Final ExamFinal Exam

Tuesday, May 6 Tuesday, May 6

5-7 pm5-7 pm

Marshall AuditoriumMarshall Auditorium

BASE Jumping RegulationsBASE Jumping Regulations

• Illegal within all National ParksIllegal within all National Parks

• Outside of National Parks, Outside of National Parks, regulated by Federal Aviation regulated by Federal Aviation Administration (same laws as Administration (same laws as skydiving)skydiving)

Snowmobiling in Snowmobiling in YellowstoneYellowstone

• Winter Use Plan has been Winter Use Plan has been approvedapproved

• www.www.npsnps..govgov/yell/technical/planning//yell/technical/planning/winterusewinteruse/plan/index./plan/index.htmhtm

International RecreationInternational Recreation

Global perceptions about Global perceptions about recreation areasrecreation areas

• Cultural perceptions of recreation Cultural perceptions of recreation and recreation areasand recreation areas

Masai family, Kenya

Global perceptions about Global perceptions about recreation areasrecreation areas

• Ownership of public landsOwnership of public lands– Crown lands of Canada & Provincial Crown lands of Canada & Provincial

ParksParks

Algonquin Provincial Park, Canada - 1893

Global perceptions about Global perceptions about recreation areasrecreation areas

• Ownership of open Ownership of open lands & access for lands & access for recreationrecreation

– Great Britain Great Britain • 1951 – First National 1951 – First National

Park established in Park established in EnglandEngland

Peak National Park, England

Global perceptions about Global perceptions about recreation areasrecreation areas

Annapurna Sanctuary, Nepal

• Wilderness Wilderness perceptionsperceptions

Problems facing Problems facing international recreation international recreation todaytoday• High population growth in poor High population growth in poor

countries >>> conflict between countries >>> conflict between survival & preservationsurvival & preservation

• Competition for natural resourcesCompetition for natural resources

• WarsWars

World Heritage SitesWorld Heritage Sites

• Sites of unique international Sites of unique international cultural & natural interestcultural & natural interest

• Designated by UNESCO (United Designated by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, & Nations Educational, Scientific, & Cultural Organization)Cultural Organization)

• 721 sites worldwide721 sites worldwide

History of World Heritage History of World Heritage SitesSites

• 1959 – Plans to Build Aswan High 1959 – Plans to Build Aswan High Dam in EgyptDam in Egypt

–UNESCO launched UNESCO launched campaign to save campaign to save Abu Simbel Abu Simbel TemplesTemples–$80 million$80 million–Temples moved to Temples moved to high groundhigh ground Abu Simbel Temples,

Egypt

HistoryHistory

• 1962 - UNESCO prepared a draft 1962 - UNESCO prepared a draft convention on the protection of convention on the protection of culturalcultural heritage sites heritage sites

• 1965 - US suggested creation of 1965 - US suggested creation of World Heritage Trust to protect World Heritage Trust to protect natural areasnatural areas globally globally

HistoryHistory

• 1968 – International Union for 1968 – International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Conservation of Nature (IUCN) developed developed naturalnatural heritage site heritage site protection proposalprotection proposal

• 1972 – “Convention Concerning the 1972 – “Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage”Natural Heritage”

• Today – 168 countries ratified Today – 168 countries ratified convention (192 countries in world)convention (192 countries in world)

Designation ProcessDesignation Process

• Country submits application to Country submits application to UNESCO’s World Heritage Committee UNESCO’s World Heritage Committee (WHC)(WHC)

– Plan for managing & protecting the sitePlan for managing & protecting the site

• WHC meets once per yearWHC meets once per year

Designation ProcessDesignation Process

• WHC receives input about WHC receives input about applications from two advisory applications from two advisory organizationsorganizations

– International Council on Monuments & SitesInternational Council on Monuments & Sites– International Union for Conservation of International Union for Conservation of

Nature (IUCN; World Conservation Union)Nature (IUCN; World Conservation Union)

• Site must meet at least one Site must meet at least one criterioncriterion

Criteria for Selection of Criteria for Selection of Cultural SitesCultural Sites

i.i. Masterpiece of human creative Masterpiece of human creative genius.genius.

ii.ii. Exhibits the expression of human Exhibits the expression of human values over time through values over time through architecture, technology, or architecture, technology, or landscape design.landscape design.

iii.iii. Exceptional testimony to a Exceptional testimony to a civilization.civilization.

Criteria for Selection of Criteria for Selection of Cultural SitesCultural Sites

iv.iv. Outstanding example of a type of Outstanding example of a type of architecture or landscape.architecture or landscape.

v.v. Outstanding example of a Outstanding example of a traditional human settlement traditional human settlement representative of a culture.representative of a culture.

vi.vi. Directly associated with events or Directly associated with events or traditions.traditions.

Criteria for Selection of Criteria for Selection of Natural SitesNatural Sitesi.i. Outstanding example of major stages Outstanding example of major stages

in earth’s history.in earth’s history.

ii.ii. Outstanding example of on-going Outstanding example of on-going ecological and biological processes.ecological and biological processes.

iii.iii. Contain areas of exceptional natural Contain areas of exceptional natural beauty or phenomena.beauty or phenomena.

iv.iv. Contain significant natural habitats Contain significant natural habitats necessary for conservation of biological necessary for conservation of biological diversitydiversity

QuestionsQuestions

1.1. What criteria are listed for the What criteria are listed for the site?site?

2.2. What characteristics of the site What characteristics of the site meet the criteria listed?meet the criteria listed?

Cultural World Heritage Cultural World Heritage SitesSites

The Great Wall, China

• Criteria C(i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi)

Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump Provincial Historic Site, Alberta, Canada

• Criteria C (vi)

Ancient Thebes, Egypt

• Criteria C (i)(iii)(vi)

Potala Palace, China

• Criteria C (i)(iv)(vi)

What are some cultural What are some cultural World Heritage Sites in the World Heritage Sites in the US?US?• Independence Hall, PAIndependence Hall, PA• Mesa Verde NP, COMesa Verde NP, CO• Statue of Liberty, NYStatue of Liberty, NY• Monticello, VAMonticello, VA

8 sites total8 sites total

Natural World Heritage Natural World Heritage SitesSites

Galapagos Islands, Ecuador

Criteria N (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)

Huanglong Scenic & Historic Interest Area, China

Criteria N (iii)

Shark Bay, Australia

Criteria N (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)

Jau National Park, Brazil

Criteria N (ii)(iv)

Victoria Falls, Zambia/Zimbabwe

Criteria N (ii)(iii)

Barrier-Reef Reserve System, Belize

Criteria N (ii)(iii)(iv)

Waterton Glacier International Peace Park, Canada & US (138 Peace Parks today)

Criteria N (ii)(iii)

Aeolian Islands, Italy

Criteria N (i)

What are some natural What are some natural World Heritage Sites in the World Heritage Sites in the US?US?• Yellowstone NPYellowstone NP• Grand Canyon NPGrand Canyon NP• Everglades NPEverglades NP• Redwood NPRedwood NP• Yosemite NPYosemite NP

10 sites + 2 International Peace 10 sites + 2 International Peace ParksParks