Final Grammar Book_Alejandro_2nd period
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Transcript of Final Grammar Book_Alejandro_2nd period
Grammar BookAlejandro Bentle
Table of Contents
SerEstarVerbs like GustarHacer ExpressionsPreterito Trigger wordsCar, Gar, ZarSpock VerbsCucuracha Verbs
DOPAffirmative
CommandsIrregular CommandsIOPSnakesSnakeysSe Impersonal
Table of Contents (Cont’d)
Past Particples as Adjectives
Irregular Past participles as Adjectives
Irregular FuturoEl FuturoIr + a + InfinitiveAdjectivos
Demonstrativos
Mandatos FormalesLos Mandatos
InformalesModal VerbsReflexivesSaber vs. Conocer
SER!
Description-¿Que es? (Ex: Un papel, un libro)Origin-¿De Donde Es? (Ex: Nicaragua)Characteristics-¿Como Es? (Ex: Alto)Time- ¿Que Hora Es? (Ex: Son las dos)Occupation- ¿Que Hace (Ex: Es Doctor)Relationships- ¿Quien Es? (Ex: Es mi mama)
Possession- ¿De Quien Es? Events- ¿Cuando/Donde Es? (Ex: La Clase)Dates- ¿Que Dia es Hoy? (Ex: Lunes)
ESTAR!
Health- ¿Como Estas? (Ex: Bien)Emotions- ¿Como Estas? (Ex: Triste)Location- ¿Donde Estas? (Ex:La Casa)Present condition- ¿Como Esta? (Ex:
Nublado)“ING”- ar: ando/ er-ir: endo
VERBS LIKE GUSTAR
Gustar: To like Verbs Like “gustar” operate and are used in
the same ways as “gustar”.Examples:
◦Encantar- To love◦Fascinar- To Fascinate◦Molestar- To bother◦Doler- To Hurt◦Faltar- To miss◦ Importar- To matter◦Disgustar- To dislike
Examples:•Io pronouns:
o Meo Teo Leso Noso Oso Les
-Me gustan carros-Les gustan zanahorias
HACER EXPRESSIONS
Use hacer expressions to express time using hace and a conjugated verb
Present Tense: Since/For
Past Tense: Ago
Hacer Expression
+ Hace
+ Time Que
+ Verb
Example:•Hace cinco dias que como una hamburguesa
PRETERITO
AR
e
Aste
O
Amos
aron
ER/IR
í
Íste
Ió
ieron
imos
Esto es el preterito!
Trigger words for preterite:•Ayer•Antayer•A las (any time)•El (insert day)
A definite time in the past with a beginning and/or Ending
PRETERITO (continued)
HablarHablé
Hablaste
Habló
Hablamos
Hablaron
ComerComí
Comiste
Comió
Comimos
comieron
Escribirescribí
Escribiste
Escribió
Escribimos
escribieron
YO
TúÉl, ella, Ud
Nosotros
Ellos, Ustedes
TRIGGER WORDS
Ayer: YesterdayAntayer: Day before yesterdayA las ___(a time)El _____(insert a day)
CAR, GAR, ZAR
Car•qué•C to q
Gar•gué•G to gu
Zar•cé•Z to c
In order to preserve the sound of the infinitive, a number of verbs change spelling in the preterite tense. The following changes occur in the "yo" form only
SPOCK VERBS
Ir/Ser◦Fui◦Fuiste◦Fue◦Fuimos◦Fueron
Hacer◦Hice◦Hiceste◦Hizo◦Hiceimos◦Hicieron
Dar◦Di◦Diste◦Dio◦Dimos◦Dieron
Ver◦Vi◦Viste◦Vio◦Vimos◦Vieron
Hac
er
Ir
Ser
DarVer
•The “Spock” verbs are irregular verb forms of the preterite. They have different conjugations.
CUCARACHA VERBS
Andar- aduvEstar- estuvPoder- pudPoner- pusQuerer- quisSaber- supTener- tuvVenir- vinConducir- condujProducir- produjTraducir- tradujDecir- dijTraer- traj
•e• Iste•o• Imos• Isteis• ieron
DOPs
DOPs receives the direct action of the verb.◦Lo◦La◦Los◦Las
I ate a steak◦Comí un bistec.
She ate the steak◦ Ella comió lo bistec.
AFFIRMATIVE COMMANDS
Formal:◦Affirmative:
• Ud./Uds.- put in the ‘yo’ form and change the opposite
Examples:◦Bebela
◦Negative: Same
Informal:◦ Affirmative
Tu- simply drop the ‘s’
DOP and IOP can attach to the affirmative command
◦ Negative: Tu- Put it in ‘yo’
form and change opposite vowel, add an ‘s’
IRREGULAR COMMANDS
Tener Ten
Ver Ven
Dar Di
Ir Ve
Ser Sé
Hacer Haz
Poner Pon
Salir Sal
Tener Tenga
Ver Venga
Dar Dé
Ir Voya
Ser Seya
Hacer Haga
Estar Esté
Salir Sepa
Affirmative Negative
IOPs
Answers the question:◦To Whom◦For Whom
Has no feminine factors
Examples:◦I gave it to her -----› Se lo di◦Give it to him -----› déselo
SNAKES
Yo
Domí
Pedi
Tú
Dormiste
Pediste
Usted,Ella/El
Dormío
pidié
Nosotros
dormimos
Pedimos
Vosotros
Dormistes
Pedisteis
Ustedes
Durmreron
Pidieron
Snakes stem change in 3rd person
SNAKEYS
Yo Tu Usted,Ella/
El
Nosotros
Vosotros Ustudes
Leí leáste leyó leímos líesteis leyeron
Creí creíste
creyó
creímos
creísteis
creyeron
Oí oiste Oyó oímos oísteis oyeron
Snakeys are verbs like leer, creer, and oir.
Change the I to the y in the 3rd person
SE IMPERSONAL
Use se to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb.◦ Se vende fruta en la frutería.
When using se, the verb is always in the 3rd person.◦ Aquí se habla español.
Se can be used in all tenses.◦ Se hizo mucho.◦ Se hará mucho.◦ Se había hecho.
Past Participles as Adjectives
-ar -ado
-er -ido
-ir -ido
Past participles as adjectives are conjugated as follows: Take off the ending and attach “ado” or “ido” depending on if it is an ar, ir, or er verb.
Irregular Past Particples as Adjectives
Abrir (to open) - abiertoCubrir (to cover) - cubiertoDecir (to say) - dichoEscribir (to write) - escitoFreir (to fry) - fritoHacer (to do) - hechoMorir (to die) - muertoPoner (to put) - puestoResolver (to resolve) - resueltoRomper (to break) - rotoVer (to see) - vistoVolver (to return) -vuelto
Irregular Futuro
Decir…dirHacer…harPoder…podrPoner…pondrQuerer…querrSaber…sabrSalir…saldrTener…tendrValer…valdrVenir…vendr
El Futuro
Infinitive + ending◦Most endings are the same for ar, er, and ir
é
ás
á
emos
áis
án
Ir + a + Infinitives
Going to go somewhere, do something, etc.
Included in el futuroExample:
◦Yo voy a viajar extremadura en España. English: I am going to travel to extremadura in
Spain
Adjectivos Demonstrativos
Singular
• Este/Esta (this)• Ese/Esa (that)• Aquel/Aquella
• (That over there)
Plural
• Estos/Estas (these)
• Esos/Esas (those)• Aquellos/Aquellas
• (those over there)
•Gender must always agree with the noun it is modifying
•Put in front of noun being modified
Los Mandatos Formales
ar Cojugate to yo
Drop ‘o’ and add
‘e’
er Conjugate to yo
Drop o and add
‘a’
ir Conjugate to yo
Drop ‘o’ and add
‘a’
Los Mandatos Informales Con’t
Affirmatives Negatives
Di (decir) Tengas (tener)
Haz (hacer) Vengas (venir)
Ve (ir) Dés, digas (dar, decir)
Pon (Poner) Vayas (ir)
Sal (Salir) Seas (ser)
Sé (ser) Hagas (hacer)
Ten (tener) Estés (estar)
Ven (venir) Sepas (saber
Modal Verbs
Ir + a + infinitive (going to do something)
Poder + infinitive (are able to do something)
Querer + infinitive (want to do something)
Deber + infinitive (should do something)
Tener que + infinitive (to have to do something)
Reflexives
Relfexive pronouns can be:◦In front of the conjugated verb◦Attached to the infinitive◦Attached to the present participle
When it is attached, the reflexive pronoun changes the number of syllables in the word. This makes it necessary to add an accent to the proper syllable.
Other verbs come with ‘se’ attached to the end. These verbs are reflexive and are conjugated along with changing the pronoun to agree.
Reflexives: Cont’d
Me (used in yo form)
Te (used in tú form)
Se (used in él/ella form or ellos)
Nos (used in nosotros form)
Os (used in vosotros form)
Saber vs. Conocer
Saber:To Know
Facts/InformationConocer:To know
People, place, thing or published works