 <0.019 <0.010 <0.010 <0.019AmmoniaasN(mg/L) <0.028 NS NS 0.029 J 0.036 J NM 0.031 J <0.028 NMTotalKjeldahlNitrogen(TKN)(mg/L) <0.066 NS NS <0.066 0.35 0.23 J 1.09 0.66 <0.066TotalNitrogen(mg/L) 4.3 NS NS 2.4 2.8 3.6 5.1 3.9 3.5Orthophosphate(mg/L) 0.005 NS NS 0.006 0.006 NM 0.02 0.019 NMTotalAlkalinity(mg/LCaCO3) 2.50 NS NS 14.4 14.2 12.2 10.0 9 8.6Chloride(mg/L) 88.9 NS NS 34.3 36.2 31.7 31.5 30.1 31Sulfate(mg/L) 11.6 NS NS 18.1 16.3 11.8 11.3 10.7 10DissolvedIron(mg/L) 0.19 NS NS 0.93 0.51 0.027 J 3.6 0.9 <0.0090DissolvedManganese(mg/L) 0.0636 NS NS 0.466 0.419 0.194 0.108 0.104 0.0027 JDissolvedBoron(mg/L) 0.0415 NS NS 0.0250 J 0.0202 J NM 0.0306 0.0271 J NMDissolvedArsenic(mg/L) 0.0031 J NS NS <0.0020 <0.0020 0.0052 0.0052 0.0027 J 0.0028 JDissolvedOrganicCarbon(mg/L) 0.72 J NS NS 0.57 J 0.57 J 0.54 0.68 J 0.69 J 0.49 JNotes:
J-Dataindicatesapresenceofacompoundthatmeetstheidentificationcriteria.Theresultislessthanthequantitationlimitbutgreaterthanzero.Theconcentrationgivenisanapproximatevalue.
R-SuspectederrorinfieldpHandORPmeasurements
NS-NotSampled/NM-NotMeasured
E-ExceedsRPDof20%withduplicatesample*NS-lowwaterleveldidnotpermitcollectionofagroundwatersampleGreycellmeansdataquestionableandshouldnotbereliedupon
4/1/16 5/6/16
VLZ-52-4.8
1/19/175/6/2016* 4/1/164/1/16 5/6/16
VLZ-443.3
1/19/2017*
VLZ-48-0.8
1/19/17
Table8-WaterQualityatOne-InchPiezometersPermeableReactiveBarrierFullHydrogeologicAssessment-VinlandDrive,Dennis,MASampleID/LocationScreenbottomelevation(ftmsl)SamplingDateFieldMeasurementspH(SU)Temperature(°C)DissolvedOxygen(DO;mg/L)SpecificConductance(uS/cm)RedoxPotential(ORP;mV)LaboratoryAnalysespH(SU)NitrateasN(mg/L)NitriteasN(mg/L)AmmoniaasN(mg/L)TotalKjeldahlNitrogen(TKN)(mg/L)TotalNitrogen(mg/L)Orthophosphate(mg/L)TotalAlkalinity(mg/LCaCO3)Chloride(mg/L)Sulfate(mg/L)DissolvedIron(mg/L)DissolvedManganese(mg/L)DissolvedBoron(mg/L)DissolvedArsenic(mg/L)DissolvedOrganicCarbon(mg/L)Notes:
J-Dataindicatesapresenceofacompoundthatmeetstheidentificationcriteria.Theresultislessthanthequantitationlimitbutgreaterthanzero.Theconcentrationgivenisanapproximatevalue.
R-SuspectederrorinfieldpHandORPmeasurements
NS-NotSampled/NM-NotMeasured
E-ExceedsRPDof20%withduplicatesample*NS-lowwaterleveldidnotpermitcollectionofagroundwatersampleGreycellmeansdataquestionableandshouldnotbereliedupon
5.4 5.2 5.3 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.4 5.4 5.412.1 11.6 11.7 10.6 11.6 11.4 11.3 11.1 11.16.5 6.2 5.4 7.2 6.5 6.9 6.5 7.1 6.5212 188 177 169 179 192 189 197 200212 152 299 212 142 292 234 94 266
5.4 5.2 NM 5.4 5.1 NM 5.5 5.3 NM4.2 3.9 3.6 2.8 3.2 4.4 3.2 3.2 3.7
<0.010 <0.010 <0.019 <0.010 <0.010 <0.019 <0.010 <0.010 <0.019<0.028 <0.028 NM <0.028 E <0.028 NM 0.030 J 0.031 J NM<0.066 0.288 J <0.066 <0.066 E 0.203 J <0.066 <0.066 0.074 J <0.066
4.2 3.9 3.6 2.8 3.2 4.4 3.2 3.2 3.70.008 0.009 NM 0.004 JE 0.012 NM 0.008 0.013 NM6.70 6.8 7 5.40 4.7 4.7 7.20 8.4 733.3 31.9 30.8 31.9 32.2 34.4 36.8 33.8 36.210.8 10.3 9.76 12.0 9.42 9.11 12.6 11.8 10.7
0.038 J 0.69 0.01 J 0.13 E 0.022 J <0.0090 0.14 0.67 <0.00900.0105 0.0263 0.0059 J 0.0275 0.0209 0.0220 0.0141 0.0464 0.0080 J0.0329 0.029 J NM 0.0325 0.0283 J NM 0.0366 0.0306 NM0.0025 J <0.0020 0.0028 J 0.0024 J <0.0020 0.0038 J <0.0020 0.002 0.0025 J
0.68 J 0.75 J 0.79 J 0.49 JE 0.69 J 0.78 J 0.55 J 0.66 J 0.54 J
4/1/16 5/6/16
VLZ-56-8.8
1/19/17
VLZ-66-18.7
1/19/173/31/16 5/6/16
VLZ-61-13.8
1/19/17 3/31/16 5/6/16
Table9-WaterQualityatTwo-InchWellClustersPermeableReactiveBarrierFullHydrogeologicAssessment-VinlandDrive,Dennis,MA
SampleID/LocationScreenbottomelevation(ftmsl)
SamplingDateFieldMeasurementspH(SU) 5.6 4.7 5.4 6.4 5.6 4.7 4.8 4.7Temperature(°C) 11.5 11.8 11.7 13.2 11.7 12 11.7 11.7DissolvedOxygen(DO;mg/L) 8.0 8.2 7.9 8.4 5.6 9.3 6.8 7.9SpecificConductance(uS/cm) 189 303 183 176 167 195 243 251RedoxPotential(ORP;mV) 279 298 261 155 182 193 180 193LaboratoryAnalysespH(SU) NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NMNitrateasN(mg/L) 4.4 8.1 3.3 4.9 3.4 2.8 4.6 4.6δ15N-NO3(
0/00) NM 5.2 2.01 5.16 5.19 5.81 5.28 5.34NitriteasN(mg/L) <0.019 <0.094 <0.019 <0.019 <0.019 <0.019 <0.019 <0.019AmmoniaasN(mg/L) NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NMTotalKjeldahlNitrogen(TKN)(mg/L) <0.066 0.65 0.3 <0.066 <0.066 2.20 E <0.066 0.121 JTotalNitrogen(mg/L) 4.4 8.8 3.6 4.9 3.4 5.0 4.6 4.6Orthophosphate(mg/L) NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NMTotalAlkalinity(mg/LCaCO3) 6.3 2 5.6 5.9 11.9 6.5 E 5.3 NDChloride(mg/L) 33.3 64 33.2 27.0 25.9 38.8 45.1 46.9Sulfate(mg/L) 10.1 8.76 10.3 10.4 11.4 12.3 13.4 13.8DissolvedIron(mg/L) <0.01 0.02 J <0.0090 0.53 0.10 0.54 E 1.9 0.06DissolvedManganese(mg/L) 0.025 0.0906 0.0274 0.0951 0.032 0.054 0.096 0.047DissolvedBoron(mg/L) NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NMDissolvedArsenic(mg/L) <0.002 <0.0019 <0.0019 <0.0019 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 0.002 JDissolvedOrganicCarbon(mg/L) 0.53 J 0.7 J 0.48 J 0.51 J 0.38 J 0.83 J 0.83 J 0.72 JNotes:J-Dataindicatesapresenceofacompoundthatmeetstheidentificationcriteria.Theresultislessthanthequantitationlimitbutgreaterthanzero.Theconcentrationgivenisanapproximatevalue.R-SuspectederrorinfieldDOmeasurementsNS-NotSampled/NM-NotMeasuredE-ExceedsRPDof20%withduplicatesampleGreycellmeansdataquestionableandshouldnotbereliedupon
12/12/1612/14/16
-12.2 -17.1VLZ-4dVLZ-4cVL-2d
1/13/17 1/13/17
0.8 -6.2-14.6
1/19/17
VLZ-4a VLZ-4b VLZ-6b-0.7
1/12/17
5.3
12/12/16
VLZ-6a
12/12/16
Table9-WaterQualityatTwo-InchWellClustersPermeableReactiveBarrierFullHydrogeologicAssessment-VinlandDrive,Dennis,MASampleID/LocationScreenbottomelevation(ftmsl)
SamplingDateFieldMeasurementspH(SU)Temperature(°C)DissolvedOxygen(DO;mg/L)SpecificConductance(uS/cm)RedoxPotential(ORP;mV)LaboratoryAnalysespH(SU)NitrateasN(mg/L)δ15N-NO3(0/00)NitriteasN(mg/L)AmmoniaasN(mg/L)TotalKjeldahlNitrogen(TKN)(mg/L)TotalNitrogen(mg/L)Orthophosphate(mg/L)TotalAlkalinity(mg/LCaCO3)Chloride(mg/L)Sulfate(mg/L)DissolvedIron(mg/L)DissolvedManganese(mg/L)DissolvedBoron(mg/L)DissolvedArsenic(mg/L)DissolvedOrganicCarbon(mg/L)Notes:J-Dataindicatesapresenceofacompoundthatmeetstheidentificationcriteria.Theresultislessthanthequantitationlimitbutgreaterthanzero.Theconcentrationgivenisanapproximatevalue.R-SuspectederrorinfieldDOmeasurementsNS-NotSampled/NM-NotMeasuredE-ExceedsRPDof20%withduplicatesampleGreycellmeansdataquestionableandshouldnotbereliedupon
VLZ-7c-14.01/13&
1/19/2017
5.1 5.2 5.1 5.7 NS 6.011.9 13.4 11.8 11.5 NS 11.67.0 7.2 8.9 7.3 NS 5.8189 197 197 206 NS 156140 135 245 211 NS 185
NM NM NM NM NS NM4.2 5.0 2.7 3.0 NS 2.15.48 5.76 NM NM NS NM
<0.019 <0.019 <0.019 <0.019 NS <0.019NM NM NM NM NS NM
0.073 J <0.066 0.988 0.23 J NS 0.9324.2 5.0 3.7 3.0 NS 3.0NM NM NM NM NS NM8.3 9.1 3.3 6.2 NS 13.232.1 33.1 39.5 40.8 NS 24.810.4 12.1 10 9.56 NS 10.80.34 0.79 0.052 <0.0090 NS 0.37
0.108 0.169 0.0346 0.019 NS 0.0569NM NM NM NM NS NM
<0.002 <0.002 <0.0019 <0.0019 NS <0.00190.45 J 0.63 J 0.6 J 0.44 J NS 0.37 J
VLZ-6c-11.7
12/12/16
VLZ-7d-17.9
1/13/17
VLZ-7b-10.0
1/13/17
VLZ-7a3.0
1/13/17
VLZ-6d-17.7
12/12/16
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clusters.TheVLZ-44piezometerwasnotsampledduringthewinter2017round,aswaterlevelsweretoolowtoproperlypurgeandsamplethepiezometer.AdditionallyVLZ-7cwasnotsampledduetothehighvolumeoffinesandandsiltinthewell.AttheVLZ-2piezometers,thefield-measuredpHvariesbetween5.7and5.2withthehighestvalueintheshallowpiezometer.Atthenewwellclusters,pHvariedbetween4.7and6.4withthelowestvaluesatVLZ-4aandhighestatVLZ-4c.SCvaluesweresimilaratallpiezometers(180to200µS/cm).Atthewellclusters,SCwasmeasuredat160to300µS/cmwiththehighervaluesmeasuredintheuppersand.Figure10illustratestheconcentrationsofnitrate,DOC,andDOversuselevation.StablenitrogenisotoperatioswereanalyzedforsamplesfromtheVLZ-4andVLZ-6clustersandarealsoshownonthegraph,butarediscussedinafollowingsection.Nitrate-Nconcentrations(thedashedbluelinesinFigure9)are2.1to8.1mg-N/Ldependingondepthandlocation.AlthougheachwellclusterhasauniquepatternofDO(solidgreenlines)concentrationwithdepth,theuppersandgenerallyhasslightlyhigherDOconcentrations(9.3to4.6mg/L)thanthelowersand(8.4and5.6mg/L).DOCconcentrationsareallbelow1mg/Linboththeupperandlowersandunits.AtVLZ-2andVLZ-4theDOandnitrate-Nconcentrationsvarysimilarlywithdepth.Figure11illustratesvariationinchloride,alkalinity,andsulfatewithelevation.Chlorideatmultilevelwellsisashighas64mg/Lbutdropsto25mg/Linthedeepestsamplingintervalinthelowersand.Totalalkalinityvariesfrom2.0to12.2mg/Lbutgenerallyincreaseswithdepth.Sulfatevariesonlyslightlybetween8.8and13.4mg/Latallwellclusters.Figure12illustratestheconcentrationpatternsfordissolvedoxygen,dissolvediron,dissolvedmanganese,anddissolvedarsenic.Arsenicisatorbelowthemethoddetectionlimitatallwellclustersandpiezometers.Theconcentrationofdissolvedironhardlyvarieswithdepthandisnowherehigherthan0.8mg/L.ManganeseconcentrationsgenerallyincreasefromthesurfacetojustabovethelowerclayatallwellclustersbutVLZ-6.DissolvedmanganesewasbelowthelimitofdetectionatmanywellsandtheremainingconcentrationswerestillverylowexceptatVLZ-6wherehigherconcentrationsofmanganeseweredetectedatalldepths.Althoughmanganeseandironfollowsimilardissolutionpatternsasafunctionofredoxstate,manganeseismoresensitivetoDOconcentrationandwilldissolveathigherDOlevelsthaniron.ThehighestmanganeseconcentrationwasdetectedatVLZ-6b(atanelevationof-0.7ft.msl),whichisjustabovetheupperclaylayer.
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ShallowWellPointsandSurfaceWater
Shallowgroundwater(lessthan2feetbelowlandsurface)wassampledinthreelocationsneartheedgeofKelley’sBay(Figure8,Table10).AtWP-1,samplingwasattemptedclosetothewater’sedge,buttheelevatedSCmeasuredinthewatersuggestedthatthesamplewasbrackishandnotfreshwater.Severalsamplesfurtherinlandwereattemptedclosertotheedgeofthebluff,butevenatadistanceofgreaterthan150feetfromtheshorelinewhereWP-1wasfinallytaken,theSCwasstillelevatedcomparedtofreshwater.Nitrate-Natthislocationwasbelowdetectionlimits.TheSC,chloride,sulfate,andalkalinityconcentrationsofthissampleallsuggestthatgroundwaterwasbrackishatthetimeofsampling.Thepresenceofbrackishwaterisconsistentwithtidally-drivenwaterexchangebetweenthebayandgroundwater.WatersamplesfromWP-2andWP-3werefreshgroundwaterbasedonSC(lessthan300µS/cm).AtWP-2andWP-3thenitratewas8.7and3.0mg/Lrespectively.TheDOwasunusuallylowat2.9and2.5mg/LcomparedtogroundwaterfromtheuppersandmeasuredalongVinlandDrive.Dissolvedironandarsenicwereclosetoorbelowdetectionlimitsandmanganesewasbelow1mg/Lforbothpoints.AsampleofsurfacewaterfromKelley’sBaywasalsosampledforallparameters(Table10).Nitrate-Nwas0.78mg/LandSC,chloride,sulfate,andalkalinitywereallatelevatedconcentrationstypicalofsalinewaters.
StableNitrogenIsotopeAnalysis
Thetwostableisotopesofnitrogenare15Nand14N.Theorganisms(anaerobicbacteria)thatcausedenitrificationpreferentiallyutilize14Nsothat15Nbecomesenrichedcomparedto14Nduringthesebiologicalreactions(Pabich,2001).Theratioof15N/14Niscapturedas!!"N(reportedinpartsperthousand,0 00): δ!"N = 1000 !!!! (4)where, a=relativeabundanceof15Ninatmosphericair,and
s=relativeabundanceof15Ninthesample.!!"Nhasastablevalueof0.3660 00inairintheatmosphere(Kendall,1998).ThisratiocanbeanalyzedforNH4,NO3,orN2ingroundwatertodeterminetheratio!!"N.The!!" of nitrate-NwasanalyzedforthisstudysinceitisthespeciesofinterestattheVinlandDrivesite.Forclarity,stablenitrogenisotopeanalysescompletedforthisstudyarelistedas!!"N–NO3tospecifythattheratiowas
Table10-WaterQualityShorelineWellPointsandSurfaceWaterPermeableReactiveBarrierFullHydrogeologicAssessment-VinlandDrive,Dennis,MASampleID/LocationSamplingDateFieldMeasurementspH(SU) 5.6 6.0 5.4 5.1Temperature(°C) 6.7 7.1 10.3 10.9DissolvedOxygen(DO;mg/L) 10.5 7.5 2.9 2.5SpecificConductance(uS/cm) 21179 16395 291 223RedoxPotential(ORP;mV) 348 74 125 138LaboratoryAnalysesNitrateasN(mg/L) 0.78 <0.019 8.7 3NitriteasN(mg/L) <0.019 <0.019 <0.094 <0.019TotalKjeldahlNitrogen(TKN)(mg/L) 0.683 0.578 0.085 J <0.066TotalNitrogen(mg/L) 1.5 0.58 8.7 3TotalAlkalinity(mg/LCaCO3) 45.60 27.4 ND 3.3Chloride(mg/L) 7000 5170 49.4 43.6Sulfate(mg/L) 953 684 9.13 11.1DissolvedIron(mg/L) 0.11 1.5 <0.01 0.01 JDissolvedManganese(mg/L) 0.0215 0.1 0.108 0.016DissolvedArsenic(mg/L) <0.0019 0.007 <0.002 0.002 JDissolvedOrganicCarbon(mg/L) 8 J 13 J 0.74 J
Notes:J-Dataindicatesapresenceofacompoundthatmeetstheidentificationcriteria.Theresultislessthanthequantitationlimitbutgreaterthanzero.Theconcentrationgivenisanapproximatevalue.R-SuspectederrorinfieldDOmeasurementsNS-NotSampled/NM-NotMeasuredE-ExceedsRPDof20%withduplicatesampleGreycellmeansdataquestionableandshouldnotbereliedupon
SW-1 WP-1 WP-2 WP-31/12/17 1/12/17 1/12/17 1/12/17
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measuredinnitrate-N.Measurementsof!!"N–NO3havebeenusedatavarietyofsitestounderstandtheextentofdenitrificationingroundwaterandtoevaluatethesourcesofnitrate-Ndetectedingroundwaterbasedonapparentenrichmentof15N(Cravotta,1997;Robertson&Merkely,2009;Kendalletal.,2007;Degnanetal.,2015).Thevariationin!!"N–NO3valuesingroundwatercanreflectdifferentsourcesofnitrate-Nandfractionationduetobiologicalprocesses.SincetheVinlandDrivesiteisinadevelopedareaunderlainbyasandandgravelwatertableaquifer,therearelikelymultiplesourcesofnitratecontributingtothesubsurfaceconcentrations.Theseincludeinfiltratingprecipitation,vehicleemissiondeposition,fertilizer,andsepticdischarge.AreviewofstableisotopeconcentrationsbyKendalletal.(2007)indicatesthefollowingrangesof!!"N–NO3forthesesources:
PrecipitationfortheCapeCodarea- -5.4to-3.50 00Vehicleemissions- -13to+3.70 00Fertilizer–inorganic- -4to+40 00Fertilizer–organic- +2to+300 00Animalandhumanwaste +10to+200 00
Arecentstudyoftheimpactsofblastingonwaterqualityalsoprovidedsomerangesof!!"N–NO3fromsepticsystemsinsouthernNewHampshire(Degnanetal.,2015).Groundwaterdowngradientofsepticinfluencewasfoundtohaveratiosbetween11.4and15.30 00.ThehigherratiowasinanareaoflowDO,wheredenitrificationmayhavebeenactive.Othersreported!!"N–NO3ingroundwaterdowngradientofsepticsystemsas70 00(Foggetal.,1998)and8.1to13.90 00(Aravenaetal.,1993).Itislikelythatthenitrate-NdetectedinthesubsurfaceatVinlandDriveistheresultofamixtureofprecipitation,vehicleemissions,septicwaste,andfertilizersources.Themosteffectivemeansofidentifyingsourcesusesacombinationofstableoxygenandstablenitrogenisotopeanalysisofnitrate-Ninsoilandgroundwater.Todeterminetheimpactofdenitrificationon!!"N–NO3,additionalanalysessuchasDO,DOC,anddissolvedmetalsareneeded(Kendalletal.,2007).ThesamplingofselectedlocationsanddepthsattheVinlandDrivesite(Figure10)identified!!"N–NO3ingroundwaterbetween5.2and5.80 00atmostwellswithonemuchlowerdelta-valuedetectedatVLZ-4bat2.00 00.UC-Daviswasaskedtore-runthissampletoverifythislowervalueandthere-analysisyielded1.90 00comparedtotheoriginalvalueof2.00 00.
50
Overall,measured!!"N–NO3ratiosdonotsuggestthatdenitrificationisoccurringtoanygreatextentwithintheupperorlowersandzone.ThesubsurfaceconditionsdonotappeartobeconducivetodenitrificationwithagenerallyhighDOandlowDOC.Manganesedoesappeartobemoresolublewithdepthindicatingthatsomechemicalreductionisoccurringatinthelowersandunit.
SummaryofUpperandLowerSandWaterQuality
Theuppersandhydrogeologicunitis6to17feetthickintheVinlandDriveareaandthelowersandis9to15feetthick.Althoughnitrate-Nconcentrationsdifferbetweenwelllocations,thehighestconcentrationshavebeendetectedintheuppersandwiththehighestconcentrationfoundneartheshorelineatWP-2andatVL-4.DOisgenerallyhigherintheuppersandaswell(greaterthan7mg/L)exceptatoneVLZ-2piezometercompletedjustabovetheupperclay.TheexceptionisattheshallowgroundwaterwellpointsamplesWP-2andWP-3wheretheDOisbelow3mg/L.Thismayreflectlocalconditionssuchasproximitytoanaerobicmudinshorelineandbaysediments.Chlorideiselevatedatsomeuppersandwellsbutmostotherionicspeciesarefoundonlyatlowconcentrationsanddissolvedmetalsarealsoatlowconcentrationsorbelowdetectionlimits.Nitrate-Ninthelowersandhydrogeologicunitisbelow5mg-N/Latallsampledlocationsincontrasttothehigherconcentrationsfoundintheuppersandunit.DOisstillrelativelyelevatedinthelowersandwiththelowestconcentrationatVLZ-4dat5.8mg/L.Dissolvedioniccompoundsaregenerallylowinthelowersandwithminorincreasesinalkalinitywithdepth.Dissolvedmanganeseincreaseswithdepthinthelowersandatmostlocations.Overall,theredonotappeartobegeochemicalconditionsthatsuggestactivedenitrificationingroundwaterintheareastudied.Thisisconfirmedbytherelativelyconsistentandlow!!"N–NO3insamplesrecentlyanalyzedinboththeupperandlowersandunits.
AnalysisofNitrate-NMassFluxThemassfluxanalysiscompletedaspartoftheISCwasupdatedtoreflectthelithology,hydraulicconductivity,andnitrate-NconcentrationsobservedduringcompletionoftheFHA.FourmassfluxanalyseswerecompletedforboththeupperandlowersandunitusingdatafromtheVLZ-2,VLZ-4,VLZ-6,andVL-8welllocations,whichbrackettheoverallrangeofconditionsattheVinlandDriveFHAstudysite.The2016hydraulicgradientof0.012wasusedformassfluxanalysisintheuppersandasitwasmeasuredoverseveralmonthsandislikelytorepresentaseasonalhighvalue.ThegradientbetweenVL-8dandVLZ-7d(0.004)wasusedforevaluatingmassfluxinthelowersand.Table11summarizesthemassfluxattheselocations.AppendixDcontainsadescriptionofthemassfluxmethodologyandthecalculationtables.Themodestchangesinhorizontalgradientsduetotidalinfluence
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inthelowersandwerenotincludedinthemassfluxcalculations.Asdescribedinafollowingsection,thePRBwillbedesignedtoprovideathree-daytraveltimethroughthetreatmentzone,thereforechangesingradientandvelocityoverthe12-hourtidalcyclewillbeaveragedoutduringpassagethroughthePRB.Forthisreason,thetidalvariationinvelocityshouldnotgreatlyinfluencetheoverallmassfluxofnitrate-NatVinlandDrive.Table11–SummaryofMassFluxofNitrate-NitrogenVinlandDrive,Dennis,MA
WellLocation
SandUnitDesignation
WeightedAverageNitrate-N
Concentration(mg-N/L)
SaturatedThickness
ofTreatmentZone(ft.)
Nitrate-NitrogenMassFluxinSandUnit
(g/day/m)
TotalNitrate-NitrogenMassFluxatWellLocation(g/day/m)
VLZ-2
upper 3.8 9.5 5.811
lower 3.7 14.7 5.5VLZ-4 upper 8.1 6.5 2.9
4lower 3.9 13.4 1.0
VLZ-6 upper 4.0 13.0 6.911
lower 4.5 14.1 4.5VL-8 upper 7.5 9.0 11.3
14lower 3.2 10.6 2.5
Massfluxintheuppersandisestimatedbetween2.9g/day/m(VL-4),and11.3g/day/m(VL-8).Inthelowersand,massfluxisestimatedat1.0to5.5g/day/mwiththelowervaluesatVL-4andVL-8.Thetotalmassfluxoverbothunitsrangesfrom4g/day/matVL-4to14g/day/matVL-8.AtVL-8thehigherconcentrationofnitrate-N(7.5mg/L)andcoarseuppersandsedimentcontributedtothehigherfluxestimateatthislocation.
SummaryofNitrate-NMassFlux
Nitrate-Nconcentrationsvariedacrossthesitebetweenwellsites,butoverallconcentrationsweresimilaratwellssampledduringboththeISCandFHA.Thisarealvariabilitycontributedtodifferencesinthecomputedmassfluxacrossthesite.Additionallyhydrogeologicdifferencescontributedtomassfluxvariation.Although
52
mediumtocoarsesandsarepredominantthroughoutthesite,sedimentcoresrecoveredatVL-4andVL-7andespeciallyinthelowersandunitcontainedmorefinesandandsiltthansedimentscollectedatotherwelllocationsinthestudyarea.Thisresultedinlowerhydraulicconductivityvaluesbasedonslugtestanalysesinthisnorthwesternareaofthesite.ThemeasuredhydraulicconductivityfortheuppersandatVL-2andVL-6wassomewhatlowerthanoriginallyestimatedfortheISCaswell.Finally,thehydraulicgradientinthelowersandis0.004,whichisconsiderablymoremoderatethanthegradientmeasuredintheuppersand.There-estimatedvaluesofmassfluxofnitrate-NatthesitearesomewhatlowerthanthosecalculatedfortheISCatVLZ-2(19.4g/day/m).ThischangereflectstheadditionalhydrogeologicandwaterqualitydatacollectedduringtheFHA.
EvaluationofNitrate-ReducingPRBTechnologyattheDennisSiteThesectionpresentsaconceptualdesignofapilot-scalePRBattheDennissite.Thisinitialdesignwillhelpindeterminingtheadditionalanalysesrequiredbeforepilotimplementationandprovidespreliminaryestimatesofsubstratetypeandusage.SeveralpractitionerswerecontactedforadditionalinformationonPRBlayoutandsubstrate(C.Jacob,personalcommunication,2016;F.Hostrop,personalcommunication,2017;B.Elkins,personalcommunication,2017)anddesignandestimatingtoolswereusedtoevaluatesubstraterequirements(EOSInc,website2017;Henry,2010).ForthepurposesofthisevaluationitwasassumedthatthePRBwouldconsistofinjectedliquidsubstratealonganappropriatewidthandlengthwithinthechosentreatmentzoneatdepth.
ConceptualDesignFactorsTheconceptualdesignofthepilotPRBrequiresthedeterminationofthefollowingfactors:
ThePRBorientationandwidth(perpendiculartogroundwaterflow).BasedontheFHAresults,VinlandDriveisroughlyperpendiculartogroundwaterflowandwouldbeaconvenientlocationforthePRB.Aof100feet(measuredperpendiculartoflow)isassumedforapilotPRB.ThePRBlength(paralleltogroundwaterflow).Thisdistanceshouldadequatetoallowadequatecontactwithinjectedsubstratetoallowdenitrificationbutnotgreatenoughtoallowreactionstoproceedtostronglyreducingconditions.Athreetofourdaycontactperiodwasadvisedtomeettheserequirements.
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Treatmentzonedepth–Treatmentofboththeupperandlowersandunitwasevaluated.Thetypeandformulationofsubstratetobeinjectedthatwillprovideacarbonsourceforanaerobicbacteriatodenitrifygroundwaterthroughrespiration.Aliquidinjectedsubstrate(alsoknownasinjectate)willbeappropriategiventhedepthtoandthehydraulicconductivityofthetreatmentzone.EmulsifiedVegetableOil(EVO)appearstobethemosteffectivesubstratefortheVinlandDrivesite.Itisdesignedforhighergroundwatervelocities(0.5ft./day),canbeformulatedtoadheretosandgrainswithoutreducinghydraulicconductivity,andhasahighcarboncontentandhydrogenyield(Hostrop&Begley,2017;Henry,2010).Thereareseveralcommercialsourcesofthisproduct.Thevolumeofsubstrateneededandthefrequencyofreplenishmentrequiredtocontinuetreatment.
EvaluationofAnaerobicTreatmentEfficiencyThehydrogeologicandwaterqualityinformationcollectedaspartoftheDennisFHAwasevaluatedusingtheSubstrateEstimatingToolforEnhancedAerobicBioremediationofChlorinatedSolventsspreadsheetanalysistool(Henry,2010)tofurtherevaluateplacementofapilotPRBandtoestimatethevolumeofsubstratethatmayberequired.Thespreadsheettoolprovidesastoichiometricanalysisofreducingreactionsbasedonknownsitehydrogeologicandgeochemicalconditionsandgeneralcharacteristicsofsubstrates.Reducingreactionsinclude(inorderofthermodynamicfavorabilityandthusreactionsequence):aerobicrespiration(utilizationofoxygentoproduceanaerobicconditions),denitrification,sulfatereduction,manganesereduction,ironreduction,andmethanogenesis.Fornitratetreatmentonlythefirsttworeactionslistedareneeded,butsomesulfatereduction,metalsreduction,andmethanogenesismayoccur.Eachcommerciallyavailablesubstratehasuniquecharacteristicsthatmaynotbefullyrepresentedintheanalysis.AppendixBofthebackgrounddocumentationforthespreadsheettool(Henry,2010)explainstheconceptualmodelandmethodology.Althoughdevelopedforchlorinatedsolvents,itcanalsobeusedforanalyzingtheeffectivenessofvariousPRBsubstratesfordenitrification.Thismayoverestimatetheuseofsubstrateasitassumesthatreactionswillproceedtoreducingconditionssufficientforbreakdownofchlorinatedsolventsbydechlorinationanddenitrificationoccursatlessreducingconditionsasdetailed
54
above.ThisevaluationonlyprovidesbroadguidanceinevaluatingPRBtreatment,asotherin-situfactorsmustbeconsideredinthedesignandimplementationofatreatmentPRBthroughcolumntestingandadditionalin-situanalyses.Table12highlightschemicalandphysicalcharacteristicsthatcanimpactsubstrateutilization.TheconditionsfoundattheVinlandRoadsite(inbluetext)inDennis,MAmayrequiresubstrateamendmenttoaccommodatetheseconditions.Table12-ExampleEnhancedBioremediationSystemModifications,fromHenry,2010
PotentialCondition Modification
LowpHorlowbufferingcapacity
• Additionofabufferingcompound
• Useofwaterpushforsolublesubstrates
• Useofslower-releasesubstrates
Lowpermeability/groundwatervelocity
• Closelyspacedinjectionpoints
• Targetedinjectionsintolowpermeability�horizons
Highpermeability/groundwatervelocity
• Highersubstrateloadingrates
• Morefrequentinjections
• Multiplerowsofinjectionwellsorbiowalls
• Highretention(coarsedroplet)EVO�products
(Modified from AFCEE et al., 2004 and Suthersan et al., 2002.)
AsindicatedinTable12thelowpHandlowalkalinityofgroundwateratthesitemayrequireadditionofabufferingcompoundtothePRBinjectate.Incorporationofgranulatedlimestoneintheinjectatetoenhancealkalineconditionshasbeensuggested(F.Hostrop,personalcommunication2017).EVOsubstratealsoincorporatesthesuggestedwaterpush(injectionofadditionalwaterordissolutionofsubstrateinwater)andslower-releasesubstratebymodifyingthedropletsizeandadherencetoparticles(stickiness)forEVOinjections.Thehighpermeabilityandgroundwatervelocityatthesitemayrequirehighersubstrateloading,useofseveralrowsofinjectionsitestoachievethecorrectPRBthickness,andinjectateamendedtobestronglyretainedonsediment.Further,zonesofcoarsesandwhich
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mayallowforpreferentialgroundwaterflowcouldrequirestillgreaterratesofEVOusagecomparedtoareasoflowerhydraulicconductivity.OuranalysisassumedaPRBthatis100feetwide(perpendiculartogroundwaterflow)and24feetlong(paralleltogroundwaterflow)toachievethenecessaryreactiontimebasedonsitegroundwatervelocities,witha1-yearperformanceperiodforthepilotstudy.Asafetyfactorofthreewasincorporatedintotheestimateofthevolumeofinjectateneeded.Betweenthesafetyfactorandtheinclusionofsulfatereductionandmethanogenesisinthereactions,theestimatedvolumeofinjectateislikelyveryconservative.Thesaturatedthicknessoftheaquiferswasvariedbasedonwellsitecharacteristics.MosthydrogeologicandwaterqualityinputparametersnecessaryforthecalculationwasassessedaspartoftheFHA,butforafewparametersforwhichfielddatawereunavailable,valuesfromasimilarevaluationinFalmouth,MAwereused(F.Hostrop,personalcommunication,2017).AppendixEcontainstheinputdatapagesandtheoutputdatapagesproducedbythespreadsheettool.AtVL-2,geochemicalconditionsatVL-6andVL-2wereaveragedforspreadsheetinput.AtVL-8lowersand,geochemicalconditionsforVL-4wereassumed,asVL-8dwasnotsampledduringtheFHA.Table13summarizestheresultsofthisanalysisandinitialresultsarealsographicallypresentedinFigure13.Denitrificationwilloccurafteraerobicrespirationiscomplete.TheEVOdemandisconservativelycalculatedtoincludesulfatereductionandmethanogenesis,IronandmanganesereductionanddechlorinationreactionsarenotrepresentedinTable13orFigure13astheyareeitheraverysmallfractionoftheoveralltotalordonotapplytothissiteevaluation.Thisevaluationdeterminedthat17to22%ofthetotalelectronacceptordemandforPRBtreatmentwouldbeutilizedforaerobicrespirationand42to60%wouldbeusedfordenitrification.Somesulfatereduction(13to25%oftheestimateddemand)andmethanogenesis(8-14%)mayalsooccurbutthepilottestwouldbeusedtoevaluatethesereactionsandminimizeexcessEVOusageforthefinalPRBdesign.ThevolumeofEVOestimatedbythespreadsheettoolforthepilottestforaerobicrespirationanddenitrificationonly,dependingonlocationandsandunitfallsbetween500and650gallonsforayear-longpilottestDependingonwelllocations,nitratereductionwouldutilize42to60%oftheEVOinjectedbasedonelectronreceptordemand.TheuppersandatVL-8andtheuppersandatVL-4representthehighestutilizationofEVOfordenitrificationandthelowestutilizationwasestimatedatVL-8inthelowersand.Variabilityof
Table 13 - Summary of Permeable Reactive Barrier Characterics and Emulsified Vegetable Oil Substrate Requirements Vinland Drive, Dennis, MA
VL-2 VL-2 VL-4 VL-4 VL-8 VL-8Upper Sand Lower Sand Upper Sand Lower Sand Upper Sand Lower Sand
Width (perpendicular to groundwater flow) 100 100 100 100 100 100 feetLength (parallel to groundwater flow) 24 24 24 24 24 24 feetSaturated Thickness (based on lithology and measured water levels) 8.4 14.7 7.1 13.4 9.2 10.5 feetDesign Period of Performance - pilot test 1 1 1 1 1 1 years
Percent of Total Electron Receptor Demand *
VL-2Upper Sand
VL-2Lower Sand
VL-4 Upper Sand
VL-4 Lower Sand
VL-8 Upper Sand
VL-8 Lower Sand
Aerobic Respiration 16% 19% 18% 22% 17% 22%Nitrate Reduction 44% 43% 60% 42% 52% 42%Sulfate Reduction 25% 22% 13% 21% 21% 22%Methanogenesis 12% 13% 9% 12% 8% 12%
Estimated EVO use for Design Period (gallons) 500 520 650 530 570 530
Estimated Mass Flux of Nitrate-N (g/day/m) ** 5.8 5.5 2.9 1.0 11.3 2.5
Gallons of EVO required to denitrify 1 g/day/m of nitrate-N mass flux 90 100 220 530 50 210
* Based on Evaluation using the Substrate Estimating Tool for Enhanced Bioremediation of Chlorinated SolventsEnvironmental Security Technology Certification Program - (Henry, 2010), Appendix E
** Based on mass flux evaluation completed for the FHA, Appendix D
PRB Characteristics Modeled Units
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
AerobicRespira6on
NitrateReduc6on
Figure13-PercentofTotalElectronAcceptorDemandforDenitrifica;onatPRB-VinlandDriveSite,Dennis,MA
VL-2UpperSand
VL-2LowerSand
VL-4UpperSand
VL-4LowerSand
VL-8UpperSand
VL-8LowerSand
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hydrogeologiccharacteristicsandgeochemistrybetweenwelllocationsaccountsforthevariationinestimatedelectrondonorusageandefficiencywithrespecttodenitrification.AroughevaluationofEVOusageefficiencywasestimatedbycalculatingtheestimatednumberofgallonsofEVOneededperunitmassfluxofnitrate-Nateachlocation.ThissuggeststhatthePRBwouldbelessefficientintreatingnitrate-NwithinthelowersandatVL-4comparedtotheothersitesevaluated..ThisdifferenceinefficiencyarisesatthislocationbecausetheconcentrationofdissolvedoxygenishigherrelativetotheconcentrationofnitrateatVL-4andthusahigherportionofthesubstrateisutilizedbyaerobicrespiration.VL-8uppersandwouldutilizethelowestnumberofgallonsper1g/m/daymassfluxforthepilot-scaletest.
ConclusionsAsstatedintheintroduction,thepurposeoftheFHAwastogathersufficientdatatodesignapilotscalepermeablereactivebarrierforthesiteand,inparticular,toanswerquestionsaboutsubsurfacepropertiesthatwillbeusedtopredictmassfluxofnitrate-nitrogenbeneaththesite,todefinewhereandtowhatdepthaPRBshouldbeconstructed,andtodetermineifthereareuniquegeochemicalconditionsthatwillneedtobeconsidered.ThefollowingsummaryanswersthequestionsposedintheintroductiontothisreportandtoprovidethesitecharacteristicsthatwillberelevanttopilotPRBdesign.
• Subsurfacematerialsarelargelyfinetocoarsesandswitha3-to10-foot-thickshallowclaylayerthatseparatestheuppersandfromthelowersandunit.Theuppersandis6-to17-feetthick.Itappearstobethickesttothesouthandeast.Thelowersandis9-to15-feetthick.SedimentsarecoarsestinthecentralportionoftheneighborhoodsurroundingVL-2andVL-6andbecomefinertothenorthwestinthevicinityofVL-7.ContrarytowhatwassuggestedbytheISCresults,theshallowclaylayerappearstobecontinuouswithinthestudyarea.
• Inboththeupperandlowersandunits,lensesofcoarsesandmayactaspreferentialflowpaths.ManycoarsezoneswerenotedduringboringadvancementandmayberesponsiblefortheelevatedhydraulicconductivityvaluesestimatedatVL-2andVL-6.
• Asubstantialclaydepositunderliesthelowersandunit.Thisdeepclaylayerappearslocallytoboundanthropogenicinfluencestowaterqualitytoa26-to35-footintervalbetweenthewatertableandthelowerclayunit.
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• Thedepthtothewatertablefromthegroundsurfaceisapproximately28to40ft.acrossthesite.Waterlevelsatmostwellsvariedlessthantwofeetovertheseasons.AtVL-6,whichisfarthestfromKelley’sBay,waterlevelsvaried2.75feetoverthelastyear.
• ThecoastaltideinKelley’sBaycausesonlyminorvariationinwaterlevelsin
wellsonVinlandDriveintheshallowsandunit.
• Tidalvariationaffectswaterlevelsinthelowersandunit.ThewaterlevelatVL-4d,whichis200feetfromtheshoreline,variedapproximately0.22feetoveratidalcycle.Similarly,thewaterlevelatVL-6d,whichisapproximately550feetfromtheshoreline,varied0.18feetoveratidalcycle.Waterlevelmeasurementsinwellsscreenedinthelowersand,therefore,aresensitivetotimingandshouldbetakenoverashorttimespaninordertocorrectlyestimategroundwaterflowdirectionandgradient.
• Groundwaterinboththeupperandlowersandunitsflowssouthwest
towardsKelley’sBayandisroughlyperpendiculartoVinlandDrive.Thegradientintheuppersandhasbeenmeasuredbetween0.008and0.012overthestudyperiod.Thelowersandunithasahorizontalgradientof0.004basedonafullroundofwaterleveldataatdeepwellsinMay2017.Thegradientinthelowersandexhibitsa0.0004changeoverallinsynchwiththetidalcycle.
• Theshallowclaylayeractsasaconfiningunitbasedonstrongupward
gradientsbetweenpiezometersscreenedbelowandabovetheclaylayer.Groundwaterintheupperandlowersandunitappearstodischargetolocalsurfacewaterbasedonstrongupwardgradients.
• Hydraulicconductivityhasbeenestimatedtovarybetween50ft./dayto260
ft./daywithintheupperandlowersandunits.ThesedimentsinthecentralportionofthesitearemoreconductivethanthesedimenttothenorthwestbetweenVL-4andVL-7.Theestimatedgroundwatervelocityis1.7to6ft./daybasedonestimatedhydraulicconductivityandhorizontalgradients.Thisvelocityvariesslightlywiththetidecycleinthelowersand.
• Nitrate-Nconcentrationsarefoundbetween1.7to8mg-N/Latwatertable
wells.Shallowgroundwater(uppersand)sampledneartheshorelineatKelley’sBaycontained3.0to8.7mg-N/Lnitrate-N.
• Nitrate-Nconcentrationsinthelowersandare2.1to5mg-N/L.
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• Nitrate-Nwasmeasuredat0.78mg/LatSW-1,asurfacewatersamplefromKelley’sBayattheVinlandDriveshoreline.
• NosignificantreducingzonewasencounteredalthoughDOwasfoundto
decreasewithdepthatmostwellclusters.DOwasalsolowneartheshorelineinthevicinityofwellpointsWP-2andWP-3.Manganesesolubilityincreaseswithdepthinthelowersand.
• Thenitrogenisotoperatio!!"N–NO3doesnotchangesignificantlywith
depth,whichappearstoconfirmtheconclusionthatdenitrificationisnotadominantgeochemicalprocessinupperorlowersandunits.
• Elevatedchlorideandspecificconductanceinwatertablewellsandthe
shallowpiezometerssuggestsanthropogenicinfluencesfromroadsaltand/orsepticsystems.
• Themassfluxofnitrate-Ninthetreatmentandsaturatedzoneoverthestudy
depthisestimatedbetween4and13g/day/mwiththehigherfluxinthecenterofthesitesurroundingVL-2andVL-6andatVL-8wherenitrate-Niselevated.ThetidalinfluenceinthelowersandwasnotfelttochangethemassfluxenoughtoimpactPRBspecifications.
• AspreadsheettoolbyHenry(2010)wasusedtomakepreliminaryestimates
ofelectrondonorutilizationbybacteria,theEVOneededtocreatereducingconditions,andthechemicalreductionofoxygen,nitrate,andsulfateThesefactorsvaryaccordingtosite-specificgeochemicalconditionsandhydrogeologiccharacteristics.Basedontheresultsofthespreadsheettool,aerobicrespirationwillutilize16to22%ofelectrondonordemandduringtreatmentandnitratereductionwillrequire42to60%ofelectrondonordemandinPRBtreatment.Becausethisevaluationpresumesthatreducingconditionswilldrivetothelevelrequiredforsulfatereductionandmethanogenesis,itlikelyoverestimatesthevolumeofEVOrequired,asonlytheaerobicrestorationreactionmustoccurbeforethedenitrificationprocesscanproceed.
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PilotPRBDesignRecommendationsTheresultsoftheFHAsuggestthefollowingPRBdesignparameters: PRBAlignment-Groundwaterflowsalongasimilarpathintheupperandlowersand—predominantlysouthwesttowardsKelley’sBay.APRBalignmentalongVinlandDrivewouldbeperpendiculartogroundwaterflow,whichisthedesiredorientation.Thisalignmentisapproximately200feetfromtheshoreline,whichistherecommendedsetbackdistancetoreducepossiblenegativeimpactstosurfacewaterfromPRBtreatmentconstituentsandgeochemicalchange. PRBLocation–Theconcentrationofnitrate-Nvariesacrossthesite,butrepeatedanalysisofthisparameteratseverallocationssuggeststhattheconcentrationshaveremainedsimilaroverthepastyear.Plumesfromindividualon-sitesepticsystemsprobablyremainfairlydistinctleadingtotheobservedarealvariabilityofnitrate-Nandotherconstituentsassociatedwithsepticsystemdischarge.ApilotPRBcouldbemosteffectivelytestedinareaswithhighernitrate-NsuchastheuppersandnearVL-4andnearVL-8.Ifsimultaneoustreatmentinboththeupperandlowersandistested,themassfluxandhydrogeologiccharacteristicsatVL-2suggestsimilarPRBefficienciesintheupperandlowersandandbetweensites.TestingtwositeswithdifferinghydraulicconductivitycouldalsoproveusefulforPRBpilottestevaluationsfortypicalhydrogeologicconditionsonCapeCod. WaterlevelsatPRBlocations–Waterlevelsfluctuateapproximatelytwofeetovertheyearintheuppersandwiththelowestwaterlevelsmeasuredinwinter.PRBsubstrateinjectionshouldbeplannedtoaccommodatethesewaterlevelchanges. Additionalsamplecollection–Abench-scalecolumntestusingsedimentcoresfromthesiteisrecommendedwherepilottestingisplannedtobetterevaluatein-situconditions.Acoreofsedimentfromthezoneofinterestwouldbetaken,sealed,andsenttoalaboratoryfortestingwithEVOtodeterminerequiredamendmentstoadjustforthelowalkalinityandpHandelevateddissolvedoxygenandtherelativelyhighgroundwatervelocitydocumentedatthesite.Groundwaterfromthatlocationwouldalsobecollectedforuseinthecolumntest.Groundwatersamplesforanalysisofcarbondioxideandmethanegasconcentrationsarealsorecommendedtobetterdefineexistingbiologicalactivity. Monitoringnetworkevaluation–TheexistingmonitoringnetworkwouldsufficeforpilottestingbutadditionalwellscouldbeusefulformonitoringEVOmigrationandutilization.Thepilottestwillprovidevaluableinformationonthe
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degreeofchemicalreductionbeyondnitrificationsothePRBthicknessandinjectionvolumeandfrequencycanbemodifiedtoreduceunnecessarygeochemicalreactions.ThoroughreviewoftheresultsofrecentpilottestingattheOrleans,MApilotPRBsitewouldalsobehelpfultodeterminetheoptimalspacingandparametersfortesting.
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