Final Call APPENDIX Science - part1

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Final Call Science AppendixNew Essays and Compendium from May 2014 through XXX 2014

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Appendix onCosmology, Space & Earthh t t p : / / w w w .p f c n .n e t / b u l l e t i n s / f i n a l%20 c a l l - a p p end i x -sc i en c e-7.p d f

Contents:

Introductory comments page 3

Fabric of Reality page 4 Existence Itself: Towards the Phenomenology of Massive Dissipative/Replicative

Structures page 4 The Cosmos Is Cracked page 7 A computer simulation of the universe shows that it may be filled with defects in

spacetime page 8 Laniakea: Our Home Supercluster of Galaxies page 11 A short video and commentary on Laniakea p12 The Cosmic Web - What does the universe look like at a VERY large scale?p13 Planet-X (again) Not one, but perhaps two or three giant planet-like objects "out

there"? page 15

Tracking Changes in the Galaxy Preface page 20 The Polarized Milky Way page 21 A Blue Bridge of Stars between Cluster Galaxies page 23 Fermi Bubbles Defy Explanation page 24 The Ophiuchus Superbubble: A Gigantic Eruption from the Inner Disk of the

Milky Way page 27 Supernova SN 2014J Explodes page 29 Glimpses of a Huge Galaxy Formation page 31 Dead Galaxies Defy Galactic Formation Theories page 34 Simulations reveal an unusual death for ancient stars page 38

Detection Of Galactic Center Source G2 page 41 Star With Accretion Disc Embedded Inside A Knot Of Dust page 43 Swift X-ray October 2014 Observations of the Galactic Center page 46 Earth Changes and Planetary Inner Dynamics page 48 Earths Core page 49 Hawaiian Volcanism page 50 Magma in Earth's Mantle Forms Deeper Than Once Thought page 51

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Unusual behaviour in Earth's inner core explained page 51 Growth of Earth's inner core may be precursor to magnetic reversal page 54

Compositional instability of Earth's solid inner core page 58 Anomalous splitting of core sensitive modes: a reevaluation of possible

interpretations page 59 Why Earth's Magnetic Field Is Wonky page 62 Earth's magnetic field could flip within a human lifetime page 64 Earths Iron Core is not Rock Solid page 67 The Truth about Earth's Core? page 67 Earth's lower mantle chemistry breakthrough page 69 When the Hawaiian Islands Collapse and Fall Apart in Landslides page 71 Textbook Theory Behind Volcanoes May be Wrong page 73

New insight into the temperature of deep Earth page 75 Mantle updrafts and mechanisms of oceanic volcanism page 77 Earth as Source of Surface Water page 78 Vast ocean lays under Earth mantle, may be wellspring for world's oceans page 79 New evidence for oceans of water deep in the Earth page 80 Minimizing Predation and Consumption and Waste: An Interim Life Form? page 85 Meet the electric life forms that live on pure energy page 86 Spark of life revisited thanks to electric bacteria page 90 On the Trail of Dark Energy: Physicists Propose Higgs Boson Portal page 91 Casimir Effect page 92

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Introductory comments:

October 2014

Our work is all aboutpoint-of-view perspectiveas defined by the general vibrationalstate of awareness that is doing the viewing. In short, you step outside of the box,outside the entire duality game that limits your awareness to proscribed choices that arethemselves falsehoods. When the information is not aimed at reinforcing erroneousbeliefs, space and earth science can provide glimpses into changes to the fabric of realityas well as planetary and galactic dynamics. Merely one way of expanding ones sense ofreality. Call it plane of view, as in vibrational plane of existence and consciousness.

The bridging of a high vibrational plane perspective with a lower plane (as in human 3ddensity, for example) makes for a very broad minded state of awareness. Very.

What might have seemed to the lower human-level perspective as a contradiction orconflict that requiring some material or intellectual resolution, no longer does.

This allows seemingly mutually contradictory or duality tendencies to be embracedwithout the observer identifying with either perspective.

And yet, one can shift their point of view like going up or down in an elevator to seethe street level view or to ride it up as far as possible to get a higher level point of viewwhich includes with it more degrees of freedom, thus it becomes exponentially

expanded, not merely in an incrementally or linearly manner.

This is also about letting go of attachments to various presumptive errors concerningthe perceived nature of reality. For example, the human sciences are deluded withnotions of the speed of light as a constant reference of measurement and that ofnotions of time which are purely derived from a human 3d density point of viewprojected out over cosmically small distances.

Over recent years I have commented that the human sciences will eventually bedetecting anomalies in the fabric of ordinary reality both Earthly atomic materialityand farther reaching cosmological reality. Here I share a few recent examples from

earth and space sciences and physics, many of were published only this year. Some ofthe insights suggested by these scientists and some of the computer representations areremarkably close to what some of been noticing through their higher level innerawareness.

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mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Fabric of Reality

November 1, 2013

In 2013 when I was preparing the Concluding Essaysseries, I had thought to include afew discussions from the human sciences on the fabric of material reality.

Over the years, I have stated that to expect new insights from those engaged in advancedscience discovery that would be derivative indicators of spiritual energies. These wouldapply to near and far reaches of space and time as well as the sub-atomic andparticle/wave levels of investigations.

In recent years reports of instability in the decay rate of certain radioisotopes have beenfound with hints that solar or other space energies may be related. More recently therehave been increasing reports of planets that exist without any solar system and morerecent speculations that this may be more common than solar system planet dynamics.

Related NES Forum links:http://www.newearthsummit.org/pfcn/Bulletins/Dissipation.pdfhttp://www.newearthsummit.org/pfcn/Bulletins/Dissipation-Appendix.pdf

Main site links:http://www.pfcn.net/bulletins/Dissipation.pdfhttp://www.pfcn.net/bulletins/Dissipation-Appendix.pdf

The first piece is a 26-page paper which for readers convenience was archived as a PDFas of October 2014 and a link placed here:www.pfcn.net/bulletins/The Phenomenology of Dissipative-Replicative Structures.pdf

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Existence Itself: Towards the Phenomenology of MassiveDissipative/Replicative Structuresby David M. Keirsey(under evolution)

AbstractEntities such as the Web, mankind, life, the earth, the solar system, the Milky way, andour universe are viewed asmassive dissipative/replicative structures.

http://www.newearthsummit.org/pfcn/Bulletins/Dissipation.pdfhttp://www.newearthsummit.org/pfcn/Bulletins/Dissipation.pdfhttp://www.newearthsummit.org/pfcn/Bulletins/Dissipation-Appendix.pdfhttp://www.newearthsummit.org/pfcn/Bulletins/Dissipation-Appendix.pdfhttp://www.pfcn.net/bulletins/Dissipation.pdfhttp://www.pfcn.net/bulletins/Dissipation.pdfhttp://www.pfcn.net/bulletins/Dissipation-Appendix.pdfhttp://www.pfcn.net/bulletins/Dissipation-Appendix.pdfhttp://www.pfcn.net/bulletins/The%20Phenomenology%20of%20Dissipative-Replicative%20Structures.pdfhttp://www.pfcn.net/bulletins/The%20Phenomenology%20of%20Dissipative-Replicative%20Structures.pdfhttp://edgeoforder.org/%23chaosorderscalemailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://edgeoforder.org/%23chaosorderscalehttp://www.pfcn.net/bulletins/The%20Phenomenology%20of%20Dissipative-Replicative%20Structures.pdfhttp://www.pfcn.net/bulletins/Dissipation-Appendix.pdfhttp://www.pfcn.net/bulletins/Dissipation.pdfhttp://www.newearthsummit.org/pfcn/Bulletins/Dissipation-Appendix.pdfhttp://www.newearthsummit.org/pfcn/Bulletins/Dissipation.pdfmailto:[email protected]


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This paper will examine the structure and process of massive dissipative/ replicativestructures. In addition, it will examine the concept of massive dissipative/replicative

structures and what are the necessary issues in structuring the scientific understandingof the phenomena. The methodology of comparative complexity is suggested to help inthe construction and analysis of scientific theories.

Link to his webpage :http://edgeoforder.org/pofdisstruct.html

Following are the initial lead-in paragraphs for section of this paper:

Chapter 1. IntroductionThe concept of the phenomenon of a dissipative structurehas become an extremelyuseful concept in explaining how the world works. It appears that entities such as

the Web, mankind, life, the earth, the solar system, the Milky way, and our universeare examples of this phenomenon [Prigogine97,Smolin97,Langton80]. On theother hand, the fact that all of these massive dissipative structuresmust alsoexhibitreplicativeproperties, has been one major failing of modeling in the scientificenterprise.

This paper will examine the structure and process of massive dissipative/replicativestructures. In addition, it will examine the conceptof massive dissipative/replicativestructures and what are the necessary issues in structuring the scientific understandingof the phenomena. Lastly, I will suggest a methodology that can help in the constructionand analysis of scientific theories.

Dis -sipa -tive: dis- = apart, supare = to throw (to throw apart)Re -plica -tive: re = again, plicate = to fold (to refold)Structure: structura = a fitting together

In particle physics, the word "dissipative" is not use extensively, for they assert thatquantum structures are not dissipative. On the other hand, physics tells us there issome equivalence between mass and energy, and quantum structures can exchangeenergy and often "spontaneously emit" energy in the form of bosons. This use of theword "spontaneous" is analogous to the unjustified finesse in using the phrase"spontaneous generation" taken by pre-Pasteur scientists regarding life. The slight ofhand in particle physicist's phrase "spontaneously emit or decay" alerts one to the factthat physical theories cannot explain the underlying process, except by a non-ontological satisfying mathematical operation (quantum mechanics) that mimicsthebehavior. Because of this, I will generalize the notion of "dissipation" to include thenotion of "thermodynamic." That is, "thermodynamic" means to include "dissipative"of energy or matter - space and time. Since all physical systems are"thermodynamic," then all systems are "dissipative," including bosons and the universe.

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Chapter 2. The Dilemma of Science

Every scientist's given is another's analytic goalSusan Oyama

When discussing the creation, evolution, and the underlying nature of long-term naturalentities, there has been a gradual realization that using reductionistic methods andterminology has lead to an impasse in understanding. For example, the current crisis inquantum mechanics (the disconnect with relativity) has lead several researchers[Bohm93,Smolin97,Prigogine97,Rosen91]to question the underlyingcharacterization. Particle physics has had to turn to cosmology and astrophysics to helpin finding models of the creation and evolution of the microscopic entities based on thestate of the entireuniverse. Also recently, the incompleteness of the neo-darwinian

model of evolution has been exposed by questions posed by researchers, such as,Margulisand Lovelock on the relationship between the biosphere, the solar system, andlife. The origin of life also seems shrouded in mystery, given that it is highly possiblethat the origin of life occurred within the depths of the earth's crust[Gold98],wherebiologists have little clue of the metabolic and genetic processes of theseorganisms. Finally, can the future of mankind be addressed without understanding therole of the Gaia [Lovelock87]and Hypersea [McMenanim94]hypotheses and theirconnection to the future evolution of the Internet and our future mind children?

On the other hand, scientific progress has been practically synonymous with themethodology of reductionism and the atomic hypothesis. If science is practically defined

by the notions of "simplifying the problem" and analysis of the working of the parts of asystem, then what techniques and methodologies are alternatives or additions to thismost successful approach.

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The Cosmos Is Cracked

A computer simulation of the universe shows that it may be filled with defects inspacetime(from Scientific American - Oct 2013)

Article lead in: If the prospect of an ever-expanding universe that eventually stretchesinto a vast emptiness isnt depressing enough, theres this: the universe may have cracksin it. Continued at link:http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=cosmic-strings-cracked-cosmos

Note: The image shown in the October 2013 Scientific American article is actually fromJanuary 30, 2008 the date this image was released and was posted to the EuropeanSouthern Observatory website. Link:http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso0804a/Why does it take more than 5 years to publish this piece in a mainstream sciencemagazine? Sci Amer wants $500 (non-profit rate) to show the full article here anddoes not include the image. But then the image is not theirs.

Caption from ESO web page:

Snapshot from a computer simulation of theformation of large-scale structures in theUniverse, showing a patch of 100 millionlight-years and the resulting coherent motionsof galaxies flowing towards the highest massconcentration in the centre. The snapshot

refers to an epoch about 10 billion years backin time. The colour scale represents the massdensity, with the highest density regionspainted in red and the lowest in black. Thetiny yellow lines describe the intensity anddirection of the galaxy's velocities. Likecompass needles, they map the infall patternand measure the rate of growth of the centralstructure. This depends on the subtle balancebetween dark matter, dark energy and theexpansion of the Universe. Astronomers can

measure this effect using large survey ofgalaxies at different epochs in time, as shownby the new research.

http://www.eso.org/public/usa/images/eso0804a/

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Cred i t : Klaus Dolag and equipmentVIMOS-VLT Deep Survey

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The Cosmos Is Cracked

A computer simulation of the universe shows that it may be filled withdefects in spacetimeOct 8, 2013 |By Clara Moskowitz

If the prospect of an ever-expanding universe that eventually stretches into a vastemptiness isnt depressing enough, theres this: the universe may have cracks in it.

Cracks, calledcosmic strings,are topological defects in spacetime that might haveformed when the universe was young. Experiments havent found any proof that cosmicstrings are even out there, but that hasnt stopped physicists from calculating how manystrings we might expect there to be if, in fact, they turn out to exist after all. And its alot: cosmic strings would produce at least a billion loops throughout the visible universetoday, researchers report. Cosmic strings are these filaments which wind and sneakthroughout the universe, says study co-author Benjamin Shlaer of Tufts University.They are essentially one-dimensional fault lines in space, made not of mass but pureenergy. Some could be infinitely long, and all are almost impossibly thin, muchnarrower than a proton.

Cosmic strings may have formed as the universe cooled after the big bang. Just as waterundergoes a phase transition from liquid to solid when it freezes, the universe changedradically when it went through a transition from being extremely hot and dense in theinstants just after the big bang to slightly cooler and more rarefied just a few fractions ofa second later. According to a popular theory, in the hot and dense universe three of the

four forces of nature (weak, strong and electromagnetic) were unified but in the cooleruniverse they separated. When this symmetry among the forces broke, it might havecreated topological defects in the form of strings, so named because they would be long,thin fissures in space. (Despite the similar names, cosmic strings may or may not berelated to the strings predicted to make up fundamental particles instring theory .)

These strings would have started off tangled and wrinkly when the universe was in itshot, dense state but would have stretched out over time as space itself expanded. Thismovement would cause some strings to cross others. When they wind back onthemselves they break so that the wrinkles snap off as closed loops, like little rubberbands. The loops are what astronomers might be able to detect because they would

oscillate, producing measurable ripples in spacetime called gravitational waves.

Shlaer and his colleagues created a numerical simulation of cosmic string loopformation and ran it on a supercomputer cluster at the university. The results told themhow big loops are likely to be when they form, and by extrapolating, the researcherscalculated the number and size of the loops that might exist in the universe at any giventime. The results depend on how taut the strings area property determined by thetemperature of the universe when they were formed. For a likely range of tensions, the

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scientists calculated that billions of cosmic string loops could exist today. The Tuftsgroup has done a heroic job with the string simulations, and they pin down important

features of the loop distribution critical for predicting gravitational-wave emission andtheir effects on millisecond pulsar timing, says Tanmay Vachaspati, a physicist atArizona State University in Tempe who wasnt involved in the research.

The new study gives observers a better idea of what to look for in the quest to findevidence of cosmic strings. The strings would create gravitational waves that could bedetectable by elaborate wave-detecting facilities such asLIGO (the Laser InterferometerGravitational-Wave Observatory) in the U.S. or by studies of rapidly rotating stars calledpulsars, which emit beacons of light with clockwork precision. If astronomers on Earthnotice a change in the arrival time of light from pulsars, it could mean a gravitationalwave has hit our planet. The fact that no evidence for gravitational waves has yet been

found already eliminates the possibility of cosmic strings with a given range of tensions.Whether or not any cosmic strings exist is still an open question.

If they are out there, now we know they would be abundant.

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END NOTES & GRAPHICS:

Compare this with other recent super computer simulations which, to my variousperspectives, illustrate with striking accuracy the interconnections of The All, theconnecting circuits of Spiritual Intelligences which I came to know. -ASK

(Below: This particular image shows how gas is distributed in the universe's mostmassive cluster of galaxies, which is called Cluster 001. Scientists are using this newsimulation to create stunning images and video that help reveal many of the universe'smost complex mysteries...and help us remember how beautiful the cosmos really is. Thisfirst one is "Bolshoi Fly-Through", which shows how dark matter shaped one particularcorner of the universe.(Taken from video was developed by Anatoly Klypin and Joel Primack and visualized byChris Henze of the NASA Ames Research Center.)

Link:http://vimeo.com/21866269

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A NASA press release offers somemore information:

http://io9.com/5846159/a-computer-simulation-of-the-universes-complete-14-billion+year-

evolution

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Laniakea: Our Home Supercluster of Galaxies

September 2014

http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/astropix.html

It is not only one of the largest structures known -- it is our home. The just-identifiedLaniakea Superclusterof galaxies contains thousands of galaxies that includes ourMilkyWay Galaxy,theLocal Groupof galaxies, and the entire nearbyVirgo Cluster ofGalaxies.The colossal supercluster is shown in theabove computer-generatedvisualization,where green areas are rich with white-dot galaxies and white lines indicatemotion towards the supercluster center. An outline ofLaniakeais given in orange, whilethe blue dot shows our location. Outside the orange line, galaxies flow into other galaticconcentrations. TheLaniakea Superclusterspans about 500 million light years andcontains about 100,000 times the mass of our Milky Way Galaxy. ThediscoverersofLaniakeagave it a name that means "immense heaven" inHawaiian.

Image Credit:R. Brent Tully(U. Hawaii)et al.,SDvision, DP,CEA/Saclay

http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/astropix.htmlhttp://apod.nasa.gov/apod/astropix.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laniakeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laniakeahttp://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap080606.htmlhttp://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap080606.htmlhttp://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap080606.htmlhttp://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap080606.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Grouphttp://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap110422.htmlhttp://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap110422.htmlhttp://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap110422.htmlhttp://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap110422.htmlhttps://public.nrao.edu/news/pressreleases/supercluster-gbthttps://public.nrao.edu/news/pressreleases/supercluster-gbthttps://public.nrao.edu/news/pressreleases/supercluster-gbthttps://public.nrao.edu/news/pressreleases/supercluster-gbthttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=No0omeHIxwohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=No0omeHIxwohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=No0omeHIxwohttp://arxiv.org/abs/1409.0880http://arxiv.org/abs/1409.0880http://arxiv.org/abs/1409.0880http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014arXiv1409.0880Thttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014arXiv1409.0880Thttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014arXiv1409.0880Thttp://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v513/n7516/full/nature13674.htmlhttp://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v513/n7516/full/nature13674.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_languagehttp://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~tully/http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~tully/http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~tully/http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v513/n7516/full/nature13674.htmlhttp://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v513/n7516/full/nature13674.htmlhttp://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v513/n7516/full/nature13674.htmlhttp://www-centre-saclay.cea.fr/enhttp://www-centre-saclay.cea.fr/enhttp://www-centre-saclay.cea.fr/enmailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www-centre-saclay.cea.fr/enhttp://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v513/n7516/full/nature13674.htmlhttp://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~tully/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_languagehttp://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v513/n7516/full/nature13674.htmlhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014arXiv1409.0880Thttp://arxiv.org/abs/1409.0880https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=No0omeHIxwohttps://public.nrao.edu/news/pressreleases/supercluster-gbthttps://public.nrao.edu/news/pressreleases/supercluster-gbthttp://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap110422.htmlhttp://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap110422.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Grouphttp://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap080606.htmlhttp://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap080606.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laniakeahttp://apod.nasa.gov/apod/astropix.htmlmailto:[email protected]


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1)A short video and commentary on Laniakea:(full screen and high resolution recommended):

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=No0omeHIxwo

2)And brief companion video with additional background:http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v513/n7516/full/nature13674.html#videos

A few comments for your consideration:

These three presentations provide some of the most significant insights into structuresof creation, the the limits of human science. (The third one is introduced below,following my brief remarks here.)

They show some of most detailed models from humans of a portion of this universe asuper cluster of galaxies. As with much of the space science material included in thisunusual Appendix to my final compilation, Hawaii-based space research centers wereinvolved.

The first two provide a more useful orientation to what I have referred to as one ofvarious levels of spatial/creational Void (they identify and refer to a local void notto be confused with the greater void in which this entire creation and creator aresuspended) and these provide a more intelligent point of view of what earth-centrichumans refer to as zodiacal constellations.

I also call your attention have noted their estimation of an irregular membrane likeboundary layer; their identification of a great attractor that is drawing in portions of thesupercluster of galaxies; and their definition of an apparent massive scale separationunderway as their directional flow diagrams indicate.

This third set of models in blue may look familiar since I used some of these illustrationsin some of the issues of Global Awakening Newsand the A-List Updates. From my ownvaried perspectives, I would say that they clustering of galaxies along this web-likenetwork is too tightly packed, except for those pockets of more densely arranged galacticstructures. As one views The All, traveling through it, these appear far more distant fromone another with longer lengths of these nerve fiber-like streams of conscious energyconduits.

One of the parameters the researchers used was speed of light constants. To my greaterknowing the humanly-defined speed of light is not a constant and superluminal speed ismore the norm throughout the vastness of The All. Far faster than any human physics+can acknowledge nearly instantaneous at times. Thus in all three of these amazing

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=No0omeHIxwohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=No0omeHIxwohttp://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v513/n7516/full/nature13674.html%23videoshttp://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v513/n7516/full/nature13674.html%23videosmailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v513/n7516/full/nature13674.html%23videoshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=No0omeHIxwomailto:[email protected]


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models, there is far more distortion shown due to the mistaken presumption about thespeed of light.

ASK

3) The Cosmic Web -What does the universe look like at a VERY largescale?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74IsySs3RGU

Uploaded on Nov 6, 2010

The Millennium Simulation featured in this clip was run in 2005 by the VirgoConsortium, an international group of astrophysicists from Germany, the UnitedKingdom, Canada, Japan and the United States. A virtual cube of 2 billion light years ona side was "filled" with 10 billion "particles" whose evolution was computed using thephysical laws expected to hold in the currently known cosmologies. The initialdistribution of matter, that resembled the conditions present when the cosmic

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74IsySs3RGUhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74IsySs3RGUhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74IsySs3RGUmailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74IsySs3RGUmailto:[email protected]


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microwave background radiation was emitted (about 379,000 years after the universebegan) was allowed to evolve, and the formation of galaxies and black holes in the

simulation were recorded. After all the computing work was done (28 days, at a rate of200 billion calculations per second) 20 million galaxies were formed in the initial space.

These galaxies and the dark matter around them formed web-like structures thatresemble the shapes observed by the most recent data available in cosmic surveys, suchas the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Also very importantly: the simulation provided supportfor our current "standard model" of cosmology, the so called: Lambda Cold Dark MatterModel.

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Planet-X (again)

Not one, but perhaps two or three giant planet-like objects "out there"?June 15, 2014

Note:

Over the years a few individuals I am aware of "remote-viewed" or psychically "seen"a very large, barely dull-red looking large planetoid object "out there in space" andhave noted it appears to be getting closer.

It is interesting as well that this could fit with various notions of "Nibiru" originallypopularized by Z Sitchin's translations of ancient writings.

Now it seems there is some indication that there may be two such bodies "out there"influencing this solar system and whatever else. And that these are considered "beyondreach" of human telescopes. (The Hubble space observatory as well?)

I mention this article at this time as something of passing interest, not as a distraction.These objects may well be found to be "of influence" to Earth by astronomers. Likely bythat time, it will already by mostly "over and done with" here and will provide thoseremaining with the some impetus to pay attention to what has always been Present forthem to consider and thus they encounter their own personal existential crisis.

This time, precipitated by something material and "external" that humans can donothing about. In the larger scheme of things, this matters little since the breakdownand dissolution of the fallen creation zone will already be underway and these objectsmay come to be regarded as localized instruments of much greater changes.

-ASK

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Brown Dwarf? Planet-X? or just another Supernova?

While its mission did not involve a search for Planet X, the IRAS space observatorymade headlines briefly in 1983 due to an "unknown object" that was at first described as"possibly as large as the giant planet Jupiter and possibly so close to Earth that it wouldbe part of this Solar System". http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune

[Note: the IRAS probe did manage to image something that seemed not to emit light. ASK ]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptunehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptunemailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptunemailto:[email protected]


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On the left, the

blue sphericalshape wasrecorded in radiowavelengths in1985 by the VeryLarge Array. Theimage on theright shows thesame view takenin 2008. It isobvious that the

object is larger,but critics say that this is not because the object is closer, but rather that the residual"shell" from the exploding star has advanced out from its origin. They note the shape isnot spherical but consistent with the type of remnants usually seen withsupernova. (fromhttp://www.viewzone.com/browndwarf2.html )

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G1.9+0.3: The Remarkable Remains of a Recent Supernovahttp://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2013/g19/

G1.9+0.3 is the remains of the most recent supernova, in Earth's time frame, knownto have occurred in the Milky Way.

If gas and dust had not heavily obscured it, the explosion would have been visiblefrom Earth just over a century ago.

A new long Chandra observation - equivalent to over 11 days of time - reveals newdetails about the explosion.

G1.9+0.3 is located about 28,000 light years from Earth near the center of the MilkyWay.

Astronomers estimate that a star explodes as asupernovain our Galaxy, on average,about twice per century. In 2008, a team of scientists announced they discovered theremains of a supernova that is the most recent, in Earth's time frame, known to have

occurred in theMilky Way. The explosion would have been visible from Earth a little more than a hundred years

ago if it had not been heavily obscured by dust and gas. Its likely location is about28,000 light years from Earth near the center of the Milky Way. A long observationequivalent to more than 11 days of observations of its debris field, now known as thesupernova remnantG1.9+0.3,with NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory is providingnew details about this important event.

http://www.viewzone.com/browndwarf2.htmlhttp://www.viewzone.com/browndwarf2.htmlhttp://www.viewzone.com/browndwarf2.htmlhttp://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2013/g19/http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2013/g19/http://chandra.harvard.edu/learn_snr.htmlhttp://chandra.harvard.edu/learn_snr.htmlhttp://chandra.harvard.edu/learn_snr.htmlhttp://chandra.harvard.edu/xray_sources/milky_way.htmlhttp://chandra.harvard.edu/xray_sources/milky_way.htmlhttp://chandra.harvard.edu/xray_sources/milky_way.htmlhttp://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2008/g19/animations.htmlhttp://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2008/g19/animations.htmlhttp://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2008/g19/animations.htmlmailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2008/g19/animations.htmlhttp://chandra.harvard.edu/xray_sources/milky_way.htmlhttp://chandra.harvard.edu/learn_snr.htmlhttp://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2013/g19/http://www.viewzone.com/browndwarf2.htmlmailto:[email protected]


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The source of G1.9+0.3 was most likely a white dwarf star that underwent athermonuclear detonation and was destroyed after merging with another white dwarf,

or pulling material from an orbiting companion star. This is a particular class ofsupernova explosions (known asType Ia)that are used as distance indicators incosmology because they are so consistent in brightness and incredibly luminous.

The explosion ejected stellar debris at high velocities, creating the supernova remnantthat is seen today by Chandra and other telescopes. This new image is a compositefrom Chandra where low-energy X-rays are red, intermediate energies are green andhigher-energy ones are blue. Also shown are optical data from the Digitized SkySurvey, with appearing stars in white. The new Chandra data, obtained in 2011, revealthat G1.9+0.3 has several remarkable properties.

The Chandra data show that most of the X-ray emission is "synchrotron radiation,"produced by extremely energetic electrons accelerated in the rapidly expanding blast

wave of the supernova. This emission gives information about the origin of cosmic rays

- energetic particles that constantly strike the Earth's atmosphere - but not muchinformation about Type Ia supernovas. In addition, some of the X-ray emission comes from elements produced in the

supernova, providing clues to the nature of the explosion. The long Chandraobservation was required to dig out those clues.

Most Type Ia supernova remnants aresymmetricalin shape, with debris evenlydistributed in all directions. However, G1.9+0.3 exhibits an extremely asymmetricpattern. The strongest X-ray emission from elements like silicon, sulfur, and iron isfound in the northern part of the remnant, giving an extremely asymmetric pattern.

Another exceptional feature of this remnant is that iron, which is expected to formdeep in the doomed star's interior and move relatively slowly, is found far from thecenter and is moving at extremely high speeds of over 3.8 million miles per hour. Theiron is mixed with lighter elements expected to form further out in the star.

Because of the uneven distribution of the remnant's debris and their extreme velocities,the researchers conclude that the original supernova explosion also had very unusualproperties. That is, the explosion itself must have been highly non-uniform andunusually energetic.

By comparing the properties of the remnant with theoretical models, the researchersfound hints about the explosion mechanism. Their favorite concept for what happenedin G1.9+0.3 is a "delayed detonation", where the explosion occurs in two differentphases. First, nuclear reactions occur in a slowly expanding wavefront, producing ironand similar elements. The energy from these reactions causes the star to expand,changing its density and allowing a much faster-moving detonation front of nuclearreactions to occur.

If the explosion were highly asymmetric, then there should be large variations in

expansion rate in different parts of the remnant. These should be measurable withfuture observations with X-rays using Chandra and radio waves with the NSF's Karl G.Jansky Very Large Array.

Observations of G1.9+0.3 allow astronomers a special, close-up view of a youngsupernova remnant and its rapidly changing debris. Many of these changes are driven

by the radioactive decay of elements ejected in the explosion. For example, a largeamount ofantimattershould have formed after the explosion by radioactive decay ofcobalt. Based on the estimated mass of iron, which is formed by radioactive decay of

http://chandra.harvard.edu/resources/glossaryT.html%23type1_supernovahttp://chandra.harvard.edu/resources/glossaryT.html%23type1_supernovahttp://chandra.harvard.edu/resources/glossaryT.html%23type1_supernovahttp://chandra.harvard.edu/xray_astro/xrays.htmlhttp://chandra.harvard.edu/xray_astro/xrays.htmlhttp://chandra.harvard.edu/xray_astro/xrays.htmlhttp://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2007/g11/http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2007/g11/http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2007/g11/http://chandra.harvard.edu/resources/glossaryA.html%23antimatterhttp://chandra.harvard.edu/resources/glossaryA.html%23antimatterhttp://chandra.harvard.edu/resources/glossaryA.html%23antimattermailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://chandra.harvard.edu/resources/glossaryA.html%23antimatterhttp://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2007/g11/http://chandra.harvard.edu/xray_astro/xrays.htmlhttp://chandra.harvard.edu/resources/glossaryT.html%23type1_supernovamailto:[email protected]


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nickel to cobalt to iron, over a hundred million trillion (ie ten raised to the power oftwenty) pounds of positrons, the antimatter counterpart to electrons, should have

formed. However, nearly all of these positrons should have combined with electronsand been destroyed, so no direct observational signature of this antimatter shouldremain.

A paper describing theseresults is available onlineand will be published in the July 1,2013 issue of The Astrophysical Journal Letters. The first author is KazimierzBorkowski of North Carolina State University (NCSU), in Raleigh, NC and his co-authors are Stephen Reynolds, also of NCSU; Una Hwang from NASA's Goddard SpaceFlight Center (GSFC) in Greenbelt, MD; David Green from Cavendish Laboratory inCambridge, UK; Robert Petre, also from GSFC; Kalyani Krishnamurthy from DukeUniversity in Durham, NC and Rebecca Willett, also from Duke University.

NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala., manages the Chandraprogram for NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington. The Smithsonian

Astrophysical Observatory controls Chandra's science and flight operations fromCambridge, Mass.

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Two giant planets may cruise unseen beyond Pluto11 June 2014 by Nicola Jenner

http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn25711-two-giant-planets-may-cruise-unseen-beyond-pluto.html?#.U53s2nlOVaS

The monsters are multiplying. Just months after astronomers announced hints of agiant "Planet X" lurking beyond Pluto, a team in Spain says there may actually be twosupersized planets hiding in the outer reaches of our solar system.

When potential dwarf planet 2012 VP113 was discovered in March, it joined a handful ofunusual rocky objects known to reside beyond the orbit of Pluto. These small objectshave curiously aligned orbits, which hints that an unseen planet even further out isinfluencing their behaviour. Scientists calculated that this world would be about 10

times the mass of Earth and would orbit at roughly 250 times Earth's distance from thesun.

Now Carlos and Raul de la Fuente Marcos at the Complutense University of Madrid inSpain have taken another look at these distant bodies. As well as confirming theirbizarre orbital alignment, the pair found additional puzzling patterns. Small groups ofthe objects have very similar orbital paths. Because they are not massive enough to be

http://arxiv.org/pdf/1305.7399v1.pdfhttp://arxiv.org/pdf/1305.7399v1.pdfhttp://arxiv.org/pdf/1305.7399v1.pdfhttp://www.newscientist.com/article/dn25711-two-giant-planets-may-cruise-unseen-beyond-pluto.html?%23.U53s2nlOVaShttp://www.newscientist.com/article/dn25711-two-giant-planets-may-cruise-unseen-beyond-pluto.html?%23.U53s2nlOVaShttp://www.newscientist.com/article/dn25711-two-giant-planets-may-cruise-unseen-beyond-pluto.html?%23.U53s2nlOVaSmailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.newscientist.com/article/dn25711-two-giant-planets-may-cruise-unseen-beyond-pluto.html?%23.U53s2nlOVaShttp://www.newscientist.com/article/dn25711-two-giant-planets-may-cruise-unseen-beyond-pluto.html?%23.U53s2nlOVaShttp://arxiv.org/pdf/1305.7399v1.pdfmailto:[email protected]


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tugging on each other, the researchers think the objects are being "shepherded" by alarger object in a pattern known asorbital resonance.

Planet shepherdFor instance, we know that Neptune and Pluto are in orbital resonance for every twoorbits Pluto makes around the sun, Neptune makes three. Similarly, one group of smallobjects seems to be in lockstep with a much more distant, unseen planet. That worldwould have a mass between that of Mars and Saturn and would sit about 200 timesEarth's distance from the sun.

Some of the smaller objects have very elongated orbits that would take them out to thisdistance. It is unusual for a large planet to orbit so close to other bodies unless it isdynamically tied to something else, so the researchers suggest that the large planet is

itself in resonance with a more massive world at about 250 times the Earth-sun distance just like the one predicted in the previous work.

Observing these putative planets will be tricky. The smaller bodies are on very ellipticalorbits and were only spotted when they ventured closest to the sun. But the big planetswould have roughly circular orbits and would be slow moving and dim, making themtough for current telescopes to see. "It's not at all surprising that they haven't beenfound yet," says Carlos.

"As there are only a few of these extremely distant objects known, it's hard to sayanything definitive about the number or location of any distant planets," saysScott

Sheppardat the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington DC, one of thediscoverers of 2012 VP113. "However, in the near future we should have more objects towork with to help us determine the structure of the outer solar system." Reference:arxiv.org/abs/1406.0715

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Extreme trans-Neptunian objects and the Kozai mechanism:signaling the presence of trans-Plutonian planets?

Authors:C. de la Fuente Marcos,R. de la Fuente Marcos

(Submitted on 3 Jun 2014)Abstract:The existence of an outer planet beyond Pluto has been a matter of debate for decadesand the recent discovery of 2012 VP113 has just revived the interest for thiscontroversial topic. This Sedna-like object has the most distant perihelion of any knownminor planet and the value of its argument of perihelion is close to 0 degrees. Thisproperty appears to be shared by almost all known asteroids with semimajor axisgreater than 150 au and perihelion greater than 30 au (the extreme trans-Neptunian

http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn7429-gas-giants-credited-for-solar-system-formation.htmlhttp://home.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/http://home.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/http://home.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/http://home.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/http://arxiv.org/abs/1406.0715http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Marcos_C/0/1/0/all/0/1http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Marcos_C/0/1/0/all/0/1http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Marcos_C/0/1/0/all/0/1http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Marcos_R/0/1/0/all/0/1http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Marcos_R/0/1/0/all/0/1http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Marcos_R/0/1/0/all/0/1mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Marcos_R/0/1/0/all/0/1http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Marcos_C/0/1/0/all/0/1http://arxiv.org/abs/1406.0715http://home.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/http://home.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn7429-gas-giants-credited-for-solar-system-formation.htmlmailto:[email protected]


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objects or ETNOs), and this fact has been interpreted as evidence for the existence of asuper-Earth at 250 au. In this scenario, a population of stable asteroids may be

shepherded by a distant, undiscovered planet larger than the Earth that keeps the valueof their argument of perihelion librating around 0 degrees as a result of the Kozaimechanism. Here, we study the visibility of these ETNOs and confirm that the observedexcess of objects reaching perihelion near the ascending node cannot be explained interms of any observational biases. This excess must be a true feature of this populationand its possible origin is explored in the framework of the Kozai effect. The analysis ofseveral possible scenarios strongly suggest that at least two trans-Plutonian planetsmust exist. Link:arXiv:1406.0715v1[astro-ph.EP] for this version.

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Tracking Changes in the GalaxyAugust 14, 2014

Preface

While the superbubble is old news, there continues to be of important scientificinterest. The second article which follows this one is fairly recent and what got myattention were comments concerning the seeming absence of matter. From my varied

perspectives, I take an interest in potential indicators of larger changes in local galacticand universe environments that could be indicators of larger changes filtering into 3dand therefore detected by technologies extending from the human 3d field of existence.One of these changes is the deletion of portions of extant creation of The All. Humanscience technology can barely measure the parameters of what humans regard as theuniverse. Within The All there are many structures and patterns, some which connectthe entirety of The All, like super-cosmic nerve fibers and blood vessels that conveyinformation and energy.

ASK

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http://arxiv.org/abs/1406.0715v1http://arxiv.org/abs/1406.0715v1http://arxiv.org/abs/1406.0715v1mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://arxiv.org/abs/1406.0715v1mailto:[email protected]


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The Polarized Milky WayMay 15, 2014 by Stephan Smith

https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2014/05/15/the-polarized-milky-way/

Polarized light from the Milky Way. Credit: ESA and the Planck Collaboration

Electromagnetic fields guide light in specific ways.

The image above is from thePlanck satellite,now defunct, that waslaunchedby theEuropean Space Agency (ESA) in May 2005, along with theHerschel SpaceObservatory,which also recently ended its mission.

According to ESA, Plancks mission was broken into several objectives: to determine thelarge-scale properties of the Universe with high precision; to test theories of inflation; tosearch for primordial gravitational waves; to search for defects in space; to study theorigin of the structures we see in the Universe; and to study our and other galaxies in the

microwave.

Planck used its detectors to investigate polarized light coming from various locations inthe Milky Way. According to a recentpress release,small dust grains, said to be rotatingat several million times per second, are constrained by magnetic fields that cause themto form field-aligned channels through which light is emitted. That causes the light to bepolarized. However, could the information be relevant to another explanation thatinvolves electrical activity?

https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2014/05/15/the-polarized-milky-way/https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2014/05/15/the-polarized-milky-way/http://www.thunderbolts.info/tpod/2010/arch10/100316planck.htmhttp://www.thunderbolts.info/tpod/2010/arch10/100316planck.htmhttp://www.thunderbolts.info/tpod/2010/arch10/100316planck.htmhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja5oWU6DlYshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja5oWU6DlYshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja5oWU6DlYshttps://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2012/05/18/6517/https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2012/05/18/6517/https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2012/05/18/6517/https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2012/05/18/6517/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Planck/Planck_takes_magnetic_fingerprint_of_our_Galaxyhttp://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Planck/Planck_takes_magnetic_fingerprint_of_our_Galaxyhttp://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Planck/Planck_takes_magnetic_fingerprint_of_our_Galaxymailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Milky_Way_s_magnetic_fingerprint.jpghttp://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Planck/Planck_takes_magnetic_fingerprint_of_our_Galaxyhttps://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2012/05/18/6517/https://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2012/05/18/6517/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja5oWU6DlYshttp://www.thunderbolts.info/tpod/2010/arch10/100316planck.htmhttps://www.thunderbolts.info/wp/2014/05/15/the-polarized-milky-way/mailto:[email protected]


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Data the Fermi Gamma Ray Space Telescope revealed twin lobes of a gamma rays in anhourglass shape extending out beyond theMilky Wayscentral bulge. Each structure

measures approximately 65,000 light-years in diameter. The funnel-like formations arethe unmistakable signature of Birkeland currents squeezing plasma and charged dustinto z-pinch compression zones. The intense magnetic fields associated with Birkelandcurrent filaments cause electrons to accelerate with velocities close to light speed. Thoseexcited electrons emit synchrotron radiation, the principle source for gamma rays inspace.

Electric Universe advocates have long known that radio lobes far above the poles ofactive galaxiesare the signature of Birkeland currents that often resolve into braidedfilaments, while the spiral arms of some galaxies exhibittwisted strandsof materialextending from their cores.

All those filaments are Birkeland currents, but they represent only the visible portion ofan entire circuit. As more data accumulates from an ever-increasing array of telescopes,such as Planck, it is becoming increasingly obvious that the Milky Way sharescharacteristics with the rest of its galactic family. A halo of stars, filamentary structures,lobes of radiation, a microwave haze, and other observed phenomena point to itselectrical nature.

Rotating dust grains are not the most likely reason that Planck found polarized light.ESA refers to magnetic fields in its announcement, but for magnetic fields to exist,electric fields must also be present. It is an electromagnetic force, not merely a magnetic

force that guides light waves. Provided that the Planck detectors actually saw what wasreported, polarization in the Milky Way could be caused by the Zeeman effect.

The Zeeman effect is named for Pieter Zeeman, a Dutch physicist. It splits spectral linesin the presence of a magnetic field, and consists of triple or double splitting of thespectra. Based on the direction of detection, polarization of the split lines is different:circular polarization occurs in the longitudinal rotation for the two high and low bandsof a triplet, while in the middle, or transverse band, light is polarized parallel to themagnetic field, and the other two bands are perpendicular.

Since the Milky Way is threaded with filaments of electromagnetic Birkeland currents, it

could be that Planck is seeing polarization from the fields associated with them.

Stephen Smith

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http://vimeo.com/4505537http://vimeo.com/4505537http://vimeo.com/4505537http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0506/fornaxa_nrao_big.jpghttp://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0506/fornaxa_nrao_big.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/NGC_3079HST.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/NGC_3079HST.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/NGC_3079HST.jpgmailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/NGC_3079HST.jpghttp://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0506/fornaxa_nrao_big.jpghttp://vimeo.com/4505537mailto:[email protected]


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A Blue Bridge of Stars between Cluster Galaxies

[ When I saw this image with a luminous blue egg, it was quite suggestive of how Isee some large cosmic structures and it is as some of the more micro-cosmicstructures look from afar as well as highly suggestive of the various scales ofmembranes I have commented on which enclosed various portions of this reality fromEarth to galaxies, and eventually the entire fallen sector. -ASK]

Image Credit:NASA,ESA,G. Tremblay(ESO)et al.;

Acknowledgment:Hubble HeritageTeam (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration

Explanation:Why is there a blue bridge of stars across the center of this galaxy cluster? First andforemost the cluster, designatedSDSS J1531+3414,contains many large yellowellipticalgalaxies.The cluster's center, aspictured aboveby the Hubble Space Telescope, issurrounded by many unusual, thin, and curving blue filaments that are actually galaxiesfar in the distance whose images have become magnified andelongated by the

http://www.nasa.gov/http://www.nasa.gov/http://www.nasa.gov/http://www.esa.int/http://www.esa.int/http://www.esa.int/http://www.eso.org/~gtrembla/http://www.eso.org/~gtrembla/http://www.eso.org/~gtrembla/http://www.eso.org/http://www.eso.org/http://www.eso.org/http://heritage.stsci.edu/2014/26/bio/bio_primary.htmlhttp://heritage.stsci.edu/2014/26/bio/bio_primary.htmlhttp://heritage.stsci.edu/2014/26/bio/bio_primary.htmlhttp://heritage.stsci.edu/http://heritage.stsci.edu/http://heritage.stsci.edu/http://www.stsci.edu/http://www.stsci.edu/http://www.aura-astronomy.org/http://www.aura-astronomy.org/http://www.aura-astronomy.org/http://www.spacetelescope.org/http://www.spacetelescope.org/http://www.spacetelescope.org/http://heritage.stsci.edu/2014/26/index.htmlhttp://heritage.stsci.edu/2014/26/index.htmlhttp://heritage.stsci.edu/2014/26/index.htmlhttp://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap100520.htmlhttp://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap100520.htmlhttp://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap100520.htmlhttp://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap100520.htmlhttp://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2014/26/image/b/http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2014/26/image/b/http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2014/26/image/b/http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap080210.htmlhttp://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap080210.htmlmailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap080210.htmlhttp://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2014/26/image/b/http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap100520.htmlhttp://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap100520.htmlhttp://heritage.stsci.edu/2014/26/index.htmlhttp://www.spacetelescope.org/http://www.aura-astronomy.org/http://www.stsci.edu/http://heritage.stsci.edu/http://heritage.stsci.edu/2014/26/bio/bio_primary.htmlhttp://www.eso.org/http://www.eso.org/~gtrembla/http://www.esa.int/http://www.nasa.gov/mailto:[email protected]


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(Phys.org) Scientists from Stanford and the Department of Energy's SLAC National

Accelerator Laboratory have analyzed more than four years of data from NASA's FermiGamma-ray Space Telescope, along with data from other experiments, to create themost detailed portrait yet of two towering bubbles that stretch tens of thousands oflight-years above and below our galaxy.

The bubbles, which shine most brightly in energeticgamma rays,were discoveredalmost four years ago by a team of Harvard astrophysicists led by Douglas Finkbeinerwho combed through data from Fermi's main instrument, the Large Area Telescope.

The new portrait, described in a paper that has been accepted for publication in TheAstrophysical Journal, reveals several puzzling features, said Dmitry Malyshev, a

postdoctoral researcher at the Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmologywho co-led on the analysis.

For example, the outlines of the bubbles are quite sharp, and the bubbles themselvesglow in nearly uniform gamma rays over their colossal surfaces, like two 30,000-light-year-tall incandescent bulbs screwed into the center of the galaxy.

Their size is another puzzle. The farthest reaches of the Fermi bubbles boast some of thehighest energy gamma rays, but there's no discernable cause for them that far from thegalaxy.

Finally, although the parts of the bubbles closest to the galactic plane shine inmicrowaves as well as gamma rays, about two-thirds of the way out the microwaves fadeand only gamma rays are detectable. Not only is this different from other galacticbubbles, but it makes the researchers' work that much more challenging, saidMalyshev's co-lead, KIPAC postdoctoral researcher Anna Franckowiak.

"Since the Fermi bubbles have no known counterparts in other wavelengths in areashigh above the galactic plane, all we have to go on for clues are the gamma raysthemselves," she said.

What Blew The Bubbles?

Soon after the initial discovery theorists jumped in, offering several explanations for thebubbles' origins. For example, they could have been created by huge jets of acceleratedmatter blasting out from the supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy. Or theycould have been formed by a population of giant stars, born from the plentiful gassurrounding the black hole, all exploding as supernovae at roughly the same time.

http://phys.org/tags/gamma+rays/http://phys.org/tags/gamma+rays/http://phys.org/tags/gamma+rays/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://phys.org/tags/gamma+rays/mailto:[email protected]


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"There are several models that explain them, but none of the models is perfect,"Malyshev said. "The bubbles are rather mysterious."

Creating the portrait wasn't easy.

"It's very tricky to model," said Franckowiak. "We had to remove all the foregroundgamma-ray emissions from the data before we could clearly see the bubbles."

From the vantage point of most Earth-bound telescopes, all but the highest-energygamma raysare completely screened out by our atmosphere. It wasn't until the era oforbiting gamma-ray observatories like Fermi that scientists discovered how commonextra-terrestrial gamma rays really are. Pulsars, supermassive black holes in othergalaxies and supernovae are all gamma rays point sources, like distant stars are point

sources of visible light, and all those gamma rays had to be scrubbed from the Fermidata. Hardest to remove were the galactic diffuse emissions, a gamma ray fog that fillsthe galaxy from cosmic rays interacting with interstellar particles.

"Subtracting all those contributions didn't subtract the bubbles," Franckowiak said."The bubbles do exist and their properties are robust." In other words, the bubbles don'tdisappear when other gamma-ray sources are pulled out of the Fermi data in fact, theystand out quite clearly.

Franckowiak says more data is necessary before they can narrow down the origin of thebubblesany further.

"What would be very interesting would be to get a better view of them closer to thegalactic center," she said, "but the galactic gamma ray emissions are so bright we'd needto get a lot better at being able to subtract them."

Fermi is continuing to gather the data Franckowiak wants, but for now, both researcherssaid, there are a lot of open questions.

Journal reference:Astrophysical Journal

Provided byStanford University

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http://phys.org/tags/energy+gamma+rays/http://phys.org/tags/energy+gamma+rays/http://phys.org/tags/energy+gamma+rays/http://phys.org/tags/energy+gamma+rays/http://phys.org/tags/bubbles/http://phys.org/tags/bubbles/http://phys.org/journals/astrophysical-journal/http://phys.org/journals/astrophysical-journal/http://phys.org/journals/astrophysical-journal/http://phys.org/partners/stanford-university/http://phys.org/partners/stanford-university/http://phys.org/partners/stanford-university/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://phys.org/partners/stanford-university/http://phys.org/partners/stanford-university/http://phys.org/journals/astrophysical-journal/http://phys.org/tags/bubbles/http://phys.org/tags/energy+gamma+rays/http://phys.org/tags/energy+gamma+rays/mailto:[email protected]


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The Ophiuchus Superbubble: A Gigantic Eruption from theInner Disk of the Milky Wayhttp://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0610894

Yurii Pidopryhora (1 and 2), Felix J. Lockman (1), Joseph C. Shields (2) ((1) NationalRadio Astronomy Observatory, (2) Ohio University) (Submitted on 30 Oct 2006)http://images.nrao.edu/574

While studying extraplanar neutral hydrogen in the disk-halo transition of the innerGalaxy we have discovered what appears to be a huge superbubble centered around l ~30 deg, whose top extends to latitudes > 25 deg at a distance of about 7 kpc. It isdetected in both HI and Halpha. Using the Green Bank Telescope of the NRAO, we have

measured more than 220,000 HI spectra at 9' angular resolution in and around thisstructure. The total HI mass in the system is ~ 10^6 Msol and it has an equal mass inH+. The Plume of HI capping its top is 1.2 x 0.6 kpc in l and b and contains 3 x 10^4Msol of HI. Despite its location, (the main section is 3.4 kpc above the Galactic plane)the kinematics of the Plume appears to be dominated by Galactic rotation, but with a lagof 27 km/s from corotation. At the base of this structure there are ``whiskers'' of HIseveral hundreds of pc wide, reaching more than 1 kpc into the halo; they have a verticaldensity structure suggesting that they are the bubble walls and have been created bysideways rather than upwards motion. They resemble the vertical dust lanes seen inNGC891. From a Kompaneets model of an expanding bubble, we estimate that the ageof this system is ~ 30 Myr and its total energy content ~ 10^53 ergs. It may just now be

at the stage where its expansion has ceased and the shell is beginning to undergosignificant instabilities. This system offers an unprecedented opportunity to study anumber of important phenomena at close range, including superbubble evolution,turbulence in an HI shell, and the magnitude of the ionizing flux above the Galactic disk.

NRAO image description:

A nearby superbubble recently discovered with the 100 m Green Bank Telescope (GBT)is shown as if we were able to see it with the naked eye in the night sky. A picture of thenight sky taken from the NRAO Green Bank observatory site is overlaid by an opticalimage of the Milky Way and a false color image of the superbubble. All angular sizes and

relative positions of the objects are real, bright stars were used to match the imagestogether. In the bubble, blue color is neutral hydrogen detected by its 21 cm radioemission, red -- ionized hydrogen detected by its optical emission, white -- where thereare matching amounts of both neutral and ionized hydrogen. On the left side of thehorizon we see a silhouette of the 140-foot telescope and the brightly lit GBT. The part ofthe Milky Way shown in the image is about 1/6 of its total circumference. The area of itclose to the GBT is the Galactic center. The wide dark lane sweeping across the lowerside of the bubble is known as the Great Rift -- a stretch of cosmic dust blocking all the

http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0610894http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0610894http://images.nrao.edu/574http://images.nrao.edu/574mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://images.nrao.edu/574http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0610894mailto:[email protected]


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light behind it including someof the superbubble's ionized

hydrogen emission -- that iswhy we see a blue patchthere.

Above the right side of thehorizon we see an arc of 5stars -- part of CoronaAustralis constellation, aboveit -- the "head" and "pincers"of Scorpius, and still higherthe base of Ophiuchus, the

constellation in which mostof the superbubble is located.If one wants to locate thesuperbubble's position in thesky, she/he should look forthe Bull of Poniatowskiasterism marking the verymiddle of the bubble.However even if our eyeswere able to see 21 cm radioemission and were sensitive

enough for the ionizedhydrogen line, we still wouldnot see this superbubblebecause it is hidden behindmuch brighter emission of closer Galactic gas. Only specially designed experiments withstate-of-the-art astronomical equipment have allowed us to discover it. Suchsuperbubbles are known to be blown by powerful stellar winds and supernovae occuringin star clusters in arms of both our and other spiral galaxies. It took approximately 30million years and the energy of about 100 supernovae to create this one, which is morethan 3 kpc high and is located about 7 kpc from the Sun and 4 kpc from the Galacticcenter. It is currently at the latest stages of its development, its expansion is stopped andits walls are starting to decompose.

http://images.nrao.edu/574

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Supernova SN 2014J Explodeshttp://www.nasa.gov/chandra/multimedia/supernova-sn2014j.html

New data from NASAs Chandra X-rayObservatory has provided stringentconstraints on the environment aroundone of the closest supernovas discoveredin decades. The Chandraresults provide insight into possible causeof the explosion, as described in our pressrelease.

On January 21, 2014, astronomerswitnessed a supernova soon after itexploded in the Messier 82, or M82,galaxy. Telescopes across the globe and inspace turned their attention to studythis newly exploded star, includingChandra. Astronomersdetermined that this supernova, dubbedSN 2014J, belongs to a class of explosions called Type Ia supernovas. Thesesupernovas are used as cosmic distance-markers and played a key role in the discoveryof the Universes accelerated expansion, which has been attributed to the effects of dark

energy. Scientists think that all Type Ia supernovas involve the detonation of a whitedwarf. One important question is whether the fuse on the explosion is lit when the whitedwarf pulls too much material from a companion star like the Sun, or when two whitedwarf stars merge.

This image contains Chandra data, where low, medium, and high-energy X-rays are red,green, and blue respectively. The boxes in the bottom of the image show close-up viewsof the region around the supernova in data taken prior to the explosion (left), as well asdata gathered on February 3, 2014, after the supernova went off (right). The lack of thedetection of X-rays detected by Chandra is an important clue for astronomers lookingfor the exact mechanism of how this star exploded.

The non-detection of X-rays reveals that the region around the site of the supernovaexplosion is relatively devoid of material. This finding is a critical clue to the origin ofthe explosion. Astronomers expect that if a white dwarf exploded because it had beensteadily collecting matter from a companion star prior to exploding, the mass transferprocess would not be 100% efficient, and the white dwarf would be immersed in a cloudof gas.

http://www.nasa.gov/chandra/multimedia/supernova-sn2014j.htmlhttp://www.nasa.gov/chandra/multimedia/supernova-sn2014j.htmlmailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/m82_1.jpghttp://www.nasa.gov/chandra/multimedia/supernova-sn2014j.htmlmailto:[email protected]


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If a significant amount of material were surrounding the doomed star, the blast wavegenerated by the supernova would have struck it by the time of the

Chandra observation, producing a bright X-ray source. Since they do not detect any X-rays, the researchers determined that the region around SN 2014J is exceptionally clean.

A viable candidate for the cause of SN 2014J must explain the relatively gas-free environment around the star prior to the explosion. One possibility is the merger oftwo white dwarf stars, in which case there might have been little mass transferand pollution of the environment before the explosion. Another is that several smallereruptions on the surface of the white dwarf cleared the region prior to thesupernova. Further observations a few hundred days after the explosion could shedlight on the amount of gas in a larger volume, and help decide between these andother scenarios.

A paper describing these results was published in the July 20 issue of The AstrophysicalJournal and is available online. The first author is Raffaella Margutti from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) in Cambridge, MA, and the co-authors areJerod Parrent (CfA), Atish Kamble (CfA), Alicia Soderberg (CfA), Ryan Foley (Universityof Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), Dan Milisavljevic (CfA), Maria Drout (CfA), andRobert Kirshner (CfA).

Image Credit: NASA/CXC/SAO/R.Margutti et al

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Glimpses of a Huge Galaxy Formation

August 27, 2014

Quote: Only the most powerful telescopes have the ability to look back far enoughto gather this important insight. Its a formation process that cant happenanymore, The early universe could make these galaxies, but the modern universecant. [! ASK ]

Link:http://www.keckobservatory.org/recent/entry/keck_observatory_gives_astronomers_first_glimpse_of_monster_galaxy_formatio

Mauna Kea, Hawaii: After years of searching, Yale University astronomers havediscovered a window into the early, violent formation of the nuclei of the Universesmonster galaxies. After spotting a potential candidate with the 2.4-meter Hubble SpaceTelescope, the team of astronomers pointed the 10-meter Keck II telescope, operated bythe W. M. Keck Observatory, to witness the turbulent, star-bursting galactic coreforming millions of stars at a ferocious rate. The data collected during their five day runin Hawaii offers important clues about the galaxys development as it was 11 billion

http://www.keckobservatory.org/recent/entry/keck_observatory_gives_astronomers_first_glimpse_of_monster_galaxy_formatiohttp://www.keckobservatory.org/recent/entry/keck_observatory_gives_astronomers_first_glimpse_of_monster_galaxy_formatiohttp://www.keckobservatory.org/recent/entry/keck_observatory_gives_astronomers_first_glimpse_of_monster_galaxy_formatiomailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.keckobservatory.org/recent/entry/keck_observatory_gives_astronomers_first_glimpse_of_monster_galaxy_formatiohttp://www.keckobservatory.org/recent/entry/keck_observatory_gives_astronomers_first_glimpse_of_monster_galaxy_formatiomailto:[email protected]


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years ago just 3 billion years after the Big Bang. The research is being published todayin the journal Nature.

Galaxy formation theories have long suggested that monster elliptical galaxies formfrom the inside out, creating their dramatically star-studded central cores during earlycosmic epochs. But scientists had never been able to observe this core construction until now.

Only the most powerful telescopes have the ability to look back far enough to gather thisimportant insight. Its a formation process that cant happen anymore, said EricaNelson, Yale graduate student and lead author of the paper. The early universe couldmake these galaxies, but the modern universe cant. It was this hotter, more turbulentplace these were boiling cauldrons forging stars.

After finding the candidate, officially named GOODS-N-774, with an infrared camera onthe Hubble Space Telescope, team members flew to Hawaii on the night of January 11,2014 and actually saw the formation process underway with the Near InfraredSpectrograph (NIRSPEC) instrument installed on Keck Observatory's 10-meter Keck IItelescope.

Informally, they began calling the GOODS-N-774 galaxy, Sparky. Using archival, far-infrared images from NASAs Spitzer Space Telescope and the ESA/NASA HerschelSpace Observatory, the team found Sparky is producing 300 stars per year. Bycomparison, the Milky Way produces about 10 stars per year. While the tiny galaxy is

only 6 percent the size of the Milky Way, it contains about twice as many stars.

Sparkys rapid gas movement predicted by the theorists was the big tip-off that theyfound what they were looking for.

Observations from Keck Observatory showed the galaxy boasts the most rapidly orbitinggas clouds ever measured, the most definitive evidence that they were witnessing thecore of a monster galaxy in formation. It was something the team had hoped to see foryears, and when the telltale, broad-emission lines showed up on the Keck Observatorymonitors, the mood in the room lit up.

It's pretty rare to be at the telescope and know that you are getting something prettystriking, van Dokkum said. We could quickly see the signature we were looking for andcould just tell it was going to be something spectacular.

Keck Observatory's NIRSPEC provided crucial information, said Nelson. The reallyimportant piece of evidence was the measurement of velocity dispersion. Without thatdata from Keck Observatory, it was hard to interpret what was going on.



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The gas required to fuel star formation, along with swirling traces of metals, enshroudsthe galaxy in thick dust, hiding it in visible light just like the Sun appears red and faint

behind the smoke of a forest fire. The astronomers think that this barely visible galaxymay be representative of a much larger population of similar objects that are even moreobscured by dust.

It was only by using infrared analysis and the most powerful telescopes in existence thatthe Yale team could confirm the exact nature of Sparky. The galaxy formed 11 billionyears ago, and its star-forming gas has one of the highest ionized gas velocitydispersions ever measured.

I think our discovery settles the question of whether this mode of building galaxiesactually happened or not, van Dokkum said. The question now is, How often did this

occur? We suspect there are other galaxies like this that are even fainter in near-infrared wavelengths.

Sparky may have a lot of company. We suspect there are 100 times as many and werejust missing them, Nelson said.

The W. M. Keck Observatory operates the largest, most scientifically productivetelescopes on Earth. The two, 10-meter optical/infrared telescopes on the summit ofMauna Kea on the Island of Hawaii feature a suite of advanced instruments includingimagers, multi-object spectrographs, high-resolution spectrographs, integral-fieldspectroscopy and world-leading laser guide star adaptive optics systems.NIRSPEC

(Near-Infrared Spectrograph) is a unique, cross-dispersed echelle spectrograph thatcaptures spectra of objects over a large range of infrared wavelengths at high spectralresolution. Built at the UCLA Infrared Laboratory by a team led by Prof. Ian McLean,the instrument is used for radial velocity studies of cool stars, abundance measurementsof stars and their environs, planetary science, and many other scientific programs. Asecond mode provides low spectral resolution but high sensitivity and is popular forstudies of distant galaxies and very cool low-mass stars. NIRSPEC can also be used withKeck II's adaptive optics (AO) system to combine the powers of th

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