Final Exam Review Geb Thomas. Information Systems Applications.
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Transcript of Final Exam Review Geb Thomas. Information Systems Applications.
Final Exam Review
Geb Thomas
Information Systems Applications
Players in the Game• System owners pay for the system to be built and maintained.
• System users use the system to perform or support the work to be completed.
• System designers design the system to meet the users’ requirements.
• System builders construct, test, and deliver the system into operation.
• Systems analysts facilitate the development of information systems and computer applications by bridging the communications gap that exists between nontechnical system owners and users and technical system designers and builders.
• IT vendors and consultants sell hardware, software, and services to businesses for incorporation into their information systems.
The Development Components
The FAST Development Process
Model-Driven Development
Rapid Application Development
Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS) Software Route
Requirements AnalysisPhase in Which Found Cost Ratio
Requirements 1
Design 3-6
Coding 10
Development Testing 15-40
Acceptance Testing 30-70
Operation 40-1000
The Ishikawa diagram is a graphical tool used to identify, explore, and depict problems and the causes and effects of those problems. It is often referred to as a cause-and-effect diagram or a fishbone diagram.
Fishbone Diagram
Joint Requirements Planning (JRP)
Joint requirements planning (JRP) is a process whereby highly structured group meetings are conducted for the purpose of analyzing problems and defining requirements. JRP is a subset of a more comprehensive joint application development or JAD technique that encompasses the entire systems development process.Participants•Sponsor•Facilitator•Users and Managers•Scribes•I.T. Staff (These folks don’t contribute, unless spoken to)
Data Modeling
Entity Relationship Diagrams
Important Entity Concepts
• An entity is a class of persons, places, objects, events, or concepts about which we need to capture and store data.
• An attribute is a descriptive property or characteristic of an entity. Synonyms include element, property, and field.
• The data type for an attribute defines what type of data can be stored in that attribute.
• The domain of an attribute defines what values an attribute can legitimately take on.
• The default value for an attribute is the value that will be recorded if not specified by the user.
• Relationships• Cardinality: minimum and maximum number of occurrences of one entity that
may be related to a single occurrence of the other entity• Degree: the number of entities that participate in the relationship.
Non-Specific Relationships
Another Non-Specific Relationship
Another Non-Specific Relationship
Context Data Model
MEMBER ORDER
MEMBER TRANSACTION
PRODUCT
AGREEMENTPROMOTION
responds to
places
binds
is a
hasconducted
generates
features
sells
Key-Based Data Model
TRANSACTION
Primary Key
Transaction-Reference-Number [PK1]
MEMBER ORDERED PRODUCT
Primary Key
Order-Number [PK1] [FK]Product-Number [PK2] [FK]
TITLE PROMOTION
Primary Key
Product-Number [PK1] [FK]Promotion-Number [PK2] [FK]
MEMBER ORDER
Primary Key
Order-Number [PK1]
MEMBER
Primary Key
Member-Number [PK1]
PRODUCT
Primary Key
Product-Number [PK1]
AGREEMENT
Primary Key
Agreement-Number [PK1]
PROMOTION
Primary Key
Promotion-Number [PK1]
features
is featured as
sold as
sells
places
binds
is a
hasconducted
respondsto
generates
Fully-Attributed Data ModelMEMBER ORDERPrimary Key
Order-Number [PK1]Non-Key Attributes
Order-Creation-DateOrder-Fill-DateMember-NameMember-AddressShipping-Address-NameShipping-Street-AddressShipping-CityShipping-StateShipping-ZipShipping-InstructionsOrder-Sub-TotalOrder-Sales-TaxOrder-Shipping-MethodOrder-Shipping-&-Handling-CostOrder-StatusOrder-Prepaid-AmountOrder-Prepayment-MethodPromotion-Number [FK]Member-Number [FK]Member-Number-1 . Member-Number [FK]Ordered-Product-NumberQuantity-ShippedQuantity-BackorderedOrdered-Product-DescriptionOrdered-Product-TitlePurchased-Unit-PriceExtended-Price
MEMBERPrimary Key
Member-Number [PK1]Non-Key Attributes
Member-NameMember-StatusMember-Street-AddressMember-Post-Office-BoxMember-CityMember-StateMember-Zip-CodeMember-Daytime-Phone-NumberMember-Date-of-Last-OrderMember-Balance-DueMember-Credit-Card-TypeMember-Credit-Card-NumberMember-Credit-Card-Expire-DateMember-Bonus-Balance-AvailableAudio-Category-PreferenceAudio-Media-PreferenceDate-EnrolledExpiration-DateGame-Category-PreferenceGame-Media-PreferenceNumber-of-Credits-EarnedVideo-Category-PreferenceVideo-Media-PreferenceAgreement-Number [FK]Privacy-CodeEmail-Address
PRODUCTPrimary Key
Product-Number [PK1]Non-Key Attributes
"Universal-Product-Code (Alternate Key)"Quantity-in-StockProduct-TypeSuggested-Retail-PriceDefault-Unit-PriceCurrent-Special-Unit-PriceCurrent-Month-Units-SoldCurrent-Year-Units-SoldTotal-Lifetime-Units-Sold
VIDEO TITLEPrimary Key
Product-Number [PK1] [FK]Non-Key Attributes
ProducerDirectorVideo-CategoryVideo-Sub-CategoryClosed-CaptionedLanguageRunning-TimeVideo-Media-TypeVideo-EncodingScreen-AspectMPA-Rating-Code
AUDIO TITLEPrimary Key
Product-Number [PK1] [FK]Non-Key Attributes
ArtistAudio-CategoryAudio-Sub-CategoryNumber-of-Units-in-PackageAudio-Media-CodeContent-Advisory-Code
GAME TITLEPrimary Key
Product-Number [PK1] [FK]Non-Key Attributes
ManufacturerGame-CategoryGame-Sub-CategoryGame-PlatformGame-Media-TypeNumber-of-PlayersParent-Advisory-Code
TRANSACTIONPrimary Key
Transaction-Reference-Number [PK1]Non-Key Attributes
Transaction-DateTransaction-TypeTransaction-DescriptionTransaction-AmountMember-Number [FK]Order-Number [FK]
TITLEPrimary Key
Product-Number [PK1] [FK]Non-Key Attributes
Title-of-WorkTitle-CoverCatalog-DescriptionCopyright-DateEntertainment-CategoryCredit-Value
MERCHANDISEPrimary Key
Product-Number [PK1] [FK]Non-Key Attributes
Merchandise-NameMerchandise-DescriptionMerchandise-TypeUnit-of-Measure
PROMOTIONPrimary Key
Promotion-Number [PK1]Non-Key Attributes
Promotion-Release-DatePromotion-StatusPromotion-TypeProduct-NumberTitle-of-Work
AGREEMENTPrimary Key
Agreement-Number [PK1]Non-Key Attributes
Agreement-Expire-DateAgreement-Active-DateFulfillment-PeriodRequired-Number-of-Credits
MEMBER ORDERED PRODUCTPrimary Key
Order-Number [PK1] [FK]Product-Number [PK2] [FK]
TITLE PROMOTIONPrimary Key
Promotion-Number [PK1] [FK]Product-Number [PK2] [FK]
is featured as
features
sold as
sells
places
binds
is a
hasconducted
respondsto
is ais ais a
is ais a
generates
Data Normalization•An entity is in first normal form (1NF) if there are no attributes that can have more than one value for a single instance of the entity. Any attributes that can have multiple values actually describe a separate entity, possibly an entity and relationship.
•An entity is in second normal form (2NF) if it is already in 1NF and if the values of all nonprimary key attributes are dependent on the full primary key—not just part of it. Any nonkey attributes that are dependent on only part of the primary key should be moved to any entity where that partial key is actually the full key. This may require creating a new entity and relationship on the model.
•An entity is in third normal form (3NF) if it is already in 2NF and if the values of its nonprimary key attributes are not dependent on any other non-primary key attributes. Any nonkey attributes that are dependent on other nonkey attributes must be moved or deleted. Again, new entities and relationships may have to be added to the data model.
Process Modeling
A Data Flow Diagram
External Entity
Data Store
Data Flow
Process
A Decomposition Diagram
Types of Events
• A function is set of related and ongoing activities of a business.
•An event (or transaction) is a logical unit of work that must be completed as a whole (as part of a function).
• An elementary process (or primitive process) is a discrete, detailed activity or task required to respond to an event. Usually, several such tasks must be completed to respond to an event.
Problems with DFDs
Illegal Data Flows
Database Design
Files Versus Databases
File
File File
File
InformationSystem
Database (consolidated & integrated
data from files)
InformationSystem
InformationSystem
InformationSystem
InformationSystem
Relational Databases
Structured Query Language (SQL)
SELECT list_of_columnsFROM tables[s][WHERE search_conditions]
• SELECT * FROM products (* means all columns)
• SELECT ProductName, Unitprice * UnitsOnOrder as [Ordered Amount] FROM products WHERE UnitsOnOrder > 0
• SELECT ‘The highest price is ’, max(unitprice) FROM Products
The Where Clause
• Comparison operators (=, < , >, < >, and so on)• Combinations or logical negations of conditions
(AND, OR, NOT)– Where unitprice < 5000 and unitprice > 2000
• Ranges (Between, Not Between)– Where unitprice between 2000 and 5000
• Lists (In, Not in)– Where state in (‘CA’, ‘IN’, ‘MD’)
Study Hard
Good Luck