kvn& AveŸvm

(1587-1629 wLªt)

‡Kej mvdvwf es‡ki g‡a¨B bq, mgMÖ cvi‡m¨i BwZnv‡m kvn& AveŸvm wQ‡jb

wbtm‡›`‡n GKRb †kªô bicwZ| wZwb 1571 wLª÷v‡ã Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib Ges gvÎ 16 ermi

eq‡m mvdvwf wmsnvm‡b Dc‡ekb K‡ib| Zvi wcZv kvn& gyn¤§` Ly`vev›`vi kvmb

Avg‡jB we‡`ªvnx wKwRjevm †bZvMY evjK AveŸvm‡K †Lvivmv‡bi kvn& ewjqv †NvlYv

K‡iwQj| c‡i 1587 wLª÷v‡ã Zvi wcZv‡K civwRZ I ¶gZvPy¨Z K‡i we‡`ªvnxMY AveŸvm‡K

cvi‡m¨i mvdvwf wmsnvm‡b AwawôZ K‡i| d‡j kvn& AveŸvm Zvi ivR‡Z¡i cÖ_g w`‡K

wKwRjevm †MvÎcwZ‡`i nv‡Zi cyZz‡j cwiYZ n‡q c‡ob| G‡`i g‡a¨ Zvi cÖavb DwRi

gykx©` Kzwj Lv‡bi bvg we‡klfv‡e D‡jL‡hvM¨| wKš‘ gykx©` Kzwj Lv‡bi †bZ…

‡Z¡ wKwRjevm‡`i evovevwo GK ch©v‡q GZ Zxeª AvKvi aviY K‡i †h, kvn& AveŸvm

Ae‡k‡l G‡`i wei“‡× K‡Vvi e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡jb| ‡mbvevwnbx ms¯‹vi I ¸jvg-

evwnbx MVb

kvn& AveŸvm KZ…©K †mbvevwnbx ms¯‹vi Zvi K…wZ‡Z¡i Ab¨Zg cÖavb

NUbv| G mO¯‹v‡ii g‡a¨‡g GKvav‡i mvdvwf es‡ki kw³ e„w× cvq Ges Ab¨w`‡K wZwb

wKwRjevm‡`i Aïf cÖfve n‡Z gyw³jvf Ki‡Z mg_© nb| BwZc~‡e© mvfvwf mvgªv‡R¨i

†mbvevwnbx cÖavbZb wKwRjev‡mi mgš^‡q msMwVZ wQj Ges wKwRjevm `jcwZ I

†mbvcwZM‡Yi n‡¯—B Awc©Z wQj mvgwiK kw³i gyj Drm| KviY, c~e© cÖPwjZ cÖ_v

Abyhvqx mvdvwf mvgªvR¨ wKwRjevm `jcwZ‡`i g‡a¨B wef³ wQj| G mg¯— `jcwZMY

Zvnv‡`i ¯^ ¯^ RvqwMi n‡Z LvRbv eve` cÖvß A‡_© mvgvbª GKvsk ivR‡Kv‡l †cÖiY

Kwi‡Zb Ges evwK A_© wb‡R‡`i e¨w³MZ I ˆmb¨evwnbx msi¶‡Yi Kv‡R e¨q Kwi‡Zb|

cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq G mKj `jcwZe„›` kvn‡K Zvnv‡`i ˆmb¨ Øviv hy‡Ï ev Ab¨ †Kvb we‡`ªvn

`g‡b mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z eva¨ _vwK‡Zb| Gi GKwU g¯—eo Kzdj `uvovBqvwQj G †h, D³

`jcwZe„›` wba©vwiZ ˆmb¨ msi¶‡Y e¨_© n‡Z b Ges ˆmb¨‡`i iY‡KŠkjMZ gvb Dbœq‡bi

cÖwZ we‡kl j¶¨ Kwi‡Zb bv| Bnv e¨ZxZ my‡hvMgZ D”Pvwfjvlx `jcwZMY Zvnv‡`i cÖwZ

ˆmb¨‡`i AvbyM‡Z¨i my‡hvM jBqv we‡`ªvnx n‡Z b A_ev kv‡ni Dci Aïf cÖfve we¯—v‡ii

†bkvq gvwZqv DwV‡Zb| Gi d‡j mvdvwf kvn‡`i we‡kl Amyweavi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nBZ|

KviY †Kvb Aeva¨ A_ev D”Pvwfjvlx †mbvcwZ‡K kvw¯— cÖ`vb Ki‡Z †M‡j Zvi AbyMZ

ˆmb¨MY we‡`ªvnx n‡q DwVZ| wmsnvm‡b Dc‡ekb K‡i kvn& AveŸvm G mKj Amyweav

we‡klfv‡e Abyfe Ki‡jb Ges Dnvi cÖwZKviK‡í †mbvevwnbx‡Z Avg~j ms¯‹vi Avwb‡Z

e×cwiKi n‡jb| Z‡e wKwRjevm Ak¦v‡ivnx-evwnbx ZLbI mvdvwf‡`i mvgwiK kw³i

cÖvY‡K›`ª wnmv‡e weivR Kwi‡ZwQj| d‡j G evwnbxi †Kvb weKí †mbv`j m„wói c~e©

ch©š— wKwRjevm‡`i wei“‡× †Kvb kvw¯—g~jK e¨e¯’v MÖnY K‡i weÁR‡bvwPZ KvR

nB‡e bv g‡b K‡i kvn& AveŸvm me©cÖ_g Zunvi GKwU wbR¯^ evwnbx MV‡bi Kv‡R

nvZ w`‡jb| kvn Zvngvm‡ci Avgj n‡Z B eû msL¨K Av‡g©wbqvb, RwR©qvb I

mviKvwmqvb hy×ew›`i cvi‡m¨ AvMG nq| kvn& AveŸvm G Rbkw³‡K Zvi CwÝZ

†mbvevwnbx MV‡bi Kv‡Ri e¨env‡ii wm×vš— MÖnY Ki‡jb | Bnvw`M‡K Bmjvg a‡g©

`xw¶Z K‡i Zvnv‡`i ga¨ n‡Z evi nvRvi c`vwZK I ce©Zv‡ivnx ˆmb¨ fwZ© Ki‡jb |

Bnvw`M‡K h_vµ‡g Ô¸jvgÕ Ges ÔZzdvswPÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nj Z…Zxq ch©v‡q

kvn& Zvi e¨w³MZ †`ni¶x evwnbx wnmv‡e RwR©qvb‡`i mgš^‡q MwVZ Ges

ÔgyjvwRgvbÕ ewjqv AvL¨vwqZ wZb nvRvi ˆm‡b¨i GK `j MVb Ki‡jb | Bnv e¨ZxZ

cuvPkZ Kvgvb m¤^wjZ evi nvRvi ˆm‡b¨i GKwU muv‡Rvqv evwnbx m„wói gva¨‡g

kvn& AveŸvm Zvi G b~Zb evwnbxi msL¨v 37 nvRv‡i DbœxZ Ki‡jb | ¸jvg-evwnbxi ga¨

n‡Z Avjvn& ew`© Lvb bvgK GKRb my‡hvM¨ I wek¦¯— e¨w³‡K wZwb cÖavb

†mbvcwZ c‡` wb‡qvM Ki‡jb | Avjvn ew`© Bs‡iR fvM¨v‡š^lx I cwieªvRK Rb wkiwji

civgk© I mvnvh¨ MÖnY K‡i MZvbyMwZK ga¨hyMxi mvdvwf †mbvevwnbx‡Z weivU

ms¯‹vi mvab Ki‡jb | kvn& KZ…©K m„ó G ¸jvg-evwnbx m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c kv‡ni AvÁven I

nuvnvi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨kxj wQj| Zviv ¯’vqx evwnbx wnmv‡e mivmwi ivR‡Kvl n‡Z

wbqwgZ †eZb cvBZ| kvn& Zvi G me-MwVZ weivU evwnbx‡K ivR‡Kvl n‡Z bM` †eZb

cÖ`vb Ki‡Z hvBqv cÖ_gZ we‡kl Avw_©K Amyweavi m¤§yLxb n‡jb| Z‡e Gi

cÖwZKviK‡í wZwb AwaKv cwigvY Lvm Rwg Zvi AwaKvify³ Ki‡jb Ges G Rwg n‡Z

cÖvß A_© Øviv wZwb ¸jvg-evwnbxi †eZb †`Iqvi e¨e¯’v Ki‡jb | D‡Ïk¨ I MVb-cÖYvjxi

w`K n‡Z kvn& AveŸvm Zvi G ¸jvg evwnbx m„wói cðv‡Z ZzwK© myjZvb‡`i

R¨vwbmvwi evwnbxi Øviv cÖfvweZ I AbycÖvwYZ n‡qwQ‡jb ewjqv g‡b nq|

wKwRjevm‡`i kvw¯— cÖ`vb

wKwRjevm-evwnbxi ¶gZv Le© K‡i kvn& KZ…©K b~Zb †mbvevwnbx

msMVb‡K wKwRjevm †MvÎcwZMY mybR‡i †`wL‡Z cvwi‡jb bv Ges webv cÖwZev‡`

Zvnv‡`i c‡¶ G ms¯‹vi‡K gvwbqv jIqv m¤¢e nj bv| Z‡e kvn& AveŸv‡mi wbKU

wKwRjevm‡`i G cÖwZev` I we‡¶vf we›`ygvÎ AcÖZ¨vwkZ e¨vcvi wQj bv Ges Gi Rb¨

wZwb m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cÖ¯‘Z wQ‡jb| wZwb mg©cÖ_g GK loh‡š¿i Awf‡hv‡M gykx©`

Kzwj Lvb‡K nZ¨v Ki‡jb Ges †mB m‡½ eû Aeva¨ I D”Q„•Lj wKwRjevm `jcwZ kv‡ni

wbKU kvw¯— †evM Ki‡jb | G‡`i wei“‡× kvn& GG K‡Vvi g‡bvfve MÖnY Ki‡jb †h, A‡b‡K

cÖvYf‡q A‡Uvgvb myjZvb‡`i wbKU Avkªq jB‡Z eva¨ nj| wKwRjevm †mbvcwZMY

KZ©‡e¨i cÖwZ mvgvb¨ Ae‡njvi Aciv‡a A_ev wba©vwiZ ‰mb¨ †gvZv‡qb bv ivLvi

Rb¨ nqZ D³ c` n‡Z eiLv¯— n‡jb bZzev RvqwMi n‡Z ewÂZ n‡jb| wKwRjevm‡`i cÖwZ

G K‡Vvi kvw¯—g~jK e¨e¯’v MÖn‡Yi d‡j GGwK kv‡ni cÖwZ c~Y© Av¯’vkxj I AbyMZ

K‡qKRb my‡hvM¨ wKwRjevm †mbvcwZI †invB cvB‡jb bv| KviY `xN©w`b awiqv

wKwRjevm‡`i AZ¨vPvi I ¶gZvi Ace¨env‡i kvn& GZB AwZô n‡q cwoqvwQ‡jb †h, G

m¤cÖ`vqfy³ cÖwZwU †jvK‡K wZwb Awek¦vm I N„Yvi `„wó‡Z †`wL‡Zb| kvn& AveŸvm

KZ…©K Abym„Z G K‡Vvi bxwZi d‡j mvdvwf ivR¨ wKwRjevm‡`i Aïf cÖfv‡ei nvZ n‡Z

i¶v cvBj|

kvn& †mey›` †Mv‡Îi m„wó

‡mbvevwnbxi G Avg~j ms¯‹vi mvab e¨ZxZ wKwRjevm †MvÎmg~‡ni cÖfvegy³

nBevi Rb¨ kvn& AveŸvm AviI GKwU Kvh©Ki c`‡¶c MÖnY Ki‡jb | wZwb mKj †Mv‡Îi

mgš^‡q kv‡ni AvÁven I AvbyMZ¨kxj GKwU ¯^Zš¿ †Mv‡Îi m„wó Ki‡jb Ges Zvi bvg

w`‡jb kvn †mey›`- A_©vr Òkv‡ni eÜz|Ó K…wÎg Dcv‡q m„ó kvn& †mey›` †Mv‡Îi

†jvK‡`i me©cÖKvi ivRKxq c„ô‡cvlKZv cÖ`vb Kiv nj Ges AwP‡iB nvRvi nvRvi †jvK G

†MvÎfy³ n‡Z jvwMj| Giv kvn& AveŸv‡mi Ges fwel¨r mvdvwf es‡ki Rb¨ wbf©‡hvM¨

GKwU kw³i Drm wnmv‡e Mwoqv DwVj| GK ch©v‡q G‡`i msL¨v cÖvq j¶vwaK cwiev‡ii

wMqv `uvovBqvwQj| msL¨vq eûjvs‡k n«vm cvB‡jI A`¨vewa kvn& †mey›` †Mv‡Îi

†jv‡Kiv Biv‡bi wewfbœ As‡k emevm Kwi‡Z‡Q|

wmsnvm‡b Dcweó n‡q kvn& AveŸvm‡K `yB mxgv‡š—B kw³kvjx kΓevwnbxi

m¤§yLxb n‡Z nj| G‡`i g‡a¨ c~e© mxgv‡š— DR‡eKMY Ges cwðg mxgv‡š— A‡Uvgvb

ZzwK©MY cÖ_g n‡Z B mvdvwf‡`i wei“‡× kΓZv K‡i Avwm‡ZwQj| kvn& AveŸvm GKRb

ev¯—eagx© weÁ bicwZ wQ‡jb| wZwb Dcjwä Ki‡jb †h, GKB m‡½ G Dfq kΓi

†gvKv‡ejv Kiv Zvi c‡¶ †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB m¤¢e nB‡e bv| AwaKš‘ wZwb G mgq Avf¨š—ixY

bvbv mgm¨vq e¨vc„Z wQ‡jb| d‡j wZwb ZzwK©‡`i mwnZ mwÜi gva¨‡g kvwš—

cÖwZôv K‡i DR‡eK‡`i m‡½ kw³ cix¶vq AeZxY© nIqv hyw³hy³ g‡b Ki‡jb | d‡j cÖavbZ

kvn& AveŸv‡mi D‡`¨v‡MB 1590 wLª÷v‡ã A‡Uvgvb ZzwK© I mvdvwf‡`i g‡a¨

KÝUvw›U‡bvc‡j GK kvwš—Pzw³ ¯^v¶wiZ nj| G Pzw³i kZ©vbymv‡i AvRvievBRvb,

KvivevM, MvÄv, KvivRvi`vM, RwR©qvmn Kzw`¯—vb I jywi¯—v‡bi Ask we‡kl

ZzwK©‡`i n¯—MZ nj| Bnv e¨ZxZ mybœx Lwjdv‡`i wei“‡× wb›`vm~PK Dw³ Kiv

&nw‡Z cvi‡m¨i mvdvwfMY weiZ _vwK‡e ewjqvI kvn& AveŸvm cÖwZÁve× n‡jb|

BwZc~‡e© ZzwK©‡`i mwnZ mvdvwfMY Avi KLbI Giƒc MvwbKi Pzw³ ¯^v¶i K‡i bvB|

ejvevûj¨ †h, Ae¨š—ixY mgm¨v I †mB m‡½ mvgªv‡R¨i c~f© mxgv‡š— DR‡eK‡`i Øviv

Avµvš— nIqvq kvn& AveŸvm‡K ZzwK©‡`i mwnZ Giƒc mwÜ k‡Z© ivwR n‡Z n‡qwQj|

|

kvn& AveŸvm ebvg DR‡eK kw³

mvdvwf iv‡R¨i Rb¥jMœ n‡ZB DR‡eK kw³i m‡½ mvdvfx‡`i weivgnxb

hy×weMÖn Pwjqv Avwm‡ZwQj| kvn& AveŸvv‡mi mgq G hy× c~e©v‡c¶v ZxeªZi

AvKvi aviY K‡i| Ave`yjvn web-B¯‹v›`v‡ii Avg‡j DR‡eK kw³ we‡kl cÖwZcwË jvf K‡i| Zvi

ivR¨ c~‡e© diMbv I KvmMi Ges Dˇi evj&L, †ZvLvwi¯—vb I ev`vL&kvb ch©š— we¯—

vi jvf K‡i| Ave`yjvn DR‡eK iv‡R¨i cwðg mxgv‡š— Av¯¿vev` `Lj K‡ib Ges ZzwK©‡`i

AaxbZv n‡Z wMjvb gy³ K‡ib| AZtci wZwb wnivU I †g‡k` DR‡eK AwaKvify³ K‡ib Ges

†LvivmvbI Zvi n¯—MZ nq| cÖavbZ mvfvwf‡`i Avf¨š—ixY M„nweev‡`i d‡j DR‡eK kw³‡K

cÖwZnZ Kiv Zvnv‡`i c‡¶ m¤¢e nq bvB| kvn& AveŸvm Zvi †mbvevwnbx cybM©Vb K‡i

A‡Uvgvb ZzwK©‡`i mwnZ kvwš— cÖwZôv Ki‡jb Ges mvgªv‡R¨i c~e© mxgv‡š—i

DR‡eK kw³i †gvKv‡ej Kivi Rb¨ AMÖmi n‡jb| G mgq DR‡eK AwacwZ Ave`yjvn I Ave`yj

†gvwg‡bi g„Zz¨ nB‡j DR‡eK kw³ c~e©v‡c¶v `ye©j n‡q c‡o Ges Zv‡`i‡K civwRZ Kiv

kvn& AveŸv‡mi c‡¶ A‡c¶vK…Z mnRZi n‡q `uvovq| KviY wmsnvmb jBqv DR‡eKMY

wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ i¶¶qx M„nweev‡` wjß n‡q c‡o| 1598 wLª÷v‡ã kvn& AveŸvm

DR‡eKw`M‡K GK cÖPÊ hy‡× civwRZ K‡ib Ges `xN© `k ermi ci wnivU I †g‡k`

mvdvwf‡`i n¯—MZ nq| wKš‘ UªvÝAw·qvbvi b~Zb Lvb evwK gyn¤§‡`i wei“‡×

cwiPvwjZ kvn& AveŸv‡mi Aci AwfhvbwU e¨_©Zvi ch©ewmZ nq| cÂvk nvRvi ˆmb¨

jBqv 1601 wLª÷v‡ã cwiPvwjZ G Awfhv‡b mvdvwfMY bvbv Kvi‡Y we‡kl ¶q-¶wZi

m¤§yLxb n‡q Ae‡k‡l hyׇ¶Î cwiZ¨vM Ki‡Z eva¨ nq| mvdvwf †mbvevwnbx‡Z

mecÖewZ©Z muv‡Rvqv evwnbx Zvnv‡`i Kvgv‡bi h_v_© e¨envi bv Ki‡Z cvivq

mvdvwf‡`i c‡¶ G wech©‡qi m„wó n‡qwQj| wKš‘ mvgwqKfv‡e kvn& AveŸvm‡K G

wech©‡qi m¤§yLxb n‡qI wZwb DR‡eK‡`i wei“‡× wfbœfv‡e ivR‰bwZK weRq

m~wPZ K‡ib| mvgªv‡R¨i DËi-c~e© mxgv‡š— Aew¯’Z gvf©, evj&L I Av¯¿vev‡` wZwb

Zvi AbyMZ DR‡eK cÖavbw`M‡K ¶gZvq AwawôZ K‡ib Ges Gfv‡e wZwb DR‡eK kw³‡K

Zvi ek¨Zv ¯^xKvi K‡i jB‡Z eva¨ K‡ib| Gi d‡j mvfvwf mvgªv‡R¨i c~e© mxgv‡š—

eûw`b ci ¯’vqx kvwš— cÖwZwôZ nj|

kvn& AveŸvm ebvg A‡Uvgvb ZzwK©MY

DR‡eK kw³‡K c`vbZ Kivi ci kvn& AveŸvm mvgªv‡R¨i cwðg mxgv‡š— mvdvwf‡`i

me©v‡c¶v kw³kvjx kΓ A‡Uvgvb ZzwK©‡`i wei“‡× `„wó wbeÜ Ki‡jb | hw`I kvn&

AveŸvm G mgq ZzwK©‡`i mwnZ c~e© ¯^v¶wiZ mwÜ f½ K‡i Zv‡`i‡K cvim¨ n‡Z

weZvwoZ Kwiqevi msKí K‡iwQ‡jb ZeyI Dfq kw³i g‡a¨ AvbyôvwbKfv‡e mwÜ f‡½i Rb¨

cÖavbZ ZzwK©MYB `vqx wQj| KviY AvRvievBRv‡bi iw¶Z ZzwK© evwnbx mvdvwf‡`i

AwaKvify³ mvjgvm AvµgY Kivi d‡j Df‡qi g‡a¨ hy× ïi“ nq| kvn AveŸvm 1605 wLª÷v‡ã

AvRvievBRvb AvµgY K‡ib Ges Zvweª‡Ri A`~ieZx© wmm bvgK ¯’v‡b (Di“wgqv n«‡`i

mwbœK‡U) Dfq evwnbxi g‡a¨ GK cÖPÊ hy× nq| hy‡× weL¨vZ A‡Uvgvb †mbvcwZ

wmKvbv cvkv civwRZ nb Ges cÖvq wek nvRvi ZzwK© ˆmb¨ hy‡× cÖvY nvivq| d‡j

ZvewiR, AvRvievBRvb, bvLwPevb, Bwiwfb, cvÄv I wZdwdm `xN©w`b ci ZzwK©‡`i

AwaKvi n‡Z mvdvwf‡`i n¯—MZ nq| A‡UvgvbMY Avivm b`xi `w¶Y cÖvš— n‡Z

wZvwoZ nq| Bnv e¨ZxZ Kzw`©¯—vb, evM`v`, gymj, w`qvi‡ewKi, Kvievjv I bvRvd

mvdvwf‡`i AwaKv‡i Av‡m| Gfv‡e †ek K‡qK ermi mvdvfx‡`i mwnZ ZzwK©‡`i

hy×ve¯’v weivRgvb _vKvi ci Ae‡k‡l 1612 wLª÷v‡ã Dfq kw³i g‡a¨ mwÜ ¯^v¶wiZ nq| G

mwÜi kZ©vbymv‡i 1555 wLª÷v‡ã ¯^v¶wiZ Avgvwmqvi mwÜ cybivq ejer nq Ges Dfq

iv‡R¨i mxgvš—‡iLvI Abyiƒcfv‡e wPwýZ nq| ZzwK© myjZvb gyiv` I Z…Zxq gyn¤§`

KZ…©K cvi‡m¨i wewRZ mKj AÂj ZzK©MY Qvwoqv w`‡Z eva¨ nq| wewbg‡q kvn&

AveŸvm ZzwK© myjZvb‡K evrmwiK `yBkZ †evSv wmé cÖ`vb Kwi‡eb ewjqv w¯’i nq|

wKš‘ G mwÜ †ewkw`b ¯’vqx nq bvB| kvn& AveŸvm ZzwK© myjZvb‡K wba©vwiZ

wmé cÖ`v‡b A¯^xKvi K‡ib Ges RwR©qv AvµG K‡i e‡mb| Gi d‡j ZzwK© myjZvb

AwZkq ivMvwš^Z nb Ges 1616 wLª÷v‡ã mvdvwf‡`i wei“‡× GKwU kw³kvjx ZzwK©

evwnbx †cÖiY K‡ib| ZzwK© evwnbx Gwkqv gvBbi n‡Z Biwfb I ZvewiR AvµgY K‡i|

wKš‘ ZzwK©‡`i G cÖ‡Póv e¨_© n‡q hvq Ges 1618 wLª÷v‡ã Dfq kw³i g‡a¨ cybivq

mwÜ ¯’vwcZ nq| G Pzw³‡Z c~e©eZx© mxgvš—-‡iLv AcwiewZ©Z _vwK‡e ewjqv w¯’i

nq| Z‡e kvn& AveŸvm `yBkZ †evSv wmé-Gi wewbg‡q ZzwK© myjZvb‡K GKkZ †evSv

wmé cÖ`vb Kwi‡eb ewjqv mve¨¯— nq| wKš‘ vwP‡iB G mwÜ ¶Y¯’vqx ewjqv cÖgvwYZ

nq Ges ZzwK© evwnbx 1624 wLª÷v‡ã evM`v` AvµG K‡i| kvn& AveŸvm Aek¨ mvd‡j¨i

m‡½ G ZzwK© AvµgY cÖwZnZ K‡ib Ges evM`v` I w`qvi‡ewK‡ii Dci mvdvfx‡`i

AvwacZ¨ A¶zYœ iwnqv hvq|

G mKj ivR¨ weRq Qvov kvn& AveŸvm mvdvwf iv‡R¨i mxgv‡iLv wewfbœ w`‡K AviI

ewa©Z K‡ib| 1602 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb evnivBb AwaKvi K‡ib Ges 1608 wLª÷v‡ã wkiIqvbI

mvdvwf mvgªv‡R¨i Aš—f~©³ nq| Bnv e¨ZxZ 1622 wLª÷v‡ã fvi‡Zi gyNj mgªvU

Rvnv½xi‡`i wbKU n‡Z wZwb Kv›`vnvi cybi“×vi K‡ib| AZtci kvn& AveŸvm

cZz©wMRw`M‡K weZvwoZ K‡i IigyR e›`i `Lj Kivi msKí MÖnY K‡ib| 1507 wLª÷v‡ã

cZz©wMRMY cvim¨ DcmvMi ZxieZx© G e›`iwU AwaKvi K‡i Ges Zvnv‡`i Aax‡b IigyR

cÖv‡P¨i GKwU wewkó evwYR¨ e›`i wnmv‡e Mwoqv D‡V| kvn& AveŸv‡mi c‡¶

GKKfv‡e cZz©wMR‡`i civwRZ mnRmva¨ nB‡e bv g‡b K‡i wZwb fvi‡Zi evwYR¨ Dcj‡¶

AvMZ B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi mnvqZvq cZz©wMR‡`i DrLvZ Kivi cwiKíbv MÖnY Ki‡jb |

kvn& AveŸv‡mi mwnZ B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi G g‡g© GK Pzw³ nj †h,

cZz©wMRw`M‡K civwRZ I weZvwoZ Kivi ci weRqjä mKj m¤ú` Df‡qi g‡a¨ mgfv‡e eÈb

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kvn& mvwd

(1629-1642 Cmvqx)

(1038-1052 wnRix)

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wM‡q e‡jb: “He interferedso little in the affairs of the government taht the Persians would have

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weL¨vZ †mbvcwZ I

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wba©viY wb‡q `y c‡¶i ga¨Kvi ‡_‡g †_‡g msMwVZ nIqv hy‡×iI wb¯úwË K‡i|

G mwÜi kZ©vbymv‡i evM`v`mn mg¯Í †g‡mvc‡Uwgqv AÂj ZzwK©‡`i n¯—MZ nq Ges

wewbg‡q cvi‡m¨i `w¶Y K‡Kmv‡mi AÂj Bwifv‡bi Dci mvdvwf‡`i KZ…©Z¡ cÖwZwôZ

nq| G mwÜ ¯^v¶wiZ nIqvi d‡j `xN©Kvje¨vcx mvdvwf I ZzwK©‡`i ga¨Kvi hy‡×i

Aemvb N‡U| cieZx© Avwk ermi Df‡qi g‡a¨ G mwÜ AUzU _v‡K| wKš‘ G mwÜ

P~ovšÍfv‡e Imgvbxq I mvdvfx‡`i ga¨Kvi mxgvšÍ we‡iva wb¯úbœ Ki‡K cv‡iwb| 1555

mv‡ji G‡gwmqvi mwÜ †_‡K ïi“ K‡i 1918 mvj ch©šÍ mxgvšÍ we‡iva‡K †K›`ª K‡i cvim¨

Ges Imgvbxq‡`i g‡a¨ Kgc‡¶ 18 wU mwÜ Pzw³ ¯^v¶wiZ nq| h_v_© I Kvh©Kix mxgvbv

wba©viY P~ovšÍ nq wesk kZvãxi wØZxq `k‡K hLb cvi‡m¨i mv‡_ Ava~wbK BivK I

Zzi‡¯‹i mxgv wba©vwiZ nIqvi ga¨ w`‡q| Avi †mwU wQj wØZxq wek¦hy‡× Imgvbxq‡`i

civR‡qi ci ga¨cÖ‡P¨ Imgvbxq cÖ‡`kmg~n nvZQvov n‡q hvIqvi ci|

ZzwK©‡`i Øviv evM`v` bMix Aei“× _vKvKv‡j kvn& kvwd 12 nvRvi ˆm‡b¨i GK evwnbx

jBqv ZzwK©‡`i m‡½ †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨ AMÖmi n‡qwQ‡jb| Z‡e G ¶y`ª kw³ jBqv

ZzwK© evwnbxi mwnZ hy‡× AeZxY© nIqv Zvi c‡¶ m¤¢e wQj bv| Z‡e wZwb wMjv‡bi

we‡`ªvn `gb Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQ‡jb Ges `xN© Ae‡iv‡ai ci Biwfb AwaKv‡iI wZwb mdj nb|

†eva Kwi kvn& kvwdi Avg‡j BnvB wQj Zvi GKgvÎ K…wZZ¡c~Y© KvR| G mgq

mvgªv‡R¨i c~e© mxgv‡š— DR‡eKMY †Lvivmvb AvµgY K‡i| kvn& kvwd mvd‡j¨i m‡½

G AvµgbI cÖwZnZ K‡i †`b| wKš‘ Ab¨w`‡K Kv›`vnvi Zvi nvZQvov n‡q hvq| gyNj mgªvU

kvnRvnvb 1637 wLª÷v‡ã Kv›`vnvi `Lj K‡ib| d‡j `xN© 15 ermi ivRZ¡ Kivi ci kvn&

kvwd 1642 wLª÷v‡ã g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| Zuv‡K Kzg kn‡i mgvwa¯’ Kiv nq|

6. kvn& wØZxq AveŸvm

(1642-1667 wLªt)

mvdvwf es‡ki `ye©j DËivwaKvix‡`i g‡a¨ GKgvÎ wØZxq kvn& AveŸvmB wQ‡jb

e¨wZµg| wZwb Zvi cÖwcZvgn gnvgwZ kvn& AveŸv‡mi K‡qKwU ¸‡Yi AwaKvix wQ‡jb|

d‡j Aš—Z mvgwqKfv‡e n‡jI wZwb G esk‡K `ª“Z cZ‡bi nvZ n‡Z i¶v K‡i c~e© †MŠi‡e

cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQ‡jb| kvn& wØZxq AveŸvm 1642 mv‡j mvdvwf wmsnvm‡b

Dc‡ekb K‡ib| G mgq Zvi eqm wQj gvÎ `k ermi| d‡j Zvi ivR‡Z¡i cÖ_g w`‡K wZwb `iev‡ii

DwRi I cÖfvekvjx e¨w³‡`i Aïf cÖfv‡ei wkKv‡i cwiYZ nb| wKš‘ AwP‡iB wZwb mvgªv‡R¨i

kvmb ¶gZvi Dci ¯^xq KZ…©Z¡ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z m¶g nb| kvn& wØZxq AveŸv‡mi Avg‡j

mvdvwf‡`i iv‡R¨i †Kv‡bv Ask kΓ‡`i Øviv AwaK…Z nq bvB, eis wZwb fvi‡Zi gyNj

mgªvU kvnRvnv‡bi wbKU n‡Z Kv›`vnvi cyb`©Lj Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQ‡jb| 1648 wLª÷v‡ã

gvÎ 16 ermi eq‡m kvn& wØZxq AveŸvm Kv›`vnvi `Lj K‡ib Ges G hy‡× wZwb ¯^qs

ˆmb¨ cwiPvjbvi `vwZqZ¡fvi MÖnY K‡ib| kvnRvnvb eû †Póv K‡iI Zvi wbKU n‡Z

Kv›`vnvi cybi“×vi Ki‡Z cv‡ib bvB| kvn& wØZxq AveŸvm ÔRye`-Dr-ZvIqvwiLÕ MÖ‡š’i

iPwqZv weL¨vZ HwZnvwmK gyn¤§` Kvgvj Be&b-BmgvBj‡K Kv›`vnv‡ii wPwKrmK I

†R¨vwZwe©` wnmv‡e wb‡qvM K‡ib| wZwb mvdvwf es‡ki BwZnvm, we‡kl K‡i

Kv›`vnvi ‡K †K›`ª K‡i mvdvwf I gyNj‡`i g‡a¨ AbywôZ msN‡l©i we¯—vwiZ weeiY

wjwce× K‡i wMqv‡Qb|

kvn&& wØZxq AveŸv‡mi Avg‡j DR‡eK kw³ M„nweev‡`i Aïf cwiYwZi d‡j G‡Kev‡i

`ye©j n‡q c‡o| mvfvwd es‡ki Pig kΓ nIqv m‡Ë¡I we‡kl gnvbyfeZvi cwiPq w`qv kvn&

wØZxq AveŸvm DR‡eK hyeivR‡K ivRavbx B¯úvnv‡b Avkªq cÖ`vb K‡ib| Bnv Z¨ZxZ

evjL-Gi DR‡eK kvmbKZ©v bvw`i †gvnv¤§` fvi‡Zi gyNj mgªvU kvnRvnv‡bi kΓZv I

Pµv‡š—i wkKvi n‡q mvfvwd `iev‡i Avkªq cÖv_©bv Kwi‡j Zvi cÖwZI kvn& wØZxq

AveŸvm bRxiwenxb †mŠRb¨ I AvwZ‡_qZv cÖ`k©b K‡ib| ïay BnvB b‡n, c‡i kv‡ni

mwµqv mvnvh¨ I mnvbyf~wZ jvf K‡i bvw`i †gvnv¤§` evj&L&-G Mgb K‡ib Ges gyNj

ˆmb¨MY webv cÖwZØw›ØZvq evjL cwiZ¨M K‡i w`wj P‡j ‡h‡Z eva¨ nq| G NUbvi

gva¨‡g kvn& wØZxq AveŸv‡mi ‰e‡`wkK bxwZi iPg mvdj¨ cwijw¶Z nq|

kvn& wØZxq AveŸv‡mi mgq mvgªv‡R¨i cwðg mxgv‡š— A‡Uvgvb ZzwK©‡`i mwnZ

wbiew”Qbœ kvwš— eRvq _v‡K Dfq c¶B HKvwš—Kfv‡e 1639 wLª÷v‡ãi ¯^v¶wiZ

Rvû‡ei mwÜ ‡g‡b P‡j| G mgq BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ †`k I fviZel© n‡Z ivóª`~ZMY kv‡ni

`iev‡i AvMgb K‡i| cvi‡m¨i cwðg mxgv‡šÍ KvjvZ-B-bvw`ix Ges c~‡e©i mvivLm AÂj

ivwkqvi mxgvšÍeZx© GjvKvi wbKUeZx© nIqv m‡Z¡I `xN© AvovB kZvãx hveZ

ivwkqvi mv‡_ cvi‡m¨i †Kvb m¤úK© †`Lv hvq wb| Z‡e cÖ_g ivwkqvb cÖwZwbwa`‡ji

cvi‡m¨ AvM‡bi NUbvwU wQj ivRv G‡jw·‡mi mg‡q| 1664 mv‡ji w`‡K g‡¯‹vi G MÖvÛ

wWD‡Ki `ievi n‡Z AvMZ 800 m`m¨ wewkó GKwU KyU‰bwZK wgk‡bi AvMg‡bi

NUbvwU BwZnv‡m we‡klfv‡e D‡jL‡hvM¨| kvn& G‡`i cÖwZ we‡kl m¤§vb I AvwZ‡_qZv

cÖ`k©b K‡ib| wKš‘ AwP‡iB G mZ¨ D`NvwUZ nq †h ivwkqv n‡Z AvMZ e¨w³MY cÖK…

Zc‡¶ K~U‰bwZK wgk‡bi QÎQvqvq kvn&‡K evwYR¨-Ki duvwK †`IqvB Zvnv‡`i g~j

D‡Ïk¨| G NUbvi d‡j kvn& Zvnv‡`i cÖwZ i“ó n‡q Zv‡`i‡K †`k n‡Z ewn¯‹vi K‡i †`b|

kv‡ni G e¨env‡i g‡¯‹vi MÖvÛ wWDK Av‡jw·m ivMvwš^Z nb Ges †gRv›`vivb Avµg‡bi

Rb¨ †KvmvK‡`i‡K D¯‹vwb cÖ`vb K‡ib| `w¶Y ivwkqvi †KvmvKMY cÖ_g w`‡K

†gRv›`viv‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖavb kni I ivRavbx dvivnvev` AvµgY K‡i R¡vwj‡q †`q| K‡i †`q

wKš‘ AwP‡iB kvn& wØZxq AveŸvm Zv‡`i‡K weZvwoZ Ki‡Z m¶g nb| ‡KvmvKMY

ivwkqvi Avïivev‡` ˆb evwnbxi mvgwiK †K›`ª wgqvb Kvjvn‡Z Avkªq †bq| wKš¿ kv‡ni

cÖwZ‡iv‡ai gy‡L Zviv cvi‡m¨i wei“‡× Ab¨ †Kvb Awfhvb Pvjv‡bvi mvnm K‡iwb| GwU

wQj cvi‡m¨i wei“‡× ivwkqvi cÖ_g AvµgbvZ¥K Awfhvb|

kvn& wØZxq AveŸvm GKRb ag©cÖvY e¨w³ wQ‡jb| wZwb iv‡R¨ g`¨cvb wbwl×

ewjqv †Nvlbv K‡ib Ges g`¨cvqx‡`i `iev‡ii PvKzwi n‡Z ewn¯‹vi K‡ib| Zvi Avg‡j

Rbmvavi‡Yi evwn¨K e¨envi I Pwi‡Î agx©q cÖfve cwijw¶Z nBZ Ges D”Pc‡` wb‡qv‡Mi

Rb¨ Dnv wQj Acwinvh© c~e© kZ©| wKš‘ cwiZv‡ci welq G †h, wZwb e¨w³MZfv‡e

g`¨cvqx wQ‡jb Ges G Kz-Af¨vm wZwb eR©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib bvB| Z‡e wZwb RbmvaviY

A_ev `iev‡ii ‡jvKRb‡`i A‡MvP‡i cÖvmv‡`i †Mvcb K‡¶ ewmqv G †bkv PwiZv_© Kwi‡Zb|

HwZnvwmK Rb g¨vjK‡gvK Zvi ivR‡Z¡i f~qmx cÖksmv K‡i ewjqv‡Qb, ÒZvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j

†`‡k wbiw”Qbœ kvwš— weivRgvb wQj Ges e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i cÖf~Z DbœwZ nq, ...

mgMÖ †`‡k wZwb GKRb AZ¨bZ ‡kªô D`vi I b¨vqcivqY bicwZ ewjqv cwiwPZ wQ‡jb|

ivRKg©Pvix‡`i wei“‡× wZwb wQ‡jb AZ¨š— K‡Vvi, wKš‘ `wi‡`ªi cÖwZ wZwb wQ‡jb

bgª I D`vi Ges Zvnv‡`i Rxeb I m¤úwË Zvi Avg‡j m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c wbivc` wQj| Zvi gnvb

c~e©-cyi“‡li b¨vq (hvnvi bvg wZwb aviY K‡iwQ‡jb) wZwbI mKj a‡g©i cÖwZ mnbkxj

g‡bvfve cÖ`k©b K‡ib| GKevi Zuv‡K weagx©‡`i cÖwZ Drcxob Ki‡Z ejv nB‡j wZwb

Dnvi cÖZz¨Ë‡i ewjqvwQ‡jb, Ògvby‡li we‡eK-eyw×i wePvi Kiv †Lv`vi KvR, Avgvi bq;

Kv‡RB wek¦ eªþv‡Êi m„wóKZ©vi G AwaKv‡i Avwg n¯—‡¶c& Ki‡Z hvBe bv|

kvn& wØZxq AveŸvm cuwPk eQi ivRZ¡ Kivi ci 1667 wLª÷v‡ã gvÎ 35 ermi eq‡m

g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| gvÎvwZwi³ g`¨cvbRwbZ Kvi‡Y wZwb `yiv‡ivM¨ e¨vwa‡Z Avµvš— nb

Ges cwi‡k‡l DnvB Zvi g„Zz¨i KviY n‡q `uvovq| kvn& wØZxq AveŸv‡mi PwiÎ I K…

wZ‡Z¡i g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z hvBqv j‡iÝ †jvKnvU© mwZ¨B ewjqv‡Qb, Òhw` wZwb A‡c¶vK…Z

mshgx n‡Z Z‡e Zvi AviI `xN©vqy jvf Kivi m¤¢vebv wQj Ges Zvi wcZvi Avgj n‡Z G

es‡ki †h cZb m~wPZ nq Dnv wZwb cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z m¶g n‡Zb|

kvn& myjvBgvb

(1667-1694 wLªt)

kvn& wØZxq AveŸv‡mi g„Zz¨i ci 1667 wLª÷v‡ã Zvi †R¨ô cyÎ kvn& kvwd

mvdvwf wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnb K‡ib| G mgq Zvi eqm wQj 20 ermi| wKš‘ cÖfvekvjx

Avgxi I DwRiMY Zuv‡Kwmsnvmb n‡Z ewÂZ K‡i Zvi 10 ermi eq¯‹ Kwbô åvZv nvgRv

gxR©v‡K wmsnvm‡b emvBqv cÖK…Z ¶gZv n¯—MZ Kivi loh‡š¿ wjßnb| wKš‘

†mŠfvM¨ekZ AvMv gyeviK bvgK GKRb cÖfvekvjx †LRv M„nwk¶‡Ki b¨vqwbôv I `„pZvi

d‡j Zuvnv‡`i G KzPµ evbPvj n‡q hvq Ges h_vixwZ kvn& kvwd wmsnvmb AwaKvi K‡ib|

wKš‘ wmsnvmb jv‡fi wKQyw`b ciB kvn& kvwd fxlY †iv‡M Avµvš— n‡q c‡ob| d‡j

‡R¨vwZwe©`‡`i civgk©µ‡g AwaKZi ïf¶Y †`wLqv 1669 wLª÷v‡ã kvn& kvwd‡K

wØZxqev‡ii Rb¨ AvbyôvwbKfv‡e Awfwl³ Kiv nq Ges wZwb kvn& myjvBgvb bvg aviY

K‡ib|

kvn& myjvBgvb `ye©j‡PZv, Amshgx I wbg©g wQ‡jb| wmsnvm‡b Dc‡ekb K‡i

wZwb cvBKvwifv‡e mvgwiK I †emvgwiK D”Pc`¯’ Kg©Pvixw`M‡K wbwe©Pv‡i nZ¨v

K‡ib| GK ch©v‡q kvn& myjvBgv‡bi i³ wjáv GZB e„w× cvq †h, GG w`b hvBZ bv †hw`b

†Kn bv †Kn Zvi n‡¯— wbnZ A_ev Pigfv‡e yrcxo‡bi wkKvi nBZ bv| kvn& myjvBgv‡bi

Avg‡j Avjx Kzjx Lvb Ges †mL Avjx Lvb bvgvK `yB e¨w³ Zvi we‡kl K…cvfvRb nb| Avjx

Kzwj Lvb GKRb mvnmx †hv×v wQ‡jb| kvn& myjvBgv‡bi wcZv kvn& wØZxq AveŸv‡mi

Avg‡j wZwb K‡qKwU hy‡× we‡kl exi‡Z¡i cwiPq †`b| Kw_Z Av‡Q †h, `y`©Gxq †gRvR I

Amyi kw³i Rb¨ Zvnv‡K memgq wkKj cwiwnZ Ae¯’vq ew›` ivLv nBZ Ges †Kej hy‡×i

mgq gyw³ w`qv hyׇ¶‡Î †cÖiY Kiv nBZ| Zvi exi‡Z¡i Rb¨ wZwb Òcvi‡m¨i wmsnÓ

ewjqv cwiwPZ wQ‡jb| kvn& myjvBgvb wmsnvm‡bi Dc‡ekb Kwi‡j wZwb Zvi AvbyK~j¨

I c„ô‡cvlKZv jvf K‡ib Ges iv‡R¨i D”Pc‡` envj nb| †mL Avjx Lvb bvgK Aci e¨w³ kvn&

myjvBgv‡bi cÖavb DwRi wQ‡jb| wZwb b¨vqwbô I mrmvnmx wQ‡jb Ges cÖkvmwbK

e¨vcv‡i Zvi we‡kl AwfÁZv wQj| Zvi G mKj ¸Yvejxi Rb¨ wZwb kv‡ni wbKU we‡kl kª×vi

cvÎ wQ‡jb|

kvn& myjvBgvb fxi“ cÖK…wZi †jvK wQ‡jb Ges hy×weMÖn †gv‡UB cQ›`

Kwi‡Zb bv| d‡j Ij›`vRMY hLb cvim¨ DcmvMixq A‡j Aew¯’Z wKkg e›`i `Lj Kwij ZLb

wZwb wbwe©Kvi wP‡Ë bxie `k©‡Ki f~wgKv MÖnY Ki‡jb | wVK Abyiƒcfv‡e DR‡eK‡`i

Øviv †Lvivmvb Ges †Mv‡ìb ‡nv‡W©i †gv½j‡`i Øviv Kvw¯úqvb mvMi ZxieZx© AÂj

Avµvš— nB‡jI wZwb Zvnv‡`i cÖwZ‡iva Kivi †Kvb DrmvnB †`LvB‡jb bv| kvn&

myjvBgvb we‡llfv‡e †fvRbwejvmx wQ‡jb| Bnv Qvov g`¨cv‡bI Zvi Rywo wQj bv| Zvi

mgmvwgqK weL¨vZ cwieªvRK m¨vi Rb KvwW©b kv‡ni g`¨cvb m¤ú‡K© gš—e¨ Ki‡Z

hvBqv e‡jb †h, ÒG e¨vcv‡i †h †Kvb BD‡ivcxq‡K wZwb Abvqv‡m civwRZ Ki‡Z

cvwi‡Zb|Ó eû †¶‡Î g`¨cv‡b Abf¨¯— cÖavb DwRi †mL Avjx Avb‡K ch©š— wZwb

g`¨cv‡bi Avm‡i Zvi m½ w`‡Z eva¨ Kwi‡Zb| †kl Rxe‡b kvn& myjvBgvb we‡kl

e¨vwaMÖ¯— n‡q covq `xN© mvZ ermi wZwb nv‡igLvbvq AvZ¥‡Mvcb K‡i _v‡Kb| G

mgq GKgvÎ bvix I myivB Zvi AcwinvW© m½x wQj|

kvn& myjvBgvb weivU RuvKRgKc~Y© `ievi msi¶Y Kwi‡Zb| BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ

†`k n‡Z Zvi `iev‡i cwieªvRK, ag© cÖPviK I ivóª`~Z AvMG K‡ib| wZwb Zv‡`i‡K

h_v‡hvM¨ gh©v`v I m¤§v‡bi m‡½ MÖnY Kwi‡Zb| kvn& myjvBgv‡bi Avg‡j mvgªv‡R¨i

c~e©-mxgv‡š— ZzwK©‡`i mwnZ c~Y© kvwš— weivRgvb _v‡K| ZzwK©MY G mgq

BD‡iv‡c hy×wí _vKvi d‡j Gwkqv cÖv‡š— mvdvwf‡`i mwnZ kvwš— i¶v‡_©B †ewk

AvMÖnx wQj| BD‡ivcxq ivóª`~ZMY kvn& myjvBgvb‡K ZzwK©‡`i G Amyweavi

my‡hvM jBqv evM`v`mn Ab¨vb¨ ¯’vb ZzwK©‡`i AwaKvi n‡Z gy³ Kivi civgk© †`b|

wKš‘kvn& myjvBgv‡bi wbKU G civgk© †Kvb cÖwZwµqvB m„wó Ki‡Z cvwi bv| KviY,

wZwb bxwZMZfv‡e mKj cÖKvi hy×B GovBqv Pjvi c¶cvZx wQ‡jb| Kv‡RB ZzwK©‡`i

AvµgY Kiv `~‡i _vKzK, wZwb mvdvwf‡`i wei“‡× ZzwK©‡`i AvµgY cÖwZnZ Ki‡Z

hvB‡Zb wKbv ZvnvB ejv gykwKj| kvn& myjvBgvb Zvi c~e©eZx© kvn‡`i b¨vq

cia‡g©i cÖwZ D`vi I mnbkxj wQ‡jb bv| we‡kl K‡i wLª÷vb I mybœx gymjgvbw`M‡K G

mgq Ávi `„wó‡Z †`Lv nBZ| gyn¤§` evwKi Avj-gvRvwjwm kvn& myjvBgv‡bi Avg‡j

mvdvwf iv‡R¨i kvBL&-Dj-Bmjvg c‡` AwawôZ nb| wZwb DMÖcš’x wkqv wQ‡jb| Lye m¤

¢eZ Zvi cÖfv‡eB wkqv ag©-ewnf©~Z mKj ag©vej¤^x‡`i‡K G Ae¯’vi m¤§yLxb n‡Z

n‡qwQj| | `xN© 27 ermi ivRZ¡ Kivi ci kvn& myjvBgvb 1694 wLª÷v‡ãi 29 RyjvB

g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| g„Zz¨Kv‡j Zvi eqm n‡qwQj| gvÎ 47 ermi|

kvn& myjZvb ûmvBb

(1694-1722 wLªt)

1694 wLª÷v‡ã kvn& myjvBgvb g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| Zvi cieZx© DËivwaKvix wbe©P‡bi

e¨vcv‡i g„Zz¨ kh¨vq wZwb Zvi cwil`eM©‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i ewjqvwQ‡jb Òhw` †Zvgiv

Avivg-Av‡qk PvI Z‡e ûmvBb gxR©v‡K wmsnvm‡b emvBI, Avi hw` †Zvgiv cvi‡m¨i

†MŠie KvGv Ki Z‡e AveŸvm gxR©v‡K|Ó kv‡ni G Dc‡`‡gi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z D”Pwejvlx I

¯^v_©ci cwil`gÛjxi wbKU †h Z7vnvi cÖ_g cyÎ ûmvBb gxR©vB AwaKZi cQ›`bxq

nB‡eb †m K_v ejvB evûj¨| KviY A‡c¶vK…Z `ye©j‡PZv kv‡ni Aax‡b Zvnv‡`i nxb D‡Ïk¨

PwiZv_© Kiv myweavRbK nB‡e ewjqv Zviv g‡b Kwij| Z‡e G mgq `ª“Z cZbgyLw

mvdvwf mvgªv‡R¨i kvn& wnmv‡e myjZvb ûmvBb gxR©v‡K wbe©vPb Kivi Aek¨¤

¢vex Kzdj †`Lv w`‡Z †ewk wej¤^ nj bv| KviY kvn& myjZvb ûmvB‡bi g‡a¨ ivR¨

cwiPvjbvi †ZG †Kvb cÖwZfvB wQj bv| ¯^fveMZfv‡e wZwb kv¯—, ag©fxi“ I `ye©j‡PZv

wQ‡jb| myZivs ivR`ievi A_ev hyׇ¶Î A‡c¶v nv‡i‡gi A›`ignjB wQj Zvi wbKU AwaKZi

cQ›`bxq ¯’vb| GGwK wmsnvm‡b Dc‡ekb Kivi mgq Ak¦v‡ivnb ‡KŠkj ch©š— Zvi Rvbv

wQj bv| kvn& myjZvb ûmvBb Zvi G cvw_©e wel‡qi cÖwZ Abxnv Ges ag©fxi“Zvi Rb¨

cÖRv‡`i wbKU n‡Z Ôgyjv ûmvBbÕ Dcvwa jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb e¨w³MZfv‡e nZ¨vKvÛ

Ges i³cv‡Zi we‡ivax wQ‡jb| GGwK kvn& wnmv‡e Acivaxi wePvi K‡i Zvnv‡K

g„Zz¨`Êv‡`k w`‡Z fq Kwi‡Zb Ges Dnvi wewbg‡q Acivax‡K A_©`Ê w`‡b| GK`v GKvš—

NUbvµ‡g GKwU cvwL Zvi n‡¯— ¸wjweÏ n‡q gviv hvq| kvn& Bnv‡K binZ¨vi b¨vq Aciva

g‡b K‡i Aby‡kvPbvq Aw¯’i n‡q cwo‡jb Ges cÖvmv‡` wd‡i Zr¶bvZ `yBkZ gy`ªv

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MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ GK gvme¨vcx cÖwZw`b Aby‡iva RvbvBqvwQj gvÎ `k

ermi c‡i wZwb Zvnv‡`i N„Yv I wa°v‡ii cv‡Î cwiYZ n‡q cwo‡jb| d‡j

bvw`iwe‡ivax Nb-Am‡š—vl GK ch©v‡q GG e¨vcK I mve©Rbxb n‡q

`uvovBj †h, Ae‡k‡l Zuv‡K¯^‡MvÎxq AvZZvqx‡`i n‡¯— GKvš—

b„ksmfv‡e wbnZ n‡Z nj| wKš‘ Bnv m‡Ë¡I Gwkqvi GKRb Ab¨Zg †kªô

w`wM¦Rqx exi wnmv‡e bvw`i kv‡ni ¯’vb BwZnv‡m A¶q n‡q

iwnqv‡Q|

bvw`i kv‡ni g„Zz¨i-cieZx© NUbv I Zvi DËivwaKvixe„›`

bvw`i kv‡ni g„Zz¨i m‡½ m‡½ Zvi cÖwZwôZ weivU mvgªvR¨

LÊ-weLÊ n‡q †Mj Ges cvi‡m¨ Pig AivRKZv †`Lv w`j| AvdMvb, DR‡eK

I cviwmK‡`i mgš^‡q msMwVZ bvw`‡ii †mbvevwnbxi g‡a¨ ¶gZv

`L‡ji Rb¨ GK cÖPÊ jovB ïi“ nj| G my‡hv‡M bvw`‡ii åvZz®úyÎ Avjx

Kzjx Lvb Avw`j kvn Dcvwa aviY K‡i cvi‡m¨i k~b¨ wmsnvmb

AwaKvi Ki‡jb | Avw`j kvn k‡ãi Ôb¨vqcivqb ivRvÕ| wmsnvmb jv‡fi ci

me©cÖ_g wZwb bvw`‡ii AÜcyÎ †iRv Kzwj gxR©v I Zvi eskRvn

†gvU †ZiRb hyeivR‡K wbg©gfv‡e nZ¨v K‡i Zvi b¨vqcivqYZvi bRxi ¯

—vcb Ki‡jb | wKš‘ gvÎ K‡qK gvm ivRZ¡ Kivi ci Avw`j kvn& Zvi åvZv

Beªvnx‡gi n‡¯— civwRZ I ew›` n‡jb Ges Zuv‡KAÜ K‡i †`Iqv nj|

Beªvnxg BwZc~‡e© Biv‡Ki cÖv‡`wkK kvmbKZ©v wQ‡jb| wZwb

K‡qK gvm ivRZ¡ Kivi ci Zvi ˆmb¨‡`i g‡a¨ we‡`ªvn †`Lv w`j Ges

Beªvnxg Zvnv‡`i n‡¯— civwRZ I ew›` n‡jb| c‡i we‡`ªvnx‡`i n‡¯—

Beªvnxg I Zvi AÜ åvZv Avw`j kvn Df‡qB gvkv‡`i KvivMv‡i wbnZ

n‡jb| G we‡`ªvnx ˆmb¨MY bvw`‡ii cwiev‡ii cÖwZ ms‡e`bkxj wQj|

Zviv bvw`‡ii †cŠÎ kvni“K‡K wmsnvm‡b AwawôZ Kwij| kvni“K

mvdvwf bicwZ kvn& myjZvb ûmvB‡bi Kb¨ dv‡Zgvi cyÎ wQ‡jb Ges

†mŠfvM¨ekZ Avw`j kv‡ni b„ksm nZ¨vKv‡Êi nvZ n‡Z GKgvÎ wZwbB

i¶v cvBqvwQ‡jb| kvni“K G mgq wK‡kvi evjK nB‡jI mvdvwf es‡gi

kvn myjZvb ûmvBb I Avdkvi es‡ki bvw`i kv‡ni i³ Zvi aGx‡Z

cÖevwnZ nIqvi d‡j mK‡jB aviYv K‡iwQj †h, Zvi gva¨‡g cvi‡m¨ kvwš

— I k„•Ljv wd‡i Avwm‡e| wKš‘ AwP‡iB gxR©v ˆmq` gyn¤§` bv‡g

kvni“‡Ki GK `~i m¤ú‡K©i gvgv Zuv‡KcivwRZ I ew›` K‡i wmsnvmb

`Lj Ki‡jb Ges kvni“K‡K `„wókw³ n‡Z ewÂZ Kiv nj| gxR©v ˆmq`

gyn¤§` wmsnvm‡b Dc‡ekb K‡i kvn& myjvBgvb Dcvwa aviY Ki‡jb |

wKš‘ kw³ cÖ‡qv‡Mi gvaª‡g wmsnvmb `LjKvix myjvBgvb‡K

AwP‡iB Zvi cv‡ci cÖvqwðË Ki‡Z nj| cvim¨ evwnbxi cÖavb

†mbvcwZ BDmyd Avjx G mgq ivRavbx‡Z Abycw¯’Z wQ‡jb| wZwb

kvn& myjvBgvb‡K nZ¨v K‡i kvni“K‡K cybivq wmsnvm‡b AwawôZ

Ki‡jb | wKš‘ `„wókw³ n‡Z ewÂZ kvni“‡Ki c‡¶ mivmwi ivRKvh©

cwiPvjbv Kiv m¤¢e wQj bv| d‡j BDmyd Avjx Zvi AwffveK wbhy³

n‡jb| G NUbvi ci Aek¨ iv‡R¨ Af¨š—ixY kvw¯— wd‡i Avm‡jv bv| AÜ

kvni“K‡K wmsnvm‡b ‡i‡L iv‡R¨i cÖK…Z ¶gZv n¯—MZ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨

D”Pvwfjvlx †mbvcwZMY †ec‡ivqv n‡q DwV‡jb| wKš‘ G mgq bvw`‡ii

GK †mbvcwZ Avng` kvn& Ave`vjxi †bZ…‡Z¡ ¯^vaxb AvdMvwb¯—

vb ivR¨ cÖwZwôZ nIqvq cvim¨ mvgªv‡R¨i Af¨š—ixY Ae¯’vq weivU

cÖwZwµqvi m„wó nj| Avng` kvn& Ave`vjx wnivU I wm¯—v‡b ¯^xq

¯^xq ¶gZv mycÖwZwôZ Kivi ci 1749 wLª÷v‡ã gvkv` AvµgY K‡ib|

kvni“K AvdMvb AwacwZ Ave`vjxi †gvK‡ejv Kivi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g BDmyd

Avjx I c‡i gxi Avjg Lvb‡K †cÖiY Ki‡jb | wKš‘ Zviv Df‡qB Avng` kvn

Ave`vwji n‡¯— civwRZ I wbnZ n‡jb| d‡j gvkv` Ave`vjxi Aaxb¯—

n‡q cwoj| Avng` kvn Ave`vjx GKRb weP¶Y I b¨vqevb bicwZ wQ‡jb|

wZwb kvni“K‡K nZ¨vi gva¨‡g †Lvivmvb AwaKvi bv K‡i wfbœ bxwZ

Aej¤^b Ki‡jb | wZwb kvni“K‡K gvkv‡`i wmsnvm‡b AwawôZ ‡i‡L

†Lvivmv‡b GKwU ¯^Zš¿ iv‡R¨i m„wó Ki‡jb | Avng` kvn& Ave`vjx I

Zvi cyÎ Zvgyi kvn RxweZ _vKvKv‡j Zviv kvni“‡Ki cÖwZi¶K I

AwffveK wnmv‡e Zuv‡Kmvnvh¨ K‡ib| Z‡e †Lvivmvb bvggvÎ

AvdMvwb¯—v‡bi AaxbZv ¯^xKvi Kwi‡jI g~jZ Bnv ¯^vaxbB wQj|

kvni“K `xN© 48 ermi awiqv bvw`‡ii DËivwaKvix wnmv‡e †Lvivmvb

kvmb K‡i| 1796 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb KvRvi AwacwZ AvMv gyn¤§‡`i n‡¯

— wbnZ nb| kvni“‡Ki g„Zz¨i m‡½ m‡½D bvw`i kvn& KZ…©K

cÖwZwôZ Avdkvi es‡ki ivR‡Z¡i cwimgvwß N‡U|

beg Aa¨vq

¯^vaxb AvdMvb iv‡R¨i cÖwZôv

Ave`vwj esk

(1747-1842)

MvjRvB †Mv‡Îi b¨vq AvdMvwb¯—v‡bi Ave`vwjMYI eû

cÖvPxbKvj n‡Z Kv›`vnv‡i emevm K‡i Avwm‡ZwQj| Zviv wQj

mvievwb es‡ki †jvK Ges RvwZMZfv‡e AwewgwkªZ AvdMvb|

cÖwm× HwZnvwmK I b„ZË¡we` weD g‡b K‡ib †h, Aviwe fvlvi

Ave„wZjv kã &nw‡Z Ave`vwj †Mv‡Îi bvgKiY n‡q‡Q Ges Dnvi A_©

ÔûbÕ| A_©vr G g‡Zi gva¨‡g wZwb Ave`vwj‡`i mwnZ cÖvPxb ûb

RvwZi m¤ú‡K©i K_v Bw½Z K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e ûb RvwZi m‡½ Ave`vwj

AvdMvb‡`i †Kvb Kv‡j †Kvb cÖKvi ¯§cK© wQj bv ewjqv g‡b nq bv|

Ave`vwj‡`i wbR¯^ gZvbymv‡i Zviv Zvnv‡`i c~e„-cyi“l Ave`vj-Beb-

Zvwi‡bi eskai| Ave`v‡ji Giƒc bvgKiY nBevi KviY G †h, wZwb mywd

gZev‡`i wPkwZqv ZwiKvi LvRv Avey Avng` bvgK GKRb Ave`vwj

A_©vr `i‡e‡ki wkm¨ wQ‡jb Ges G Ave`v‡ji bvgvbymv‡i Zviv

Ave`vjx ewjqv cwiwPZ| Ave`vwj AvdMvbiv `xN©w`b awiqv

Kv›`vnv‡i emevm K‡i Avwm‡ZwQj| wKš‘ gnvgwZ kvn& AveŸv‡mi

ivR‡Z¡i cÖ_g w`‡K MvjRvB †Mv‡Îi †`Šiv‡Z¥i d‡j Zviv wniv‡U Pwjqv

hvB‡Z eva¨ nq| kvn& AveŸvm 1598 wLª÷v‡ã R‰bK mv‡`v‡K

Ave`vwj AvdMvb‡`i †bZv g‡bvbxZ K‡i Zvnv‡K Ôgxi-B-AvdMvwbÕ

Dcvwa cÖ`vb K‡ib| G Kvi‡Y mv‡`vi bvgvbymv‡i Ave`vwjMY

mv‡`vRvB ewjqvI cwiwPZ| cieZx© GK kZvãxe¨vcx Ave`vwjMY

mvdvwf kvn‡`i AbyMZ _vwK‡jI Zviv MvjRvB AvdMvb‡`i m‡½

cÖwZ‡hvwMZv ïi“ K‡i Ges GK ch©v‡q m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c ¯^vaxb n‡q

hvq| Aóv`k kZvãxi cÖ_g w`‡K Ave`vwj‡`i msL¨v cÖvq Aa©j‡¶

wMqv `uvovq| G mgq Zviv Ave`yjvn Lvb mv‡`vRvB Gi †bZ…

‡Z¡ wiv‡U ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡i Gesmvdvwf‡`i `Lj n‡Z †gv‡k`

AwaKvi K‡i jq| kvn myjZvb ûmvBb Ave`vwj‡`i G we‡`ªvn `G Kivi

Rb¨ Dch©ycwi wZbwU Awfhvb †cÖiY K‡ib| wKš‘ `ya©l©

Ave`vwj‡`i n‡¯— cÖwZwU mvdvwf AwfhvbB e¨_©Zvq ch©ewmZ

nq|

Ave`vwj‡`i G mvd‡j¨ kvn& my`jZvb ûmvBb GZB DØMœ n‡q

c‡ob †h, wZwb 1719 wLª÷v‡ã ivRavbx D¯úvnvb n‡Z KvRwf‡b

¯’vbvš—wiZ K‡ib| wZwb Z_vq wZb ermi Ae¯’vb K‡ib Ges

Ave`vwj‡`i wei“‡× mgi Awfhvb †cÖi‡Yi Rb¨ ˆmb¨ msMÖ‡ni †Póv

K‡ib| wKš‘ kv‡ni G cÖ‡Póv G‡Kev‡iB e¨_© nj Ges 1721 wLª÷v‡ã

wZwb cybivq B¯úvnv‡b AvMG Ki‡jb | Gw`‡K Ave`yjvn Lvb

mv‡`vRvB I Zvi my‡hvM¨ cyÎ Avmv`yjvn mv‡`vRvB Gi †bZ…

‡Z¡ Ave`vwj‡`i G mvd‡j¨ Kv›`vnv‡ii MvjRvB †bZv gxi gvngy‡`i

Cl©vi mxgv iwnj bv Ges mvdvwf kvn& myjZvb ûmvB‡bi Amgvß

KvR wZwbB nv‡Z Zzwjqv jB‡jb| d‡j 1721 wLª÷v‡ã w`jvivg bvgK

¯’v‡b MvjRvB‡`i mwnZ Ave`vwj‡`i GK cÖPÊ hy× msNwUZ nj| G

hy‡× Ave`vwjMY civwRZ nj Ges Zvnv‡`i Ab¨Zg wewkó †bZv

Avmv`yjvn mv‡`vRvB wbnZ n‡jb| gxi gvngy`I Zvi wcZv gxi

IqvB‡mi b¨vq KzU‰bwZK eyw× AwaKvix wQ‡jb| wZwb wbnZ

Ave`vwj †bZv Avmv`yjvn mv‡`vRvB Gi wQbœ g¯—K kv‡ni wbKU

B¯úvnv‡b †cÖiY K‡i Zvi cÖwZ K…wÎg AvbyM‡Z¨i fvb K‡i Zvnv‡K

RvbvB‡jb †h, mvdvwf wmsnvmb KÈKgy³ Kivi Rb¨B g~jZ wZwb

Ave`vwj‡`i wei“‡× hy‡× AeZxY© n‡qwQ‡jb| `ye©j Ges Ac`v_©

kvn myjZvb ûmvBb Kv›`nv‡ii a~Z© MvjRvB †bZv gxi gvngy‡`i G

Qjbvc~Y© Avby‡M‡Z¨ gy» n‡q MvjRvB AvdMvb‡`i mKj c~e©

Aciva wb‡g‡l fywjqv †M‡jb| wZwb gxi gvngy‡`i Rb¨ m¤§vbm~PK

cwi”Q` †cÖiY K‡i Zvnv‡K Kv›`vnv‡ii cÖv‡`wkK kvmbKZ©v c‡`

wbhy³ Ki‡jb Ges Zvnv‡K ûmvBb Kzwj Lvb Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ Ki‡jb |

G mgq civwRZ I nZvkvMÖ¯— Ave`vwj AvdMvb‡`i g‡a¨ fxlY

AvZ¥Kjn ‡`Lv w`j| Ave`yjvn Lvb mv‡`vRvB G M„nweev‡` wkKv‡i

cwYZ n‡q cÖvY w`‡jb Ges Zvi ¯’‡j gyn¤§` Rvgvb Lvb Ave`vwj‡`i

†bZv n‡jb| Rvgvb Lvb GKRb wgg©g I AZ¨vPvix e¨w³ wQ‡jb| d‡j

AwP‡iB Zvnv‡K c`Pz¨Z K‡i Ave`vwjMY Zvi cyÎ RyjdvKvi‡K †bZv

wbe©vwPZ Kwij| RyjdvKv‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡ Ave`vwjMY wniv‡Ui evwn‡i

wb‡R‡`i kw³ we¯—vi Ki‡Z m·g bv nB‡jI Zvnv‡`i ¯^vaxb Aw¯—

Z¡ A¶zbœ ivwL‡Z m¶g nq| myZivs †`Lv hvq †h, Aóv`k kZvãxi cÖ_g

PZz_©v‡a© MvjRvB I Ave`vwj AvdMvbMY cvi‡m¨i mvdwf es‡ki

AwabZvcvk wQbœ Ki‡Z m¶g nq| Z‡e Bnv Zvnv‡`i †MvÎxq

¯^vaxbZv wfbœ †ewk wKQy wQj bv| cÖK…Zc‡¶ mw¤§wjZ

AvdMvb‡`i RvZxq ¯^vaxbZvi cwiKíbv A_ev ¯^cœ ZLbI Zvnv‡`i

g‡a¨ wQj bv| G K…wZZ¡ cieZx©Kv‡j Avng` kvn& Ave`vwjivB

GKKfv‡e cÖvc¨| Z‡e Bnv Ab¯^xKvh© †h, Zvi G mvd‡j¨i cðv‡Z

Ave`vwj I MvjRvB AvdMvb †bZv‡`i cÖ‡Póv G c_ eûjvs‡k myMg K‡i

w`qvwQj|

Avng` kvn& Ave`vwj

(1747-1773 wLªt)

Aóv`k kZvãxi ga¨fv‡M ¯^vaxb I HK¨eÏ AvdMvb iv‡R¨i m„wó

BwZnv‡mi GK ¸i“Z¡c~Y© NUbv| Avng` kvn& Ave`vjx wQ‡jb G

iv‡R¨i cÖwZôvZv| wZwb gyn¤§` Rvgvb Lvb mv‡`vRvB Gi wØZxq

cyÎ wQ‡jb| 1731 wLª÷v‡ã bvw`i kvn wnivU `Lj Kwi‡j Ave`vwjMY

Zvnv‡`i †bZv Avng` Lv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ bvw`‡ii †mbvevwnbx‡Z

†hvM`vb K‡i| Avng` Lvb bvw`‡ii GKRb my‡hvM¨ ‡mbvcwZ wQ‡jb|

Zvi †bZ…‡Z¡ Ave`vwjMY bvw`i‡K Zvi ivR¨ weR‡q we‡klfv‡e

mvnvh¨ K‡i| cÖwZ`v‡b bvw`i Ave`vwjw`M‡K Zvnv‡`i Avw`

Avevmf~wg Kv›`vnv‡i cÖwZwôZ K‡ib| 1747 wLª÷v‡ã bvw`i kv‡ni

g„Zzh¨i m‡½ m‡½ Zvi weivU mvgªvR¨ Zv‡mi N‡ii b¨vq fvw½qv

cwoj Ges cvi‡m¨ GK Pig AivRKZvi m„wó nj| KviY cvi‡m¨i wmsnvmb

`L‡ji Rb¨ AvdMvb, DR‡eK I cviwmK‡`i g‡a¨ GK cÖPÊ msNvZ ïi“ nj|

AvdMvb `jcwZ Avng` Lvb cÖ_gZ G msN‡l© civwRZ n‡jb Ges wZwb

nvRvi AvdMvb Ak¦v‡ivnx ˆmb¨ jBqv Kv›`vnvi Pwjqv Avwm‡jb|

cw_g‡a¨ wZwb KvjvZ-B-bvw`wi kn‡i ivRKxq †KvlvMvi n‡Z bvw`‡ii

RgvK…Z abivwki GKvsk n¯—MZ Ki‡Z mg_© n‡jb| Bnv Qvov G m‡½

wZwb weL¨vZ †Kvn&-B-b~i gwYwUI m‡½ jBqv †M‡jb| Avng` Lv‡bi

g‡a¨ bicwZ nBevi mKj ¸YvejxB we`¨gvb wQj| d‡j Ave`vwj

AvdMvbMY mK‡jB Zvi †bZ…‡Z¡ gvwbqv jBj| AZtci 1747 wLª÷v‡ã

A‡±vei gv‡m wZwb Avng` kvn& `yiivbx Dcvwa aviY K‡i Kv›`vnv‡ii

wmsnvm‡b Dc‡ekb Ki‡jb | G Kvi‡Y Avng` kvn Ave`vjxi eskaiNb

`yiivbx bv‡gI AwfwnZ n‡q _v‡K| Avng` kvn Kv›`vnvi‡K Zvi ivRavbx

wnmv‡e wbe©vwPZ Ki‡jb Ges Dnvi b~Zb bvg wQ‡jb Avng`kvn|

Kv›`vnv‡i Ave`vwji G Awf‡lL Abyôv‡b evivLRvB, evjywP, nvRv‡ek I

†cvcvjRvB †MvθwjI Dcw¯’Z wQj Ges Zviv mg‡eZfv‡e Zvi ek¨Zv

¯^xKvi K‡i jBj| AZtci 1748 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb AvdMvwb¯—v‡b

Ave`vwj‡`i GKgvÎ cÖwZØ›Øx MvjRvB †MvÎxq †jvKw`M‡K civwRZ

K‡i Zvi AaxbZv ¯^xKvi eva¨ Ki‡jb | d‡j Avng` kvn& Ave`vwj

AvdMvb RvwZi Awemsevw`Z †bZv wnmv‡e cÖwZôv jvf Ki‡Z m¶g

n‡jb|

Kv›`vnv‡i ¯^xq ¶gZv mycÖwZwôZ K‡i Avng` kvn& Ave`vwj

wnivU I wm¯—vb AwaKvi K‡ib| AZtci 1749 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb

†Lvivmv‡bi ivRavbx gvkv` AvµgY K‡ib| gvkv‡` G mgq bvw`i kv‡ni

‡cŠÎ gvni“K ivRZ¡ Kwi‡ZwQ‡jb| wZwb AwZ mn‡RB Ave`vwji n‡¯—

civwRZ n‡jb| wKš‘ Avng` kvn& Ave`vwj Zvi cÖv³b cÖey bvw`i

kv‡ni cÖwZ K…ZÁZvi cwiPq w`qv Zvi eskai Ges `„wókw³nxb

kvni“‡Ki m‡½ GKvš— †mŠRb¨g~jK e¨envi Ki‡jb | †Lvivmvb

eve`vwji AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi iv‡R¨i gh©v`vB †evM K‡iwQj| Avng`

kvn& Ave`vwj AZtci cvi‡m¨i cwðgv‡j Zvi ivR¨mxgv we¯—v‡i

g‡bv‡hvMx n‡jb| wKš‘ Zvi G AMÖhvÎv wbkvcyievmx Av¯¿vev‡`i

KvRvi †MvÎcwZ gyn¤§` ûmvBb Lv‡b Øviv fxlYfv‡e evavcÖvß nj| d‡j

eva¨ nBhv Avng` kvn Ave`vwj cvim¨ AwaKv‡ii cwiKíbv Z¨vM K‡i

wniv‡U cÖZ¨veZ©b Ki‡jb | civm¨ AwaKv‡i Ave`vwj e¨_© nB‡jI

c~e© mxgv‡š— Zvi cÖ‡Póv mdj n‡qwQj| | wZwb wn›`yKzk

ce©Zgvjv AwZµg K‡i evj&L& I ev`vLkvb AwaKvi K‡ib Ges I·vm b`x

ch©š— Zvi ivR¨mxgv we¯—vi jvf K‡i|

Avng` kvn& Ave`vwj wb‡R‡K bvw`i kv‡ni DËivwaKvi wnmv‡e

Zvi HwZ‡n¨i aviK I evnK ewjq g‡b Kwi‡Zb| cviwmK‡`i AbyKi‡Y

wZwb Ô¸jvgkvnxÕ bv‡g Zvi GKwU wbR¯^ †mbv`j MVb K‡ib|

ZvwRK, BDmydRvB I wKwRjevm‡`i mgš^‡q G evwnbx MwVZ wQj&

Z‡e Bnv m‡Ë¡I Zvi ¯^‡MvÎxq Ave`vwj es‡ki †jv‡KivB Zvi kw³i g~j

Drm wQj| Avng` kvn& Ave`vjxi K…wZ‡Z¡i g‡a¨ Zvi fviZ AvµgY Ges

we‡kl K‡i Z…Zxq cvwbc‡_i hy×B me©v‡c¶v D‡jL‡hvM¨ NUbv|

1747 wLª÷vã n‡Z 1769 wLª÷vã ch©š— wZwb Dchy©cwi bqevi

fviZ AvµgY K‡ib| GKgvª MRwbi myjZvb gvngy` e¨ZxZ ga¨-Gwkqvi

†Kvb gymwjg bicwZB GZevi eviZ AvµgY K‡ib bvB| Z‡e myjZvb

gvngy` A‡c¶v wZwb fviZ Awfhv‡b AwaKZi mvdj¨ AR©b K‡ib| KviY

wZwb wmÜz, cvÄve, mxgvš— cÖ‡`k I Kvwk¥imn fvi‡Zi GK weivU

Ask Zvi mvgªvR¨f~³ Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQ‡jb|

1747 wLª÷v‡ã me©cÖ_g Avng` kvn Ave`vwj Kveyj I †c‡kvqvi

AwaKvi K‡ib| cieZx© ermi wZwb wmÜz b`x AwZµg K‡i jv‡nv‡ii

wei“‡× Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡ib| jv‡nv‡ii gyNj cÖv‡`wkK kvmbKZ©v

nvqvr Djvn Lvb Avng` kvn Ave`vjxi AvMg‡b fxZ n‡q cjvqb K‡ib|

Ave`vjx KZ…©K jv‡nvi AwaKv‡ii d‡j Zvi kw³ eû¸‡Y e„w× cvq| 1748

wLª÷v‡ãi gvP© gv‡m Ave`vwj mviwn›` AvµgY K‡ib| wKš‘

mviwn‡›`i cÖv‡`wkK kvmbKZ©v gyCb-Dj-gyjK AvdMvb evwnbxi

AvMg‡b fxZ n‡q Ave`vjwi ek¨Zv ¯^xKvi Ki‡jb Ges Zvnv‡K Pvnvi

gn‡ji (¸RivU, AvIiv½vev`, wkqvj‡KvU I cvimyi) LvRbv cÖ`v‡b

¯^xK…Z n‡jb| wKš‘ wek¦vmNvZKZv K‡i wZwb G KvRbv cÖ`vb

¯’wMZ ivwL‡j Ave`vwj 1751-1752 wLª÷v‡ã e¨vcK cÖ¯‘wZ jBqv fviZ

AvµgY K‡ib| G Awfhv‡bi d‡j jv‡nvi, gyjZvb I Kvwk¥i Ave`vwj

mvgªvR¨fy³ nq|

G mgq w`wji gyNj mgªvU wQ‡jb Avng` kvn| wZwb `ye©j‡PZv

I AvivgwcÖq wQ‡jb| Zvi cÖavbbš¿x Bgv`-Dj-gyjKI ¯^v_©v‡š^lx I

A`~i`kx© wQ‡jb| d‡j 1757 wLª÷v‡ã gvivVv †mbvcwZ iNybv_ ivI

w`wj AwaKvi K‡ib Ges cieZx© ermi cvÄv‡ei ivRavbx jv‡nviI

gvivVv‡`i n¯—MZ nq| gvivVv‡`i cÖej cÖZv‡c jv‡nv‡ii Ave`vwj

kvmbKZ©v Zvgyi kvn (Avng` kvn Ave`vwji cyÎ) eva¨ n‡q vKey‡j

cjvqb K‡ib| gvivVv‡`i n‡¯— jv‡nvi cZ‡bi d‡j mgMÖ fvi‡Z gymwjg

ivR‡Z¡i fwel¨r wecbœ n‡q c‡o| Ae¯’vi ¸i“Z¡ Dcjwã K‡i †ivwnjv

cÖavb bvwRi-D`&-‡`Šjv Ges A‡hva¨vi beve myRvD‡ÏŠjv gvivVv‡`i

nvZ n‡Z gymjgvbw`M‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨ Ave`vwj‡K cybivq fviZ

Avµg‡Y Avnevb RvbvB‡jb| mgmvgwqK evi‡Zi weL¨vZ gymwjg wPš

—vwe` kvn& IqvwjDjvnI Abyiƒcfv‡e gvivVv‡`i AZ¨vPvi I ûgwKi nvZ

n‡Z gymjgvbw`M‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨ Ave`vwj‡K Avgš¿Y RvbvB‡jb|

Avng` kvn Ave`vjx BwZc~‡e©B gvivVv‡`i Dci fxlY wjß wQ‡jb| KviY

Zvi cyÎ Zvgyi kvn‡K jv‡nvi n‡Z weZvwoZ K‡i gvivVvMY Zuv‡K

ivMvwš^Z K‡iwQ‡jb| d‡j wZwb gvivVv‡`i mgywPZ kvw¯— cÖ`v‡bi

Rb¨ AMÖmi n‡jb|

Z…Zxq cvwbc‡Zi hy×

(1761 wLªt)

1759 wLª÷v‡&`i b‡f¤^i gv‡m Avng` kvn Ave`vjx cvÄve

AvµgY Ki‡jb Ges GK i¶¶qx hy‡× gvivVv †mbvcwZ wmwÜqv‡K

†kvPbxqfv‡e civwRZ Ki‡jb | Ave`vwji n‡¯— gvivVv-evwnbxi G

civR‡qi msev` mvZvivi gvivVv `iev‡i fxlY Av‡jvo‡bi m„wó Kwij| d‡j

AwP‡iB Aci GKwU kw³kvjx gvivVv-evwnbx Ave`vwji †gvKv‡ejv Kivi

Rb¨ AMÖmi nj| m`vwke ivI-Gi †b‡Z…‡Z¡ cwiPvwjZ G gvivVv-

evwnbx 1760 wLª÷v‡ãi AvM÷ gv‡m w`wj AwaKvi Kwij Ges

knievmxi Dci AZ¨vPvi I jyɇbi GK ZvÊejxjv PvjvBj| gvivVv‡`i

AwaKvi n‡Z fvi‡Zi gymwjg HwZ‡n¨i †K›`ªf~wg w`wj D×v‡ii Rb¨

Avng` kvn Ave`vwj jv‡nvi n‡Z w`wj Awfgy‡L AMÖmi n‡jb| bvwRi-

D`-‡`Šjv I myRvD‡`ŠjvI Zvnv‡`i evwnbx jBqv Ave`vwj AwacwZi G

gvivVvwe‡ivax Awfhv‡b †hvM`vb Ki‡jb | d‡j 1761 wLª÷v‡ã 14

Rvbyqvwi mw¤§wjZ gymwjg-evwnbxi m‡½ ZrKvjxb fvi‡Zi

weµgkvjx gvivVv-evwnbxi GK †NviZi hy× AbywôZ nj| BwZnv‡m

Bnv Z…Zxq cvwb‡_i hy× ewjqv weL¨vZ| G hy‡× gvivVv †mbvcwZ I

gvivVv mvgªv‡R¨i fvex DËivwaKvix fvmfvm ivI AvnZ n‡jb Ges Zvi

ˆmb¨evwnbx †kvPbxqfv‡e civwRZ nj|

fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡mv Z…Zxq cvwbc‡_i hy× GKwU

fvM¨wba©viYKvix NUbv Ges bvbv Kvi‡Y we‡kl Zvrch©c~Y©| G

hy‡× cuPvËi nvRvi gvivVv ‰mb¨ cÖvY nvivBj| cvwbc_‡K GKvš—

hyw³m½Zfv‡eB gvivVv‡`i mgvwa¯’vb ewjqv eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

KviY G hy‡× civR‡qi d‡j fvi‡Z gvivVv mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôvi ¯^cœ

Zvnv‡`i wPiZ‡i a~wjmvr n‡q †Mj| Gi d‡j †c‡kvqvi gh©v`v fxlYfv‡e

¶zbœ nj Ges gvivVv‡`i ga¨Kvi HK¨‡evaI webó n‡q †Mj| weRqx‡e‡k

Avng` kvn& Ave`vwj w`wj cÖ‡ek Ki‡jb | wZwb gyNj mvgªv‡R¨i

HwZ‡n¨i cÖwZ we‡kl kª×vkxj wQ‡jb| d‡j kvn Avjg‡K wZwb wjwji

wmsnvm‡b cybtcÖwZwôZ Ki‡jb | Bnv e¨wZZ A‡hva¨vi myvRD‡ÏŠjv

cÖavbgš¿xi c` jvf Ki‡jb Ges bvwRi-D`-‡`Šjv‡K Avwg-Dj-Dgviv

Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ Kiv nj| cvwbc‡_i Z…Zxq hy‡×i cÖZ¨¶ djvd‡ji b¨vq

Gi KZ¸wj c‡iv¶ djvdjI we‡klfv‡e cÖwYavb‡hvM¨| G hy‡× gvivVv‡`i

civR‡qi d‡j nvq`viev‡`i wbRvg Zvi ivR¨‡K Avmbœ aŸs‡mi nvZ

nw‡Z i¶v Ki‡Z mg_© n‡jb| Bnv e¨wZZ gnxï‡ii nvq`vi Avjxi †bZ…‡Z¡

Aci GKwU gymwjg ivR¨ cÖwZôviI my‡hvM m„wó nj| wKš‘ G hy‡×

myd‡ji b¨vq c‡iv¶fv‡e KzdjI n‡qwQj| gvivVv‡`i b¨vq kw³kvjx GKwU

RvwZ nxbej n‡q hvIqvi G‡`‡k Bs‡iR ivRZ¡ ¯’vc‡bi c_I cÖk¯— nj|

Z…Zxq cvwbc‡_i hy‡× gvivVvi kw³i civR‡qi ci DËi-fvi‡Zi

GKgvÎ wkLMYB AvdMvb Ave`vwj‡`i kΓ iwnj| myZivs wkL‡`i `gb

Kivi Rb¨ Avng` kvn& Ave`vwj 1762 wµ÷v‡ã lôev‡ii Rb¨ fviZ AvµgY

K‡ib| G hy‡× wkLMY civwRZ nB‡jI Zv‡`i‡K P~ovš—fv‡e kv‡q¯—

Kivi Rb¨ 1764 n‡Z 1769 wLª÷vã ch©š— Ave`vwj‡K AviI wZbwU

Awfhvb cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z nh| w`jx‡K AvdMvb mvgªvR¨f~³ Kiv Avng`

kvn& Ave`vwji D‡Ïk¨ wQj bv|Õ wmÜz b`xi DËiv‡j Aew¯’Z gyiZvb,

jv‡nvi, †c‡kvqvi I Kvk¥xi‡K ¯’vhxfv‡e c`vbZ K‡iB wZwb mš‘ó

wQ‡jb| Avng` kvn& Ave`vwj `xN© 26 ermi ivRZ¡ Kivi ci Rxe‡bi

P~ovš— mvd‡j¨i g‡aª 1773 wLª÷v‡ã Kv›`vnv‡i g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|

g„Zz¨Kv‡j Zvi eqm n‡qwQj| cÂvk ermi| wZwb Zvi ivR¨mxgv I·vm

b`x n‡Z wmÜz b`x Ges wZeŸZ ce©Zgvjv n‡Z †Kvivmvb ch©š—

we¯—vi Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQ‡jb| ¯^vaxb AvdMvb iv‡R¨i cÖwZôvZv

wnmv‡e Avng` kvn& Ave`vwji K…wZZ¡ Awe¯§iYxq n‡q iwnqv‡Q|

Ave`vwj es‡ki cieZx© msw¶ß BwZnvm

Avng` kvn& Ave`vwji g„Zz¨i ci Zvi cy·`i g‡a¨ Kv›`vnv‡ii

wmsnvmb jBqv cÖPÊ M„nweev` ïi“ nq| Ave`vwji cyÎ Zvgyi kvn

wcZvi g„Zz¨vK‡j wnivU wQ‡jb| wZwb `ª“Z Kv›`vnv‡i MG K‡i Ges

åvZv myjvBgvb‡K nZ¨v K‡i Kv›`vnv‡ii wmsnvmb `Lj Ki‡jb |

wmsnvm‡b AwawôZ n‡q wZwb Kv›`vnvi n‡Z ivRavbx Kvey‡j

¯’vbvš—wiZ K‡ib Ges cieZx© wek ermi (1773-1793 wLªt) wZwb

wcZvi DËivwaKvix wnmv‡e ivR¨ kvmb K‡ib| wZwb mvd‡j¨i m‡½

gyjZv‡b wkL‡`i Ges wmÜz‡Z Kvj‡nvi‡`i we‡`ªvn `G K‡ib Ges †mB

m‡½ Kvk¥x‡iI kvw¯— wdivBqv Avwb‡Z m¶g nb| Zvgyi kv‡ni

ivRZ¡Kv‡j mvgªv‡R¨i Ae¯’v evn¨Z †gvUvgywUfv‡e AcwieZ…bxq

_vwK‡jI Gi Avf¨š—ixY `ye©jZvi Aš— wQj bv| KviY G mgq n‡Z

evivLRvB bvgK Ave`vwj es‡kim Aci kvLv ¶gZv I cÖwZcwË we¯—vi

Ki‡Z _v‡K| 1793 wLª÷v‡ã Zvgyi kvn g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib Ges Zvi cyÎ

Rvgvb kvn& Kvey‡ji wmsnvm‡b Dcweó nb| Rvgvb kvn GKRb

A‡hvM¨ bicwZ wQ‡jb Ges 1800 wµ÷v‡ã Zvnv‡K ¶gZvPz¨Z K‡i Zvi

åvZv kvn& ïRv wmsnvmb `Lj Ki‡jb | wKš‘ kvn& gyRvi ivR‡Z¡i K‡qK

gv‡mi g‡a¨B wZwb Zvi Aci åvZv gvngy` KZ…©K loh‡š¿i wkKvi n‡q

¶gZvPz¨Z nb| gvngy` wQ‡jb A‡hvM¨ AvigwcÖq| wZwb K‡qK gv‡mi

g‡a¨B kvn& ïRv KZ…©K wmsnvmb n‡Z AcmvwiZ n‡jb| kvn& ïRv

†gvU evi ermi ivRZ¡ K‡i Ges Gi g‡a¨ wZwb wZbevi ¶gZvPz¨Z nb|

Abyiƒcfv‡e gvngy`I `yBevi ¶gZvq AwawôZ nb| Bnv e¨ZxZ Ave`vwj

es‡gi Avjx kvn&, AvDqye kvn I Kvgivb kvn bvgK wZbRb bicwZ

ch©vqµ‡g G es‡ki wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| G mgq KvRviMY

†Lvivvmv‡b kw³ mÂq K‡i Ges Kvjv‡Zi Lvb I wmÜzi Avgxi we‡`ªvnx

nb| wKš‘ Bnv m‡Ë¡I Ave`vwj bicwZMY fvi‡Z Bmjvg i¶‡Ki f~wgKv

MÖnY Kivi †MŠieRbK KvR n‡Z weiZ _vwK‡Z cv‡ib bvB| Zviv wkK I

gvivVv‡`i wei“‡× msN‡l© wjß nb Ges Ae‡k‡l Zvnv‡`i G bxwZ

Bs‡iRx kw³i m‡½I Zvnv‡`i kΓZvi m„wó K‡i| d‡j PZzw`©K n‡Z

Avf¨š—ixY I ˆe‡`wkK kΓ Øviv cwi‡ewóZ n‡q Ave`vwjMY P~ovš—

`~ie¯’vi m¤§yLxb n‡q c‡o| Ave`vwj‡`i G `ye©jZv I åvš— bxwZi

my‡hvM jBqv evivLRvB †Mv‡Îi weP¶Y I a~Z© †bZv dv‡Zn Lvb kw³

mÂq K‡ib Ges kvn‡`i M„nweev‡` RwoZ n‡q Ae¯’v AviI RwUj K‡i

†Zv‡jb| dv‡Zn Lvb Aek¨ GK ch©v‡q kvn& Kvgiv‡bi n‡¯— wbnZ nb|

wKš‘ Zvi åvZv †`v¯— gyn¤§‡`i Aax‡b AwP‡iB evivLRvBMY

Ave`vwjw`M‡K civwRZ K‡ib Ges 1842 wLª÷v‡ã Ave`vwj es‡ki cZb

NUvBqv wZwb evivLRvB es‡ki ivRZ¡ cÖwZôv K‡ib|

`kg Aa¨vq

cvi‡m¨i Rv›` esk

(1759 wLª-1794 wLªt)

1. Iranian: from a personal name based on Persian zand ‘ interpretation’. In Old Persian the Zand or Zend is the commentary on the Avesta , the sacred text of the Zoroastr ians.

2. Jewish (Ashkenazic): variant spell ing of Sand. 3. German: perhaps a nickname for someone with protruding or otherwise remarkable teeth, from

Middle High German zand ‘ tooth’.

bvw`i kv‡ni g„Zz¨i ci Zvi weivU mvgªvR¨ wQbœ-wewQbœ

n‡q c‡o| bvw`‡ii †cŠÎ I DËivwaKvix kvni“‡Li Aax‡b †Lvivmvb

kvwmZ n‡Z _v‡K Ges Avng` kvn& Ave`vjxi †bZ…‡Z¡ kw³kvjx

AvdMvb iv‡R¨i m„wó nq| Ab¨w`‡K Av¯¿vev‡`i KvRvi AwacwZ

gyn¤§` ûmvBb Lvb gvRv‡›`ivb I wMjv‡bi Dci AvwacZ¨ we¯—vi Ki‡Z

mg_© nb Ges AvRv` Lvb bvgK R‰bK MvjRvB AvdMvb †bZv

AvRvievBRvb n¯—MZ K‡ib| Bnv e¨ZxZ G mgq eLwZqvix †Mv‡Îi

†bZv Avjx g`©vb we‡kl cÖwZcwËkvjx n‡q I‡Vb Ges Gi mK‡jB

cvi‡m¨i wmsnvmb `Lj Kivi Rb¨ i³¶qx msMÖv‡g wjß nb| G‡`i g‡a¨

eLwZqvwi †bZv Avjx g`©vb we‡kl ¶gZvi AwaKvix wQ‡jb| wZwb

Zvi `ya©l© eLwZqvi †mbv`j jBqv 1749 wLª÷v‡ã mnmv B¯úvnvb

AvµvG K‡ib Ges kvni“K KZ…©K wb‡qvwRZ kvmbKZ©v‡K

weZvwoZ K‡i B¯úvnvb AwaKvi K‡ib| B¯úvnv‡b Avjx g`©vb Zvi kw³

I mg_©b my`„p Kivi Rb¨ cvi‡m¨i mKj †MvÎcwZ‡`i wbKU Avnevb

RvbvB‡jb| Avjx g`©v‡bi G Avnev‡b mvov w`qv Rv›` †MvÎcwZ Kwig

Lvb Zvi m‡½ †hvM`vb Ki‡jb | Rv›` †MvÎ wQj †jvK es‡ki Ab¨Zg

GKwU cÖavb kvLv| Giv cvi‡m¨i wewfbœ ¯’v‡b wew¶ß Ae¯’vq

emevm Kwi‡ZwQj| Rv›`MY wbRw`M‡K cvi‡m¨i cÖvPxb KvBqvwb

mgªvU‡`i eskai ewjqv `vwe K‡i| Bnv e¨ZxZ Zviv AviI g‡b K‡i †h,

cvi‡m¨i cÖvPxbZg a‡g©i cÖeZ©K †Rv‡ivqv÷vi Zvi ak©MÖš’

ÔRv›`-Av‡f¯‘Õ Zvnv‡`i R‰bK c~e©-cyi“‡li n‡¯— i¶Yv‡e¶‡Yi

`vwqZ¡ Ac©Y K‡iwQ‡jb Ges G Kvi‡YB Zviv Rv›` ewjqv AvL¨vwqZ|

hvnv nDK, Avjx g`©vb eLwZqvwi I Kwig Lvb Rv›` Df‡q wgwjqv

mvdvwf es‡ki cÖv³b kvn& myjZvb ûmvB‡bi R‰bK åvZz®úy·K

Z…Zxq BmgvBj Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ K‡i cvi‡m¨i wmsnvm‡b AwawôZ

Ki‡jb | AZtci Avjx g`©vb I Kwig Lvb h_vµ‡g G cyZzj kv‡ni cÖavb

†mbvcwZ I cÖavb DwRi c` MÖnY Ki‡jb | wKš‘ G mgq 1751

wLª÷v‡ã mnmv eLwZqvwi †bZv Avjx g`©vb AvZZvqx n‡¯— wbnZ

nb| d‡j ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB iv‡R¨i mg¯— ¶gZv Kwig Lvb Rv‡›`i n‡¯—

cwZZ nq|

Kwig Lvb Rv›`

(1759-1779 wLªt)

Kwig Lvb Rv›` b¨vqcivqY, mvnmx I †`k‡cÖwgK e¨w³ wQ‡jb|

wZwb cvim¨‡K AvdMvb I ZzwK© kΓ‡`i wbh©vZb n‡Z i¶v Kivi

cÖwZkÖ“wZ jBqv cvi‡m¨i mKj †Mv‡Îi RbM‡Yi mg_©b KvGv Ki‡jb |

Kwig Lv‡bi ZLb cÖavb `yBRb cÖwZØ›Øx wQ‡jb| G‡`i GKRb n‡jb

AvRvievBRv‡bi kvmbKZ©v I MvjRvB AvdMvb cÖavb AvRv` Lvb

Ges AciRb KvRvi †MvÎcwZ gyn¤§` ûmvBb Lvb| G‡`i g‡a¨ AvRv`

Kv‡bi mwnZ me©cÖ_g Kwig Lvb Rv‡›`i kw³ cix·v nq| 1752

wLª÷v‡ã KvRwf‡bi A`~‡i AbywôZ Ges hy‡× Kwig Lvb civwRZ nb

Ges wZwb B¯úvnvb cwiZ¨vM K‡i cvim¨ DcmvMixq cve©Z¨ A‡j

Avkªq MÖnY K‡ib| AvRv` Lvb Zvi G cÖv_wgK Rqjv‡fi Avb‡›`

AvZ¥nviv n‡q c‡ob Gs AMÖ-cðvr wPš— bv K‡iB Kwig Lv‡bi wei“‡×

cve©Z¨ A‡j wØZxq Awfhvb cwiPvjbv Ki‡jb | Kwig Lvb GKRb

weP¶Y mgiKzkjx wQ‡jb| wZwb ce©‡Zi m¼xY© ‡Mvcb c_ n‡Z

mnmv exi weµ‡g Avmv` Lv‡bi AMÖMvgx evwnbxi Dci SuvcvBqv

cwo‡jb Ges AvRv`‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c civwRZ Ki‡jb |

MvjvRvB †bZv AvRv` Lv‡bi nvZ n‡Z wb‡R‡K gy³ K‡i Kwig Lvb

KvRvi †MvÎcwZ gyn¤§` ûmvBb Lv‡bi cÖwZ `„wó wbeÜ Ki‡jb |

gyn¤§` ûmvBb Lvb 1757 wLª÷v‡ã weivU GK ˆmb¨evwnbx jBqv

wmivR Ae‡iva K‡ib| wKš‘ cðvr n‡Z Kwig Lv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ Rv›`

Ak¦v‡ivnx evwnbx Zvi mieivn c_ I †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v eÜ K‡i †`Iqvq

wZwb G Ae‡iva cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i jB‡Z eva¨ n‡jb| wKš‘ cw_g‡a¨ Kwig

Lv‡bi †mbvcwZ †mL Avjx Lvb KvRvi †MvÎcwZ‡K AvµgY K‡i Zvnv‡K

civwRZ I wbnZ Ki‡jb | gyn¤§` ûmvB‡bi g„Zz¨i ci Zvi cyÎ AvMv

gyn¤§` Lvb Rv›` AwacwZ Kwig Lv‡bi wbKU AvZ¥mgc©Y Ki‡jb |

Kwig Lvb G KvRvi hyeiv‡Ri cÖwZ m`q e¨envi K‡ib Ges wmiv‡Ri

GKwU cÖmvaK‡¶ Zvnv‡K Aei“× Ae¯’vq ivLv nq| Gw`‡K gyn¤§`

ûmvBb Kv‡bi Aci cyÎ ûmvBb KzjxI Kwig Lv‡bi åvZv vRwK Avjxi n‡¯

— civwRZ I wbnZ n‡jb|

Gfv‡e cvi‡m¨i wmsnvmb `L‡ji wÎgyLx msNv‡Zi cwimgvwß

NwUj Ges GKgvÎ †Lvivmvb I RwR©qv e¨ZxZ 1759 wLª÷vã bvMv`

Kwig Lvb Rv›` mgMÖ cvi‡m¨i GK”QÎ AwacwZ n‡q `uvovB‡jb| wKš‘

cvi‡m¨i cÖK…Z kvmbKZ©v nB‡jI Kwig Lvb kvn& Dcvwa MÖnY Ki‡Z

A¯^xKvi Ki‡jb | wZwb wb‡R‡K IqvwKj A_©vr AwffveK ewjqvB

AwfwnZ Kwi‡Zb| Kwig Lvb Rv›` mvdvwf cyZzj gvn& Z„Zxq

BmgvBj‡K B¯úvnvb I cv‡m©‡cvwj‡`i ga¨eZx© ¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z

Avev‡›`n& bvgvK cÖvPxi Øviv †ewóZ GKwU ¶z`ª kn‡i †cÖiY K‡ib|

AZtci wZwb B¯úvnvb n‡Z ivRavbx wmiv‡R ¯’vbvš—wiZ K‡ib| wKig

Lvb KZ…©K G ivRavbx cwieZ©‡bi cðv‡Z KZ¸wj KviY wQj| cÖ_gZ

b~Zb ivRavbx wmivR Kwig Lv‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖavb mg_©bKvix jywi¯—

v‡bi wbKUZg Ges †mB m‡½ †mŠ›`‡h© gy» n‡qI wZwb Zvi G

ivRavbx cwieZ©‡bi wm×vš— MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| cvi‡m¨ i gnvKwe

†kL mv`x I nvwd‡Ri Rb¥¯’vb G wmivR bMix‡K Kwig Lvb Rv›` bvbv

cÖKvi BgviZ I mvR m¾vq g‡bvig K‡i †Zv‡jb| wZwb wmiv‡R GKwU

my›`i evRvi GjvKv wbg©vY K‡ib| ÔevRvi-B-IqvwjÕ ewjqv AwfwnZ

wmiv‡Ri G Ab¨Zg AvKl©Yxq e¯‘wU GLbI we`¨gvb iwnqv‡Q|

mvB‡cÖm I Pzbvi bvgK e„¶ivRx Ges †mB m‡½ †Mvjvc I †RmwG

Kzwji wewPÎ mgv‡ivn wmivR bMix‡K GK Ac~e© gvayh©gwÊZ

K‡i‡Qb| Kwig Lvb Rv›` Agi Kwe nvwd‡Ri Ke‡ii Dci GKwU my›`i

¯§„wZ‡mŠa wbg©vY K‡ib Ges mvw`i mgvwa‡mŠ‡ai kªxe„w× K‡ib|

Kwig Lv‡bi Avg‡j cvim¨evmx we‡kl myL I ¯^v”Q‡›`¨i mv‡_

Rxebhvcb Ki‡Z m¶g nq| gnvgwZ kvn& AveŸv‡mi ci cvim¨ Avi GG

mg„w× I kvwš— KLbI †fvM K‡i bvB| e¨emv-evwYR¨ I K…wl‡¶‡Î †`k

Ac~f© DbœwZ mvab K‡i| Mgeª“‡b Aew¯’Z weªwUk KviLvbvwU

wZwb eymvBi-G ¯’vbvš—wiZ K‡ib| cvim¨ DcmvMixq A‡ji `ya©l©

Aview`M‡K wZwb kv‡q¯—v K‡ib Ges Zviv wbqwgZ Ki cÖ`v‡b

A½xKvie× nq| G mgq emiv e›`‡ii evwYwR¨K ¸i“Z¡ evwoqv hvq|

emiv e›`‡ii gva¨‡G fvi‡Zi m‡½ DD‡iv‡ci evwYwR¨K Av`vb cÖ`vb

n‡Z _v‡K| emiv e›`‡ii G ¸i“Z¡ Dcjwä K‡i Kwig Lvb Rv›` 1775

wLª÷v‡ã Zvi åvZv mvw`K Lv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ ZzwK©‡`i AwaKvi n‡Z

emiv `Lj K‡ib| G e›`‡ii gva¨‡g wZwb cvi‡m¨i KuvPv wmé I LwbR

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