English FOR all

The Leaders of the World

30 Crore Indians have Learnt English.

They are our Nations Pride and the Leaders of the World What about You?

Hey! Lets start here.

Only so much do I know as I have lived.

Friend, this is no book; who touches this, touches a man of

Infinitude, Insightedness and Industry

An Indian

Happy Learning Dear Friend.

By P.Sudhakar Chatrapathi

M.A., B.Ed., D.T.T., D.C.A.,V.E.

For Books & Programmes Contact : 99495 23961

DATA REPRESENTATION

Briefing: In communication skills & Personality Development Programme, we are going to learn Grammar, to write and say grammatically

correct sentences; Functional English , for better, effective and formal communication; In Communication skills: Basic skills, LSRW; Study

Skills, note making, Note-tanking, skimming, scanning, Gist- reading; Reference skills, consulting Dictionary, Encyclopedia, Catalogue,

Brochure & Pamphlet; Conference Skills, Personal Interview, Group Interview, Group Discussion, Meeting, Seminar, Conference,

Orational Skills, Visage, Gestures, Postures and Voice Modulation.

In Personality Development, Virtues, Character Building and Soft Skills.

Gist reading Preface

1. Grammar

Communication Skills & Personality Development

2. Functional English 3. Communication Skills 4. Personality Development * Virtues * Character Building * Soft skills

To write and say grammatically correct

sentences

For better, effective and formal communication

1. Basic skills

2. Study skills

3. Reference Skills

Dictionary Encyclopedia Catalogue Brochure Pamphlet

4. Conference skills

Personal interview Group interview Group discussion Meeting Seminar

5. Orational skills Visage Gestures Postures Voice modulation

L S R W Note-taking Note making

Skimming Scanning

S.No Title Page No.

1. Elements of English Language 1-2

2. Parts of Speech 3

3. Nouns 4-13

4. Pronouns 14-26

5. Adjectives 27-41

6. Verbs & Tenses 42-62

7. Adverbs 63-73

8. Conjunctions 74-80

9. Prepositions &Interjections 81-82

10. Parsing 83-91

11. Words 92-95

12. Active Voice Passive Voice 96-116

13. Direct Speech Indirect Speech 117-125

14. Conditional Clauses (if clauses) 126-147

15. Simple-complex & compound sentences 148-167

16. Question Tags 168-172

17. Embedded Statements &

Embedded Questions 173-177

18. Subject Verb agreement 178-179

19. Direct Object & Indirect Object 180-182

20. Parallelism 184-184

21. Punctuation Marks 185

22. Phonetics 187-193

Contents

English Language Learning in Hundred Days

1. Elements of English Language 2. Words 3. Phrases 4. Clauses 5. Sentences 6. Parts of Speech 7. Nouns 8. Pronouns 9. Verbs 10. Adverbs 11. Adjectives 12. Prepositions 13. Conjunctions 14. Interjections 15. Tenses 16. Present Simple 17. Past Simple 18. Future Simple 19. Present Simple 20. Past Simple 21. Future Simple 22. Present continuous 23. Past continuous 24. Future continuous 25. Present perfect continuous 26. Past perfect continuous 27. Future perfect continuous 28. Voice 29. Present Simple 30. Past Simple 31. Future Simple 32. Present continuous 33. Past continuous 34. Present perfect 35. Past perfect 36. Future perfect 37. Kinds of Sentences 38. Declarative / Assertive 39. Interrogative 40. Imperative 41. Exclamatory 42. Direct & Indirect Speech 43. Statements 44. Yes / No Questions 45. WH Questions 46. Imperative 47. Exclamatory 48. Conditional Clauses 49. Open condition 50. Unlikely condition 51. Closed condition 52. Zero condition 53. unreal condition

54. Simple, Complex & Compound 55. But / yet/still ___ 56. Not only _ _ _ _ but also _____ 57. No sooner _ _ _ _ than ______ 58. And _________ 59. So / and so _____ 60. Or / otherwise / else _____ 61. Very _ _ _ _ and so _____ 62. Question Tags 63. Main verbs 64. Auxiliary Verb 65. Modal verbs 66. Imperative 67. Embedded Clauses 68. Embedded statement 69. Embedded Questions 70. Embedded Clauses Indirect speech 71. Parallelism 72. Parts of speech (nouns, adjectives,

verbs, adverbs) 73. Elements of English language (word,

phrase, clause &Sentence) 74. Conjunctions 75. Degrees of Comparison 76. Relative Clauses 77. Who / whose / whom / what / 78. Which / that / when / where 79. Correction of Sentences 80. Usage of Nouns 81. Usage of Pronouns 82. Usage of Verbs 83. Usage of Adverbs 84. Usage of Adjectives 85. Usage of Prepositions 86. Usage of Conjunctions 87. Usage of Interjections

88. Degrees of Comparison 89. The best _ _ _ _ __ 90. One of the best _ _ _ __ 91. Not the best 92. A _ _ _ _ not so _ _ __ as B 93. Punctuation Marks 94. Reported Clause & Reporting Clause 95. Sentence Endings 96. Phonetics 97. Consonant sounds 98. Vowel sounds 99. Pronunciation 100. Rhyming words

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e.g 1. Morning Early in the morning when I wake up early in the morning, I go for a walk

clause Sentence

2. A farmer A poor farmer Though Ramaiah is a poor farmer, he is honest

clause Sentence

3. Rainfall A heavy rainfall As there was a heavy rainfall, the match was cancelled

clause Sentence

4. Intelligent Intelligent and industrious Sahiti is intelligent as well as industrious

clause Sentence

5. Sincere Sincere and so successful As Latha was sincere in her efforts, she was successful

clause Sentence

6. Honest Honest and respectable If you are honest, you are respectable.

clause Sentence

1. ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Word Phrase Clause Sentence

A group of letters which makes sense

A group of words which makes some sense

A group of words which is incomplete in sense

A group of words which makes complete sense

2

1. Sub + Predicate e.g. 1. Lion roars. Sub verb 2. A mason builds houses. Sub verb obj 3. The students are industrious. Sub verb adj 4. Jyothi works hard. Sub verb adv 5.Sandhya is an efficient engineer. Sub verb noun phrase 6. Ram speaks English very fluently. Sub verb obj adv. Phrase 7. The ornaments are made of gold. Sub verb verb adj.phrase

2. Predicate + sub 1. Here comes the bus 2. There goes the thief 3. Down went the mob 3. Psuedo subject : 1. It often rains here 2. There was a well in our courtyard 3. It smells good 4. Here is a gift for you

Sentence and its parts

Subject Predicate (states something about the subject)

Verb (action) Object ( Receiver) Adjective (modifies noun / pronoun) Adverb (modifies action) Phrases Noun

Adjectival Adverbial

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Adjectives qualify nouns and pronouns. e.g. 1. Latha is intelligent and industrious. Adj adj 2.The girl is mischievous. Adj

Parsing Identifying parts of speech

Speech is made of words. There are more than one million words in English. According to their function in a sentence, the words are classified into eight groups (parts of speech)

1. Nouns 2. Pronouns 3. Verbs

Nouns are the names of persons, places, things and thoughts. e.g. 1. The soldier in the battle field to defend his country never cares pain.

Verbs express state, action, possession of subject and modality of action. e.g 1.We speak English fluently. 2. They have good sense of humour. 3. Radhika is efficient and proficient. 4. Nirmala can sing melodiously.

2. PARTS OF SPEECH(8)

Pronouns are used instead of nouns e.g. 1.He who excuses himself accuses himself.

4. Adverbs 5. Adjectives 6. Prepositions 8. Interjections

Adverbs modify actions, adjectives and other adverbs. e.g. 1. Ravan stood silently. Verb adv 2. Kashap is well educated. Adv adj 3. Usha runs very fast. Adv adv

Prepositions are used with nouns or pronouns to show place, time, method etc. e.g. 1. I go to bed at 10 pm. 2. Ramarao is at hotel. 3. I went to Hyderabad by train.

Interjections express strong or sudden feelings such as wonder, joy, surprise, sorrow etc. e.g. 1. Hurrah ! We have won the match. 2. Alas ! The old man is no more. 3. Oops ! I have missed the bus.

7. Conjunctions

Conjunctions join words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. e.g 1. Wisdom is neither inheritance nor legacy. 2. Kamala either comes or phones us.

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3. NOUNS (NAMING WORDS)

Names of persons Names of places Names of things Names of thoughts / feelings Emotions / ideas

Concepts e.g. 1. Neelima is a brilliant student.

e.g 1. Bangalore is a city of gardens.

e.g 1. BMW is a nice car.

e.g. 1. Patience is a virtue. 2. Virtue is knowledge.

Kinds of Nouns

1. Common nouns 2. Proper nouns 3. Collective Nouns 5. Abstract nouns

Names given in common to every person, place and things. e.g. 1. The man is a soldier. 2. The old man is my Grandfather.

Names of particular persons, places and things. e.g. 1. Schwamm is a brave solider. 2. Sitaramaiah is my grandfather.

Names of groups of persons and things. e.g. 1. The group of soldiers is a troop. 2. The group of relatives is a family.

Names of thoughts, feelings, ideas and emotions. e.g 1. They show valour in the battle field. 2. They have love and affection for one another.

4. Material nouns

Name of materials e.g.

1. Their uniform is made of wool.

2. The walking stick is made of wood.

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Kinds of nouns

Countable nouns (number & group) Common collective e.g. students class relatives family players team sheep flock cattle herd flowers - bunch

Uncountable nouns (mass & quantity ) (expressions)

Material nouns Abstract nouns Materials Qualities Metals Emotions Minerals Thoughts Liquids Feelings Gases Concepts e.g. a kilo of sugar a piece of information a litre of oil a piece of advice a cake of soap a block of ice a loaf of bread a piece of chalk

Types of Nouns

Concrete nouns Things are concrete nouns.

Abstract nouns Thoughts are abstract

Nouns : Examples 1. Tirupati is a holy city. 2. Ramaiah is a wise man. 3. Cello is a good pen. 4. A troop of soldiers commandeered the city. 5. The flock of sheep is grazing on the green pasture. 6. The princesses are in the beautiful garden. 7. The elderly man gave her a piece of advice. 8. I take three loaves of bread and a glass of milk

for my breakfast 9. The lady bought a new piece of furniture. 10. The princes are at the battle field. 11. The milk is soar and the fruits are stale. 12. Honesty is the best policy. 13. Democracy is the rule of people. 14. Economics is the queen of social sciences. 15. Politics is a vast subject.

Gender

Masculine (male) e.g Man Tiger Prince

Feminine (female Woman Tigress Princess

Common (both) Doctor Animal Authority

Neuter (none) Thing Fur Dress

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Usage of nouns 1. Common nouns : Singular nouns take singular verbs and plural nouns take plural verbs. e.g. 1. The student works hard.

The students work hard.

2. The bird flies high in the sky.

The birds fly high in the sky.

3. The dog doesnt bark.

The dogs dont bark.

4. The boy has a good sense of humor.

The boys have a good sense of humor.

5. The cow is grazing in the garden.

The cows are grazing in the garden.

6. The girl was sleeping then.

The girls were sleeping then.

2. Proper nouns

Proper nouns can be used as common nouns in the plural forms or with articles. e.g

1. There are three Kumars in our office.

2. Kalyan is the Dhoni of our college.

3. Kalidas is the Shakespeare of India.

4. Koutilya is the Machiavelli of India.

5. The man is a French.

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3. Collective Nouns

Collective nouns as a unit takes singular verb. e.g

1. The bunch consists of five keys.

2. The committee suggests the ban of the products.

3. The family has gone abroad. Collective noun referred separately takes plural verb. e.g

1. The family have been arriving one by one to attend the old mans funeral.

2. The class have dispersed from the assembly.

4. Material nouns : Material nouns, considered in mass and quantity, take singular verbs are

not used in the plural forms.

1. The palatial building is built of Stone.

2. The shack is built of brick.

3. Honey is good for health.

4. Cotton cloth is used for uniforms.

5. The water is sweet.

6. The furniture is made of wood.

7. Gold is a precious metal.

8. The utensils are made of silver.

5. Uncountable nouns Certain uncountable nouns are used with certain expressions. 1. The teachers use pieces of chalk to write on the board.

2. The girl bought a cake of soap.

3. There were blocks of ice on the road.

4. The old man gave her a piece of advice.

5. The stranger asked for a piece of information.

6. The elephant brought a log of wood on to the road.

7. The piece of furniture is very expensive.

8. The little boy gave a loaf of bread to the beggar.

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6. Abstract Nouns Abstract nouns take singular verbs. 1. Wisdom is neither inheritance nor legacy.

2. Ignorance is bliss.

3. Knowledge is divine.

4. Happiness is within you.

5. Industry is the key to success.

6. Anger is an enemy within.

7. Love is an emotion which binds everyone together.

8. Marxism forms the basis for communism. 7. Some nouns have the same forms for the both singulars and plurals 1. The fish are still in the water.

The fish is still in the water.

2. The sheep is drinking water in trough.

The sheep are drinking water in trough.

3. The deer is beautiful.

The deer are beautiful.

4. They are all the old mans offspring.

This girl is his only offspring.

5. The aircraft is flying with the wind.

The aircraft are flying with the wind.

6. This is a rare species.

These are rare species.

8. Some nouns are used in the singular form only 1. Mary has golden hair.

2. The advice is simple.

3. The scenery is fantastic.

4. The machinery in the company is sophisticated.

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5. Poetry is a beautiful expression of truth.

6. The grain is wet. 9. Some nouns are used only in the plural form

1. The premises of the college is tranquil.

2. The pants are good.

3. The scissors are blunt.

4. The trousers are loose.

5. The nuptials is going on.

6. The criminal was sent to gallows.

7. The spectacles are broken.

8. The bowels of the earth are hot.

9. The proceeds of the performance go to charity.

10. There is a rise in average earnings. 10. Some nouns are plural in form but are singular in use 1. The news is good.

2. That is great news.

3. They follow business ethics.

4. Measles is an infectious disease of children.

5. Malathi received a summons to appear in court.

6. Summonses are served on them to appear in court. 11. Some nouns are always used in plural 1. People are agitating against the government.

2. Cattle graze on greener pastures.

3. Criminals are considered vermin and treated as such.

4. The police are chasing the thief.

5. The villagers consume plenty of fish and poultry.

12. Plural nouns as a whole take singular verbs 1. One million rupees is a big amount.

2. Ten kilometers is not a long distance for me to walk.

3. Fifty kilos is a heavy weight for the child of that age.

4. Two litres of milk is consumed by the family.

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Gender Inanimate things or objects

Certain things & objects are referred as masculine or feminine genders

Masculine Objects which are known for strength, courage, violence, superiority etc, e.g the sun, death, war, winter, anger, fear, thunder, summer etc .

Feminine Objects which are remarkable for beauty, gentleness, gracefulness, tenderness, weakness etc. e.g. the earth, the moon, virtue, peace, spring, charity, fame, nature, hope, justice, mercy, pity, fortune, truth defeat, modesty, liberty, victory etc.

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1. Nouns of living things

The possessive case of nouns is formed adding apostrophe s (s) to

the noun.

e.g.

1. My brothers house is near the temple.

2. The dogs tail is very short.

3. The girls hair is very long.

4. The oldmans narration is fantastic.

2. Nouns of Inanimate objects

The possessive case of nouns of inanimate objects is formed with

of.

e.g.

1. The wings of the Aeroplane were damaged.

2. The walls of the fort were fortified.

3. The roads of the city are well connected.

4. The plains of the country are fertile.

3. Personified objects

The possessive case of nouns of personified objects is formed with

apostrophe s (s) to the noun.

e.g.

1. The natures beauty is joy forever.

2. The victorys hands shook with the warrior.

3. The suns heat burned the flowers.

4. Regular plural forms

(Plural forms of nouns ending in s/es/ies)

The possessive case of nouns with plural forms ending in s is

formed adding only apostrophe to the noun.

e.g.

1. The boys hostel is near the railway station.

2. The rats burrows are very deep.

3. The elephants trails are found.

Possessive case of Nouns (s/of/s)

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5. Irregular plural forms

The possessive case of irregular plural forms is formed adding

apostrophe s (s).

e.g.

1. There was a childrens amusement park near the temple.

2. The oxens yoke was heavy to carry by one person.

6. Noun phrases

The possessive case of noun phrase is formed adding apostrophe s

to the last word.

e.g

1. The President of Americas resolution on terrorism is

appreciated.

2. The sisters of charitys service is only for the poor.

7. Common possession of two or more proper nouns

The possessive case of proper nouns joined by and is formed

adding s to the last word to show common possession.

e.g.

1. Tata and Birlas fame is known to everyone in India.

2. Maruthi and Suzukis share in automobile industry has grown

significantly

8. Two nouns in apposition

The possessive case of two nouns in apposition is formed

adding s to the second noun.

e.g.

1. Susmith, the doctors daughter, is nimble.

2. Lalitha, the weavers daughter, stood first in the class.

3. Madhav, the merchants son, earned a good fortune in foreign

trade.

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9. Compound nouns The possessive case of a compound noun is formed adding s to the last word. e.g. 1. My sister-in-laws visit surprised us. 2. My father-in-laws business flourished well.

10.Singular nouns ending with S/ce The possessive case of singular nouns ending with s/ce is formed adding only apostrophe (). e.g. 1. For goodness sake, spare him. 2. I work sincerely for my conscience sake.

Examples

1. My father often gives me a piece of advice regarding my studies.

2. The teacher gave the students a piece of information about the course.

3. Rakesh has been issued a summons to appear in court the following week.

4. The rich farmer gave alms to the poor beggars at the temple.

5. His hair has turned grey recently.

6. The Government has supplied new furniture for schools lately.

7. One of my sisters-in-law is abroad.

8. Burglary in my cousins house sent the three thieves to jail.

9. The factory is equipped with the sophisticated machinery.

10. The scenery of Kashmir is fabulous.

11. The boys mischief ruined his studies.

12. The prisoner used the pliers to cut the fence.

13. The French supplied cannon to the king to win the battle.

14. Less luggage more comfort.

15. The equipment in the hospital is expensive.

16. Its a pains taking job.

17. The hero begins his second innings in film industry with the movie.

18. My brothers-in-law study in a boarding college.

19. The smuggled gold is caught by the police.

20. Krish is one of the spoilsports in the class.

POSSESSIVE CASE OF NOUNS

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4. PRONOUNS Pronouns : Pronouns are used in the place of nouns. Forms of pronouns :

1. Personal pronouns

Person Singular Plural First I We Second You You Third He/ she / it They

Nominative case (subject)

Accusative case (object)

Possessive Adjectives (Determines)

Possessive pronouns

Reflexive / Emphatic pronouns

I Me My Mine Myself We Us Our Ours Ourselves You You Your Yours Yourself You You Your Yours Yourselves He Him His His Himself She Her Her Her Herself It It Its Its Itself They Them Their Theirs Themselves

2. Demonstrative pronouns

Singular Plural This These That Those

e.g. 1. This is my new car. 2. These are our pets. 3. That is my cousins house. 4. Those are mine.

3. Indefinite pronouns

Somebody Anybody Nobody Someone Anyone None Something Anything Nothing

Some Other Others Another

7. Interrogative & Relative pronouns

Who Whose Whom Which What

4. Distributive pronouns Everybody Either Each Everyone Neither Everything

5. Pronouns of number

Many Few / a few Some One, two

6. Pronouns of Quantity

More Much Little /a little

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Examples

1. Personal pronouns

Nominative case (subject):

1. I have been telling him that it is unfair to do so.

2. We pledge allegiance to the sovereignty of the republic India.

3. You know thyself and you will be the best of best.

4. He who excuses himself accuses himself.

5. She is the former winner of the contest.

6. It has been raining since morning.

7. They have been trying to open the doors for a half an hour. Accusative case (object):

1. Call me when you are free.

2. Lets do it know.

3. I call you back.

4. They installed him the manager of the company.

5. We call her Madam.

6. Learn it well.

7. Bring them here. Determiners (Possessive Adjectives) :

1. Its my new car.

2. That is our college.

3. Its your job.

4. That is his desk.

5. These are her possessions.

6. The little boy pulled its tail.

7. They should know their abilities. Possessive pronouns :

1. This car is mine.

2. These are all ours.

3. This is yours.

4. The flat is his.

5. Those chicks are its.

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6. All the wealth is hers.

7. All that left is theirs. Emphatic pronouns :

1. I myself did it.

2. We ourselves made it.

3. You yourselves can learn it.

4. He himself can do it.

5. She herself admits that.

6. It itself can fetch food.

7. They themselves cheated.

Reflexive pronouns :

1. I cleaned myself at the tap.

2. We helped ourselves to get through from it.

3. You can heal yourself.

4. He taught himself everything soon.

5. She consoled herself.

6. They spoiled themselves for no reason.

[I myself taught him everything. (emphatic pronoun).

I taught myself everything (reflexive pronoun)].

Indefinite pronouns :

1. Somebody helped them to get the information.

2. Someone knocked at the door.

3. Something is wrong.

4. None arrived in time.

5. Nobody wants them.

6. Nothing is perfect.

7. Anyone can win the race.

8. Anybody could learn it.

9. Anything may happen.

10. Another man joined them.

11. Others are not allowed here.

12. The other is fine.

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Distributive pronouns :

1. Everybody knows what it is.

2. Everyone wants to know it.

3. Everything is not yours.

4. Each finds his own way.

5. Either of them wins the race.

6. Neither of them arrived in time.

7. I take neither of them / I take neither.

8. She takes either of them / she takes either.

(Note: The distributive pronouns are in the singular number and take singular verbs).

9. Each of them deserves honour (Each one of them is wrong).

10. Neither of them attended the class.

(Neither refers two persons or things).

11. None of them attended the class.

(None refers more than two persons or things).

Reciprocal pronouns / Compound personal pronouns :

1. The twin brothers helped each other in every respect.

2. The men fought one another for it.

Note : Each other refers to two persons or things.

One another refers to more than two persons or things.

Pronouns of number :

1. Few of the books are good (* Practically no book is good.

Negative meaning).

A few of the books are good (Positive meaning

(* A few books are good). 2. Many of them left the place.

3. One went out and three left behind.

4. Some arrive late.

Pronouns of Quantity:

1. She wants more.

2. I took much of it.

3. I take a little. (Positive meaning.) 4. She found little. (Practically she found nothing.) (Negative meaning.)

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Interrogative Pronouns:

1. Who is the leader of the party?

2. Whose is this book?

3. Whom did you ask for it?

4. Which is the way to the railway station?

5. What have you done so far?

6. What happened there?

7. Who wins the match?

8. Which comes first?

Relative pronouns (who / which / what / whom / whose /that):

1. The man who won the race is a French.

2. This is the lady whom we saw yesterday.

3. The girl who is blind needs help.

4. I saw a man whose eyes were red.

5. I caught a fish which was very big.

6. A book is a garden that is carried in your pocket.

7. It is the truth what he has said.

8. Bring me the book which lie on the table.

9. I have found the book which I had lost.

10. Here is the book which you lent me.

11. He is the manager who inspires everyone in the office.

12. She is the girl whom we appointed for the job.

13. Here is the man whose bravery everyone admires.

14. There goes the bus which we have to catch.

15. It is the point which they ignored.

16. There are a few books which we dont lend you.

17. There are certain things which they dont know.

18. The T.V. which you bought is not functioning well.

19. The person whom you brought is not trust worthy.

20. The horse which is black won the race.

21. John who died last night is their servant.

22. We praise the man who is generous.

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1. To introduce a phrase

e.g.

1. It is decided to go for it

2. It is decided not to go for it.

2. To introduce a clause / sentence

e.g.

1. It is sure that he will be punished for his offence.

2. It is said that she will be acquitted by the court.

3. It is certain that the officer visits the place.

3. Indefinite nominative / impersonal verb

e.g.

1. It often rains here.

2. It is snowing heavily outside.

3. It smells bad.

4. It sounds good.

5. It tastes yummy.

6. It looks nice.

7. It seems OK.

8. It appears calm.

4. To give emphasis to the noun or pronoun that follows

e.g.

1. It was he who made fuss about nothing.

2. It was she who came to his office.

3. It was schwamm who helped them.

Usage of Pseudo Subject It

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5. To indicate time

e.g.

1. It was ten in the morning.

2. It was late in the night.

3. It is 10 O clock now.

4. Its time to start now.

6. To show distance

e.g

1. It was far away from the town.

2. It is not far away from here.

7. In Exclamatory sentences

e.g

1. What a beautiful scenery it is !

2. What a luck it is !

8. To avoid repetition

e.g

1. Let us fight it out.

1. To confess a fault or to express a negative idea:

The sequence of the personal pronouns should be first person, second

person and third person (123).

e.g.

1. I you and she are to be blamed for the mistake.

2. I, you and he are responsible for the loss.

2. To express a positive idea or praise, the sequence of the

personal pronouns should be second person, third person and

first person (231).

e.g.

1. You, she and I will be rewarded for the success of the project.

2. You, she and I will be appreciated for the good work.

Usage of pronouns

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3. Two singular nouns joined by and denoting the same person

or thing takes singular pronoun

e.g.

1. The secretary and treasurer who is careful in his work, takes care

of all financial matters of the company.

4. Two singular nouns joined by and denoting two different

persons or things takes plural pronoun

e.g.

1. The secretary and the treasurer, who are careful in their work,

take care of all financial matters of the company.

5. Two singular nouns joined by and and preceded by each or

every takes singular pronoun

e.g.

1. Each man and each woman steps forward to take his or her role in

the charity.

2. Every boy and every girl participates in the performance to show his

or her talent.

6. Personal pronouns joined by conjunctions must be in the

same case, either in subjective case or in objective case.

e.g.

1. Those are for you, her and me.

(Objective case)

2. You, she and I are going to a movie.

(subjective case)

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7. A Singular noun and a plural noun combined by or, either ,

or, neither nor takes plural form of the pronoun.

e.g.

1. The employer or the employees should observe their decorum in

the company.

2. Either the leader or the followers are to be blamed for their failure

in the mission.

3. Neither the Prime Minister nor the ministers fulfilled their

promise.

8. The singular nouns joined by or, either..or, neither nor

takes singular form of the pronoun.

e.g.

1. A girl or a boy should follow his or her code of conduct.

2. Either a father or a mother should guide his or her children in

their studies.

3. Neither Kiran nor Kalyan keeps his promise.

4. Neither Latha nor Smitha gave her performance.

9. Possessive Pronouns dont take apostrophe

(mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs)

e.g.

1. Yours faithfully

2. Yours sincerely

3. Yours truly

4. Yours lovingly

5. Its a nice car and I like its colour.

(it is) (of it)

10. Personal pronoun used as a complement to the verb to be

is to be in the nominative case (subject) (I, we, you, he, she, it,

they)

e.g.

1. It was he who could operate the machine.

2. It is she who takes care of children here.

3. It was you who could help them in this matter.

4. It was I who managed it well.

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11. A sentence beginning with Let takes a pronoun in the objective

case (accusative case).

(me, us, you, him , her, it, them). e.g.

1. Let him do it on his own.

2. Let her come in.

3. Let them meet me.

4. Let it go now.

5. Let us start immediately.

6. Let you be yourself.

7. Let me explain it.

12. Possessive case of pronoun one is ones but not his / her.

e.g.

1. One should be mindful of ones responsibilities.

2. One should know ones priorities.

3. One must never ignore ones frailities.

4. One should look after ones children.

5. One must be conscious of ones deeds.

6. One should aware of ones mind.

13. Relative pronouns in the objective case are usually omitted (whom, which, that, who) e.g.

1. The pen (which) you gave me is leaky,

2. The idea (that) she gives is supurb.

3. The man (whom) you helped was a soldier.

4. The boy (who) you call an idiot got the first rank. whom

14. Either / Neither refers to two persons or things; None refers to more than two. e.g.

1. Either Leela or Sheela gets the prize.

(Either of them gets the prize)

2. Neither Ram nor Sham does this

(Neither of them does this)

3. None of the girls fails her exam

4. None of the boys does his exam well.

24

15. Each other refers to two persons or things;

One another refers to more than two persons or things.

e.g.

1. The twin sisters vie with each other in all respects.

2. The couple love each other.

3. The boys in the class help one another in their projects.

4. The girls in the class compete with one another.

16. Each

e.g.

1. Each question carries five marks.

2. Each of the questions carries five marks.

3. The questions carry five marks each.

4. I prefer one of each.

5. We each have our own car.

6. Each dawn is a new beginning.

7. The questions each carry five marks.

17. one refers to people in general

Plural of one is ones

e.g.

1. One should not pity oneself.

2. One must strive to do ones best.

3. I dont take stale ones and so he offers me fresh fruit.

4. The mother ape looks after young ones.

10. Gender of Indefinite pronouns and Distributive

pronouns is decided contextually :

e.g.

1. Each of the boys gives his performance in the function.

2. Everyone of the girls shows her talent in the fine arts there.

3. None of the women raised her voice against child marriages

there.

4. Neither of the men won his battle.

5. None of the men showed his valour before him.

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1. A Relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in type and case

and follows immediately after its antecedent.

(type living /non living)

e.g.

1. It is the book which I bought yesterday. ante R.P.

2. This is the girl who helped the old man.

3. He is the man whose purse is lost.

2. The Relative pronouns

Who (nominative case / subjective case),

Whom (accusative case/ objective case),

Whose (the possessive case) are used for persons.

e.g.

1. Amarthya Sen is the economist who won the Noble prize.

2. Those are convicts whom the police arrested.

3. Rao is the businessman whose property was confiscated.

3. Which is used for infants, objects, animals, sentence and selection .

e.g.

1. The baby which is in blue dress is her neice.

2. This is the pet dog which my father presented me.

3. The old man was said to be a liar which was unbelievable

4. Coffee or tea which do you prefer?

4. That is used for persons, inanimate things, animals in the

singular or plural number

e.g.

1. This is the man that I met yesterday.

2. This is the car that my father gave me

3. The dog that bit him died yesterday.

Substitute for a singular noun that already mentioned.

1. Rams progress in marks is better than that of Sham,

(Rams progress in marks is better than Shams)

Relative pronouns

26

Examples : Pronouns

1. There are no secrets between her and me. obj obj 2. There are no issues between you and me. obj obj 3. You, she and I are selected for the project. (231) 4. One should do ones duty honestly, industriously and sincerely. 5. We encourage people like you and him. obj obj 6. I, you and she went wrong with them (123)

7. Only you and I can do this well. Sub sub 8. If we were they, we wouldnt do so. sub sub 9. We enjoyed ourselves at the party. 10. Children, enjoy yourselves during the holidays. 11. Let you and her do it first. obj obj 12. Let them do it first. obj 13. Everyone expressed his or her opinion at the meeting. 14. Everyone of the boys does his project successfully. 15. Each of the girls avails herself of the opportunity to show her talent in fine arts. 16. None of the boys raises his voice there. 17. Neither of the girls tells her opinion. 18. The committee differ in their opinions on the issue. 19. The team, after finishing their shopping at mall, have arrived at the hotel. 20. Her opinion is the same as yours. 21. My priorities are the same as hers. 22. Their problems are the same as ours.

23. Yours views are the same as mine. 24. They were told not to let you and her in. obj obj 25. This is the man who gave the piece of information to me. Noun R.P.

27

1. Nature

e.g.

1. Shamala is beautiful.

2. Latha is intelligent.

3. Rao is an efficient faculty.

4. Murthy is a proficient engineer.

5. Kiran is a good student.

6. Ramaiah is generous and wise.

7. Sarala is elegant.

8. Sobana is attractive, graceful and stylish.

2. Quality

e.g.

1. Eat plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables.

2. Dont eat stale bread.

3. Radha cooks delicious food.

4. Gold is a precious metal.

5. Steel is a hard metal.

6. The roads are wet and slippery.

7. The clothes are fine.

8. The language is figurative.

3. Number

e.g.

1. I bought two books yesterday.

2. She has eaten four chocolates.

3. Vinodh has been working in the company for seven years.

4. The Government allocated twenty crores for the project.

4. Quantity

e.g

1. I bought two kilos of mango last week.

2. He consumes one litre of milk everyday.

3. The temple is twenty miles from here.

4. Bablu has grown almost three inches in the last year.

5. ADJECTIVES QUALIFY NOUNS OR PRONOUNS

28

5. Colour e.g. 1. The sky is blue. 2. The black girl is very intelligent. 3. The girl in the blue dress is the bride. 4. It was a white car. 5. A nightingale is black. 6. The horse is black. 7. The flowers are golden. 8. The grass is reddish.

6. Shape e.g. 1. The earth is spherical. 2. The engineer built a triangular structure. 3. Its a circular motion. 4. The man has a square jaw. 5. The plot is rectangular. 6. It is irregular. 7. The book has rounded corners.

7. size e.g. 1. The machine is gigantic. 2. Its a big elephant. 3. It is infinitesimal. 4. Its a large one. 5. Its a minute insect. 6. Its a tiny baby. 7. She is a tall girl. 8. A small bough fell on the ground.

6. Articles (a / an/ the) (Demonstrative Adjectives) e.g. 1. The boy gave a one-rupee coin to the beggar. 2. We waited for him for an hour. 3. I read the book thrice. 4. Raghava works in a university abroad. 5. John is a European. 6. Rathnaiah is an honest merchant. 7. Peter is a clerk in the office. 8. Everything has a use in the world.

29

1. Attributively

Certain adjectives come before nouns to describe them. Some adjectives only be used attributively.

e.g. 1. The beggar is an old man.

2. Mary is a nice girl.

3. Roy is a rich man.

4. Joe is a mischievous boy.

5. Jane is an imaginative girl.

6. Kamaldas is a great writer.

7. Tagore is a prolific writer.

8. Modi is a famous doctor.

9. Veerappan is a notorious criminal.

10. Rajani is a popular actor.

11. China is a populous country.

12. Neeraja is a wealthy woman.

13. Rayudu is a healthy man.

14. Baburao is a gentle man.

2. Predicatively

Certain adjectives come after verbs such as be, become, get, seem, look, feel, appear, smell and taste. Many adjectives may be either predictive or attributive. Some are only predictive e.g. 1.The beggar man is old.

2. The oldman fell ill.

3. The woman went sick.

4. The girl is ill.

5. I feel sick.

6. The man became rich.

7. I cant afford to get sick.

8. Never be late for work.

9. It seems good.

10. It looks fantastic.

11. It smells delicious.

12. It tastes yummy.

13. You need to think big.

14. I thought right.

15. I went wrong.

ADJECTIVES ARE USED IN TWO WAYS

30

FORMS OF ADJECTIVES Regular :

Positive Comparative

(r/er)

Superlative

(est)

Wise Wiser Wisest

Tall Taller Tallest

Small Smaller Smallest

Few Fewer Fewest

Able Abler Ablest

Noble Nobler Noblest

Young Younger Youngest

Fine Finer Finest

Heavy Heavier Heaviest

Large Larger Largest

Easy Easier Easiest

2. Irregular

Good Better Best

Bad / evil / ill Worse Worst

Little Less / lesser Least

Much / many More Most

Late Later Latest

Old Older / elder Oldest / eldest

Far Farther Farthest

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3. Adjectives with more than two syllables

More most

Beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful

Intelligent More intelligent Most intelligent

Difficult More difficult Most difficult

Industrious More industrious Most industrious

Courageous More courageous Most courageous

Careful More careful Most careful

Advantageous More advantageous Most advantageous

Mysterious More mysterious Most mysterious

Ingenious More ingenious Most ingenious

Imaginative More imaginative Most imaginative

Creative More creative Most creative

32

1. No other + singular noun as as e.g. No other boy in the class is as good as Sravan.

Adjective + er than any other + singular noun e.g. Sravan is better than any other boy in the class.

The + adjective + st + singular noun e.g. Sravan is the best boy in the class.

2. Very few + plural noun as as e.g. Very few boys in the class room are as good as Sravan.

Adjective + er than Many other + plural noun e.g. Sravan is better than many other boys in the class.

One of the + adjective + st + plural noun e.g. Sravan is one of the best boys in the class.

3. Some + plural noun atleast as .. as

e.g. Some boys in the class are atleast as good as Sravn.

Not + Adjective + er than Any other + singular noun e.g. Sravan is not better than any other boy in the class.

Not + the adjective + st + singular noun e.g. Sravan is not the best boy in the class.

4.A .. not so .. as B e.g. Ravan is not so good as Sravan.

B Adjective + er than A e.g. Sravan is better than Ravan.

--------------------------

DEGREES OF COMPARISON

Positive Comparative Superlative

The simple form of an adjective refers to the mere existence of a particular quality

The higher degree of the quality than the positive is used to compare two things

The highest degree of the quality and the comparison involves more than two things

33

1. Comparing two objects, persons and places

(No superlative degree)

e.g

1. Sarala is better than Vimala.

Vimala is not so good as Sarala.

2. Sarath is more imaginative than Kamal.

Kamal is not so imaginative as Sarath.

3. Ramaiah is wiser than Gopanna.

Gopanna is not so wise as Ramaiah.

2. Comparing two qualities of the same person or thing

(the comparative form takes more instead of r/er)

e.g.

1. Mohan is more brave than prudent.

(not braver)

2. Rao is more wise than intelligent.

(not wiser)

3. Ravi is more kind than timid to kill the snake.

(not kinder)

USAGE OF ADJECTIVES & DEGREES OF COMPARISON

34

3. Selection of one of the two persons or things of the same kind

(the comparative form is preceded by the)

e.g.

1. Of the two horses the black is the stronger. (The black horse is the

stronger of the two.)

2. Cello is the better of the two pens.

3. Shanti is the wiser of the two women.

4. Alto is the cheaper of the two cars.

4. In comparative degree any /many followed by other

e.g.

1. Gold is more precious than any other metal.

2. China is more populous than any other country in the world.

3. Akbar was wiser than many other kings in India.

4. Ashoka is more powerful than many other kings in India.

5. Only positive form for certain words ended in r

(Usually before noun)

1. She must have some ulterior motive for being extra nice to

him.

2. They didnt white-washed the interior walls.

3. They white-washed the exterior walls of the house.

4. We have encountered major problems.

5. There may be minor changes to the schedule.

6. Certain objectives in Comparative degree are followed by

to but not than

e.g.

1. Uma is superior to Usha.

2. He is senior to me.

3. Kamal is junior to Vimal.

4. These are inferior to those.

5. The old man finds country life preferable to city life.

6. Coffee is preferable to tea.

( I prefer coffee to tea.)

35

7. Certain adjectives have only positive forms

(The highest degree of the quality is implied in them )

e.g

Perfect final last excellent outstanding superb marvellous exceptional entire complete eternal universal round

square triangular unique empty circular chief

8. Certain adjectives are used only in the positive and

superlative form

e.g

Positive - Superlative Top - Topmost Northern - Northernmost Southern - Southernmost Eastern - Easternmost Western - Westernmost

9. Certain adverbs are used before the comparative forms to

emphasise

e.g.

1. Raj is far better than his brother.

2. The questions are much easier than they used to be.

3. They are less happier than they used to be.

10. Adjectives joined by conjunction must be in the same

degree of comparison

e.g.

1. Neeraja is the most intelligent and most industrious girl in the

class.

2. Neeraja is intelligent and industrious.

3. Neeraja is more intelligent and more industrious than any

other girl in

the class.

36

11. Certain adjectives preceded by the become nouns

e.g.

1. The rich are blessed to help the poor.

2. The meek are builled by the strong.

3. The youth should be properly guided by the aged.

4. The dead are memories of the living.

5. It is a school for the blind.

6. The man was always at the needy.

7. The wicked are punished by the god.

12. The adjective preferable is used as a comparative and

followed by to but not than. It is not preceded by more

e.g

1. These are preferable to those.

2. The country life is preferable to the city life.

3. Vegetables are preferable to meat.

4. Coffee is preferable to tea.

13. Few / a few (few negative meaning) A few positive meaning

(used with plural nouns) e.g 1. There are few books on the subject in the library. (So we have to buy books) 2. There are a few books on the subject in the library. ( So we can make use of them)

14. Little (negative meaning ) A little (positive meaning) (used with uncountable nouns)

e.g. 1. There is a little water in the pot. ( So you can drink the water) 2. There is little water in the pot. (So you cannot drink the water)

DETERMINERS / MODIFIERS / ADJECTIVES

37

15. Less / Fewer

Few fewer fewest (Countable )

Little less / lesser least (uncountable)

e.g .

1. There is less water in the pool than it used to be.

2. There are fewer books in the library than they used to be.

3. They consume less food than they used to be.

4. There are fewer varieties in the plaza than they used to be.

16. Many & a few used with countable nouns

Much & less used with uncountable nouns

e.g

1. Many students attended the class.

2. A few students attended the class.

3. Renu takes much water.

4. Raghu takes less water.

38

18. Negation (negative meaning)

Hard hardly (almost not)

e.g.

1. It is hard to believe that he is dead.

2. She had a hard life.

3. I can hardly wait for it.

4. It was raining hard outside (positive meaning).

5. It was hardly raining outside (negative meaning).

6. He works hard (positive meaning).

7. He works hardly (negative meaning).

Scarcely / Barely / hardly / seldom / rarely (negative

meaning)

e.g

1. Details of the accident are scarce.

2. I can scarce rember him.

3. I can scarcely rember him.

4. He was barely audible.

5. she was barely able to stand.

6. Seldom had he seen such beauty.

7. She is rarely seen in public now-a-days.

17. DETERMINERS / MODIFIERS / ADJECTIVES

very (Adv, adj) means a high degree of adjective

Too means undesirable or impossibility

Enough means sufficiency or possibility

e.g. 1. Anitha is very intelligent. Adv 2. I was born the very day. Adj 3. The very thought of it frightens me. Adj

e.g. 1. Amitha is too young to understand it.

2. Vinutha is too bold to speak like that.

3. The woman is too fat to walk fast.

e.g.

1. Sravya has enough money to study aboard.

2. Sravya has money enough to study aboard.

Too + adj + to + V1 Enough + noun + to + V1 Noun + enough + to + V1

39

19. Adjectives after certain verbs Be | become | fall | fell | look | seem | appear | smell | taste | get

e.g. 1. She often falls ill. 2. She is rich. 3. she become impatient. 4. I feel sick. 5. I got late for the work. 6. It tastes good. 7. It seems bad. 8. He looks smart. 9. It smells delicious.

20. Compound adjectives Nouns are hyphenated and used as adjectives e.g 1. Its a seven year programme. Adj noun 2. Its a three hundred year - old building. 3. Its a two-hour session. 4. Vinobha could influence a work-a-day world. 5. Its a three-mile-long distance. 6. Nehru was born in a well-to-do family. 7. He was brought up in a well-off family.

21. Nouns as Adjectives e.g 1. They are art students. Adj 2. Its a science lab. Adj 3. Its a language study. Adj 4. Murthy is our Economics teacher. Adj

22. Numbers Cardinal Ordinal One First Two Second Thirty one Thirty first

e.g. 1. The first day of the seminar is the ice-breaking session. 2. Day one of the seminar is the ice-breaking session.

40

23. Farther more distant in space

Far farther farthest

further furthest

e.g

1. I have to travel further / farther to work now.

2. She lives at the farther end of the street.

e.g.

1. Lets consider this point further.

2. Are there any further questions?

3. For further details contact us in person.

24.

Many / a good many / a great many + plural noun + plural verb

e.g.

1. A great many people have assembled there.

2. Many students have attended the programme.

3. A good many books are donated to the library.

4. Many courses are offered in the college.

5. A good many students get distinction in the class.

6. A good many labourers earn good wages in the factory.

Many + a +singular noun +singular verb

e.g

1. Many a student attends the programme.

2. Many a friend has congratulated me on my success.

3. Many a course is offered in the college.

4. Many a student gets distinction in the class.

5. Many a labourer earns good wages in the factory.

Further additional, more

Far - further furthest

41

ADJECTIVES Examples

1. Sheela is more wise than intelligent.

2. Kumar is more brave than prudent.

3. Our garden is smaller than yours.

4. The cost of Alto is lesser than that of Zen.

5. Many a friend attends the marriage function.

6. A little salt is enough for the soup.

7. A little water is added to the curry.

8. Thats very fine.

9. The horse is much older than this horse.

10. A little is always better than little.

11. A little learning is dangerous.

12. You have to meet the clerk concerned in the University.

13. Honour is dearer than life.

14. Keerthi is the cleverer of the two girls.

15. These are the lines worth-quoting here.

16. Kerala is a place worth-seeing.

17. A little talk would have saved the situation.

18. He is senior to me by three years.

19. Samatha is my elder sister.

20. My sister is elder to me by three years.

21. Kavitha is the elder of my two sisters.

22. She is the eldest in the family.

23. Parvathi is the oldest girl in the class.

24. Both of my sisters are engineers.

25. Both of my friends sisters are doctors.

26. The last two chapters of the book are easy.

27. The first three chapters of the book are lengthy.

28. The flower smells delicious.

29. The sun looks delicious.

30. Death is preferable to disgrace.

42

Verbs Types e.g. Do/does Did Done Doing Have /has Had Had Having Am / is /here Was

/were Been Being

Go Went Gone Going Tell Told Told Telling Take Took Taken Taking Come Came Come Coming Sit Sat Sat Sitting Read Read Read Reading Beat Beat Beaten Beating Call Called Called Calling Phone Phoned Phoned Phoning Miss Missed Missed Missing Look Looked Looked Looking

Modal verbs Will would Shall should Can could May might

Has to/ Have to had to Must

Going to Ought to Used to Need to Dare to

6.VERB TENSES

e.g 1. I did not meet him yesterday. A.V main 2. I do not want to meet him. A.V main 3. I am writing a book. A.V main 4. I have been waiting for you for two hours. A.V A.V main 5. It is being done now. A.V A.V main 6. I will have been studying there next year. Modal A.V A.V main 7. She might have been working there if she had been appointed. Modal A.V A.V main 8. I had had my lunch before I went to the party. A.V main main 9. I have had my dinner just now. A.V main

A.V Auxilary verb

Am/is was/ been being are were

Have / had had having Has

Main verbs Helping verbs

Present form (V1)

Past form (V2)

Past participle (V3)

Present participle form

(Ving)

Auxiliary verbs

do forms be forms have forms

Do/does did done doing

43

1. State am/is/are Was/were been (being) be

e.g. 1. He is a mason in a small town. 2. They are all our earstwhile students. 3. The old man was a brave solider once. 4. They were sleeping then. 5. I am watching news on T.V now. 6. We have been to Hyderabad. 7. I will be there in a few minutes.

2. Possession Have/Has Had Had (Having)

e.g. 1. He has a good sense of humor. 2. They have lot of patience to serve the public. 3. I had it once. 4. You will have a nice cup of tea in no time. 5. They had a lot of fun in the party. 6. They have had a big house. 7. They had had a shack to live.

3. Action e.g. 1. Sarala sings melodiously. 2. We work together. 3. I look after my parents. 4. I want to meet him. 5. I learn English soon. 6. She wakes up early in the morning. 7. I call him now. 8. I await you.

4. Modal e.g. 1. Sarala can sing melodiously. 2. We should work together. 3. I ought to look after my parents. 4. I have to meet him. 5. I must learn English soon. 6. She has to wake up early in the morning. 7. I will call him later. 8. I could wait for you.

VERB FUNCTION

44

Intransitive verbs do not take objects e.g. 1. The bird flies high in the sky. 2. The show lasted one and a half hours. 3. The child sleeps well. 4. It rains heavily here. 5. The girl walks elegantly. 6. She smiles sweetly /faintly / broadly. 7. It smells delicious. 8. It looks good. 9. I slept well. 10. He runs fast. 11. It costs twenty rupees. 12. It weighs a ton. 13. She weighs sixty kilos. 14. She laughs loudly. 15. She talks a lot. 16. They cried bitterly. 17. The cat jumped into the well. 18. He suffers from asthama. 19. We went there.

Transitive verbs take objects e.g 1. Children fly kites high in the sky. obj 2. He looks after his parents. Obj 3. He ran a school. Obj 4. She weighed the stone in her hand. Obj 5. She speaks English. Obj 6. They gave it to me. Obj obj 7. They gave me a pen. Obj obj 8. His father presented him a bike. Obj obj 9. Everyone liked him. Obj 10. None invited her. Obj 11. All respected him. Obj 12. The people honoured her. Obj 13. We congratulated him on his success. Obj

14. The boy kicked the ball very fast Obj 15. They met the Principal. obj 16. They deceived the farmer. Obj 17. We took coffee. Obj 18. We did it. Obj

Transitive & Intransitive verb

45

1. Active voice e.g. 1.I watch English news on T.V. everyday. 2. The Prime Minister visited Tirumala yesterday. 3. They will do it tomorrow. 4. Mother is cooking food now. 5. Children were playing games then. 6. She has done it well. 7. We have invited them to the party. 8. They had sold the house earlier. 9. I will have done it by this time tomorrow. 10. We must do it now. 11. You have to finish the work now. 12. I had to take it then. 13. You could do it. 14. We should serve them. 15. We ought to look after our parents. 16. They are going to build a dam on the river. 17. They may win the match. 18. I might do it. 19. Open the door. 20. Lets do it now.

2. Passive voice e.g 1. English news on TV is watched everyday by me. 2. Tirumala was visited yesterday by the Prime Minister. 3. It will be done tomorrow by them. 4. Food is being cooked now by mother. 5.Games were being played then by children. 6. It has been done well by her. 7. They have been invited to the party to us. 8. The house had been sold earlier by them. 9. It will have been done by this time tomorrow by me. 10. It must be done now by us. 11. The work has to be finished now by you. 12. It had to be taken then by me. 13. It could be done by you. 14. They should be served by us. 15. Our parents ought to be looked after by us. 16. A dam on the river is going to be built by them. 17. The match may be won by them. 18. It might be done by me. 19. Let the door be opened. 20. Let it be done now by us.

46

Active voice Passive voice

I watch news on TV every day. News on TV is watched everyday by me.

I watched news on TV yesterday. News on TV was watched yesterday by me.

I will watch news on TV tomorrow. News on TV will be watched tomorrow by me.

I am watching news on TV now. News on TV is being watched now by me.

I am watching news on TV then. News on TV was being watched then by me.

I will be watching news on TV tomorrow

evening.

-----

I have watched news on TV just now. News on TV has been watched just now by

me.

I had watched news on TV earlier. News on TV had been watched earlier by me.

I will have watched news on TV by this time

tomorrow.

News on TV will have watched by this time.

tomorrow by me.

I have been watching news on TV for a half

an hour.

-----

I had been watching news on TV during 9 pm

to 10 pm yesterday.

-----

I will have been watching news on TV during

9 pm to 10 pm tomorrow.

-----

Active voice Passive voice

We learn a few words everyday. A few words are learnt everyday by us.

We learned a few words yesterday. A few words were learnt yesterday by us.

We will learn a few words tomorrow. A few words will be learnt tomorrow by us.

We are learning a few words now. A few words are being learnt now by us.

We were learning a few words then. A few words were being learnt then by us.

We will be learning a few words tomorrow in

the class.

-----

We have learnt a few words just now. A few words have been learnt just now by us.

We had learnt a few words earlier. A few words had been learnt earlier by us.

We will have learnt a few words by this time

tomorrow.

A few words will have been learnt by this time

tomorrow.

1.

2.

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We have been learning a few words a day for

two years.

-----

We had been learning a few words a day

during holidays.

-----

We will have been learning a few words a day

during next holidays.

-----

Active voice Passive voice

Close the door. Let the door be closed.

Lets congratulate him on his success. Let he be congratulated on his success by us.

Bid all your friends farewell. Let all your friends be bidden farewell by you.

Lets bid all our teachers good morning. Let all our teachers be bidden good morning by us.

Lets respect all our elders. Let all our elders be respected by us.

Love one another. Let one another be loved by us.

Learn a few words everyday. Let a few words be learnt everyday by you.

Never postpone it. Let it not be postponed by you.

Never miss an opportunity. Let an opportunity not be missed.

Dont waste your time. Let your time not be wasted.

3.

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1. Simple present tense Habitual actions

Universal truths

sayings narrations exclamatory sentences

planned future actions

conditional tense

commentary scheduled programmes

News headlines

e.g

1. I get up early in the morning.

2. I go for a walk everyday at 5O clock.

3. I bathe twice a day.

4. I breathe fresh air in the twilight.

5. Fortune favours the brave.

6. The show begins at 9 O clock.

7. Our college resumes in June.

8. A thing of beauty is a joy for ever.

9. I shall wait till you come.

10. Wait here until 5 O clock.

11. If you want it, you will get it.

12. The last flight is at 9.00 in the evening.

13. The first train is at 5.00 in the morning.

14. The boy goes to church every Sunday.

2.Only in simple tenses not in progressive tenses :

Verb of perception appearance emotion thinking possession.

e.g

1. I see you.

2. I hear a knock at the door.

3. It smells fragrant.

4. I notice it.

5. Do you recognize the tune?

6. Do you recognize me ?

7. He appears a perfectly normal person.

8. She regularly appears on T.V.

9. She looks pale/ happy / tired.

See hear smell notice recognize appear look want wish desire feel like love hate refuse prefer think suppose believe agree consider forget know understand imagine mean mind have belong to contain consist of be care admire recall Seem Hope Trust Own Keep Sound Remember Possess Cost locate Notice

Uses of tenses

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15. We leave Tirupati at 6.30 pm next Monday and arrive in

Hyderabad at 8.00 pm on Tuesday

16. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush

17. Birds of a feather flock together.

18. We sit basking in the warm sunshine in winter

19. There she goes !

20. Here comes the bus!

21. Duty has no sweet hearts.

22. Easy come, easy go.

23. Where there is smoke, there is fire.

24. Where there is will, there is a way.

25. Knowledge is Devine.

26. Ignorance is bliss.

27. Happiness is the essence of life.

28. Culture and violence are incompatible.

29. Patience is a virtue.

30. Arrogance is a vice.

31. Actions speak louder than words.

32. Never preach, never teach; ever live, forever learn.

33. Procrastination is the thief of time.

34. Time and tide waits for none.

35. Life is not all about fiesta and siesta.

10. That book looks interesting.

11. He seems a nice man.

12. You seem happy.

13. I seem to have left my book at home.

14. It seems only reasonable to ask students to buy a dictionary.

15. His explanation sounds reasonable to me.

16. I hope I dont sound as if I am criticizing you.

17. She sounds just the person we need for the job.

18. I prefer coffee to tea.

19. I love my parents.

20. I like fresh fruit.

21. I want a few books to read.

22. I have two siblings.

23. Do you believe in God?

24. I dont believe a word of it.

25. They believe in the leader.

26. My watch keeps good time.

27. Keep smiling.

28. I agree with her analysis of the situation.

29. I couldnt agree more (I completely agree).

30. He agrees their proposal.

31. She owns a car.

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36. Life is all about choices we make.

37. Dare to dream, care to do.

38. Tit for tat.

39. Virtue is knowledge.

32. He doesnt posses a sense of humor.

33. She cares deeply about environmental issues.

34. True education doesnt consist in simply being taught facts.

35. My diet consists largely of vegetables.

36. The drink doesnt contain any alcohol.

37. Do you rember me?

38. I feel sorry for him.

39. Consider other people before you act.

40. He considers himself an expert on the subject.

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3. Present continuous tense 1. Actions that are in progress at the time of speaking 2. Actions that have been arranged in the near future 3. Temporary actions 4. Obstinate habits

e.g. 1. The children are playing games now. 2. I am learning typing. 3. We are going out tonight. 4. You are continually disturbing me. 5. You are always wasting money. 6. You are constantly watching T.V. 7. It is raining now. 8. I am studying now. 9. We are watching movie now. 10. The government is trying to solve the problem of waste disposal. 11. My father is watering the plants now. 12. He is writing a book now. 13. They were waiting for me. 14. They were awaiting me. 15. He is trying to get a job in a bank. 16. She is learning English now. 17. She is suffering from a fever. 18. They are constructing a building.

4. Present perfect continuous Tense 1. Actions that began at some time in the past and are still continuing.

e.g. 1. The children have been playing games since 5O clock. 2. She has been typing for an hour. 3. We have been eating outside for a month. 4. You have been disturbing me since you came here. 5. They have been wasting their time since after noon. 6. You have been watching movies since 10O clock. 7. It has been raining for two hours. 8. I have been studying since morning. 9. We have been watching a movie for an hour. 10. The government has been trying to solve the problem of

waste disposal since last year. 11. My father has been watering the garden for a half an hour. 12. He has been writing a book for two months. 13. They have been waiting for me since last week. 14. They have been awaiting me since last week. 15. He has been trying to get a job in a bank for a few months. 16. She has been learning English since last month. 17. She has been suffering from fever for a week. 18. They have been constructing a building since last year.

Usage of Tenses

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5. Present perfect tense 1. Actions that have just been completed (immediate past)

2.Past actions that are continuing to the present

3. Past actions without definite time

4. Past actions with their effect in the present

e.g 1. The postman has come just now. 2. I have lived in Tirupati for five years (still I am living in Tirupati). 3. I have seen him before. 4. We have been here since last year. 5. What have you learnt so far? 6. Have you ever met him? 7. I have never seen him before. 8. I have already done it. 9. I havent yet received the letter. 10. We have moved to a new city lately. 11. We have bought a new car recently. 12. She has just gone out. 13. Have you ever been to America? 14. I have never been to America. 15. He hasnt returned till now.

6. Simple Past Tense 1. Actions that are completed in the past with definite time

2.Past habits

e.g 1. The postman came in the morning. 2. I lived in Tirupati for five years (once I lived in Tirupati for

five years and left the place). 3. I saw him in a party last year. 4. We came here last year. 5. What did you learn in the last class? 6. I met him last month. 7. I saw him a month ago. 8. I did it last week. 9. He received the letter yesterday. 10. We moved to a new city last Sunday. 11. We bought a new car last evening. 12. She went out at 10 O clock. 13. We went to America in 2010. 14. I left America last year. 15. He returned a week ago. 16. I used to go for a jog in my childhood.

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7. Past continuous tense 1. Actions that were in progress at a point of time in the past

e.g 1. I was sleeping then. 2. We were having our breakfast at 8.00 am. 3. My grandfather was reading the newspaper at 6 am this

morning. 4. She was watching news on TV at that time. 5. While the boys were cleaning the garden, the girls were

watering the plants. 6. We were playing all evening. 7. The lights went out while we were having supper. 8. When I saw the two boys, they were fighting each other. 9. The three girls were always fighting one another in the class. 10. They were cutting trees when the police arrived there. 11. There was a knock at the door while we were sleeping. 12. When we woke up, somebody was tapping at the door. 13. There was a power outage while we were doing our exam. 14. While the girls were reading, the boys were playing. 15. When his father saw the boy, he was playing cricket in the

sun.

8. Past perfect tense 1. To emphasize the sequence of the two actions in the past, earlier action in past perfect and later action in simple past

e.g 1. When the children reached school, the bell had already rung. 2. Before we reached there, they had left the place. 3. I recognized her since I had met her earlier. 4. After the thieves had run away, the police arrived there. 5. When we went there, the show had already begun. 6. When I reached the station, the train had already left. 7. We had received the letter before they arrived. 8. He met the doctor as he had suffered from a cold. 9. The old man bought a new car as he had lost the old one. 10. They sold out their house since they had needed money.

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9. Past perfect continuous tense Actions that began before a certain point in the past and continued upto that time

e.g. 1. We had been visiting places during last summer. 2. They had been taking English classes there for two months at that

time. 3. When I joined the company, my friend had been working there

for three years. 4. When the illness was diagnosed as cancer she had been suffering

from a persistent cough for a week. 5. She had been writing a book for two months at that time. 6. I had been living there very long when she met me. 7. My hands were dirty because I had been gardening. 8. Her clothes were wet as she had been watering plants.

10. Future perfect continuous tense Actions which will be in progress over a period of time that will end in the future

e.g. 1. We will have been staying abroad during next summer. 2. I will have been living here for three years in December. 3. She will have been working here for a year in June. 4. I will have been studying here for two years in April. 5. We will have been running our college for ten years in July. 6. They will have been constructing the dam for five years in

January. 7. They will have been shooting the movie for the two years in

March. 8. They will have been laying the road for a year in February. 9. They will have been renovating the palace for two years in

August. 10. They will have been telecasting the programme for a year in

October.

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11. Simple Future Tense

1. a) Actions that may happen in Future b) Actions that we think or believe will happen in the future c) Actions that we decide to do at the time of speaking.

e.g. 1. I shall see you tomorrow. 2. We shall win the match. 3. We will do our exams well. 4. Im sure Ill get a good job. 5. I think he will get a good rank. 6. I believe he will do it well. 7. Itll probably be O.K. 8. I expect well get a call now. 9. It is getting dark, I will make a move. 10. It is raining heavily, I will wait here some time. 11. I dont think we will be in time.

2. Actions we have decided to do before talking about them e.g 1. I am going to buy a car. 2. I am going to meet the Principal. 3. I am going to see the doctor. 4. I am going to resign the job.

3. Actions that seem likely or certain

e.g 1. It is going to rain heavily. 2. The ship is going to sink. 3. The tree is going to fall.

4. Actions that are on the point of happening e.g 1. The train is going to leave. 2. The flight is going to take off. 5. Be about to + V1

e.g 1.The train is about to leave. 2. We are about to make a move. 3. The flight is about to take off.

6. Official programmes & Timetables 1. The college resumes in July. 2. The train leaves at 6.00 in the evening.

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7. The simple present is used for future time in clauses

e.g. 1. If you work hard, you will succeed in your life. 2. Unless you work hard, you won't succeed in your life. 3.I take a glass of milk before I go to bed. 4. Wait here till I come. 5. When I meet him, I will give it to him. 6. As soon as I finish my work I go home. 7. By the time I finish my work, it will be six in the evening. 8. I await you until it strikes six.

8. Planned future actions (personal)

e.g. 1. He is arriving this evening. 2. I am going to Bombay next week. 3. We are going to a movie tonight.

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12. Future Continuous 1. Actions that will be in progress at a time in the future. 2. Planned actions that are expected to happen in the normal course of things.

e.g 1. I will be going to Hyderabad this time tomorrow. 2. We will be playing cricket at 5O clock this evening. 3. I will be watching news on TV at 9O clock tonight. 4. We will be staying here till Saturday. 5. We will be meeting him next week. 6. They will be arriving soon. 3. Official plans and arrangements (be + to +V1 )

e.g 1. The President of America is to visit India next month. 2. The meeting is to discuss Fund raising for the party. 3. The Chief Minister is to inaugurate the dam next week. 4. The Prime Minister is to hoist the flag tomorrow. 5. The Mayor is to inaugurate the theatre on Saturday. 6. The party is to announce its leader tomorrow .

13. Future perfect 1. Actions that will be completed by a certain future time.

e.g. 1. I will have finished my project by the end of this month. 2. I shall have done my exam by then. 3. The train will have left before you reach the station. 4. I will have lived here for five years by the end of this month. 5. We will have done our exam by this time tomorrow. 6. When you arrive at the airport, the flight will have taken off. 7. They will have gone out by that time. 8. We will have started a new project by Monday. 9. They will have bought a new car by the end of this year. 10. We will have got results by the end of this month.

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TENSES ADVERBS Present simple: V1

1. I read the Hindu everyday .

2. We go to college regularly.

3. They wake up early in the morning.

4. We go to bed early.

5. I take bath twice a day.

6. I wash my hair every other day.

7. I go to temple on Saturdays.

8. We visit our relatives often.

9. I seldom take coffee.

10. We always go to college on foot.

11. They never quarrel each other.

12. My mother and I go to the market now and then.

13. We watch news on T.V.

14. The villagers listen to radio at night.

15. The students play in the evening.

16. I take raw vegetables for my breakfast.

17. My parents are always kind to me.

18. The students do their homework sincerely.

19. The children speak English fluently.

20. You are always good to me.

21. You like it very much.

22. We have many friends here.

23. You dont like him.

24. I dont do that.

25. I dont have enough money to buy it.

26. They dont work hard.

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27. The students dont waste their time.

28. The city dwellers dont talk to the strangers.

29. I amnt ready to do that.

30. My friends dont have enough courage to face him.

31. The poor dont expect it.

32. The rich dont like to spend much.

Present simple: V1+s/es /ies (Third person singular -- He/ she/ It)

1. Saranya likes flowers very much.

2. My mother goes to temple everyday.

3. My father goes for a jog everyday.

4. My brother talks a lot.

5. My sister sings devotional songs melodiously.

6. Srikanth runs very fast.

7. Sarika works very hard

8. The businessman spends a lot of money.

9. The old man has a big house in Hyderabad.

10. The women is always busy in her household work.

11. The college has a good reputation.

12. The boy often quarrels with his friends.

13. The girl bites her nails.

14. The lady takes medicines regularly

15. Sarala washes her hair every other day.

16. Srinidhi Writes English legibly.

17. Swathi buys many books.

18. Naren talks softly.

19. Latha usually goes to college on foot.

20. The sun rises in the east.

21. It rains heavily here.

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22. The bird flies high in the sky.

23. My uncle cracks many jokes.

24. The family celebrates Christmas on grand scale.

25. Sravya doesnt eat chocolates.

26. Nirmala doesnt have a car.

27. Neither Ravi nor Vinay comes today.

28. Either Sasi or Vamsi gets the first rank.

29. Either of them wins the medal.

30. Neither of them works hard.

31. The young man along with his wife attends the function.

32. One of them gets the prize.

33. None of them gets the prize.

34. Suma isnt interested in the job.

35. Kriti seldom does it.

Past simple: V2 (a definite time in the past)

1. Ramesh went to Hyderabad yesterday.

2. Ramya passed her M.A. in 2009.

3. The family bought a new house last year.

4. The students did their exams well last week.

5. The President made a speech on the Independence Day.

6. I met him a few years ago.

7. The young man went abroad two years ago.

8. We got independence in 1947.

9. The Gitanjali won Tagore the Noble prize in 1913.

10. Smitha phoned him on Saturday.

11. Rohini celebrated her forty - first birthday on last Friday.

12. The old man died a few minutes ago.

13. Priya had a severe cold last night.

14. Rupa went to her native town in the morning.

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15. The government sanctioned loans to the poor peasants on 10th December.

16. The committee members elected the President in the last meeting.

17. Nalini sang a devotional song in the temple on Sivarathri Festival.

18. The family was away from the town last night.

19. Rajani didnt attend the class yesterday.

20. Namratha didnt do her homework yesterday.

21. Sowmya didnt talk to her friends in the party.

22. Ramarao didnt go to office on Saturday.

23. Revathi didnt come to the first hour class.

24. Anitha didnt celebrate her last birthday.

25. Janaki didnt take medicine last night.

26. I didnt go out last evening.

27. The family didnt have dinner in the party.

28. Sarala didnt invite Kala to the function.

29. We didnt see the shop two days ago.

30. They werent interested in the meeting.

31. Kriti didnt phone her parents the day before yesterday.

32. They didnt win the game.

Future simple: Shall /will + V1

1. I shall meet you tomorrow.

2. We shall visit the place next month.

3. Sravya will get a good rank.

4. The Principal will announce the results next week.

5. Kamilini will sign a new project on Saturday.

6. Priya will win a prize in the competitions.

7. Vanitha will see you tomorrow.

8. Rohith will try for it again.

9. Priya will go abroad next year.

10. Lasya will join the company next month.

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11. Vamshi will take loan from the bank to start his business.

12. Gokul will talk to the Principal tomorrow.

13. Mounika will attend the function.

14. Ramarao will start his business next month.

15. Kalpana will have good fortune this year.

16. Santhi will do her exams well.

17. Kalpana will buy a new car next month.

18. Naresh will take up a new job.

19. Rudra will organize a new propgramme in January.

20. I shant do that.

21. Dileep wont come here tomorrow.

22. The company wont take up the project.

23. Sruthi wont come here tomorrow.

24. The government wont sanction loans to the farmers next year.

25. They wont attend the party on Saturday.

26. Nalini won't go abroad next month.

27. Swaroop wont give you any money

28. Kala wont take up the project.

29. Anil wont do that again.

30. Kalyan wont sit the exam tomorrow.

31. Revathi wont buy the house.

32. The members wont support him again.

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1. Adverb modifies Action e.g. 1. The horse runs fast. Action adv 2. The faculty teaches us English effectively. Action adv

2. Adverb modifies adjective e.g 1. The horse is very strong. Adv adj 2. The faculty is highly educated. Adv adj

3. Adverb modifies another adverb e.g 1. The horse galloped home very quickly. Verb adv adv 2. The faculty teaches us English very effectively. Verb adv adv

1. Adverb of manner (How?) e.g. 1. Sarala speaks English fluently. Verb adv 2. Latha walks elegantly. Verb adv 3.The warrior fights ferociously. Verb adv

2. Adverb of place (where?) e.g. 1. The women went out.