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FINAL HABITAT DESIGN REPORT Habitat Project Boeing Plant 2

Seattle/Tukwila, Washington

Submitted to: The Boeing Company, Seattle, Washington

Submitted by: AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.

Dalton, Olmsted & Fuglevand, Inc. Floyd|Snider, Inc.

October 2012

Project 0148440070

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 SITE BACKGROUND AND SETTING .................................................................................... 2 1.2 PERMITTING REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................................... 2

1.2.1 Endangered Species Act Section 7 Consultation ............................................... 3 1.2.2 State Environmental Policy Act Threshold Determination................................... 3 1.2.3 Shoreline Management Act ................................................................................. 4 1.2.4 Corps Section 10/404 Permit .............................................................................. 4 1.2.5 Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Hydraulic Project Approval ........... 5 1.2.6 Ecology Section 401 Water Quality Certification/Modification ............................ 5 1.2.7 Other Permits/Approvals ..................................................................................... 6

2.0 SCOPE OF HABITAT PROJECT .............................................................................................. 7

3.0 HABITAT RESTORATION DESIGN .......................................................................................... 9 3.1 INTERTIDAL MARSH ......................................................................................................... 9 3.2 RIPARIAN ZONE ............................................................................................................. 10 3.3 ADDITIONAL FEATURES .................................................................................................. 12

4.0 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT .................................................................................................... 13 4.1 NORTH SHORELINE AREA .............................................................................................. 14 4.2 SOUTH SHORELINE AREA ............................................................................................... 14

4.2.1 2-40s Complex Under-Building Area ................................................................ 15 4.2.2 Southwest Bank Shoreline Area ....................................................................... 15 4.2.3 Shoreline Restoration ....................................................................................... 15

5.0 HABITAT CONSTRUCTION ................................................................................................... 17 5.1 MARSH PLANTINGS ........................................................................................................ 17 5.2 RIPARIAN PLANTINGS..................................................................................................... 18 5.3 PLANT SOURCES ........................................................................................................... 19 5.4 PLANT INSTALLATION ..................................................................................................... 20 5.5 LARGE WOODY DEBRIS PLACEMENT .............................................................................. 21 5.6 GOOSE EXCLUSION FENCE ............................................................................................ 21 5.7 PLACEMENT OF STEEL PILINGS ...................................................................................... 22 5.8 TEMPORARY IRRIGATION SYSTEMS ................................................................................ 23

6.0 CONSTRUCTION QUALITY ASSURANCE ............................................................................ 25

7.0 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 27

TABLES

Table 1 Candidate Plant Species for Intertidal Restoration Areas ............................................... 9 Table 2 Candidate Plant Species for Riparian Zone .................................................................. 10 Table 3 Intertidal Vegetation Planting Specifications ................................................................. 17 Table 4 Riparian Vegetation Planting Specifications ................................................................. 18

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

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FIGURES

Figure 1 Project Vicinity Figure 2 Project Location Figure 3 North Shoreline Area Final Grading Figure 4A South Shoreline Area Final Grading Figure 5B South Shoreline Area Final Grading

APPENDICES

Appendix A Habitat Construction Drawings and Specifications Appendix B Environmental Conditions Report Appendix C Geotechnical Engineering Report Appendix D Geomorphic Assessment Appendix E Habitat Parameter Identification Review Appendix F Maintenance and Monitoring Plan Appendix G Shoreline Areas Construction Drawings and Specifications

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FINAL HABITAT DESIGN REPORT Habitat Project Boeing Plant 2


1.0 INTRODUCTION

In accordance with a Consent Decree between the Natural Resource Trustees (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NOAA]; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service [USFWS], Washington State Department of Ecology [Ecology], the Suquamish Tribe, and the Muckleshoot Indian Tribe) and The Boeing Company (Boeing) executed in December 2010, Boeing has agreed to construct two habitat restoration projects at Boeing Plant 2 along the Duwamish Waterway (Figure 1). The two projects will restore and/or create off-channel and riparian habitats in the Lower Duwamish Waterway in an area where they have been largely eliminated due to the channelization and industrialization of the Waterway.

The two projects are:

• North Site – The Building 2-122 Project: the creation of a blind channel at the north end of Plant 2 adjacent to Boeing’s Building 2-122 that will restore shoreline and create off-channel habitat (see Figure 2), and

• South Site – The Building 2-40s Complex and Southwest Bank Project: the removal of the over-water portion of the Building 2-40s complex at the south end of Plant 2 with subsequent restoration of shoreline along the Southwest Bank and Building 2-41 (see Figure 2).

In accordance with the Consent Decree, Boeing is submitting this habitat design package to the Trustees for approval. This design package includes the following:

• Habitat Construction Drawings and Specifications including planting plans and plant schedule (Appendix A),

• Environmental Conditions Report (Appendix B),

• Geotechnical Engineering Report (Appendix C),

• Geomorphic Assessment (Appendix D),

• Habitat Parameter Identification Review (Appendix E),

• Maintenance and Monitoring Plan (Appendix F), and

• Shoreline Areas Construction Drawings and Specifications (Appendix G).

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This report presents the 90 percent design for the habitat restoration projects. The habitat restoration projects will be implemented simultaneously with the Duwamish Sediment Other Area (DSOA) and Southwest Bank Corrective Measure that Boeing is designing pursuant to the Administrative Order [RCRA Docket No 1092-01-22-3008(h)] on Consent (Order) issued to Boeing in 1994 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under authority of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Section 3008(h), as amended [42 USC 6928(h)]. The corrective measures consist of cleanup of sediments and soils in the DSOA and Southwest Bank at, or adjacent to, Boeing’s Plant 2 property (Figure 1 and Figure 2). The habitat restoration project and the Corrective Measure are collectively referred to as the Project.

1.1 SITE BACKGROUND AND SETTING Boeing’s Plant 2 is located at 7755 East Marginal Way South in Seattle and Tukwila, Washington (Figure 1). Plant 2 is bounded by the Duwamish Waterway to the west; Webster Street, Slip 4, and property owned by Crowley Marine Corporation to the north (excluding public streets and ways); the AIRGAS NOR PAC plant and East Marginal Way South to the east; and the Jorgensen Forge Company to the south.

Plant 2 is composed of numerous buildings on approximately 107 contiguous acres. The areas between the buildings are mostly paved with asphalt or concrete, while some limited areas are landscaped. Sixteenth Avenue South traverses the center of Plant 2 in a north to south direction. Figure 2 shows the current layout of the Plant 2 property.

The habitat project is divided into two sub-areas (Figure 2): North Shoreline Area and South Shoreline Area. The North Shoreline Area is located on the northwestern corner of the Plant 2 property adjacent to Slip 4 and Building 2-122 (Figure 2). The South Shoreline Area requiring new habitat construction generally encompasses the waterfront areas south of the South Park Bridge to the Jorgensen Forge property line.

1.2 PERMITTING REQUIREMENTS The permits required for the Project will be obtained from local, state, and federal agencies collectively for the Project. A discussion of each of the anticipated permits/approvals/processes is provided below. A Joint Aquatic Resources Permit Application (JARPA) will be used to apply for the Hydraulic Project Approval (HPA), the Shoreline Substantial Development Permit, the 401 Water Quality Certification/Modification, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) Section 10/404 Permit.


1.2.1 Endangered Species Act Section 7 Consultation The Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973, as amended (16 USC § 1531), provides “… a means whereby the ecosystems upon which endangered species depend may be conserved.” On May 24, 1999, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) formalized the listing of Puget Sound Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) as threatened under the ESA. NMFS has designated the coho salmon (O. kisutch) as a candidate for listing. The USFWS listed bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in Puget Sound as threatened, effective December 1, 1999. The Duwamish Waterway is used as a migratory corridor to spawning areas in the Green River and its tributaries for each of these species. The presence of these species in the project area will require EPA to engage in a consultation with NMFS and USFWS regarding the effects of their decision for the Project on Chinook, coho, and bull trout and their habitat under Section 7 of the ESA.

A draft biological assessment (BA) was provided to EPA, as the lead federal agency, to assist in the Section 7 consultation with the services. The BA characterizes the existing environmental conditions within the project area and addresses potential protect impacts to ESA-listed species occurring in the project area. Boeing will provide additional support to EPA in support of their consultation with NMFS and USFWS.

1.2.2 State Environmental Policy Act Threshold Determination The Project will require compliance with the State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA). SEPA (RCW 43.21C) is intended to ensure that state and local government officials consider environmental values when making permit decisions for project actions. The SEPA Rules (Chapter 197-11 WAC) establish uniform requirements and guidance for compliance with SEPA.

The SEPA process is initiated once a project proponent submits a permit application to an agency, or once the lead agency initiates formal action as per SEPA (e.g., public notice). For this project, an environmental checklist will be prepared that provides an evaluation of potential environmental impacts associated with the Project. The SEPA lead agency evaluates the checklist and a threshold determination is made. There are three possible outcomes from the threshold determination: a determination of non-significance (DNS), a mitigated DNS, or a determination of significance (DS). A DNS determination concludes the SEPA process. A mitigated DNS often requires the preparation of an expanded checklist with more detailed information regarding the potential impacts of a proposed action. Project-specific mitigation measures and appropriate mitigation plans are also required to provide the basis for the determination that significant impacts of a proposed action can in fact be mitigated into non significance. A DS determination requires preparation of an environmental impact statement. It is anticipated that this project will result in a determination of non-significance. The City of Tukwila will be the lead SEPA agency for this project.


1.2.3 Shoreline Management Act The Shoreline Management Act of 1971 (SMA; RCW 90.58) provides the basis for coastal zone management in the State of Washington. 173-27 WAC provides the provisions for implementing the requirements of RCW 90.58. This act is intended to provide for the management of the state’s shorelines by planning for and fostering all reasonable and appropriate uses, and to ensure that development of state shorelines be accomplished in a manner that will promote and enhance the public interest. The SMA provides goals and policies that are implemented at the local level through detailed planning and permit procedures and, at the state level, through Ecology review and certification of local shoreline master plans.

Section 90.58.020 of the SMA states that the interest of all of the people shall be paramount in the management of shorelines of statewide significance. This section further states that in preparing local shoreline programs, local jurisdictions shall give preference, in the following order, to uses that

• Recognize and protect statewide interest over local interest.

• Preserve the natural character of the shoreline.

• Result in long-term rather than short-term benefit.

• Protect the resources and ecology of the shoreline.

• Increase public access to publicly owned shoreline areas.

• Increase shoreline recreational opportunities for the public.

• Provide for any other element defined in RCW 90.58.100 as deemed appropriate or necessary.

The Project provides compliance with the intent of the SMA through a number of its elements. It directly addresses the interests of the state through the cleanup of sediments and soils in the vicinity of the Facility on the Duwamish Waterway. It also helps to enhance the natural character of the shoreline through the restoration of the shoreline and placement of clean fill material in the dredge cut from the cleanup. This will result in a long-term benefit to the environment and the shoreline in this area. This in turn works to protect the resources and ecology of the shoreline environment. Thus, the Project directly addresses the top four priorities of the SMA. Both the City of Tukwila and the City Seattle will issue shoreline permits for activities within their respective jurisdictions.

1.2.4 Corps Section 10/404 Permit The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 (33 CFR 321-329) gives the Corps regulatory authority over construction activities in all navigable waters of the United States. Section 10 of the act is intended to protect these waters for purposes of navigation and general public benefit. This regulation is administered through the Section 10 Permit application process. When both a Section 10 Permit and


a Section 404 (of the Clean Water Act, discussed below) Permit are required, as is the case for the Project, they are typically considered and administered together by the Corps.

Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (33 USC 1344) prescribes procedures to be followed before dredged or fill materials can be discharged into national water resources (including wetlands) and, as such, provides regulatory guidelines and permit requirements for dredging and filling activities. Administration of the requirements of Section 404 is vested in the Corps and is handled in conjunction with the Section 10 Permit process.

1.2.5 Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Hydraulic Project Approval Any proposed action that may modify aquatic habitat (e.g., involve construction activities within the “Waters of the State”) is a hydraulic project. Pursuant to 220-110 WAC, the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) is responsible for reviewing hydraulic projects to ensure compliance with criteria established to protect marine and freshwater fishes. Application to the Corps for a Section 10/404 Permit also serves as an application for HPA.

WDFW has established a Habitat Management Policy 410 (1990) with the following goals:

• Achieve no net loss of productive capacity of the habitat of foodfish and shellfish resources.

• Restore the productive capacity of habitats that have been damaged by natural causes or the results of man’s activities.

• Improve the productive capacity of existing habitat and create new habitat.

RCW 75.20.325 specifies that WDFW “…shall not require mitigation for sediment dredging or capping actions that result in a cleaner aquatic environment and equal or better habitat functions and values, if the actions are taken under a state or federal cleanup action.” Thus, compensatory mitigation should not required for aspects of the Project related to dredging, excavation, backfilling, and habitat restoration.

1.2.6 Ecology Section 401 Water Quality Certification/Modification The Clean Water Act of 1977 (PL 95-217), which amended the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, provides for restoring national water resources and maintaining water quality. This act, which is administered by EPA, is intended to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation’s waters. Specific policies, programs, and regulatory procedures support the stated objective.


Section 401 of the act requires that any federal permit involving construction activities that may result in discharges into navigable waters also provide state certification that the discharges will comply with applicable provisions of Sections 301, 302, 303, 306, and 307 of the Clean Water Act. The intent of this certification is to protect water resources from degradation and to ensure compliance with water quality standards. In Washington, Ecology has been delegated authority by EPA to administer Section 401 requirements and issue certification.

1.2.7 Other Permits/Approvals Other state and local permits/approvals, listed below, may be needed to complete the Project:

• Ecology Coastal Zone Management Act Consistency Determination.

• Ecology Construction Stormwater permit.

• King County Department of Natural Resources permit application for sanitary sewer discharge.

• City of Tukwila Public Works Type C Permit Grading Landscape Drainage.

• City of Seattle grading and hauling permits.

• Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation opinion on effects to significant cultural resources. An Archeological Monitoring Plan will be developed for submission to federal, state, and local agencies.


2.0 SCOPE OF HABITAT PROJECT

The habitat project will restore and/or create off-channel and riparian habitats in the Lower Duwamish Waterway in two areas where habitat has been largely eliminated due to channelization and industrialization of the Waterway.

As detailed in the Consent Decree the two projects were to create at least 90 percent of the following:

• 0.80 acre of created intertidal habitat from elevation +2 feet mean lower low water (MLLW) to +5.5 feet MLLW;

• 2.5 acres of restored/created intertidal habitat from elevation +5.5 feet MLLW to +12 feet MLLW; and

• 1.5 acres of restored/created riparian habitat above elevation +12 feet MLLW.

The design presented in this report provides the following:

• Approximately 4.98 acres of restored/created intertidal and riparian habitat;

− 0.80 acre of created intertidal habitat from elevation +2 feet MLLW to +5.5 feet MLLW;

− 2.62 acres of restored/created intertidal habitat from elevation +5.5 feet MLLW to +12 feet MLLW; and

− 1.56 acres of restored/created riparian habitat above elevation +12 feet MLLW.

• Approximately 2,100 linear feet of restored shoreline (at elevation +10 feet relative to MLLW); and

• Approximately 965 linear feet of newly created shoreline (at elevation +10 feet MLLW).

The design reported in this document creates at least 100 percent of the areas stipulated in the Consent Decree.

The site work and final grading activities are described in this report and appendices. Figure 3 shows the final grades for the North Shoreline Area, and Figures 4A and 4B show the final grades for the South Shoreline Area. The scope of the habitat project includes vegetation of the final finished grade, installation of goose exclusion fence, installation of pilings for attachment of fishing nets in the North and South Shoreline Areas, and monitoring and maintenance.


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3.0 HABITAT RESTORATION DESIGN

After construction of the embayment in the North Shoreline Area and the regrading of the banks in the North and South Shoreline Areas, the riparian area (generally defined as the area above elevation +12 feet MLLW and outside of tidal influence) will be planted with native vegetation. A portion of the intertidal zone (areas between approximately +5.5 feet MLLW and +12 feet MLLW) will be planted with native, non-invasive estuarine vegetation. Intertidal elevations at which vegetation will be established were determined based on the Habitat Parameter Identification Review (AMEC 2011; Appendix E).

3.1 INTERTIDAL MARSH AMEC reviewed available literature on salt marsh restoration projects in the Lower Duwamish Waterway and similar projects in Commencement Bay to identify general habitat preferences of estuarine marsh plant species, habitat parameters that have the greatest influence on establishment and success of different marsh communities, and candidate plant species for the Boeing Plant 2 restoration sites. AMEC also conducted site investigations on August 12, 2010, at four habitat restoration sites along the Lower Duwamish Waterway to identify physical characteristics of the existing marsh habitats (AMEC 2011; Appendix E).

Based on a review of available literature, restoration site investigations, and anticipated species availability, ten native, non-invasive plant taxa have been identified as the preferred candidates for restoration of intertidal salt marsh communities (Table 1).

TABLE 1 CANDIDATE PLANT SPECIES FOR INTERTIDAL RESTORATION AREAS

Common Name Scientific Name Establishment Strategy Bulrush species: Planted American bulrush Schoenoplectus americanus Planted Hardstem bulrush Schoenoplectus acutus Planted Seacoast bulrush Scirpus maritimus Planted Softstem bulrush Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani Planted Douglas aster Symphyotrichum subspicatum

(Synonym Aster subspicatus) Planted

Lyngby’s sedge Carex lyngbyei Planted Pacific silverweed Potentilla anserina Planted Pickleweed Sarcocornia spp.

(Synonym Salicornia spp.) Natural colonization

Saltgrass Distichlis spicata Natural colonization Tufted hairgrass Deschampsia cespitosa Planted


The species listed in Table 1 were selected based on their success at colonizing and restoring estuarine marsh sites along Commencement Bay and the Duwamish River, their tolerance to a range of salinity conditions, and their ability to promote natural recruitment and establish diverse plant communities.

Pickleweed and saltgrass are the most salt-tolerant species identified in the literature review, were two of the most successful at colonizing, and were two of the most abundant in the Commencement Bay restoration areas. Based on the observed abundance and vigor along the Duwamish Waterway, it is anticipated that these species will be naturally recruited to the lower portion of the estuarine marsh (elevation +5.5 feet MLLW to +7.0 feet MLLW). As such, these species are not recommended for planting.

To improve the chances of establishment, selected plant species will be planted in distinct bands distributed at discrete elevations based on tidal fluctuations and salinity tolerance of the individual species. This strategy is especially important in steep areas, where vegetation will need to establish in narrow bands. The selected species will be planted in the following order from lowest to highest elevation in the proposed intertidal marsh (elevation +5.5 feet MLLW to +12.0 feet MLLW): bulrush species, Lyngby’s sedge, Pacific silverweed, tufted hairgrass, and Douglas aster.

Large woody debris (LWD) will be placed along the restored and newly constructed shorelines in the upper intertidal at approximately 200-foot intervals to add habitat complexity and increase shoreline stability. Goose exclusion measures will also be incorporated to reduce herbivory of the newly installed marsh vegetation.

3.2 RIPARIAN ZONE A mix of shrubs and small trees will be planted in the riparian zone above elevation +12 feet MLLW and extending shoreward a minimum of 25 feet from the +12 foot MLLW contour. A list of native plants suitable for use in the riparian zone is provided in Table 2. Trees will be clustered together and cover approximately 50 percent of the area to be planted.

TABLE 2 CANDIDATE PLANT SPECIES FOR RIPARIAN ZONE

Common Name Scientific Name Establishment Strategy Bald-hip rose Rosa gymnocarpa Planted Big leaf maple Acer macrophyllum Planted Bitter cherry Prunus emarginata Planted Black cottonwood Populus trichocarpa Planted Black hawthorn Crataegus douglasii Planted Douglas fir Pseudotsuga menziesii Planted


TABLE 2 CANDIDATE PLANT SPECIES FOR RIPARIAN ZONE

Common Name Scientific Name Establishment Strategy Oceanspray Holodiscus discolor Planted Oregon ash Fraxinus latifolia Planted Pacific willow Salix lasiandra Planted Red alder Alnus rubra Planted Red-osier dogwood Cornus sericea Planted Shore pine Pinus contorta Planted Sitka spruce Picea sitchensis Planted Sitka willow Salix sitchensis Planted Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus Planted Tall Oregon grape Berberis aquifolium Planted Twinberry Lonicera involucrata Planted Western hazelnut Corylus cornuta Planted

In addition, the area between the shrub and tree plantings will be hydroseeded with a native seed mix consisting of the following species:

• Elymus glaucus blue wildrye 40%

• Deschampsia cespitosa tufted hairgrass 20%

• Festuca rubra creeping red fescue 20%

• Hordeum brachyantherum meadow barley 10%

• Agrostis alba redtop 10%

Hydroseeding of the open space between plants above elevation +12 feet MLLW will help prevent erosion and control invasive species. Any invasive species present, including root masses, will be removed prior to planting as part of the site excavation and grading activities.

Periodic watering will likely be necessary to establish vegetation in the riparian zone, especially during the first several summers. A temporary irrigation system designed by the contractor will be installed in the riparian zone as part of the project. The system will be placed on grade and designed to employ spray heads to water all planting areas consisting of trees, shrubs, and grass. At a minimum the system will be run for the first three growing seasons following completion of construction. Post-construction monitoring of the revegetated surfaces will include review of the need for supplemental watering.


3.3 ADDITIONAL FEATURES The habitat design includes installation of features for attachment of fishing nets for use by tribal fishers. Boeing has coordinated with the Muckleshoot Tribe to establish the goals for the number, location, and structure of net attachments, subject to property owner requirements (if net attachments are not located on property owned by Boeing), permit conditions, and approval by the Trustees. Based on this coordination, a total of seven permanent fishing pilings will be located at the North and South Shoreline Areas. Pilings will be placed on post-construction contours at approximately elevation +5 feet MLLW and approximately 1 foot outside of the goose exclusion fence. An exception is the piling farthest south in the North Shoreline Area, which will be at a lower elevation to avoid installation through riprap.


4.0 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The Boeing Company (Boeing) is conducting the Duwamish Sediment Other Area (DSOA) and Southwest Bank Corrective Measure pursuant to the Administrative Order on Consent (Order) [Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Docket No. 1092-01-22-3008(h)] issued to Boeing in 1994 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under authority of RCRA Section 3008(h), as amended [42 USC 6928(h)]. Corrective measures for the DSOA were evaluated through an evaluation process described in the Duwamish Sediment Other Area and Southwest Bank Corrective Measure Alternatives Study. EPA selected the preferred alternative in the Statement of Basis for Proposed Corrective Action, DSOA and Southwest Bank and subsequently issued the Final Decision and Response to Comments for Boeing Plant 2 Sediments in August 2011.

Concurrent with the DSOA and Southwest Bank Corrective Measure, Boeing will construct habitat restoration in accordance with a Consent Decree between the Natural Resource Trustees and Boeing executed in December 2010. Collectively the Corrective Measure and the habitat restoration are called the Project. This work will be permitted together and will remove contaminated sediments and shoreline material from the project site and will restore/create shoreline habitat.

The Project includes work in the following areas:

• In-Water Areas

− Dredging with subsequent backfilling of the DSOA in-water areas − Dredging of sediment from 4 areas with subsequent backfilling within the

Boeing owned portion of Slip 4

• North Shoreline Area

− Excavation of the shoreline to create an intertidal embayment − Shoreline habitat restoration

• South Shoreline Area

− Demolition of the over-water portion of the former 2-40s building complex − Excavation of the 2-40s complex Under-building Area − Removal of bank fill material from the Southwest Bank and shoreline area − Shoreline habitat restoration

The work in the North and South Shorelines areas is described below; work to be conducted in the In-water areas is not relevant to the construction of the habitat projects and is not described.


4.1 NORTH SHORELINE AREA The North Shoreline Area lies on the northwestern corner of the property adjacent to Slip 4 (Figure 2). Material within the footprint of the North Shoreline Area will be excavated to create embayment for habitat restoration. Up to approximately 30 vertical feet of material will be removed to create a new embayment to serve as off-channel and riparian habitat. Approximately 35,000 cubic yards (cy) of material will be removed (see Appendix G for detailed construction drawings and specifications).

Within the footprint of the proposed excavation, there may be individual piling and piling clusters (five or more closely spaced timber piling [pilings located closer than three piling diameters]) from historic building foundations. If individual piling cannot be removed, then they will be cut off at the excavation surface or at least 3 feet below final grade, whichever is deeper. Piling clusters will be left in place as they are necessary to preserve stability of the soils; however, piling clusters will be cut off at the excavation surface or at least 3 feet below final grade, whichever is deeper.

After excavation the area will be backfilled with approximately 2 feet of clean material (approximately 9,000 cy) to provide a suitable substrate for shoreline restoration (Appendix G). The shoreline will be restored to provide habitat for fish and wildlife species. The restoration project will restore and/or create off-channel and riparian habitats in the Lower Duwamish Waterway in an area where they have been largely eliminated due to the channelization and industrialization of the Waterway. The area will be vegetated with marsh and riparian plantings as shown in Appendix A.

To minimize potential herbivory, goose exclusion fencing will be installed around the marsh planting zone (approximately +5.5 to +12 feet MLLW). In addition, a fence will be placed adjacent to the riparian plantings that will extend to approximately -2 feet MLLW to limit the potential access to the restoration site until vegetative communities are fully established.

In accordance with the Consent Decree, four piles will be installed along the shoreline at an approximate elevation of +4 to +5 feet MLLW to serve as net attachment points for the Muckleshoot Tribal fishers as shown in Appendix A. The piles will be steel approximately 8 inch diameter, 0.5 inch wall thickness, and 52 feet long. The top of piles will be located at approximately +17 feet MLLW.

4.2 SOUTH SHORELINE AREA In the South Shoreline Area (Figure 2), work is primarily being conducted in two areas; the 2-40s Complex Under-building Area and the Southwest Bank Shoreline Area with a total estimated excavation volume of approximately 39,000 cy. The work to be conducted in the 2-40s Under-building Area and the Southwest Bank Shoreline Area is described below.


4.2.1 2-40s Complex Under-Building Area The 2-40s Complex Under-building Area is an approximate 1,000-foot-long section of Buildings 2-41, 2-44, and 2-49 concrete floor slabs that overhang the Duwamish Waterway shoreline bank. The floor slab overhanging portion is approximately 50 feet wide and is supported by wooden piles. It is physically separated from the uplands by a continuous bulkhead wall. Running underneath the overhang are a number of pipes, foundations, and other utility infrastructure that once supported the former manufacturing operations within the buildings. Batter boards are attached to support piles along the face of the concrete floor slab along its entire length. The surface beneath the overhang is covered with riprap extending to a scalloped sediment interface that is only exposed during low tide. The sediments in the Under-building Area contain elevated concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other constituents which are generally limited to 6 feet or less below the existing sediment surface.

Boeing has removed the over-water portion of the building structures. Boeing will remove the concrete slab, approximately 560 piling, riprap, foundations, and bulkheaded areas with subsequent excavation of sediments in the Under-building Area. If the pilings cannot be removed, they will be cut off at the excavation surface or at least 3 feet below final grade, whichever is deeper. There may be piling clusters (five or more closely spaced timber piling [pilings located closer than three piling diameters]) present in this area. Piling clusters will be left in place as they are necessary to preserve stability of the soils; however, piling clusters will be cut off at the excavation surface or at least 3 feet below final grade, whichever is deeper. See Appendix G for detailed construction drawings and specifications.

4.2.2 Southwest Bank Shoreline Area The Southwest Bank refers to the southern-most portion of Plant 2 fronting the Lower Duwamish Waterway, specifically that section of riverbank located between the Plant 2 southern border and the 2-49 Building approximately 400 feet to the north (Figure 2). The current bank is steep (on the order of 2H to 1V and consists of riprap and miscellaneous debris fill. Elevated metals concentrations (primarily cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc) found in Southwest Bank soils appear to be related to large amounts of debris found within the upper deposits of the Southwest Bank fill. PCBs were also detected in the Southwest Bank at a few locations. These materials will be removed consistent with EPA requirements. The proposed excavation is detailed in Appendix G.

4.2.3 Shoreline Restoration After excavation the area will be backfilled with approximately 26,000 cy clean material to provide for stable slopes and suitable substrates for shoreline restoration. The shoreline will be restored to provide habitat for fish and wildlife species. A portion of the South Shoreline Area will be vegetated


with marsh and riparian plantings (see Appendix A) and large woody debris will be placed along the shoreline. To minimize potential herbivory, goose exclusion fencing will be installed around the marsh planting zone (approximately +5.5 to +12 feet MLLW; Appendix A).

In accordance with the Consent Decree, three piles will be installed along the shoreline at an approximate elevation of +4 to +5 feet MLLW to serve as net attachment points for the Muckleshoot Tribal fishers (Appendix A). The piles will be steel approximately 8 inch diameter, 0.5 inch wall thickness, and 52 feet long. The top of piles will be located at approximately +17 feet MLLW.


5.0 HABITAT CONSTRUCTION

This section provides information about specific elements associated with creation of the habitat.

5.1 MARSH PLANTINGS Substrate in the proposed marsh planting areas will consist of Class 2 sand [WSDOT (2008) Standard Specification No. 9-03.1(2)B]. Compost will be incorporated into the top 12 inches of the intertidal planting area.

Because much of the habitat restoration work will need to be performed during low tide with work windows limited by periodic tidal inundations, the organic material will be mixed with the Class 2 sand in an upland location and then evenly distributed on the shoreline.

Table 3 identifies the planting specifications for the intertidal vegetation at both the North Shoreline Area and South Shoreline Area.

TABLE 3 INTERTIDAL VEGETATION PLANTING SPECIFICATIONS

Common Name Scientific Name Size Spacing (inches)

Elevation (feet MLLW) Quantity

North Shoreline Area Bulrush Schoenoplectus

(Scirpus) spp. Mat Pre-vegetated +5.5 to +7.0 74 mats

Douglas aster Symphyotrichum subspicatum

Mat/ Plug

Pre-vegetated and 18” O.C.

+10.5 to +12.0 113 mats, 5,335 ea.

Lyngby’s sedge Carex lyngbyei Mat Pre-vegetated. +7.0 to +8.0 150 mats Pacific silverweed Potentilla anserina Mat/

Plug Pre-vegetated and 18” O.C.

+8.0 to +9.5 116 mats, 3,255 ea.

Tufted hairgrass Deschampsia cespitosa

Mat/ Plug

Pre-vegetated and 18” O.C.

+9.5 to +10.5 69 mats, or 3,960 ea.

South Shoreline Area Bulrush species Schoenoplectus

(Scirpus) spp. Mat Pre-vegetated +5.5 to +7.0 94 mats

Douglas aster Symphyotrichum subspicatum

Plug 18” O.C. +11.0 to +12.0 4,600 ea.

Lyngby’s sedge Carex lyngbyei Mat Pre-vegetated. +7.0 to +8.0 155 mats Pacific silverweed Potentilla anserina Plug 18” O.C. +8.0 to +9.5 5,000 ea. Tufted hairgrass Deschampsia

cespitosa Plug 18” O.C. +9.5 to +11.0 5,000 ea.

Abbreviation(s) O.C. = on center


Selected plant species will be installed in distinct bands distributed at discrete elevations. It is anticipated that pickleweed (Sarcocornia spp.) and saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) will be naturally recruited to the lower portion of the estuarine marsh (+5.5 feet MLLW to +7.0 feet MLLW), and as such these species will not be planted. Proposed intertidal vegetation will consist of pre-vegetated coir mats installed on the existing ground surface in the lower reaches of the intertidal area in areas that are expected to be subjected to higher wave energy. Pre-vegetated coir mats will be staked to anchor the vegetation. Individual plugs planted at 18 inches on center will be installed in the upper elevations or lower energy areas.

5.2 RIPARIAN PLANTINGS Soils in the riparian areas above elevation +12.0 feet MLLW will be amended with compost tilled in to an approximate depth of 8 to 12 inches. Soil amendment will be completed during the earthwork efforts prior to the start of plantings. Any invasive species present, including root masses, will be removed prior to planting as part of the site excavation and grading activities.

Table 4 identifies planting specifications for the riparian vegetation at both the North Shoreline Area and the South Shoreline Area.

TABLE 4 RIPARIAN VEGETATION PLANTING SPECIFICATIONS

Common Name Scientific Name Size Spacing (feet) Quantity North Shoreline Area Bald-hip rose Rosa gymnocarpa 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 80 Big leaf maple Acer macrophyllum 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 50 Bitter cherry Prunus emarginata 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 40 Black cottonwood Populus trichocarpa 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 49 Black hawthorn Crataegus douglasii 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 27 Douglas fir Pseudotsuga menziesii 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 24 Oceanspray Holodiscus discolor 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 80 Oregon ash Fraxinus latifolia 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 45 Pacific willow Salix lasiandra 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 70 Red alder Alnus rubra 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 40 Red-osier dogwood Cornus sericea 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 70 Shore pine Pinus contorta 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 18 Sitka spruce Picea sitchensis 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 19 Sitka willow Salix sitchensis 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 70 Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 80 Tall Oregon grape Berberis aquifolium 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 55 Twinberry Lonicera involucrata 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 70 Western hazelnut Corylus cornuta 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 70


TABLE 4 RIPARIAN VEGETATION PLANTING SPECIFICATIONS

Common Name Scientific Name Size Spacing (feet) Quantity South Shoreline Area Bald-hip rose Rosa gymnocarpa 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 140 Big leaf maple Acer macrophyllum 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 80 Bitter cherry Prunus emarginata 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 75 Black cottonwood Populus trichocarpa 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 80 Black hawthorn Crataegus douglasii 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 75 Douglas fir Pseudotsuga menziesii 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 55 Oceanspray Holodiscus discolor 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 140 Oregon ash Fraxinus latifolia 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 75 Pacific willow Salix lasiandra 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 135 Red alder Alnus rubra 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 70 Red-osier dogwood Cornus sericea 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 135 Shore pine Pinus contorta 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 55 Sitka spruce Picea sitchensis 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 50 Sitka willow Salix sitchensis 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 135 Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 140 Tall Oregon grape Berberis aquifolium 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 135 Twinberry Lonicera involucrata 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 135 Western hazelnut Corylus cornuta 1 gallon 6 ft O.C. 135

Abbreviation(s) O.C. = on center

Proposed riparian shrub and forested species will consist of 1-gallon-container specimens. Shrub and tree species will be installed at 6-foot on-center spacing. Stakes may be substituted for willow species (Salix sp.). Open space between plants in the riparian area shall receive a 4-inch-thick, grass-free, wood mulch ring with a diameter of 18 inches. All other open areas shall be seeded with an upland native grass seed mix to control invasive species.

5.3 PLANT SOURCES All plants shall be grown in a nursery under climatic conditions similar to those in the locality of the project. If plant material is unavailable from local sources in western Washington, proposed sources shall be selected from nurseries immediately adjacent to the north and south of the state. Plant material shall comply with sizing and grading standards of the latest edition of American Association of Nurserymen, Inc., “American Standard for Nursery Stock.” Plants shall be dimensioned as it stands in its natural position. Minimum acceptable size of plants, measured before pruning with branches in normal position, shall comply with measurements specified in the plant list. Contractor shall provide


Construction Quality Assurance (CQA) field engineering staff with purchase tickets to show quantity and plant species that have been delivered to the site.

5.4 PLANT INSTALLATION Prior to plant layout and installation, all proposed planting areas shall be surveyed and identified in the field with lath or other similar methods. This work shall be completed a minimum of one week before planting. The staking will clearly identify the planting elevations, so that the correct plants are placed in the appropriate elevations stated above. Plants will not be installed until they have been inspected and approved for planting by the CQA field engineering staff. Material rejected by the CQA field engineering staff shall be removed from the project site and replaced with equal to be approved by the CQA field engineering staff. Planting for all areas between elevation +5.5 feet MLLW and +12.0 feet MLLW will be performed at low tide.

The optimal months for establishment of new riparian plantings are October 1 to March 1 when rainfall is sufficient to meet water requirements. Plants may be installed outside of this window if supplemental watering is provided. Irrigation will be provided for all riparian plantings (above elevation +12.0 feet MLLW). No planting will occur during unsuitable conditions such as, but not limited to, frozen soil, standing water, high winds, or heavy rains.

Riparian planting pit sizes will be a minimum of twice the root ball width and have their top true root no more than 1 inch above the soil surface. Marsh planting pits will be kept minimal to provide secure anchoring for the plants. Prior to planting, containers shall be completely removed and the roots loosened by appropriate pruning. Planting pits will be backfilled with amended Class 2 sand free of rocks over ¾ inch, solids, and other foreign materials. Backfilling around trunks or stems is not permitted. The backfill material and root ball shall be thoroughly watered on the same day that planting occurs, regardless of season.

Plants shall be watered immediately after planting and as needed during the project until acceptance by owner. Irrigating freshly installed plants is important for establishment, and recently transplanted woody plants need special attention. The soils in which balled and burlapped and containerized plants have grown are often radically different than the soils into which they are planted. When this occurs, interfaces are created between the original nursery soil and the soil at the new site. Because of these interfaces, water does not move readily between the different media. Therefore, it is most important that water be applied to both the nursery soil and the surrounding soil during the critical establishment period. Roots grow only where there is moisture, and unless both media are moist the roots may never grow out of the original nursery soil.


Wood mulching shall occur during initial plant installation. Mulching helps to retain soil moisture by reducing evaporation, provides nutrients to plants, and prevents erosion. Supplemental mulching may occur during weeding activities, as necessary. Supplemental composting shall be incorporated to amend soils around installed vegetation if it is determined that existing soils are lacking nutrients. Wood mulch shall be installed to a depth of 4 inches around installed vegetation in accordance with the Plans and Specifications included with the Construction Statement of Work. Wood mulch shall be applied only to riparian planting and not the marsh plantings.

The area between plantings within the riparian zones will be hydroseeded with a seed mix. The mixture will not be applied to areas that are mulched.

5.5 LARGE WOODY DEBRIS PLACEMENT Large woody debris (LWD) shall be placed along the restored and newly constructed shorelines at approximately 200-foot intervals to add habitat complexity and shoreline stability. LWD shall be Douglas fir or western red cedar at least 12 feet in length and 20 inches diameter at breast height (dbh) with the rootwad still intact. Existing on-site coniferous trees meeting the minimum dbh and length may be salvaged and used for LWD. LWD shall be anchored to the shoreline to prevent the LWD from dislodging and floating into the Duwamish Waterway. Each piece of LWD shall be scored to create recesses for minimum ¾-inch non-galvanized steel chains. Chains shall double wrap each piece of LWD “choker style” and be secured to an earth anchor driven into the ground until embedded a minimum 6 to 7 feet into a consolidated soil layer. Chains shall be secured to the earth anchors using a threaded ¾-inch screw pin shackle. Each piece of LWD shall be anchored with a minimum of two earth anchors, one on each end. Earth anchors should be tested to 7,500 pounds each.

Where pieces of LWD overlap, they shall be chained together with a minimum ½-inch non-galvanized steel chain, with the LWD scored to create recesses for the chains. Chains shall be lashed to the LWD in a figure-8 configuration (minimum of two complete wraps around each piece). The ends of the chains shall be secured with shackles or other approved connection devices. Chains shall also be stapled to LWD with a minimum of 2 staples per piece of LWD.

The actual locations of LWD shall be staked in the field by the Contractor and approved by the field engineering staff prior to installation. Actual locations and groupings of LWD may vary from plans when approved by the field engineering staff.

5.6 GOOSE EXCLUSION FENCE Goose exclusion measures shall also be incorporated to reduce herbivory of the newly installed vegetation, and shall consist of a combination of nonwoven plastic netting and rope fence around the perimeter, and overhead ropes.


Low-stretch synthetic fiber rope shall be installed to provide fencing along the north, south, and west side of the planting area. The ropes shall extend horizontally between posts to a height equal to the posts, and shall be spaced 3 to 4 inches apart. The first rope shall be set no more than 3 inches above adjacent grade. Ropes shall be pulled to achieve equal distance between the horizontal ropes. Interior posts shall be spaced to complement perimeter post spacing. Posts shall be 6 feet in length minimum and at a minimum 2 feet shall be anchored down to the existing grade. All posts shall be driven so that they are true and straight to existing grade. Ropes shall be hung from the perimeter posts to the interior posts.

Perimeter posts shall be placed on 10- to 15-foot centers. The post lengths are 7 feet. At a minimum 3 feet shall be driven into the ground to anchor the posts

Nonwoven netting panels shall be placed along the east portions of the goose exclusion fence to protect planting areas to a height equal to the perimeter posts. Panels shall be securely lashed to the vertical faces of each post with self-locking nylon ties or wire. Ties shall be placed 6 inches on center.

Field modifications to the proposed goose exclusion barrier shall be approved by the field engineering staff prior to any changes.

5.7 PLACEMENT OF STEEL PILINGS Steel pilings for attaching fishing nets shall be installed at both the North and South Shoreline Areas. A total of four pilings shall be placed in the North Shoreline Area and a total of three pilings shall be placed in the South Shoreline Area. Pipe material shall have a natural finish; zinc or galvanized finish shall not be allowed.

Pipe pilings shall be approximately 8 inch diameter, 0.5 inch wall thickness, and 52 feet long. All cuts shall be square. Welding surfaces shall match uniformly. Pipes shall be stored on heavy timbers, clear of the ground, contaminants, and muddy areas.

Pipes shall be driven a minimum of 40 feet into the ground. Pipe cut off elevation shall be within 1 inch of the specified elevation.

The locations of pilings are shown on the plans. The actual locations of the pilings shall be staked in the field by the Contractor and approved by the field engineering staff prior to installation. Deviation from the layout shown on the plans shall require approval by the field engineering staff prior to installation. Pilings shall be located on post-construction contours at approximately elevation +5 feet MLLW (except the southernmost of the north area pilings). The southern most of the north area


pilings may be located at a lower elevation (+4 feet MLLW or below) to avoid interference with existing riprap. Pilings shall be outside and within 1 foot of the goose exclusion fence.

5.8 TEMPORARY IRRIGATION SYSTEMS It is expected that watering will not be necessary for intertidal vegetation as it will be routinely inundated by the tide. Watering shall be necessary for vegetation in the riparian area.

A temporary irrigation system shall be established in the riparian zone. The system shall be placed on grade and established to water all planting areas consisting of trees, shrubs, and grasses. Water shall not be allowed to overspray onto adjacent hardscapes or cause erosion or other harm. The Contractor shall develop a conceptual irrigation layout plan that includes quantity, and manufacturers of parts proposed for use for the system. The plan shall clearly identify zones and locations for spray heads, valves, backflow preventer, and timers. The contractor shall provide a schedule of watering zones and run times for each. It is assumed that a water source will be made available from Boeing at locations adjacent to the proposed habitat vegetation areas as identified on the plans. At a minimum the system shall be run so that planted areas receive a minimum of 1 inch of water per week during the summer months when plants need more water. Plant material at both the riparian and marsh areas shall be inspected to guarantee that watering is sufficient. If watering is insufficient, contingencies may include an increase to watering time/intervals and additional irrigation spray heads as needed to water plants that receive insufficient or no water.


6.0 CONSTRUCTION QUALITY ASSURANCE

Boeing will implement a Construction Quality Assurance (CQA) Program to ensure that the construction meets the overall objective of the Project. Construction quality management consists of quality control (QC) by the contractors and quality assurance (QA) by Boeing and its CQA team. The contractors are responsible for performing the work in accordance with the project plans and specifications, and are responsible for the quality of work by their subcontractors. Each contractor will establish an independent QC program, and prepare and implement a Contractor Quality Control Plan (CQCP). Each CQCP must specify:

• Testing and inspections to be done as directed in the project specifications,

• Any other testing and inspections required to verify that work meets the project specifications,

• Procedures for controlling the quality of construction work, and

• Procedures to document construction activities that affect the quality of work performed.

QA performed by Boeing and its representatives will consist of monitoring, inspections, and audits to verify that the contractors follow the applicable QC programs, verify the effectiveness of the QC programs, and provide assurance and documentation that the completed construction work satisfies quality requirements specified in the construction contracts. Construction oversight will be provided by Boeing’s Construction Manager, the Design Team Field Engineers, and supporting staff.


7.0 REFERENCES

AMEC. 2011. Habitat Parameter Identification Review. Habitat Project Design. Boeing Plant 2, Seattle/Tukwila, Washington. Prepared for The Boeing Company, Seattle, Washington.

WSDOT (Washington State Department of Transportation). 2008. Standard Specifications for Road, Bridge, and Municipal Construction 2008. WSDOT, M 41-10, Olympia.

FIGURES

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Appendices A to G, listed below, are included as separate pdf files:

Appendix A – Habitat Construction Drawings and Specifications Appendix B – Environmental Conditions Report Appendix C – Geotechnical Engineering Report Appendix D – Geomorphic Assessment Appendix E – Habitat Parameter Identification Review Appendix F – Maintenance and Monitoring Plan Appendix G – Shoreline Areas Construction Drawings and Specifications

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