DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE ENGINEERING

Course No: Tex 400

Course Title: Project work

Academic semester: Fall-2015

Project report on

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and

optical principle

Submitted by

12.01.06.016 Mowshome Jahan

12.01.06.087 Iftay Khairul Alam

12.01.06.170 Nazia Afrin

Supervised by

Mr. Siyam Quddus Khan

Assistant Professor

Department of Textile Engineering

Dr. Ahmed Jalal Uddin

Professor

Department of Textile Engineering

Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology

August, 2016

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The project work was carried out at Yasmin Spinning Mills Ltd., a concern of Noman Group,

located at Mawna, Gazipur.

Firstly, we would like to express our sincere & immense gratitude to our respected supervisor

Siyam Quddus Khan, Assistant Professor, Department of Textile Engineering, Ahsanullah

University of Science & Technology, for his enthusiastic co-operation and constant

supervision during the project work.

Then we would like to give our heartiest gratefulness to Prof. Dr. Ahmed Jalal Uddin,

Head, Department of Textile Engineering, Ahsanullah University of Science & Technology,

our co-supervisor, for his deep and valuable involvement and advice throughout every phase

of this project work.

We are also indebted to other teachers of our department for providing the base of our textile

engineering knowledge for last 4 years through teaching various courses.

Mr. AKM Majed, General Manager, Yasmin Spinning Mills Ltd. provided us with all

necessary support during our industrial training when our project work was carried out. We

express our heartfelt thanks to him.

Moreover, Mr. Mirza Murtoza Karim, DGM (production), Yasmin Spinning Mills Ltd., gave

us accurate course of action & instruction during our project work. We are very thankful to

him as without his guidelines we could not carry out our training and project work

appropriately and significantly.

We express our special thanks to all the official staffs of Yasmin Spinning Mills Ltd. for their

love, co-operation, support & services which they offered during our training period. Finally

we express our thanks to the authorities of Noman Group of Industries for giving us the

official permission for our project work.

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle ii

Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................................................... i

TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................... ii

LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................... v

LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. vi

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... x

Chapter 1: Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 2

1.2 Objectives ......................................................................................................................... 3

Chapter 2: Literature Review ..................................................................................................... 4

2.1 Yarn clearer ...................................................................................................................... 5

2.2 Types of yarn clearer ........................................................................................................ 5

2.2.1 Mechanical type ....................................................................................................... 5

2.2.2 Electronic type ......................................................................................................... 6

2.2.3 Comparison between mechanical and electronic type ............................................. 6

2.4 The measuring principles of electronic yarn clearer ........................................................ 6

2.4.1 The capacitive measuring principle ......................................................................... 6

2.4.2 The optical measuring principle ............................................................................... 7

2.5 Comparison of capacitive and optical yarn clearer .......................................................... 8

2.5.1 Environmental influences on yarn measurement and yarn clearing ........................ 9

2.7 Definition and types of yarn faults ................................................................................. 10

2.7.1 Classification.......................................................................................................... 13

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle iii

2.7.2 Frequency of faults ................................................................................................ 15

2.7.3 Causes for seldom occurring yarn faults:............................................................... 17

2.7.4 Effect of seldom-occurring yarn faults .................................................................. 18

2.8 Yarn Clearing ................................................................................................................. 18

2.8.1 Clearer Characteristics ........................................................................................... 19

2.9 Facts to be considered during yarn cleaning .................................................................. 19

2.10 Fault channels ............................................................................................................... 20

2.10.1 Fault channels of Quantum-2 ............................................................................... 20

2.10.2 Fault channels of Loepfe Yarn Master................................................................. 26

2.11 Conversion chart of Capacitive and Optical yarn clearer ............................................ 33

2.12 Quality parameters discussion ...................................................................................... 34

Chapter 3: Materials and Methods ........................................................................................... 35

3.1 Fibres used...................................................................................................................... 36

3.1.1 Samples used .......................................................................................................... 36

3.1.2 Fibre properties ...................................................................................................... 36

3.2 Sample preparation (Flow chart of the experimental process) ....................................... 38

3.3 Machinery used .............................................................................................................. 41

3.4 Description of Quality Control Equipment .................................................................... 43

3.5 Technical parameters and settings.................................................................................. 45

3.5.1 Blowroom specification and settings ..................................................................... 45

3.5.2 Carding specification and settings ......................................................................... 47

3.5.3 Breaker draw frame specification and settings ...................................................... 47

3.5.4 Lap former specification and settings .................................................................... 48

3.5.5 Finisher draw frame specification and settings ...................................................... 48

3.5.6 Simplex specification and settings ......................................................................... 48

3.5.7 Ring frame specification and settings .................................................................... 49

3.5.8 Winding specification and settings ........................................................................ 49

3.5.9 Electronic yarn clearer setting ............................................................................... 50

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle iv

3.6 Working procedure ......................................................................................................... 56

Chapter 4: Results and Discussion ........................................................................................... 58

4.1 Test results in tabular form............................................................................................. 59

4.1.1 Test results from observing Electronic yarn clearer and Autoconer ...................... 59

4.1.2 Test results from Uster Evenness Tester – 5 .......................................................... 60

4.2 Graphical Representation and Discussion ...................................................................... 62

4.2.1 Irregularity (U%) of ring yarn and cone yarn .......................................................... 62

4.2.2 Mass variation (CVm%) of ring yarn and cone yarn ................................................ 64

4.2.3 Thin places (-50%) of ring yarn and cone yarn ....................................................... 66

4.2.4 Thin places (-40%) of ring yarn and cone yarn ....................................................... 68

4.2.5 Thick places (+50%) of ring yarn and cone yarn .................................................... 70

4.2.6 Neps (+200%) of ring and cone yarn....................................................................... 72

4.2.7 IPI of ring yarn and cone yarn ................................................................................. 74

4.2.8 Number of cuts for Quantum-2 and Loepfe ............................................................ 76

4.2.9 SEF% for Quantum-2 and Loepfe ........................................................................... 77

Chapter 5: Conclusion.............................................................................................................. 78

5.1 Limitations ..................................................................................................................... 79

5.2 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 79

References ............................................................................................................................... 80

Annexure ................................................................................................................................. 81

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle v

List of tables

Table 2.1 The comparison between capacitive and optical yarn clearer ................................. 08

Table 2.2 Environmental influences on yarn measurement and yarn clearing ........................ 09

Table: 3.1 Fibres used .............................................................................................................. 35

Table 3.2: Fibre properties ....................................................................................................... 36

Table 3.3 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 10Ne combed cotton yarn ................................ 49

Table 3.4 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 30Ne combed cotton yarn ................................ 49

Table 3.5 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 32Ne combed cotton yarn ................................ 50

Table 3.6 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 40Ne carded cotton yarn .................................. 51

Table 3.7 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 40Ne combed cotton yarn ................................ 51

Table 3.8 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 30PC yarn ........................................................ 52

Table 3.9 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 40PC yarn ........................................................ 53

Table 3.10 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 45PC yarn ...................................................... 53

Table 3.11 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 40CVC yarn ................................................... 54

Table 3.12 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 45CVC yarn ................................................... 55

Table 4.1 Observed Electronic yarn clearer and Autoconer data ............................................ 61

Table 4.2 UT-5 data for 100% cotton yarn samples ................................................................ 63

Table 4.3 UT-5 data for blended yarn samples ........................................................................ 64

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle vi

List of figures

Figure 2.1: Mechanical type yarn clearer .................................................................................. 6

Figure 2.2 Capacitive sensor ...................................................................................................... 7

Figure 2.3 Optical sensor ........................................................................................................... 7

Figure 2.4 Thin place ............................................................................................................... 11

Figure 2.5 Neps ........................................................................................................................ 11

Figure 2.6 Short faults.............................................................................................................. 12

Figure 2.7 Long Faults ............................................................................................................. 12

Figure 2.8 Double ends ............................................................................................................ 12

Figure 2.9 Visual image of different yarn faults ...................................................................... 13

Figure 2.10 Frequency distribution of yarn faults in the co-ordinate grid ............................... 13

Figure 2.11 Short faults............................................................................................................ 14

Figure 2.12 Classes of faults .................................................................................................... 14

Figure 2.13 Area of frequent and seldom occurring faults ...................................................... 15

Figure 2.14 Classification matrix of capacitive yarn clearer (Uster Quantum-2) .................... 16

Figure 2.15 Classification matrix of optical yarn clearer (Loepfe Yarn Master) .................... 16

Figure 2.16 Causes for seldom-occurring yarn faults in the classification .............................. 17

Figure 2.17 Course of the yarn body ....................................................................................... 18

Figure 2.18 Yarn clearing curve .............................................................................................. 19

Figure 2.19 Classification system for the settings N, S and L ................................................. 21

Figure 2.20 Clearing limit for the T-channel ........................................................................... 22

Figure 2.21 Clearing limits N, S, L, T, Cp, Cm, CCp and CCm ................................................. 23

Figure 2.22 Taper board with moiré pattern ............................................................................ 23

Figure 2.23 Structure of the classification matrix for foreign fibres ....................................... 25

Figure 2.24 Channel settings of Yarn Master .......................................................................... 27

Figure 2.25 Diameter related imperfections in classification matrix ....................................... 28

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle vii

Figure 2.26 Length related imperfections in classification matrix .......................................... 29

Figure 2.27 Splice setting in display ........................................................................................ 30

Figure 2.28 Settings of Yarn count channel............................................................................. 30

Figure 2.29 Clearing curve setting ........................................................................................... 32

Figure 2.30 Conversion chart between optical & capacitive measuring principle provided by

Loepfe Brothers Ltd. ................................................................................................................ 33

Figure 3.1 Flow chart of the carded Cotton ............................................................................. 37

Figure 3.2 Flow chart of the combed Cotton ........................................................................... 38

Figure 3.3 Flow chart of the blended cotton-polyester process ............................................... 39

Figure 3.4 Winding machine.................................................................................................... 40

Figure 3.5 Uster Quantum-2 .................................................................................................... 41

Figure 3.6 Yarn Master Zenit................................................................................................... 41

Figure 3.7 Uster HVI ............................................................................................................... 42

Figure 3.8 Uster AFIS Pro 2 .................................................................................................... 42

Figure 3.9 Uster Tester-5 ......................................................................................................... 43

Figure 3.10 Uster Autosorter ................................................................................................... 43

Figure 3.11 Auto Wrap ............................................................................................................ 44

Figure 3.10 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 10Ne combed cotton yarn ............................ 49

Figure 3.11 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 30Ne combed cotton yarn ............................ 50

Figure 3.12 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 32Ne combed cotton yarn ............................ 50

Figure 3.13 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 40Ne combed cotton yarn ............................ 51

Figure 3.14 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 40Ne carded cotton yarn .............................. 52

Figure 3.15 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 30PC yarn ..................................................... 52

Figure 3.16 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 40PC yarn ..................................................... 53

Figure 3.17 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 45PC yarn ..................................................... 54

Figure 3.18 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 40CVC yarn ................................................. 54

Figure 3.19 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 45CVC yarn ................................................. 55

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle viii

Figure 4.1 Comparison of Irregularity (U%) of ring yarn and cone yarn passed through

Quantum-2 and Loepfe yarn master yarn clearer for 100% cotton yarn samples .................. 61

Figure 4.2 Comparison of Irregularity (U%) of ring yarn and cone yarn passed through

Quantum-2 and Loepfe yarn master yarn clearer for blended yarn samples. .......................... 62

Figure 4.3 Comparison of mass variation (CVm%) of ring yarn and cone yarn passed through

Quantum-2 and Loepfe yarn master yarn clearer for 100% cotton yarn samples ................... 63

Figure 4.4 Comparison of mass variation (CVm%) of ring yarn and cone yarn passed through

Quantum-2 and Loepfe yarn master yarn clearer for blended yarn samples ........................... 64

Figure 4.5 Comparison -50% thin places of ring yarn and cone yarn passed through

Quantum-2 and Loepfe yarn master yarn clearer for 100% cotton yarn samples ................... 65

Figure 4.6 Comparison -50% thin places of ring yarn and cone yarn passed through

Quantum-2 and Loepfe yarn master yarn clearer for blended yarn samples ........................... 66

Figure 4.7 Comparison -40% thin places of ring yarn and cone yarn passed through

Quantum-2 and Loepfe yarn master yarn clearer for 100% cotton yarn samples ................... 67

Figure 4.8 Comparison -40% thin places of ring yarn and cone yarn passed through

Quantum-2 and Loepfe yarn master yarn clearer for blended yarn samples ........................... 68

Figure 4.9 Comparison +50% thick places of ring yarn and cone yarn passed through

Quantum-2 and Loepfe yarn master yarn clearer for 100% cotton yarn samples ................... 69

Figure 4.10 Comparison +50% thick places of ring yarn and cone yarn passed through

Quantum-2 and Loepfe yarn master yarn clearer for blended yarn samples ........................... 70

Figure 4.11 Comparison +200% thick places of ring yarn and cone yarn passed through

Quantum-2 and Loepfe yarn master yarn clearer for 100% cotton yarn samples ................... 71

Figure 4.12 Comparison +200% thick places of ring yarn and cone yarn passed through

Quantum-2 and Loepfe yarn master yarn clearer for blended yarn samples. .......................... 72

Figure 4.13 Comparison IPI of ring yarn and cone yarn passed through Quantum-2 and

Loepfe yarn master yarn clearer for 100% cotton yarn samples ............................................. 73

Figure 4.14 Comparison IPI of ring yarn and cone yarn passed through Quantum-2 and

Loepfe yarn master yarn clearer for blended yarn samples ..................................................... 74

Figure 4.15 Comparison between numbers of cuts for cone yarn passed through Quantum-2

and Loepfe yarn clearer for 100% cotton yarn ........................................................................ 75

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle ix

Figure 4.16 Comparison between numbers of cuts for cone yarn passed through Quantum-2

and Loepfe yarn clearer for blended yarn ................................................................................ 75

Figure 4.17 Comparison between SEF% for cone yarn passed through Quantum-2 and Loepfe

yarn clearer for 100% cotton yarn ........................................................................................... 76

Figure 4.18 Comparison between SEF% for cone yarn passed through Quantum-2 and Loepfe

yarn clearer for blended yarn ................................................................................................... 76

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle x

Abstract

Electronic yarn clearer plays a vital role in producing yarn with satisfactory level of

irregularity and its’ effectiveness is dependent upon accuracy of the clearing curve. In the

spinning industry of our country, the most popular yarn clearer used nowadays are Uster

Quantum-2 and Loepfe Yarn Master Zenit which work on Electronic Capacitance and Optical

principle respectively. Due to the difference in their working principle, the units of clearing

curve used by these two devices are also different. Therefore, they are never used to process

yarn of same lot or count in a factory. This results in reduced process flexibility. This project

work is focused on using a conversion chart provided by Loepfe Brothers Ltd. to construct

comparable settings to process same counts using these two types of clearers. The quality of

yarn before and after processing was compared in terms of U%, CVm%, thin places (-40%, -

50%), thick places (+50%), neps (+200%) and IPI. Also the number of clearer cuts/100km

and also the spindle efficiency were compared. On the basis of all the observations and

analysis it was found that the settings obtained using the conversion chart made the two types

of equipments clear the yarn in similar fashion and hence provide a comparable yarn quality.

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 1

Chapter 1

Introduction

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 2

1.1 Introduction

The introduction of electronic yarn clearer in mid of 19th

century was revolutionary not only

for spinning mills but for its down & upstream too. Nowadays, it is an essential accessory of

new generation autoconers. [1] In process of obtaining yarn of superior quality there comes

the introduction of Electronic Yarn Clearer (EYC) which works as a total online production

monitoring and control equipment. The system gives the estimation of the quality of output

product and its market price by conveying the total no of cleared faults and un-cleared faults.

These values totally depend on the clearing limits set by the operator. It also detects the count

variation. It provides provision for spinners to divide the spindles into groups. This enables

one to run different counts of yarn on different spindles. Electronic yarn clearers mainly work

on two different principles as below:

1. Optical measuring principle

2. Capacitive measuring principle

Loepfe Yarn Master Zenit is an EYC that runs on optical measuring principle whereas, Uster

Quantum-2 is another EYC which runs on capacitive measuring principle. They are attached

to the winding machines for the purpose of detecting different types of yarn faults & to

control the desirable quality parameters. Both of these devices are commonly used in most of

the spinning mills. Since those devices run on different measuring principle their technical

parameter settings are different to obtain a similar outcome. So keeping a consistent quality

yarn on both EYC integrated machines are very difficult.

There is an adamant perception in most of the spinning mills that the authority does not run a

particular yarn count on both devices on parallel, even if the machines are available. So the

flexibility of using winding machines gets reduced. To set an exact clearing curve in both of

the devices is difficult since comparative study between them is scarce in industrial level. If

the conversion of their measuring principle is available then the flexibility of using winding

machines & their utilization gets better. Even in the Yasmin Spinning Mills Ltd., where the

project was carried out, the same practice was observed.

In the instruction manual of Loepfe Yarn Master Zenit, a conversion chart was provided

which offered a valid solution to device a comparable setting for both Quantum-2 and Yarn

Master Zenit. But in practice, this chart was never used and therefore, no reliable information

about its effectiveness was available. Hence, this project was aimed to study the conversion

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 3

chart, make comparable settings for both types of yarn clearers, process different yarn counts

using these settings and compare the yarn quality to check the effectiveness of the chart.

1.2 Objectives

To congregate speculative information on two different types of EYC device of

different measuring principle.

To work out comparable clearer settings for Loepfe Yarn Master Zenit & Uster

Quantum-2 using the conversion chart provided by the Loepfe Brothers Ltd.

To process samples using the clearer settings for both types of yarn clearer.

To carry out different tests of the sample before & after processing through the EYC

devices in Uster evenness tester (UT-5).

To analyze the test results and assess the effectiveness of the conversion chart based

on them.

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 4

Chapter 2

Literature Review

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 5

2.1 Yarn clearer

Yarn clearer is a device which is used to remove faults like thick places, thin places, foreign

matters etc from the yarn and improves the quality of the spun yarn as well as of the cloth

made of it.

Yarn clearing is usually part of the yarn winding process. The yarn from a number of

spinning bobbins, called 'cops', is wound on to larger packages called 'cones' for subsequent

processing into fabric. During the winding the yarn was traditionally passed through the

narrow slit in a steel plate of a yarn clearer or slub-catcher. The object was to catch thick

places, or slubs, which occurred when the spinning process suffered an aberration, and to

prevent them being woven into the fabric to present unsightly faults.

In modern textile industry, after detecting the faults, the clearer cuts the faulty pieces from

the yarn, and after that the piecing device joins the cut ends. [2]

2.2 Types of yarn clearer

There are two types of yarn clearer

1. Mechanical type

Conventional blunt type

Serrated blade type

2. Electronic type

Capacitance type

Optical type

2.2.1 Mechanical type

A mechanical clearer maybe as simple as two parallel blades. The distance between the

blades is adjustable to allow only a predetermined yarn diameter to pass through. A thicker

spot on the yarn (slub) will cause the tension on the yarn to build up and eventually break the

yarn. Consequently, this type of device can only detect thick places in the yarn. [3]

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 6

Figure 2.1: Mechanical type yarn clearer

2.2.2 Electronic type

Electronic yarn clearers ensure excellent clearing to be obtained with minimum mechanical

stress on the yarn. In order to be able to monitor and to evaluate thick and thin places as well

as deviations from the desired yarn count, the thickness of the yarn must be converted into a

proportional electrical voltage. The course of voltage is called yarn signal. This conversation

is carried out either with the sensor of the capacitive measuring principle or with the sensor

of the optical measuring principle.

2.2.3 Comparison between mechanical and electronic type

Electronic clearer are more sensitive than mechanical clearers.

In case of mechanical clearers there is abrasion between yarn and clearer parts but in

case of electronic clearers there is no such abrasion.

Mechanical clearers do not prevent soft slub from escaping through clearer where as

electronic type does not allow passing of any types of faults.

Mechanical type does not break the thin places and the length of the fault is not

considered.

Mechanical clearer are simple and easy to maintain while the electronic clearers are

costly and requires high standard of maintenance. [4]

2.4 The measuring principles of electronic yarn clearer

2.4.1 The capacitive measuring principle

The electrical measuring condenser (1) forms the sensor for the capacitive monitoring of the

yarn mass. This is done by two parallel metal plates, the electrodes. In the space in between

(2), the two electrodes build an electrical field when putting on an electrical alternating

voltage (3).

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 7

Figure 2.2 Capacitive sensor

If a yarn (4) is brought into this field, the capacitance of the measuring condenser is changed.

From this change, an electrical signal, the yarn signal is (5) is derived. The change in the

capacitance depends, besides of the mass of the yarn and of the dielectric constant of the fibre

material is used, on the moisture content of the yarn.

With the capacitive measuring principle, the yarn signal corresponds to the yarn cross-section

and yarn mass respectively, which is located in the measuring field. Changes of the yarn mass

cause a proportional change of the yarn signal.

2.4.2 The optical measuring principle

The infrared light source (1) and the photocell (3) represent the sensor for the optical

monitoring of the yarn thickness. The infrared is light is scattered by a diffuser (2) in the light

field and reaches the photocell (3). The photocell emits a signal, which is proportional to the

amount of light.

Figure 2.3 Optical sensor

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 8

If a yarn (4) is brought in the light field, parts of the light will be absorbed by the yarn. The

amount of light, which hits the photocell, is smaller. From this change, an electrical signal,

the yarn signal (5) is derived.

With the optical measuring principle the yarn signal corresponds to the diameter of the

usually round yarn, which is located inside the measuring field. Changes of the yarn diameter

cause a proportional change of the yarn signal. [5]

2.5 Comparison of capacitive and optical yarn clearer

There is difference between these two types of electronic yarn clearer as they are different in

their working principle.

Table 2.1 Comparison between capacitive and optical yarn clearer

Property Capacitive principle Optical principle

Yarn signal

Corresponds to the mass/cross

section of the yarn or the number

of fibres in the measuring field

Corresponds to the diameter

of the yarn and the visual

impression

Effective measuring

field length: different

measuring field

lengths influence the

monitoring of very

short yarn faults.

The current yarn signal is the

mean value of the piece of yarn

which is located in the measuring

field.

Length: 7 mm

The current yarn signal is

the mean value of the piece

of yarn which is located in

the measuring field.

Length: 3 mm

Evaluation of the yarn fault

Normal yarn fault

The fault is evaluated with the full

increase of the cross-section in

percent.

The fault is evaluated with

the full increase of the

diameter in percent.

Voluminous, visually

large appearing yarn

fault

As the number of additional fibres

is not extremely high, this yarn

fault is considered as relatively

insignificant.

The very voluminous yarn

fault absorbs a lot of light.

Therefore, the fault is

considered as significant.

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 9

Property Capacitive principle Optical principle

Short yarn faults,

length: 3 mm

The increase of the diameter of

this short fault is averaged over

the whole measuring field length.

The fault is only evaluated as half

of the size.

The fault is evaluated with

the full increase of the

diameter.

Very compact yarn

fault (The distance

between two white

lines is 1 cm.)

The fault is evaluated with the full

increase of the cross-section. Due

to the higher number of fibres

thick place absorb more dye.

Compact yarn fault absorbs

small amount of light.

Increase of the diameter is

considered as insignificant.

2.5.1 Environmental influences on yarn measurement and yarn clearing

Environmental influences and material characteristics have different effects on both

measuring principles. Therefore, for certain applications one measuring principle may be

more appropriate than the other one.

The following Table shows the most important influences on the yarn measurement and the

yarn clearing with both measuring principles, respectively.

Table 2.2 Environmental influences on yarn measurement and yarn clearing

Influence Capacitive principle Optical principle

Fibre material

Most fiber materials can be

measured with this measuring

principle. Yarns, which contain

electrical conductive fibres,

cannot be processed.

Most fiber materials can be measured

with this measuring principle.

Colored yarns No or only little influence.

Color difference within the bobbins

can lead to different sensitivities but

can also serve for the monitoring of

color difference.

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Influence Capacitive principle Optical principle

Fibre blends

No or only little influence.

Wrong fibre blends can be

monitored within certain

differences with the C- and CC-

channel.

No or only little influence.

Atmospheric

Humidity

Normal variations in the

humidity have no influence

Normal variations in the humidity

have no influence

Yarn humidity

Normal variations have no

influence as long as the yarn

structure is not changed. Non-

homogenous yarn humidity can

lead to unjustified cuts.

Normal variations have no influence

as long as the yarn structure is not

changed. Very dry yarns exhibit a

higher hairiness. This suggests a

larger diameter and can lead to

unjustified cuts.

2.7 Definition and types of yarn faults

The principles of the spinning process for short-staple and long-staple yarns remained same

for many decades. Changes took place especially in the field of automation and production

quantity per production hour in order to reach the highest production of yarn in a good quality

at the least expenses for personnel, capital and energy. For this, big technological progresses

in each process stage were essential. Despite this progress and many years of experience in

spinning technology, it is still not possible to produce a fault-free yarn straight-off. [6]

The spinning process supplies a relatively uniform yarn. However, differences in yarn

diameter cannot be completely avoided. Thus, it is first necessary to distinguish between

normal yarn irregularities and actual yarn faults.

Yarn faults may be defined as yarn irregularities which can lead to difficulties in subsequent

production stages or to faults in the end product. Yarn clearing is defined as the detection and

elimination of yarn faults. This task is performed during the winding process. Yarn clearers

are, therefore, part of a winder.

To eliminate a fault it is necessary to interrupt the winding process. The spindle must be

stopped, the fault eliminated and the ends of the yarn joined together again. Obviously this

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interruption results in a loss of production. Yarn clearing is, therefore, always a compromise

between quality and production, i.e. between the maximum possible number of yarn faults

which could be removed and the minimum acceptable production loss. This compromise

results in a distinction between:

Acceptable yarn faults, namely those which are tolerated for the sake of machine

efficiency, and

Objectionable yarn faults.

According to their shape, the following faults can be distinguished, thick and thin places. [7]

• Thin places occur in two length groups. Short thin places are known as imperfections, and

have a length approximately three times the mean staple length of the fibre. Their frequency

is dependent on the raw material and the setting of the drafting element. They are too

frequent in the yarn to be extracted by means of the electronic yarn clearing. Long thin places

have lengths of approx. 40cms and longer and a cross-sectional decrease with respect to the

mean yarn cross-section of approx.30 to 70%. They are relatively seldom-occurring in short

staple yarns, but much more frequently-occurring in long staple yarns. Long thin faults are

difficult to determine in the yarn by means of the naked eye. Their effect in the finished

product however, can be extremely serious.

Figure 2.4 Thin place

Within the thick places further distinctions are made:

• Neps, as extremely short (up to a few mm) and extremely thick faults (several times the

base diameter)

Figure 2.5 Nep

• Short thick places are those faults which are not longer than approximately 8 cm, but have a

cross-sectional size approx. twice that of the yarn. These faults are relatively frequent in all

spun yarns. To an extent they are the result of the raw material (vegetable matter, non-

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 12

separated fibres, etc). To a much larger extent, these faults are produced in the spinning

section of the mill and are the result of spun in fly. Short thick places are easily determinable

in the yarn. In many cases, they cause disturbances in subsequent processing. Once they

reach a certain size (cross-section and length), and in each case according to the type of yarn

and its application, short thick place faults can considerably affect the appearance of the

finished product.

Figure 2.6 Short fault

• Long thick places are much more seldom-occurring than the short thick places and usually

have a length longer than 40cm. In some cases, their length can even reach many meters.

Their cross sectional size approx. +40% to +100% and more with respect of the mean cross-

section of the yarn. Long thick places will affect the fabric appearance. Faults like spinners

doubles are difficult to determine in the yarn, with the naked eye. On the other hand, they can

produce quite fatal results in the finished product

Figure 2.7 Long Faults

Figure 2.8 Double ends

Depending on the raw material and state of the machinery park, there are about 20 to 100

events over a length of 100 km yarn, which do not correspond to the desired appearance of

the yarn. This means, that the yarn exhibits a yarn fault every 1 to 5 km. These kinds of yarn

faults are places, which are too thick or too thin. Foreign fibres or dirty places in the yarn are

also counted as yarn faults. [8]

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Figure 2.9 Visual image of different yarn faults

2.7.1 Classification

Yarn faults are defined in terms of a transverse dimension and a longitudinal dimension. The

transverse dimension is indicated as a multiple of the base diameter and the longitudinal

dimension in centimeters. The definition of yarn faults in terms of length and thickness

suggests the representation of yarn faults in a Cartesian system of coordinates. Thereby the

length is plotted in the horizontal direction (X–axis), and the thickness in the vertical

direction (Y–axis). Each yarn fault can, thus, be plotted as a point in the plane of the

coordinates. Furthermore, the plane of the coordinates can be divided into individual fields

(classes) in order to summarize (classify) similar yarn irregularities into groups and to count

them. This takes into account another extremely important point of view, namely the

frequency of similar faults.

Figure 2.10 Frequency distribution of yarn faults in the co-ordinate grid

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The choice of the class limits is largely random. Short faults are most frequently divided into

16 thickness classes.

Figure 2.11 Short faults

The classification scheme can be extended to include additional classes for long faults and

thin places. As already mentioned, various types of yarn faults are distinguished according to

their form. In the plane of coordinates it is possible to distinguish areas which relate to the

following types of faults.

Neps,

Thick places/ Short faults,

Long faults and double ends,

Thin places.

Figure 2.12 Classes of faults

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2.7.2 Frequency of faults

During the spinning process, a card sliver with about 20,000 to 40,000 fibres in the cross-

section is drawn to a yarn with about 40 to 100 fibres in the cross-section. During the

spinning process it is not possible to keep the number of fibres in the cross-section constant at

every moment. [9]

This leads to random variations of the mass. Only spinning mills with a permanent

improvement process are able to keep these random variations within close limits. These

variations are measured by the evenness tester in the laboratory. They are a measure for the

unevenness of the yarn and are called imperfections. They occur so frequently that they are

not eliminated from the yarn. Their number is generally given per 1000 m. In contrast to the

frequent yarn faults, there are also the seldom-occurring yarn faults. The difference between

the frequent yarn faults and the seldom-occurring yarn faults is mainly given by the larger

mass or diameter deviation and size. As these faults occur only seldom, their number is given

per 100,000 m. These faults are monitored by the clearer installation on the winding.

Figure 2.13 Area of frequent and seldom occurring faults

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Seldom occurring yarn faults are classified into a classification matrix. Up to a length of

8cmseldon occurring yarn faults are counted and/or eliminated if they exceed the limit of

100%.

Figure 2.14 Classification matrix of capacitive yarn clearer (Uster Quantum-2)

Figure 2.15 Classification matrix of optical yarn clearer (Loepfe Yarn Master)

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2.7.3 Causes for seldom occurring yarn faults:

The causes for seldom occurring yarn faults can be divided in three groups:

Caused by raw material and card

Caused by the processes before spinning

Caused by the spinning process

The distribution of the faults can be found in the classification matrix as follows:

Figure 2.16 Causes for seldom-occurring yarn faults in the classification

Yarn faults caused by raw material and card

These faults depend on the quality of the raw material. For natural fibres, they depend mainly

on the physical properties such as fibre fineness, length and short fibre content. For synthetic

fibres, the faults depend mainly on the disentanglement of single fibres. Insufficient

disentanglement can lead to felted single fibres, which might be caused by softeners, oil

additives, lubricants or climatic conditions.

Yarn faults caused by processes prior to spinning

These faults are characterized by extreme diameter variations or poor friction of the fibres.

Often, it is a matter of fibre packages, which are not caught in the draw-box of prior

processes and were not drawn apart. Therefore, they show a big increase of the mass or

diameter in the yarn.

Yarn faults caused in spinning

Most yarn faults are caused by spun-in fly in the area of the spinning machine and by fibre

residues, which cling to the draw-box or other parts of the spinning machine and which are

swept away from time to time and are spun into the yarn. Furthermore, it is possible that

different setting possibilities of the ring spinning machine, as e.g. draft or distance settings of

the draw-box, have an influence on the number of seldom occurring yarn faults. [10]

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2.7.4 Effect of seldom-occurring yarn faults

The faults in the region of C3, C4, D3 and D4 of Classimat matrix are particularly weak in

terms of tensile strength, elongation, and abrasion to sustain the stress of further processing.

Though presence of A3 and A4 does not affect strength and elongation of yarn but these faults

are visually disturbing. [11]

2.8 Yarn Clearing

Under the expression "yarn body" it is understood that the nominal yarn with its tolerable,

frequent yarn faults. Fig 2.16 shows a scatter plot with the marked area of the yarn body in

comparison to the area of the disturbing yarn faults.

Figure 2.17 Course of the yarn body

The green shaded area represents the yarn body and becomes bigger in the direction of the

short yarn faults. This is due to the fact that a short yarn fault with a significant mass or

diameter deviation is considered as disturbing by the eye as a long yarn fault with little

deviation. Short faults also occur more often. If the clearing limit is set within the green

shaded area, the number of clearer cuts increases considerably.

The distinction between yarn faults which are to be cut out and those which are to be left in

the yarn (unacceptable and acceptable yarn faults), which is made in the interest of winder

efficiency, has already been pointed out. This distinction can be represented graphically on

the plane of coordinates as a line which separates the acceptable faults (below) from the

unacceptable ones (above). This line represents the theoretically-desirable base curve. A

concave base curve normally corresponds to the requirements in practice. The concave shape

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arises from the textile evaluation, whereby the greater the deviation in diameter that is

tolerated, the smaller the length deviation that appears acceptable. Furthermore, the base

curve, thus, passes through fields of similar fault frequencies, which meets the requirement of

high efficiency.

A distinction must be made between the theoretically-desirable base curve and the

practically-achievable base curve, which depends on the one hand on the clearing

characteristic typical of a clearer type, and, on the other hand, on its setting flexibility.

Figure 2.18 Yarn clearing curve

2.8.1 Clearer characteristics

Clearer characteristics are the basic pattern of the base curve, this pattern being typical of a

particular clearer type. Important factors in assessing a clearer are the shape of this base curve

on the one hand, and the possibility of changing this curve on the other hand.

2.9 Facts to be considered during yarn cleaning

The yarn clearer has to be provided with certain basic information in order to obtain the

expected results in terms of clearing objectionable faults.

Clearing limit

The clearing limit defines the threshold level for the yarn faults, beyond which the cutter is

activated to remove the yarn fault. The clearing limit consists of two setting parameters –

Sensitivity and Reference length.

i. Sensitivity – This determines the activating limit for the fault cross sectional size.

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ii. Reference length – This defines the length of the yarn over which the fault cross – section

is to be measured. Both the above parameters can be set within a wide range of limits

depending on specific yarn clearing requirements.

Yarn count

The setting of the yarn count provides a clearer with the basic information on the mean value

of the material being processed to which the clearer compares the instantaneous yarn signals

for identifying the seriousness of a fault.

Material number

Besides the yarn count there are certain other factors which influence the capacitance signal

from the measuring field like type of fibre (Polyester / Cotton / Viscose etc.) and

environmental conditions like relative humidity. In case of optical yarn clearer, very dry

yarns exhibit a higher hairiness. This suggests a larger diameter and can lead to unjustified

cuts. These factors are taken into consideration in the ‘Material number’.

Winding speed

The setting of the winding speed is also very critical for accurate removal of faults. It is

recommended that, instead of the machine speed, the delivery speed be set by actual

calculation after running the yarn for 2-3 minutes and checking the length of yarn delivered.

Setting a higher speed than the actual is likely to result in higher number of cuts. Similarly a

lower speed setting relative to the actual causes fewer cuts with some faults escaping without

being cut. In most of the modern day clearers, the count, material number and speeds are

monitored and automatically corrected during actual running of the yarn.[12]

2.10 Fault channels

The two types of yarn clearer, Capacitive (Quantum-2) yarn clearer and Optical (Loepfe yarn

Master) have different fault channels.

2.10.1 Fault channels of Quantum-2

The various fault channels available in a latest generation yarn clearer are as follows:

1. Thick places (N, S, L channel)

2. Thin places (T channel)

3. Count variations (C and CC channel)

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4. Periodic yarn faults (Pearl chain channel)

5. Foreign fibres (F channel)

6. Vegetable filter (Veg channel)

1. Monitoring of thick place by N, S, L channel

Staple fibre yarns show a random distribution of the mass. Reasons for their origin are

diverse. Starting at a certain size (mass or diameter and length) this unevenness will be

disturbing in the yarn. Electronic yarn clearing is a process in which disturbing yarn faults are

detected and eliminated. In ring spinning, yarn clearing is carried out on winding machines

with a winding speed of up to 2500 m/min.

Yarn monitoring and yarn clearing is based on the mean value of the yarn. This yarn value is

determined by the measuring head itself. This is valid for the capacitive as well

Classimat matrix

Seldom occurring yarn faults are classified in the classification matrix of the USTER®

CLASSIMAT. Besides the classification matrix, the cut thick places are divided in three

groups (Fig 2.14):

Figure 2.19 Classification system for the settings N, S and L

N – faults: thick places from 2 mm to 1 cm - neps

S – faults: thick places from 1 cm to 8 cm - short thick places

L – faults: thick places over 8 cm - long thick places

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2. Monitoring of thin places by T channel

Thin places, as long as they don't lead to yarn breaks, are only disturbing starting from a

certain length. The reason for disturbing thin places is mostly missing fibre material. The

monitoring of thin places is done with the T-channel.

Figure 2.20 Clearing limit for the T-channel

3. Monitoring of yarn count deviations by C- and CC- channel

Deviations of the yarn count within a yarn lot lead to high costs for complaints. The fact that

the faulty yarn deviates over several meters or even longer from the nominal count can cause

quality problems in the end product. The reasons for count variations are diverse:

Deviations by mixing in wrong bobbins.

Peeled-off or uneven rovings can lead to varying counts within a bobbin.

Missing of a fibre component can also lead to count variations.

This demands a reliable monitoring of the yarn count on one side, but also its precise setting,

which is in accordance with the quality requirements of the yarn. This can be done in many

ways. In the following, two possibilities are described:

The C-channel monitors the yarn count in the start-up phase after the splicing

process. During this phase, mainly bobbins with the wrong count are registered and

the winding position must be stopped with the corresponding alarm functions. After

the start-up phase, the C-channel is not active anymore. This procedure allows the

choice of very sensitive settings, which are adjusted to the special circumstances of

the start-up phase of the winding position.

The CC-channel monitors the yarn count over the whole winding process. The

monitoring of yarn count deviations at the normal winding speed are much better

than during the start-up phase. Therefore, it is also possible to monitor long yarn

faults with the CC-channel dependent on the choice of the settings.

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Figure 2.21 Clearing limits N, S, L, T, Cp, Cm, CCp and CCm

4. Monitoring of periodic faults by Pearl chain channel

Periodic yarn faults are thick and thin places, which always occur with the same distance

from each other. Such faults are caused in the spinning process, when yarn guiding elements

are defective. An eccentric front roller of the ring spinning machine leads to a periodic fault

with a wavelength of 8 cm, as this roller always causes faulty drafts in the draw-box within

the same time intervals. The size of each individual fault is mostly not disturbing. But as a

series of yarn faults, they can very well be disturbing. Periodic yarn faults are known as ring

spinning moiré.

Figure 2.22 Taper board with moiré pattern

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Periodic fault registration with the PC – channel

Periodic yarn defects cannot be detected with the normal settings of a yarn clearer, as the size

of each individual fault lies far below the adjustable clearing limits. With the USTER®

QUANTUM CLEARER such periods can be detected with the Pearl Chain channel (PC).

Description of the functions of the Pearl Chain-channel

The thick place which is created by the alteration of the fibres, serves as the threshold in the

PC-channel. The following four parameters have to be fulfilled for a cut according to the PC-

channel.

• Sensitivity (%) = min. fault size

• Length (cm) = min. fault length

• Fault distance (cm) = distance from yarn fault to yarn fault

• Number of faults= number of faults until cut takes place

With the two parameters sensitivity (%) and length (cm), the tolerable fault size is entered.

With the setting "fault distance", the length between the single periods is entered. The entered

distance should be at least 10% longer than the determined value. Furthermore, the setting

must be adjusted to the iMK-type. If the settings are exceeded once, all following events are

counted with the set fault distance. After reaching the given number of faults ("number of

faults"), a cut follows or a PC-alarm is triggered.

5. Monitoring of foreign materials

Measuring principle and evaluation

For the monitoring of foreign fibres, an optical measuring system is used. For this, a

comparison between the reflection of the foreign fibre and the normal yarn color is carried

out. This means, that a very dark foreign fibre in a very light yarn produces a higher contrast

than the same foreign fibre in a yarn made out of gray fibres. After each cut, the yarn clearer

adjusts itself on the white background of the measuring field, in order to adjust afterwards on

the actual color of the yarn. Then, the difference between the actual yarn color and the

contrast of a foreign fibre and its length, over which the color change occurs, is measured.

These two values (reflection in % and length in cm) are compared with the set clearing limits.

Are both values above the clearing limit, a cut is carried out. Foreign fibres which do not

exceed the clearing limit are entered in the classification matrix.

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Structure of the classification matrix

Fig 2.21 shows the structure of the classification matrix for foreign fibres. The foreign fibres

are classified by the parameters reflection (%) and length (cm).

Figure 2.23 Structure of the classification matrix for foreign fibres

In order to meet the demands of critical products, the clearing limit should be selected in

such a way that the B1 class for foreign fibres is cut. The B1 class in the USTER® Foreign

class system covers the foreign fibres with a length from 10 to 20 mm and a reflection of 5 to

10%. This fault category occurs quite frequently and is also a criterion, if the measurement

on the machine is stable.

Clearing limits for dark foreign fibres in light yarn

The FD-channel (Foreign matter Dark) is responsible for the clearing of dark foreign fibres

in light yarn. A dark foreign fibre has a low light reflection and therefore appears darker than

the yarn.

For dark foreign fibres in a white yarn:

0% = Reflection of the pure yarn

100% = Reflection of a completely black foreign fibre

Clearing limits for light foreign fibres in dark yarn

The FL-channel (Foreign matter Light) is responsible for the clearing of light foreign fibres

in dark yarn. Light foreign fibres have a high light reflection and therefore appear lighter

than the yarn.

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For light foreign fibre in a black yarn:

0% = Reflection of the pure yarn

100% = Reflection of a completely white foreign fibre

6. Vegetable filter

Purpose of the vegetable filter

The sensor of the USTER® QUANTUM CLEARER does not only recognize foreign fibres

as disturbing faults, but also vegetables. Some of the customers are also interested to

eliminate vegetables, but many customers are eager to only remove real foreign fibres

because they can prove that the vegetables are not visible anymore after bleaching.

Zellweger Uster has developed a tool for the USTER® QUANTUM CLEARER to separate

foreign fibres and vegetables. This feature is named Vegetable Filter.

The elimination of foreign fibres only and keeping as much vegetables in the yarn as possible

can be applied for the following purposes:

Reduction of cuts while keeping the eliminated number of foreign fibres constant

Keeping the number of cuts constant but eliminating more and finer foreign fibres

with the same efficiency [13]

2.10.2 Fault channels of Loepfe Yarn Master

The various fault channels available in Loepfe Yarn Master Zenit yarn clearer are as follows:

1. N-channel (Neps)

2. S-channel (Short faults)

3. L-channel (Long faults)

4. T-channel (Thin place)

5. Splice

6. Yarn Count

7. Clearing Curve

8. Short count

The clearer settings are termed as,

N = Diameter limit for neps

DS = Diameter limit for short faults

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LS = Limit for short fault length

DL = Diameter limit for long faults and double ends

LL = Limit for long fault length

-D = Limit of the diameter decrease for thin places

-L = Limit for thin place length

SP = Limit for splice

All diameter limits refer to the reference yarn diameter (base).

Figure 2.24 Channel settings of Yarn Master

1. Imperfactions (Thin place, nep and thick place) detection by T, N, S, L-channel:

Together with the impairment of the optical appearance of the textile surface, the number of

thin and thick places is important information on the condition of the raw material and/or

manufacturing process. An increase in the number of thin places does not necessarily mean

that the number of machine standstills increases accordingly during weaving and knitting

with this yarn. In many cases, thin places indicate larger yarn twists. This means that the yarn

tensile strength must not necessarily decrease proportional to the reduction in the fiber count.

Apart from the strong influence on the optical appearance of textile surface structures, neps

from a certain size upwards lead to problems in the knitting machine sector. Not only the size

but also the number of neps are decisive criteria as to whether the yarn is usable or not. Neps

in the raw material are mainly foreign bodies such as, for example, shell or plant residues,

whereas neps in production are created during the spinning process through unsuitable

machine settings and a bad ambient climate. For example, when the ambient climate is too

dry or deflection points as well as when fiber parallelism is too high can create neps during

manufacturing. Some of the neps in the raw material remain in the finished yarn depending

on the manufacturing process. Most of the raw material neps are separated during combing.

This means neps in the finished yarn are mainly from the manufacturing process.

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Exact inspection of a yarn fault shows that it changes along the longitudinal dimension. A

thick place is made up of a combination of different thickenings. For classification, this fault

is only characterized after it has completely run through the measuring field of the sensing

head. The different cross dimensions of the long fault are calculated as a mean value. The

average thickening is then lower relative to the largest cross-dimension of the yarn fault.

Depending on the yarn and the selected setting it is therefore possible that, at simultaneous

short and long faults, the sum or the cut short and long faults in menu Monitoring Data and

the sum of the cut short and long faults in menus Short Class and Long/Thin Class show

differences.

For simultaneous short and long faults is recommended to apply the class clearing in

combination with the conventional clearing. Better results can thus be achieved. Reliable

analysis of imperfections (IPI) therefore not only allows optimizing manufacturing processes

but also to draw conclusions on the quality of the fiber material used. LOEPFE's quality

assurance system LabPack delivers, online, the number of imperfections (neps, thick and thin

places) per 1000 m as well as the irregularities of a yarn. [15]

Diameter-related imperfections:

In addition to the frequent yarn faults (Neps, Thick, Thin) Yarn-Master also classifies the

very frequent events, called Imperfections Small. These small Imperfections determine the

regularity of the inspected yarn.

Imperfection neps

Imperfection thick

Imperfection thin

Imperfection small

Figure 2.25 Diameter related imperfections in classification matrix

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Length-related imperfections

Aside from diameter-related Imperfections, also length-related Imperfections (of 2–4 cm, 4–8

cm, 8–20 cm and 20–70 cm) are classified.

Imperfection 2-4 cm

Imperfection 4-8 cm

Imperfection 8-20 cm

Imperfection 20-70 cm

Figure 2.26 Length related imperfections in classification matrix

The limits of the T, N, S, L settings are:

N = Diameter limit for neps 1.5 to 7.0

DS = Diameter limit for short faults 1.1 to 4.0

LS = Limit for short fault length 1.0 to 10 cm

DL = Diameter limit for long faults 1.04 to 2.0

LL = Limit for long fault length 6.0 to 200 cm

D= Limit of diameter decrease –10% to –60%

L =Limit for thin place length 2.0 to 200 cm [14]

2. Splice channel

To ensure yarn joins do not interrupt downstream processing, their quality characteristics

must not only include adequate tensile strength and elongation but also an excellent

appearance. In the perfect case, the diameter of a splice matches the yarn diameter. The

quality spinner sets the largest allowable yarn fault as the upper limit for the splice diameter.

Splices must not be larger than the cleared yarn faults. This illustrates the close relation

between splice size and yarn clearing setting. Only a quasi "invisible" splice, meaning a

splice matching the yarn, allows a tight clearer setting otherwise small yarn faults could

possibly be replaced by larger splices. Yarn splices are defined based on their length and

width. The length is specified in centimeters and the width as multiple of the normal diameter

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of a yarn. The lengths are shown on the horizontal axis (X axis) and the diameters on the

vertical axis (Y axis). In the perfect case, the diameter of a splice should be the same as the

yarn diameter. For this reason, splice classification in the Yarn Master Zenit system is based

on a finer class field outside the normal class range for yarn faults. Demands on splice quality

have risen since the introduction of the compact spinning process on the market. Significant

improvements in tensile strength and elongation values as well as low hairiness are the

primary yarn characteristics as compared to conventional ring yarns. A splice clearer channel

of the Yarn Master system can meet these higher quality demands.

Figure 2.27 Splice setting in display

3. Yarn count and yarn short count

This permits detection of false bobbins or yarn with a substantial count deviation. After a

cold start the clearing limits appear in the yarn count channel in Nm, Ne and Nc etc. (a

smaller number means coarser yarn). Should the indication be changed to Tex, a higher

number than at Yarn Count has to be entered at Coarse. By entering a smaller number at

Coarse than at Yarn Count the display reverts to the original setting.

Figure 2.28 Settings of Yarn count channel

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Diameter Difference

Depending on quality or irregularity of the yarn a diameter difference (deviation from base

value) of 3% to 44% can be selected. Diameter Diff can be set independently for both

positive and negative diameter deviations.

Yarn Count

Wound yarn count

Coarse/Fine

Enter Diameter Diff and the wound yarn count (Yarn Count). The setting Coarse/Fine is

calculated according to the set diameter difference.

Count Length

The reference length, within which the average yarn diameter deviation is determined, is

adjustable between 10 and 50 m.

Repetitions

Once the selected diameter deviation limits are exceeded or falls short, the spindle is locked

after the set number of repetitions (0–5) Depending on the machine type, the sensing head

lamp will flash.

Yarn Count Short

The Short Count channel offers the possibility to detect yarn with a larger count deviation

separately over a length of less than 10 m. This allows to optimize the detection of cops mix-

ups and yarn count variations.

Diameter Difference

Depending on quality or irregularity of the yarn a diameter difference (deviation from base

value) of 3% to 44% can be selected. Diameter Diff can be set independently for both

positive and negative diameter deviations.

Count Length

The reference length, within which the average yarn diameter deviation is determined, is

adjustable between 1 and 32 m.

Repetitions

Once the selected diameter deviation limits are exceeded or falls short, the spindle is locked

after the set number of repetitions (0-5)

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4. Clearing curve or Cluster Setting

This makes possible the detection of fault clusters whose individual faults would normally be

tolerated because they are below the clearing curve. However, if such faults are repeated

several times within a short stretch, they can nevertheless be disturbing.

Figure 2.29 Clearing curve setting

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2.11 Conversion chart of Capacitive and Optical yarn clearer

Figure 2.30 Conversion chart between optical & capacitive measuring principle

provided by Loepfe Brothers Ltd. [6]

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2.12 Quality parameters discussion

U % and CVm %

U % (unevenness) and CVm% (co-efficient of variation) expresses the irregularity of sliver,

roving and yarn. Evenness of yarn means the degree of uniformity in respect of mass per unit

length, diameter, twist, color, hairiness, strength etc. However, popular approach is to

consider the variation in mass per unit length or thickness.. Variation in mass/unit length is

generally due to variation in number of fibres in the cross-section of the fibre strand.

Formula of co- efficient of variation

× 100% [Where, standard deviation, arithmetic mean]

IPI (Imperfection Index)

IPI stands for Imperfection Index of yarns, which is a measure of the sum of +50% thick

places, -50% thin places and +200% neps per 1000 m of tested yarn. This is for ring spun

yarns, while for rotor spun yarns the number of +280% neps per 1000 meters of the tested

yarns is considered instead of +200% neps.

Thin places

If a place in the yarn exceeds -30% with respect to mean yarn cross-section and length is 8-12

mm it is called a thin place. Evenness testers like Uster Evenness Tester-4 & Uster Evenness

Tester-5 allow the 4 sensitivity thresholds (limits) for thin places: -30%, -40%, -50%, -60%.

Every time the selected limit is exceeded, a thin place is counted.

Thick places

If a place in the yarn exceeds +35% with respect to mean yarn cross-section and length is 8-

12 mm it is called a thick place. Evenness testers like Uster Evenness Tester-4 & Uster

Evenness Tester-5 allow the 4 sensitivity thresholds (limits) for thick places: +35%, +50%,

+70%, +100%. Every time the selected limit is exceeded, a thick place is counted.

Neps

A nep is a very short thick place in the yarn or entangled mass of fibres. It can be fibre nep,

seed coat nep or a trash particle. The maximum length for a nep is limited to 4mm.

Evenness testers like USTER TESTER-4 & USTER TESTER-5 allow the 4 sensitivity

thresholds (limits) for neps: +140%, 200%, +280%, +400%. Every time the selected limit is

exceeded, a neps is counted.

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Chapter 3

Materials and Methods

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3.1 Fibres used

The property of the raw cotton determines the processing parameters of the spinning

machinery and the quality of final yarn. However for the current experiment, following fibres

were used:

Table: 3.1 Fbres used

100% cotton Cameron 3.7 Mic 33 mm

Chad 4.3 Mic 29 mm

Polyester China 1.4 Den 32 mm

For 100% cotton yarn production, the mixing ratio was, 60% Cameron cotton+40% Chad

cotton.

3.1.1 Samples used

Ten samples of different counts were used in the experiment. For 100% cotton yarn samples,

yarn of

10 Ne combed yarn,

30 Ne combed yarn,

32 Ne combed yarn,

40Ne combed yarn,

40 Ne carded yarn - were used.

For blended yarn samples, yarn of

30 PC (50%+50%) (combed)

40 PC (50%+50%),

45PC (50%+50%),

40CVC (60%+40%),

45CVC (55%+45%) (combed) - were used.

3.1.2 Fibre properties

Fibre properties of 100% cotton fibres were tested through AFIS pro and HVI spectrum. The

polyester fibres cannot be tested because in the factory, in which this project work was

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carried out i.e.Yasmin Spinning Mills Ltd, the practice of testing the polyester fibres was

rare. So, the properties provided by the suppliers were used for experiment.

The properties found by testing the fibres are given in the following table.

Table 3.2: Fibre properties

Properties Cameron cotton Chad cotton Mixed Cotton

Micronaire (µg/inch) 3.7 4.3 4.0

Strength (g/tex) 39.9 33.3 37.3

Length (mm) 33 29 31

Uniformity Index (%) 89.8 84.1 87.8

SCI 126 139 131

Nep(Cnt/g) 212 239 222

SCN(Cnt/g) 21 28 24

SFCn(%) 17.2 20.5 18.5

IFC(%) 4.2 4.4 4.3

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3.2 Sample preparation (Flow chart of the experimental process)

i) Carded Process for cotton

Figure 3.1 Flow chart of the carded Cotton

Blowroom

Carding

Breaker draw frame

Finisher draw frame

Simplex

Ring frame

Winding

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ii) Combed Process for cotton

Figure 3.2 Flow chart of the combed Cotton

Blowroom

Carding

Pre-comb drawing

Lap former

Comber

Post comb drawing

Simplex

Ringframe

Winding

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iii) Blended cotton-polyester process

Figure 3.3 Flow chart of the blended cotton-polyester process

Blowroom

Cotton Carding

Rotopic

Tuftomat

Polyester carding

Breaker drawframe

Finisher drawframe

Simplex

Ring frame

Winding

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 41

3.3 Machinery used

i) Winding machine:

Figure 3.4 Winding machine

Machine name : Winding Machine

Manufacturer : Muratec, Japan

Model : 21C

Function : To produce cones from ring cops

Number of winding head : 60

Drum diameter : 100 mm

Yarn speed : 1200-1550m/min

Splicing system : Pneumatic

Magazine : 9 bobbing feed

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ii) Uster Quantum 2 yarn clearer:

Figure 3.5 Uster Quantum-2

Machine name : Uster Quantum 2

Manufacturer : Zellweger Uster, Switzerland

Model : SE 617

Function : To detect disturbing yarn faults and remove them.

iii) Loepfe Yarn Master yarn clearer:

Figure 3.6 Yarn Master Zenit

Machine name : Yarn Master

Manufacturer : Loepfe Brothers Ltd, Switzerland

Model : Zenit

Function : To detect disturbing yarn faults and remove them.

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 43

3.4 Description of Quality Control Equipment

i) Uster HVI

Figure 3.7 Uster HVI

Name : USTER HVI (High Volume Instrument)

Manufacturer : Zellweger Uster, Switzerland

Function : To measure MIC, Maturity, UHML, SCI, Length,

Uniformity, Strength, Short Fiber Index, Elongation, Moisture, Rd, +b, Color

grade, Trash Content, Trash Area, Trash Grade, UV.

ii) Uster AFIS Pro 2

Figure 3.8 Uster AFIS Pro 2

Name : USTER AFIS Pro (Advanced Fibre Information System)

Manufacturer : Zellweger Uster, Switzerland

Function : To measure Nep ( nt gm), Nep (μm), S N ( nt gm), S N

(μm), L(w) (mm), L(w) (% ), SF (w) (mm), SF (n) (%<12.7), UQL(w) (mm),

L(n) (mm), L(n) (%CV), IFC (%), Maturity ratio.

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iii) Uster Evenness Tester

Figure 3.9 Uster Evenness Tester-5

Name :Uster Evenness Tester

Model : UT-5

Manufacturer : Zellweger Uster, Switzerland

Function : To test evenness, imperfection and hairiness of yarns and

other strands such as roving and slivers.

iv) Uster Autsorter

Figure 3.10 Uster Autsorter

Name : Uster Autosorter

Manufacturer : Zellweger Uster, Switzerland

Function : To weigh certain lengths and give English Counts (Ne) of

slivers rovings and yarns.

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v) Auto Wrap

Figure 3.11 Auto Wrap

Name : Auto wrap

Manufacturer : MAG, India

Function : It is used to wrap yarn into skeins.

3.5 Technical parameters and settings

3.5.1 Blowroom specification and settings

(For Cotton Fibre)

UNIflock

Model No : A 11

Manufacturing company : Rieter

Plucking Depth : 4 mm

Traverse Speed : 16m/min

Efficiency : 88%

UNIclean

Model No : B11

Manufacturing company : Rieter

Cleaning Intensity : 0.8

Relative Waste : 8

Efficiency : 90%

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UNImix

Model No : B70

Manufacturing company : Rieter

Degree of opening : 0.5

Mixing chamber : 8

Efficiency : 76%

UNIflex

Model No : B60

Manufacturing company : Rieter

Cleaning Intensity : 0.5

Relative Waste Rate : 8

Efficiency : 87%

(For Polyester Fibre)

Rotopic

Manufacturing Company : Rieter

Model : B 2/3

Country of Origin : Switzerland

Opening roller : 9.8inch

Production : 50kg/hr

Efficiency : 80%

Tuftomat

Manufacturing Company : Trützschler

Model : TO-T1

Country of Origin : Germany

Efficiency : 88%

Production rate : 1000kg/h

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3.5.2 Carding specification and settings

(For Cotton)

Manufacturer : TRÜTZSCHLER

Country : Germany

Model No. : TC 06

Cylinder speed : 561 rpm

Flat speed : 320 mm/min

Taker in speed : 1800 rpm

Delivery roller speed : 210 m/min

Sliver wt. : 420 grain/6yds

Production : 55kg/hr

Efficiency : 90%

(For Polyester)

Model : M8658

Machine name : Corsrol Carding

Manufacturer : Shanghai Crosrol Pacific Machinery Co. Ltd.

Country of origin : China

Cylinder speed : 570 rpm

Flat speed : 290 mm/min

Taker in speed : 800 rpm

Delivery roller speed : 90 m/min

Sliver wt. : 420 gr/6yd

Production : 45kg/hr

Efficiency : 88%

3.5.3 Breaker draw frame specification and settings

Manufacturer : TOYOTA

Country : Japan

Model No. : DX-7A

Sliver wt. : 380 grain/6yd

No of doubling : 6

Delivery speed : 450 m/min (For 100% cotton), 450m/min (For blend)

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Trumpet size : 3.8mm

Drafting system : 3 over 3

Cot roller shore hardness : 83ºA (For cotton), 86ºA (For blend)

3.5.4 Lap former specification and settings

Manufacturer : Rieter

County : Switzerland

Model No. : E-32

No. of doubling : 26

Lap diameter : 650 mm

Total Lap length : 250 m

Full lap weight : 19 kg

Lap width : 300mm

Top roller hardness : 83º

Total draft : 1.455

3.5.5 Finisher draw frame specification and settings

Manufacturer : TOYOTA

Country : Japan

Model No. : DX-8

Sliver wt. : 416 grain/6yd

No of doubling : 8

Delivery speed : 600 m/min (For 100% cotton), 550m/min (For blend)

Trumpet size : 3.5mm

Cot roller shore hardness : 83ºA (For cotton), 86ºA (For blend)

3.5.6 Simplex specification and settings

Manufacturer : TOYOTA

Country : Japan

Model No. : FL-100

Spindle gauge : 220 mm

Roving hank : 1.10 (For cotton) 1.2 (For blended)

Roving TPI : 1.22 (For cotton), 1.4 (For blended)

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3.5.7 Ring frame specification and settings

(For Cotton)

Manufacturer : JINGWEI ( Suessen, EliTE® Compactset)

Country : China

Model No. : F1520

Spindle Speed : 14000-17000

Shore hardness : 63ºA

TPI :11-19

(For blended)

Manufacturer : JINGWEI ( Suessen, EliTE® Compactset)

Country : China

Model no. : F1520

Spindle speed : 14000-16000

Shore hardness : 65ºA

TPI : 11-19

3.5.8 Winding specification and settings

Manufacturer : Muratec

Model no. : 21 C

Winding speed : 1480m/min

Yarn tension : 280 CN

Splicing length : 20 mm

Air pressure : 0.6 MPa

Untwisting time : 0.71 sec

Twisting time : 0.08 sec

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3.5.9 Electronic yarn clearer setting

(100% Cotton)

Table 3.3 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 10Ne combed cotton yarn

Channel Uster Quantum-2 Loepfe Yarn Master

N 240% 3.10

S 95%, 1 1.70, 1

L 25%, 25 0.77, 25

T -22%, 22 -22%, 22

Figure 3.10 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 10Ne combed cotton yarn

Table 3.4 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 30Ne combed cotton yarn

Channel Uster Quantum-2 Loepfe Yarn Master

N 250% 3.2

S 100%, 1 1.8,1

L 28%, 26 0.96, 26

T -25%, 25 -25%, 25

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Figure 3.11 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 30Ne combed cotton yarn

Table 3.5 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 32Ne combed cotton yarn

Channel Uster Quantum-2 Loepfe Yarn Master

N 250% 3.2

S 120%, 1.2 2.0, 1.2

L 25%, 25 0.85, 25

T -22%, 22 -22%, 22

Figure 3.12 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 32Ne combed cotton yarn

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 52

Table 3.6 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 40Ne combed cotton yarn

Channel Uster Quantum-2 Loepfe Yarn Master

N 250% 3.2

S 110%, 1.5 1.9, 1.5

L 28%, 25 0.96, 25

T -25%, 25 -25%, 25

Figure 3.13 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 40Ne combed cotton yarn

Table 3.7 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 40Ne carded cotton yarn

Channel Uster Quantum-2 Loepfe Yarn Master

N 250% 3.2

S 110%, 1.5 1.9, 1.5

L 28%, 25 0.96, 25

T -25%, 25 -25%, 25

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 53

Figure 3.14 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 40Ne carded cotton yarn

(For blended yarn)

Table 3.8 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 30PC yarn

Channel Uster Quantum-2 Loepfe Yarn Master

N 250% 3.2

S 100%, 1 1.8,1

L 28%, 26 0.96, 26

T -25%, 25 -25%, 25

Figure 3.15 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 30PC yarn

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 54

Table 3.9 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 40PC yarn

Channel Uster Quantum-2 Loepfe Yarn Master

N 250% 3.2

S 100%, 1 2.0, 1.2

L 28%, 26 0.96, 26

T -25%, 25 -25%, 25

Figure 3.16 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 40PC yarn

Table 3.10 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 45PC yarn

Channel Uster Quantum-2 Loepfe Yarn Master

N 280% 3.5

S 110%, 1.5 1.9, 1.5

L 30%, 30 1.5, 30

T -32%, 32 -32%, 32

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 55

Figure 3.17 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 45PC yarn

Table 3.11 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 40CVC yarn

Channel Uster Quantum-2 Loepfe Yarn Master

N 250% 3.2

S 110%, 1.5 1.9, 1.5

L 28%, 25 0.96, 25

T -25%, 25 -25%, 25

Figure 3.18 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 40CVC yarn

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 56

Table 3.12 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 45CVC yarn

Channel Uster Quantum-2 Loepfe Yarn Master

N 280% 3.5

S 110%, 1.5 1.9, 1.5

L 30%, 30 1.5, 30

T -32%, 32 -32%, 32

Figure 3.19 Electronic yarn clearer settings for 45CVC yarn

3.6 Working procedure

Raw material i.e., cotton fibre properties were tested using Uster HVI Spectrum and

Uster AFIS Pro. The parameters were noted down.

For 10 Ne yarn, samples were collected from ring frame of regular process.

The processing parameters prior to ring frame were noted down and mentioned for

future references.

5 ring cops were taken randomly from one specific ring frame.

Yarn count was tested using Wrap reel & Auto sorter equipment.

Then the mass evenness of the yarn of those cops was tested using Uster Evenness

Tester (UT-5) in quality control laboratory.

After that, 5 full cones were wound on 5 drums of Muratec 21-C winding machine

using Uster Quantum 2 as yarn clearer.

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 57

Then, comparable settings for the Loepfe Yarn Master Zenit were derived by the help

of conversion chart provided by Loepfe Brothers Ltd.

Then again, 5 full cones were wound on 5 drums of Muratec 21-C winding machine

using Loepfe Yarn Master Zenit as yarn clearer.

Finally, both sets of cones were tested in Uster Evenness Tester (UT-5) in quality

control laboratory.

The changes in yarn before and after winding using the two types of clearer were

observed by comparing the U%, CVm%, -50% thin place, +50% thick place, +200%

neps and IPI results.

For samples of 30 Ne combed yarn, 32 Ne combed yarn, 40Ne combed yarn, 40 Ne

carded yarn, 30 PC (50%+50%), 40 PC (50%+50%), 45PC (50%+50%), 40CVC

(60%+40%), 45CVC (55%+45%) the whole process was repeated.

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 58

Chapter 4

Results and Discussion

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 59

4.1 Test results in tabular form

The test results obtained from different testing equipments are given below:

4.1.1 Test results from observing Electronic yarn clearer and Autoconer

Table 4.1 Observed Electronic yarn clearer and Autoconer data

Material Count Yarn fault

cuts

Spindle efficiency%

(SEF%)

Winding production

(Kg/shift)

100%

cotton

yarn

10 CW Q- 78.6 Q- 76.6 Q- 1932.48

L- 84.3 L- 79.99 L- 2008.76

30 CW Q- 64.6 Q- 78 Q- 661.11

L- 77.3 L- 73.34 L- 618.73

32 CW Q- 87.9 Q- 64.7 Q- 514.10

L- 79.77 L- 69.59 L- 548.27

40 CW Q- 76.1 Q- 74.7 Q- 470.41

L- 80.83 L- 70.05 L- 445.29

40 CW Q- 138.4 Q- 73.4 Q- 469.05

L- 132 L- 68.86 L- 438.62

Blended

yarn

30 PC Q- 70.11 Q- 80.1 Q- 678.06

L- 78.12 L- 75.38 L- 639.074

40 PC Q- 82.56 Q- 75.77 Q- 481.66

L- 78.67 L- 74.87 L- 475.94

45 PC Q- 73.54 Q- 77.16 Q- 435.99

L- 67.44 L- 72 L- 406.84

40 CVC Q- 83.32 Q- 69.37 Q- 440.97

L- 88.44 L- 67.17 L- 426.99

45 CVC Q- 78.11 Q- 72.11 Q- 407.46

L- 83.43 L- 70.09 L- 396.05

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4.1.2 Test results from Uster Evenness Tester – 5

From the test results obtained from Uster Evenness Tester U%, CVm, -40% thin places, -50%

thin places, +50% thick places and +200% thick places results were taken for consideration.

Table 4.2 UT-5 data for 100% cotton yarn samples

10 Ne Combed

Yarn type U% CVm% -40% -50% +50% +200% IPI

Ring yarn 5.6 7.05 0 0 0.5 1.5 2.0

Quantum-2 5.55 7.01 0 0 1 1.5 2.5

Loepfe 5.69 7.18 0 0 2.5 2 4.5

30 Ne Combed

Ring yarn 8.08 10.19 1.5 0 3 13.5 16.5

Quantum-2 8.28 10.45 3.5 0 10.5 23.5 34.0

Loepfe 8.59 10.91 4.5 0 8.5 23 31.5

32 Ne Combed

Ring yarn 8.43 10.62 4.5 0 4.5 14.5 19.0

Quantum-2 8.75 11.1 8.5 0 10.5 31 41.5

Loepfe 8.77 11.03 9.5 0 10 31 41

40 Ne Combed

Ring yarn 9.06 11.39 23 0 7.5 37 44.5

Quantum-2 9.12 11.5 22.5 0 10 46 56.0

Loepfe 9.24 11.75 22 0 12 38.5 50.5

40 Ne Carded

Ring yarn 10.78 13.71 103.5 0 82.5 189 271.5

Quantum-2 11.26 14.33 154.5 2.5 125 312.5 440

Loepfe 11.21 14.32 156 3 147 282 432

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Table 4.3 UT-5 data for blended yarn samples

30 PC (50%+50%)

Yarn type U% CVm% -40% -50% +50% +200% IPI

Ring yarn 9.82 12.44 65 1.5 43 88.5 133

Quantum-2 10.75 13.64 120 4.5 59.5 158 222.0

Loepfe 10.79 13.66 147 2.5 70 154.5 227.0

40 PC (50%+50%)

Ring yarn 10.69 13.6 84 1 88 215 304.0

Quantum-2 10.81 13.8 133 3.5 102 350 455.5

Loepfe 11.02 14.1 158.5 6 115.5 387.5 509

45PC (50%+50%)

Ring yarn 12.1 15.41 387.5 22.5 184.5 273.5 480.5

Quantum-2 12.11 15.43 376.5 18 208 432.5 658.5

Loepfe 11.9 15.22 358 15 180.5 438 633.5

40CVC (60%+40%)

Ring yarn 11.9 15.2 277 11 246.5 319.5 577

Quantum-2 11.85 15.12 360 17 256.5 445.5 719

Loepfe 12.24 15.63 369 20 260 442.5 722.5

45CVC (55%+45%)

Ring yarn 10.23 12.89 96.5 3 31 89.5 123.5

Quantum-2 10.36 13.07 118.5 2 36 125.5 163.5

Loepfe 10.12 12.77 108 3.5 24 104 131.5

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4.2 Graphical Representation and Discussion

The data obtained from different tests were analyzed and discussed with graphical

representation.

4.2.1 Irregularity (U%) of ring yarn and cone yarn

Figure 4.1 Comparison of Irregularity (U%) of ring yarn and cone yarn passed through

Quantum-2 and Loepfe yarn Master yarn clearer for 100% cotton yarn samples

From the above graph the U% for 10 CW ring yarn, yarn processed in Quantum-2 and Loepfe

were observed as 5.6, 5.55 and 5.69 respectively. Therefore, it was evident that there was no

significant change in the U% of yarn before and after processing by the two yarn clearers.

When yarn is passed through EYC, different seldom occurring faults are cut and removed and

it results in reduced irregularity (U%). At the same time, these cut ends are mended by means

of spliced joints which themselves create smaller irregularities. Also due to friction with

different parts and guides, some more irregularities are generated. These result in increased

irregularity (U%). As it was observed that there was no evident change in the values of yarn

U% processed by Quantum-2 and Loepfe, it can be concluded that both the yarn clearer were

performing in a similar manner in evening out the yarn despite of their different working

principles. The similar trend can be noticed for 30 CW, 32 CW, 40 CW and 40 KW yarns.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

10 CW 30 CW 32 CW 40 CW 40 KW

5.6

8.0

8

8.4

3

9.0

6

10

.78

5.5

5

8.2

8

8.7

5

9.1

2

11

.26

5.6

9

8.5

9

8.7

7

9.2

4

11

.21

U%

Ring Quantum-2 Loefpe

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Figure 4.2 Comparison of Irregularity (U%) of ring yarn and cone yarn passed through

Quantum-2 and Loepfe yarn Master yarn clearer for blended yarn samples.

From the above graph the U% for 30 PC ring yarn, yarn processed in Quantum-2 and Loepfe

were observed as 9.82, 10.75 and 10.79 respectively. Therefore, it was evident that there was

a slight change in the U% of yarn before and after processing by the two yarn clearers. When

yarn is passed through EYC, different seldom occurring faults are cut and removed and it

results in reduced irregularity (U%). At the same time, these cut ends are mended by means

of spliced joints which themselves create smaller irregularities. Also due to friction with

different parts and guides, some more irregularities are generated. These result in increased

irregularity (U%). As it was observed that there was no evident change in the values of yarn

U% processed by Quantum-2 and Loepfe, it can be concluded that both the yarn clearer were

performing in a similar manner in evening out the yarn despite of their different working

principles. This similar trend can be noticed for 40 PC, 45 PC, 40 CVC and 45 CVC.

.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

30 PC 40 PC 45 PC 40 CVC 45 CVC

9.8

2

10

.69

12

.1

11

.9

10

.23

10

.75

10

.81

12

.11

11

.85

10

.36

10

.79

11

.02

11

.9

12

.24

10

.12

U%

Ring Quantum-2 Loepfe

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4.2.2 Mass variation (CVm%) of ring yarn and cone yarn

Figure 4.3 Comparison of mass variation (CVm%) of ring yarn and cone yarn passed

through Quantum-2 and Loepfe yarn Master yarn clearer for 100% cotton yarn

samples

From the above graph the CVm% for 10 CW ring yarn, yarn processed in Quantum-2 and

Loepfe were observed as 7.05, 7.01 and 7.18 respectively. Therefore, it was evident that there

was no noteworthy change in the CVm% of yarn before and after processing by the two yarn

clearers. When yarn is passed through EYC, different seldom occurring faults are cut and

removed and it results in reduced mass variation (CVm%). At the same time, these cut ends

are mended by means of spliced joints which themselves create smaller irregularities. Also

due to friction with different parts and guides, some more irregularities are generated. These

result in increased mass variation (CVm%). As it was observed that there was no evident

change in the values of yarn CVm% processed by Quantum-2 and Loepfe, it can be concluded

that both the yarn clearer were performing in a similar manner in evening out the yarn despite

of their different working principles. The similar trend can be noticed for 30 CW, 32 CW, 40

CW and 40 KW yarns.

This value is higher for 40 Ne carded yarn because in carded yarn number of short fibre is

higher and fibre orientation is more irregular than combed yarn.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

10 CW 30 CW 32 CW 40 CW 40 KW

7.0

5

10

.19

10

.62

11

.39

13

.71

7.0

1

10

.45

11

.1

11

.5

14

.33

7.1

8

10

.91

11

.03

11

.75

14

.32

CV

m%

Ring Quantum-2 Loefpe

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 65

Figure 4.4 Comparison of mass variation (CVm%) of ring yarn and cone yarn passed

through Quantum-2 and Loepfe yarn Master yarn clearer for blended yarn samples

From the above graph the CVm% for 30PC ring yarn, yarn processed in Quantum-2 and

Loepfe were observed as 12.44, 13.64 and 13.66 respectively. Therefore, it was evident that

there was no noteworthy change in the CVm% of yarn before and after processing by the two

yarn clearers. When yarn is passed through EYC, different seldom occurring faults are cut

and removed and it results in reduced mass variation (CVm%). At the same time, these cut

ends are mended by means of spliced joints which themselves create smaller irregularities.

Also due to friction with different parts and guides, some more irregularities are generated.

These result in increased mass variation (CVm%). As it was observed that there was no

evident change in the values of yarn CVm% processed by Quantum-2 and Loepfe, it can be

concluded that both the yarn clearer were performing in a similar manner in evening out the

yarn despite of their different working principles. The similar trend can be noticed for 40 PC,

45 PC, 40 CVC and 45 CVC yarns.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

30 PC 40 PC 45 PC 40 CVC 45 CVC

12

.44

13

.6 1

5.4

1

15

.2

12

.89

13

.64

13

.8 15

.43

15

.12

13

.07

13

.66

14

.1

15

.22

15

.63

12

.77

CV

m%

Ring Quantum-2 Loepfe

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4.2.3 Thin places (-50%) of ring yarn and cone yarn

Figure 4.5 Comparison of -50% thin places of ring yarn and cone yarn passed through

Quantum-2 and Loepfe yarn Master yarn clearer for 100% cotton yarn samples.

From the graphical representation of -50% thin places of cotton yarn, it was observed that the

-50% thin places of ring yarn and yarn processed in Quantum-2 and Loepfe were observed as

0 for 10 CW, 30 CW, 32 CW and 40 CW. But in case of 40 KW, this value is 0 for ring yarn,

yarn processed by Quantum-2 is 2.5 and yarn processed by Loepfe is 3. This sample was a

carded yarn which contained higher number of irregularities. Therefore, although there were

no thin places in ring yarn, there were higher number of clearer cuts and higher number of

splices to join the ends. Ultimately the resultant thin places were caused from these splices.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

10 CW 30 CW 32 CW 40 CW 40 KW

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2.5

0 0 0 0

3

-50

% t

hin

pla

ce

Ring Quantum-2 Loefpe

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 67

Figure 4.6 Comparison of -50% thin places of ring yarn and cone yarn passed through

Quantum-2 and Loepfe yarn Master yarn clearer for blended yarn samples

From the above graph the -50% thin places for 30 PC ring yarn, yarn processed in Quantum-2

and Loepfe were observed as 1.5, 4.5 and 2.5 respectively. For 40 PC, these values are 1, 6

and 3.5. Therefore, it was evident that there was slight change in the -50% thin places of yarn

before and after processing by the two yarn clearers. When yarn is passed through EYC,

different seldom occurring faults are cut and removed and it results in reduced -50% thin

places. At the same time, these cut ends are mended by means of spliced joints which

themselves create smaller irregularities. Also due to friction with different parts and guides,

some more irregularities are generated. These result in increased -50% thin places. As it was

observed that there was no evident change in the values of yarn -50% thin places processed

by Quantum-2 and Loepfe, it can be concluded that both the yarn clearer were performing in

a similar manner in evening out the yarn despite of their different working principles. The

similar trend can be noticed for 40 PC, 45 PC, 40 CVC and 45 CVC.

In comparison to cotton yarn, the trend of blended yarn was different because as the materials

were different, they acted differently in drafting zone as the surface texture and surface

cohesion was different in polyester-cotton yarn. This resulted in higher mass irregularity in

case of blended yarn compared to cotton yarn.

.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30 PC 40 PC 45 PC 40 CVC 45 CVC

1.5

1

22

.5

11

3 4

.5

3.5

18

17

2 2.5

6

15

20

3.5

-50

% t

hin

pla

ce

Ring Quantum-2 Loepfe

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 68

4.2.4 Thin places (-40%) of ring yarn and cone yarn

Figure 4.7 Comparison of -40% thin places of ring yarn and cone yarn passed through

Quantum-2 and Loepfe yarn Master yarn clearer for 100% cotton yarn samples.

As, the graphical representation of -50% thin place did not show evident changes, so

graphical presentation of -40% thin place was considered. From the above graph the -40% for

10 CW ring yarn, yarn processed in Quantum-2 and Zenit were observed as 0 and for 30CW

this values are 1.5, 3.5 and 4.5 respectively. Therefore, it was evident that there was no

noteworthy change in the -40% thin places of yarn before and after processing by the two

yarn clearers. Again, as 10 CW, 30 CW, 32 CW and 40 CW are combed yarn, so generation

of thin places are less in number and number of cuts are also less along with number of

splice. As it was observed that there was no evident change in the values of -40% thin places

processed by Quantum-2 and Loepfe, it can be concluded that both the yarn clearer were

performing in a similar manner in evening out the yarn despite of their different working

principles.

This value was higher for 40 Ne carded yarn because in carded yarn number of short fibre

was higher, fibre orientation was irregular than combed yarn and so number of cuts were

more along with the number of splice. So, the chances of generating -40% thin place was

more.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

10 CW 30 CW 32 CW 40 CW 40 KW

0 1.5

4.5

23

10

3.5

0 3

.5

8.5

22

.5

15

4

0 4

.5

9.5

22

15

6

-40

% t

hin

pla

ce

Ring Quantum-2 Loefpe

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 69

Figure 4.8 Comparison of -40% thin places of ring yarn and cone yarn passed through

Quantum-2 and Loepfe yarn Master yarn clearer for blended yarn samples.

From the above graph the -40% thin places for 30PC ring yarn, yarn processed in Quantum-2

and Loepfe were observed as 65, 120 and 147 respectively. Therefore, it was evident that

there was no noteworthy change in the -40% thin places of yarn before and after processing

by the two yarn clearers. When yarn is passed through EYC, different seldom occurring faults

are cut and removed and it results in reduced 40% thin places. At the same time, these cut

ends are mended by means of spliced joints which themselves create smaller irregularities.

Also due to friction with different parts and guides, some more irregularities are generated.

These result in increased 40% thin places. As it was observed that there was no evident

change in the values of yarn 40% thin places processed by Quantum-2 and Loepfe, it can be

concluded that both the yarn clearer were performing in a similar manner in evening out the

yarn despite of their different working principles. The similar trend can be noticed for 40 PC,

45 PC, 40 CVC and 45 CVC.

In comparison to cotton yarn, the trend of blended yarn was different because as the materials

were different, they acted differently in drafting zone as the surface texture and surface

cohesion was different in polyester-cotton yarn. This resulted in higher mass irregularity in

case of blended yarn compared to cotton yarn.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

30 PC 40 PC 45 PC 40 CVC 45 CVC

65

84

38

7.5

27

7

96

.5

12

0

13

3

37

6.5

36

0

11

8.5

14

7

15

8.5

35

8

36

9

10

8

-40

% t

hin

pla

ce

Ring Quantum-2 Loepfe

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 70

4.2.5 Thick places (+50%) of ring yarn and cone yarn

Figure 4.9 Comparison of +50% thick places of ring yarn and cone yarn passed through

Quantum-2 and Loepfe yarn Master yarn clearer for 100% cotton yarn samples

From the above graph the +50% thick for 10 CW ring yarn, yarn processed in Quantum-2 and

Loepfe were observed as 0.5, 1 and 2.5 respectively. Therefore, it was evident that there was

no noteworthy change in the +50% thick places of yarn before and after processing by the

two yarn clearers. Again, as 10 CW, 30 CW, 32 CW and 40 CW are combed yarn, so

generation of thick places are less in number and number of cuts are also less along with

number of splice. As it was observed that there was no evident change in the values of +50%

thick places processed by Quantum-2 and Loepfe, it can be concluded that both the yarn

clearer were performing in a similar manner in evening out the yarn despite of their different

working principles.

This value is higher for 40 Ne carded yarn because in carded yarn number of short fibre is

higher, fibre orientation is irregular than combed yarn and so number of cuts are more along

with the number of splice. So, the chances of generating +50% thick places are more.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

10 CW 30 CW 32 CW 40 CW 40 KW

0.5

3 4.5

7.5

82

.5

1 1

0.5

10

.5

10

12

5

2.5

8.5

10

12

14

7

+50

% t

hic

k p

lace

Ring Quantum-2 Loefpe

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 71

Figure 4.10 Comparison of +50% thick places of ring yarn and cone yarn passed

through Quantum-2 and Loepfe yarn Master yarn clearer for blended yarn samples

From the above graph the +50% thick places for 30 PC ring yarn, yarn processed in

Quantum-2 and Loepfe were observed as 43, 59.5 and 70 respectively. Therefore, it was

evident that there was no noteworthy change in the +50% thick places of yarn before and

after processing by the two yarn clearers. When yarn is passed through EYC, different

seldom occurring faults are cut and removed and it results in reduced +50% thick places. At

the same time, these cut ends are mended by means of spliced joints which themselves create

smaller irregularities. Also due to friction with different parts and guides, some more

irregularities are generated. These result in increased +50% thick places. As it was observed

that there was no evident change in the values of yarn +50% thick places processed by

Quantum-2 and Loepfe, it can be concluded that both the yarn clearer were performing in a

similar manner in evening out the yarn despite of their different working principles. The

similar trend can be noticed for 40 PC, 45 PC, 40 CVC and 45 CVC.

In comparison to cotton yarn, the trend of blended yarn was different because as the materials

were different, they acted differently in drafting zone as the surface texture and surface

cohesion was different in polyester-cotton yarn. This resulted in higher mass irregularity in

case of blended yarn compared to cotton yarn.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

30 PC 40 PC 45 PC 40 CVC 45 CVC

43

88

18

4.5

24

6.5

31

59

.5

10

2

20

8

25

6.5

36

70

11

5.5

18

0.5

26

0

24

+50

% t

hic

k p

lace

Ring Quantum-2 Loepfe

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 72

4.2.6 Neps (+200%) of ring yarn and cone yarn

Figure 4.11 Comparison of Neps (+200%) of ring yarn and cone yarn passed through

Quantum-2 and Loepfe yarn Master yarn clearer for 100% cotton yarn samples

From the above graph the +200% thick for 10 CW ring yarn, yarn processed in Quantum-2

and Loepfe were observed as 1.5, 1.5 and 2 respectively. Therefore, it was evident that there

was no noteworthy change in the +200% thick places of yarn before and after processing by

the two yarn clearers. Again, as 10 CW, 30 CW, 32 CW and 40 CW are combed yarn, so

generation of thick places are less in number and number of cuts are also less along with

number of splice. As it was observed that there was no evident change in the values of

+200% neps processed by Quantum-2 and Loepfe, it can be concluded that both the yarn

clearer were performing in a similar manner in evening out the yarn despite of their different

working principles.

This value is higher for 40 Ne carded yarn because in carded yarn number of short fibre is

higher, fibre orientation is irregular than combed yarn and so number of cuts are more along

with the number of splice. So, the chances of generating +200% neps are more.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

10 CW 30 CW 32 CW 40 CW 40 KW

1.5

13

.5

14

.5

37

18

9

1.5

23

.5

31

46

31

2.5

2 2

3

31

38

.5

28

2

+20

0%

nep

s

Ring Quantum-2 Loefpe

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 73

Figure 4.12 Comparison of Neps (+200%) of ring yarn and cone yarn passed through

Quantum-2 and Loepfe yarn Master yarn clearer for blended yarn samples.

From the above graph the +200% thick places for 30 PC ring yarn, yarn processed in

Quantum-2 and Loepfe were observed as 88.5, 158 and 154.5 respectively. Therefore, it was

evident that there was no noteworthy change in the +200% thick places of yarn before and

after processing by the two yarn clearers. When yarn is passed through EYC, different

seldom occurring faults are cut and removed and it results in reduced +200% thick places. At

the same time, these cut ends are mended by means of spliced joints which themselves create

smaller irregularities. Also due to friction with different parts and guides, some more

irregularities are generated. These result in increased +200% thick places. As it was observed

that there was no evident change in the values of yarn +200% thick places processed by

Quantum-2 and Loepfe, it can be concluded that both the yarn clearer were performing in a

similar manner in evening out the yarn despite of their different working principles. The

similar trend can be noticed for 40 PC, 45 PC, 40 CVC and 45 CVC.

In comparison to cotton yarn, the trend of blended yarn was different because as the materials

were different, they acted differently in drafting zone as the surface texture and surface

cohesion was different in polyester-cotton yarn. This resulted in higher mass irregularity in

case of blended yarn compared to cotton yarn.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

30 PC 40 PC 45 PC 40 CVC 45 CVC

88

.5

21

5 2

73

.5 31

9.5

89

.5

15

8

35

0

43

2.5

44

5.5

12

5.5

15

4.5

38

7.5

43

8

44

2.5

10

4 +2

00

% n

eps

Ring Quantum-2 Loepfe

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 74

4.2.7 IPI of ring yarn and cone yarn

Figure 4.13 Comparison of IPI of ring yarn and cone yarn passed through Quantum-2

and Loepfe yarn Master yarn clearer for 100% cotton yarn samples

From the above graph the IPI for 10 CW ring yarn, yarn processed in Quantum-2 and Loepfe

were observed as 2, 2.5 and 4.5 respectively. Therefore, it was evident that there was no

noteworthy change in the IPI of yarn before and after processing by the two yarn clearers.

Again, as 10 CW, 30 CW, 32 CW and 40 CW are combed yarn, so IPI values are less in

number. As it was observed that there was no evident change in the values of IPI processed

by Quantum-2 and Loepfe, it can be concluded that both the yarn clearer were performing in

a similar manner in evening out the yarn despite of their different working principles.

This value is higher for 40 Ne carded yarn because in carded yarn number of short fibre is

higher, fibre orientation is irregular than combed yarn and so number of cuts are more along

with the number of splice, and for that IPI value is also higher in carded yarn.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

10 CW 30 CW 32 CW 40 CW 40 KW

2 1

6.5

19

44

.5

27

1.5

2.5

34

41

.5

56

44

0

4.5

31

.5

41

50

.5

43

2

IPI

Ring Quantum-2 Loepfe

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 75

Figure 4.14 Comparison of IPI of ring yarn and cone yarn passed through Quantum-2

and Loepfe yarn Master yarn clearer for blended yarn samples

From the above graph the IPI for 30 PC ring yarn, yarn processed in Quantum-2 and Loepfe

were observed as 93, 222 and 227 respectively. Therefore, it was evident that there was

mentionable change in the IPI of yarn before and after processing by the two yarn clearers.

When yarn is passed through EYC, different seldom occurring faults are cut and removed and

it results in reduced IPI. At the same time, these cut ends are mended by means of spliced

joints which themselves create smaller irregularities. Also due to friction with different parts

and guides, some more irregularities are generated. These result in increased IPI. As it was

observed that there was no evident change in the values of yarn IPI processed by Quantum-2

and Loepfe, it can be concluded that both the yarn clearer were performing in a similar

manner in evening out the yarn despite of their different working principles. The similar trend

can be noticed for 40 PC, 45 PC, 40 CVC and 45 CVC.

In comparison to cotton yarn, the trend of blended yarn was different because as the materials

were different, they acted differently in drafting zone as the surface texture and surface

cohesion was different in polyester-cotton yarn. This resulted in higher mass irregularity in

case of blended yarn compared to cotton yarn.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

30 PC 40 PC 45 PC 40 CVC 45 CVC

13

3

30

4

48

0.5

57

7

12

3.5

22

2

45

5.5

65

8.5

71

9

16

3.5

22

7

50

9

63

3.5

72

2.5

14

2

IPI

Ring Quantum-2 Loepfe

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 76

4.2.8 Number of cuts for Quantum-2 and Loepfe

Figure 4.15 Comparison between numbers of cuts for cone yarn passed through

Quantum-2 and Loepfe yarn clearer for 100% cotton yarn

Figure 4.16 Comparison between numbers of cuts for cone yarn passed through

Quantum-2 and Loepfe yarn clearer for blended yarn

As the CVm% and U% level of the yarns were similar, this was furthermore supported by the

graphical representation of the cuts per 100km of yarns. So, it can be concluded that clearer

setting that was devised using the conversion chart is making the two clearer perform in

similar manner.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

10 CW 30 CW 32 CW 40 CW 42 KW

78

.6

64

.6 8

7.9

76

.1

13

8.4

84

.3

77

.3

79

.7

80

.8

13

2

Nu

mb

er o

f cu

ts

Quantum-2 Loepfe

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

30 PC 40 PC 45 PC 40 CVC 45 CVC

70

.11

82

.56

73

.54

83

.32

78

.11

78

.12

78

.67

67

.44

88

.44

83

.43

Nu

mb

er o

f cu

ts

Quantum -2 Loepfe

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 77

4.2.9 SEF% for Quantum-2 and Loepfe

Figure 4.17 Comparison between SEF% for cone yarn passed through Quantum-2 and

Loepfe yarn clearer for 100% cotton yarn

Figure 4.18 Comparison between SEF% for cone yarn passed through Quantum-2 and

Loepfe yarn clearer for blended yarn

From the above graphical representation, it was observed that both Quantum-2 & Zenit

integrated winding machines show similar spindle efficiency.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

10 CW 30 CW 32 CW 40 CW 40 KW

76

.6

78

64

.7 74

.7

73

.4

79

.99

73

.34

69

.59

70

.05

68

.86

SE

F%

Quantum - 2 Loepfe

0

20

40

60

80

100

30 PC 40 PC 45 PC 40 CVC 45 CVC

80

.1

75

.87

77

.16

69

.37

72

.11

75

.38

74

.87

72

67

.17

70

.09

SE

F%

Quantum -2 Loepfe

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 78

Chapter 5

Conclusion

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 79

5.1 Limitations

The hairiness module of Uster Evenness Tester-5 was defective. Therefore, the data of

hairiness property were not reliable to use.

The splicer parameters were not optimized as the factory authority was adamant about

not sharing it with us.

5.2 Conclusion

From the tabular & graphical representations of different results, it is clearly seen that both

the EYC devices provide similar outcome when their settings are converted by the conversion

chart. However, it is also found that in some cases CVm and IPI of cone yarns were somewhat

higher than the same of ring yarns; it is because the splicer’s efficiency was not optimized. So

it may be suggested that both EYC devices can be useable on parallel, for a specific yarn

count, in industry. With the usage of this conversion chart, the flexibility of using EYC

device increases to a great extent & the utilization of winding machine can be reached to the

maximum.

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 80

References

1. Sharma SK. Electronic Yarn Clearers – A systematic Approach. Spinning Textiles

Magazine, Vol 6, Issue 7, Sept-Oct, 2012.

2. Lawrence CA. Fundamentals of Spun Yarn Technology. United States of America: CRC

PRESS; 2003.

3. Adanur SH. Handbook of Weaving. United States of America: CRC PRESS; 2000.

4. Kumar RS. Process Management in Spinning. United States of America: CRC PRESS;

2014.

5. Uster Technologies AG. Application Handbook of On-line Quality Management on

Winding Machines [pamphlet]. Switzerland: Uster Technologies AG; 2003.

6. Instruction Manual of Yarn Master Zenit. Switzerland: Loepfe Brothers Ltd; 2005.

7. Tortora G, Johnson I. The Fairchild Books Dictionary of Textiles. United States of

America: Bloomsbury Publication; 2013.

8. The Complete Technology Book on Textile Spinning, Weaving, Finishing and Printing.

India: Asia Pacific Business Press; 2009.

9. Anderson S. The Process of Spinning. United States of America: Storey Publishing; 2012.

10. ‘Yarn technical terms’, http://www.softtextile.biz/yarntechnicalterms, Access date:

9/8/2016.

11. Alagirusamy R, Das A. Technical Textile Yarns: Industrial and Medical Applications.

United States of America: CRC PRESS; 2010.

12. ‘Yarn Faults and learing’, http: www.textilesindepth.com yarn-faults-clearing/, Access

Date: 9/8/2016.

13. Peters G, Meier S. The Standard from Fiber to Fabric [pamphlet]. Switzerland: Uster

Technologies AG; 2010.

14. Facts of optical yarn clearing by Yarn Master Zenit. Switzerland: Loepfe Brothers Ltd;

2005.

15. Online laboratory and quality control. Switzerland: Loepfe Brothers Ltd; 2005

Comparative study between electronic yarn clearer based on capacitive- and optical principle Page 81

Annexure