Final Best Thesis

8/11/2019 Final Best Thesis

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MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AT LAGUNA

Academic Year 2014 2015

INSTANTANEOUS LINEAR MEASURING DEVICE

USING RADIO FREUENCY

Jan Rafael D. Bernabe

Jose! Flo"# E. Cal$

Jerol# RJ D. O$#e%

T!es$s A#&$ser' En(r. El&$s Abellera

S)b%$**e# *o *!e Fa+)l*" of Mala"an Colle(es La()na$n ar*$al f)lf$l%en* of *!e re,)$re%en*s for *!e #e(ree of

Ba+!elor of S+$en+e $n Ele+*ron$+s En($neer$n(


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T!e *!es$s a**a+!e# !ere*o- en*$*le#!INSTANTANEOUS LINEAR MEASURING

DEVICE USING RADIO FREUENCY"#reare# an# s)b%$**e# $% &a' Ra(ae) D*

+er'a$e# &,-e./ F),%d E* Ca)i.# &er,)d R& D* Oidem $n ar*$al f)lf$ll%en* of *!e

re,)$re%en*s for *!e #e(ree of Ba+!elor of S+$en+e $n Ele+*ron$+s En($neer$n( $s !ereb"

a++e*e#.

Si'are O3er ri'ed Name Si'are O3er ri'ed Name

Panel C!a$r Panel Me%ber

Da*e S$(ne# Da*e S$(ne#

Si'are O3er ri'ed Name

A#&$ser

Da*e S$(ne#

Si'are O3er ri'ed NamePro(ra% C!a$r- ECE

Da*e S$(ne#

ENGR* MARI+EL G* SONGSONG

Dean- Ma)a Ins*$*)*e of Te+!nolo(" a* La()na

Da*e S$(ne#


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C,.%ri/

/T!e a)*!or an# *!e a#&$ser a)*!or$0e +ons)l*a*$on an# ar*$al rero#)+*$on of *!$s *!es$s

for ersonal )se. An" o*!er rero#)+*$on or )se $s s)b1e+* *o +o"r$(!* ro*e+*$on. C$*a*$on

s!o)l# +learl" %en*$on *!e referen+e of *!$s 2or3.4

Mala"an Colle(es La()na- Mar+! 5678

T/e Ad3i-er T/e A/,r-

E'r* E)3i- A$e))era &a' Ra(ae) D* +er'a$e

&,-e./ F),%d E* Ca)i.

&er,)d R& D* Oidem

$

1


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A$-rac

T!e )se of ra#$o 2a&es %a3es $* oss$ble *o %eas)re #$s*an+e 2$*!o)* *!e *ar(e*

be$n( $n s$(!*. T!$s %eans- "o) +an %eas)re #$s*an+es *!ro)(! #$fferen* obs*r)+*$ons s)+!

as !)(e ro+3s- 2alls- !o)ses- an# e&en 2!ole b)$l#$n(s. T!ere are %an" 2$reless

ran(ef$n#ers *!a* are a&a$lable- 2!$+! are 2or3$n( 2$*! so)n# 2a&es or lasers. One

#$sa#&an*a(e of #$s*an+e %eas)re%en* 2$*! laser ran(ef$n#er $s *!a* "o) %)s* +en*er ) *!e

bea% *o *!e re+e$&er an# ens)re *!a* *!ere are no obs*a+les alon( *!e laser bea% 2!$+! $s

also a roble% for so)n# 2a&es base# 2$reless ran(ef$n#er. Ano*!er roble% $s $f *!e

ob1e+*9erson "o) 2an* *o lo+a*e $s $n non:GPS +o&ere# areas. T!$s aer a$%s *o roose a

lo2 +os*- lo2 o2er b)* a++)ra*e 2$reless l$near #$s*an+e %eas)r$n( #e&$+e *!a* +an

+o%ensa*e for *!e #$sa#&an*a(es of *!e a&a$lable 2$reless ran(ef$n#ers. ;$*! *!$s

roose# #e&$+e- 2e +an eas$l" %eas)re *!e e


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I'r,dci,'

+ac6r,'d ,( /e Sd%

;$reless ne*2or3s !a&e be+o%e a ar* of #a$l" l$fe- an# *!e a##$*$on of lo+a*$on

a2areness +an +!an(e *!e al$+a*$on lan#s+ae. A++)ra*e an# re+$se %eas)re%en* s!o)l#

be )* $n erse+*$&e 2!en %eas)r$n( a #$s*an+e or f$n#$n( a lo+a*$on- +o%b$n( *!e +on+e*

of be$n( re+$se or a++)ra*e %eas)re%en* an# 2$reless *e+!nolo(" *o#a" $s a ne2

$nno&a*$on 2!en %eas)r$n( a #$s*an+e. ;$reless #$s*an+e %eas)re%en* $s +)rren*l" be$n(

en(a(e# $n a &ar$e*" of al$+a*$ons +o&er$n( fro% %e#$+al *o %$l$*ar" an# fro% !o%e *o

$n#)s*r". F)r*!er%ore $* $s *!e bas$s for Real T$%e Lo+a*$n( S"s*e%s an# rela*e# ser&$+es

ese+$all" re,)$re# $n non GPS +o&ere# areas =$n#oor- %$n$n(- ar3$n( (ara(es>. Crea*$n( a

#e&$+e 2!$+! +an 2$relessl" %eas)re #$s*an+es 2$*! *!e )se of RF s$(nals +an be )se# $n

*!$s al$+a*$on 2!$+! re,)$res a lo2:+os* an# eff$+$en* #$s*an+e %eas)r$n( #e&$+es.

Ra#$o fre,)en+" =RF> $s )se# $n %an" ro#)+*s *!a* %os* eole )se as ar* of o)r

#a$l" l$fe. Fre,)en+$es are )se# %os*l" on +o%%)n$+a*$ons aro)n# )s. Mo#ern

*e+!nolo(" !as ro#)+e# ,)$*e a 2$#e &ar$e*" of fre,)en+$es s$n+e *!e #$s+o&er" an#

$n&en*$on of *!e *ele!one- ele+*r$+$*"- ra#$o an# *ele&$s$on. Ra#$o fre,)en+" =RF>

re+e$&e# s$(nal s*ren(*! =RSS> %eas)re%en*s are +o%%onl" )se# *o es*$%a*e ran(e- b)*

*!e a++)ra+" of *!$s *e+!n$,)e $s oor e&en $n *!e bes* +on#$*$ons. T!e r$%ar" al*erna*$&e

$s *!e )se of )l*ra:2$#eban# =U;B> RF ran($n(- an# (oo# ran($n( erfor%an+e.

T!$s aer resen*s a ra#$o fre,)en+" =RF> #$s*an+e %eas)re%en* s"s*e%s

+o%ose# of *2o *rans%$**er an# re+e$&er #e&$+es *!a* 2$ll +o%%)n$+a*e *o ea+! o*!er.

T!e f$rs* #e&$+e $s +o%ose# of fre,)en+" +on*roller =Ar#)$no Uno>- +o)n*er- *rans%$**er-

re+e$&er- an# LED #$sla"- an# *!e se+on# #e&$+e $s +o%ose# of fre,)en+" +on*roller

=Ar#)$no Uno>- *rans%$**er an# re+e$&er $n 2!$+! *!e" are bo*! o2ere# b" ?@ ba**er".

3


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De*er%$n$n( #e&$+e lo+a*$on !as *2o !ases $n 2!$+! *!e f$rs* !ase $n&ol&es %eas)r$n( a

rela*$ons!$ be*2een no#es =e.(.- #$s*an+e>- an# *!e se+on# !ase )ses *!ese rela*$ons!$

*o es*$%a*e lo+a*$on. T!e ro+ess of a s$n(le %eas)re%en* 2$ll s*ar* on+e *!e f$rs* #e&$+e

*rans%$*s an )l*ra:!$(! fre,)en+" =UHF>- *!en *!e +o)n*er 2$ll s*ar* also e


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Ho2 *o +rea*e a lo2:+os* %eas)r$n( #e&$+e *!a* 2$ll !el b)$l#ers92or3ers

*o %eas)re #$s*an+e

Ho2 *o +rea*e a #e&$+e *!a* 2$ll !el 2or3er *o #e*er%$ne *!e os$*$on

Ho2 *o %eas)re #$s*an+e 2$*!92$*!o)* obs*r)+*$on )s$n( a ra#$o

fre,)en+"

O$7eci3e- ,( /e Sd%

T!e (eneral ob1e+*$&e of *!$s s*)#" $s *o +rea*e a #e&$+e 2!$+! +an %eas)re #$s*an+e

2$*! or 2$*!o)* obs*r)+*$on be*2een *!e l$ne of s$(!* of *!e *2o #e&$+es 2!$+! $s +o%ose

of *rans%$**er an# re+e$&er.

Se+$f$+ Ob1e+*$&es'

7.> To +rea*e a lo2:+os* b)* a++)ra*e an# eff$+$en* %eas)r$n( #e&$+e.

5.> To %eas)re #$s*an+e 2$*!92$*!o)* obs*r)+*$on b" *!e )se of ra#$o fre,)en+"..> To +rea*e a #e&$+e *!a* 2$ll !el eole s)+! as 2or3ers9b)$l#ers *o a++)ra*el"

%eas)re *!e$r os$*$on $n non GPS +o&ere# areas.

Sc,.e a'd Limiai,' ,( /e Sd%

In (eneral- *!e fo+)s of *!$s s*)#" $s #$re+*e# *o2ar#s +rea*$n( a lo2 +os* an#

eff$+$en* %eas)r$n( #e&$+e 2$*! *!e )se of Ra#$o Fre,)en+" S$(nals onl". T!$s $s *o s!o2

*!e #$fferen+e be*2een a nor%al %eas)r$n( #e&$+e 2!$+! +an* %eas)re #$s*an+e

2!ene&er *!ere $s an obs*r)+*$on *o $*s a*! an# a 2$reless #e&$+e 2!$+! +an %eas)re 2$*!

or 2$*!o)* an" obs*r)+*$on.

In *!$s roose# #e&$+e- a +er*a$n %$n$%)% #$s*an+e s!o)l# be al$e#. T!$s $s *o

%a3e s)re *!a* 2!ene&er *!ere $s an obs*r)+*$on $n *!e a*! be*2een *!e *2o #e&$+es

2!$+! +on*a$ns *rans%$**er an# re+e$&er %o#)les. T!e *rans%$**e# s$(nal 2$ll s*$ll be

re+e$&e# b" *!e o*!er re+e$&er.

5


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Si'i(ica'ce ,( /e Sd%

S,ci,8ec,',mic Si'i(ica'ce*In *!$s s*)#"- *!e roose# #e&$+e 2$ll $ns$re o*!er

s*)#en*s *o #e&elo an effe+*$&e- lo2:+os* an# eff$+$en* #e&$+e 2!$+! +an be )se# as

al*erna*$&e *o e


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e *!e lo2es* allo+a*e# 2$reless +o%%)n$+a*$ons fre,)en+"

*o *!o)san#s of ($(a!er*0 =GH0>.

;!en an RF +)rren* $s s)l$e# *o an an*enna- $* ($&es r$se *o an ele+*ro%a(ne*$+

f$el# *!a* roa(a*es *!ro)(! sa+e. T!$s f$el# $s so%e*$%es +alle# an RF f$el# $n less

*e+!n$+al *er%$nolo(" $* $s a ra#$o 2a&e. An" RF f$el# !as a 2a&elen(*! *!a* $s

$n&ersel" roor*$onal *o *!e fre,)en+".

T!e fre,)en+" of an RF s$(nal $s $n&ersel" roor*$onal *o *!e 2a&elen(*! of *!e

EM f$el# *o 2!$+! $* +orreson#s. A* ? 3H0- *!e free:sa+e 2a&elen(*! $s aro. As *!e fre,)en+" $s

$n+rease# be"on# *!a* of *!e RF se+*r)%- EM ener(" *a3es *!e for% of $nfrare# =IR>-

&$s$ble- )l*ra&$ole* =U@>- ra"s- an# (a%%a ra"s =Ro)se>.

Ardi',

Ar#)$no $s a *ool for %a3$n( +o%)*ers *!a* +an sense an# +on*rol %ore of *!e

!"s$+al 2orl# *!an "o)r #es3*o +o%)*er. I* $s an oen:so)r+e !"s$+al +o%)*$n(

la*for% base# on a %$+ro+on*roller boar#- an# a #e&elo%en* en&$ron%en* for 2r$*$n(

sof*2are for *!e boar# =ar#)$no.++>. Ar#)$no +an be )se# *o %a3e *!e al$+a*$on of

ob1e+*s *!a* +an be $n*era+*$&e. C or C ro(ra%%$n( lan()a(e +an be )se# *o 2r$*e

ro(ra%s for Ar#)$no. Ar#)$no s$%l$f$es *!e ro+ess of 2or3$n( 2$*! %$+ro+on*rollers-

b)* $* offers so%e a#&an*a(e' Ine


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Micr,c,'r,))er

AM$+ro+on*roller $s a s%all +o%)*er on a s$n(le $n*e(ra*e# +$r+)$* +on*a$n$n( a

ro+essor +ore- %e%or"- an# ro(ra%%able $n)*9o)*)* er$!erals. I* alrea#" +on*a$ns

all +o%onen*s 2!$+! allo2 $* *o oera*e s*an# alone- an# !as been #es$(ne# $n ar*$+)lar

for %on$*or$n( an#9or +on*rol *as3s. In +onse,)en+e- $n a##$*$on *o *!e ro+essor- $*

$n+l)#es %e%or"- &ar$o)s $n*erfa+e +on*rollers- one or %ore *$%ers- an $n*err)*

+on*roller- an# las*l"- (eneral )rose I9O $ns 2!$+! allo2 $* *o #$re+*l" $n*erfa+e *o $*s

en&$ron%en*. M$+ro+on*rollers also $n+l)#e b$* oera*$ons 2!$+! allo2 "o) *o +!an(e one

b$* 2$*!$n a b"*e 2$*!o)* *o)+!$n( *!e o*!er b$*s =Gr$#l$n( an# ;e$ss- 566>

In #es3*o +o%)*ers- %$+ro+on*rollers +an be fo)n# $ns$#e 3e"boar#s- %o#e%s-

r$n*ers- an# o*!er er$!erals. In *es* e,)$%en*- %$+ro+on*rollers %a3e $* eas" *o a##

fea*)res s)+! as *!e ab$l$*" *o s*ore %eas)re%en*s- *o +rea*e an# s*ore )ser ro)*$nes- an# *o

7#$sla" %essa(es an# 2a&efor%s. Cons)%er ro#)+*s *!a* )se %$+ro+on*rollers $n+l)#e

+a%eras- &$#eo re+or#ers- +o%a+*:#$s3 la"ers =A.

A'e''a

An*enna $s *!e *rans$*$onal s*r)+*)re be*2een free:sa+e an# a ()$#$n( #e&$+e. T!e

()$#$n( #e&$+e or *rans%$ss$on l$ne %a" *a3e *!e for% of a +oa- an# $* $s )se# *o *ransor* ele+*ro%a(ne*$+ ener(" fro% *!e *rans%$**$n(

so)r+e *o *!e an*enna or fro% *!e an*enna *o *!e re+e$&er. In *rans%$ss$on- a ra#$o

*rans%$**er s)l$es an ele+*r$+ +)rren* os+$lla*$n( a* ra#$o fre,)en+" =$.e. a !$(!

8
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequency


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fre,)en+" al*erna*$n( +)rren*=AC>> *o *!e an*ennas *er%$nals- an# *!e an*enna ra#$a*es

*!e ener(" fro% *!e +)rren* as ele+*ro%a(ne*$+ 2a&es =ra#$o 2a&es>. In re+e*$on- an

an*enna $n*er+e*s so%e of *!e o2er of an ele+*ro%a(ne*$+ 2a&e $n or#er *o ro#)+e a

*$n" &ol*a(e a* $*s *er%$nals- *!a* $s al$e# *o a re+e$&er *o be a%l$f$e#=Balan$s- 566K>

Cr%-a) O-ci))a,r

Cr"s*al $s a +$r+)$* ele%en* +o%%onl" )se# $n *!e +lo+3- f)ll na%e $s +alle# *!e

+r"s*al os+$lla*or- +r"s*al os+$lla*or $n *!e %$+ro+on*roller *!e role of *!e s"s*e% $s &er"

lar(e- $s a +o%b$na*$on of MCUs $n*ernal +$r+)$*r"- res)l*$n( $n *!e nee# %$+ro+on*roller

+lo+3 fre,)en+"- s$n(le:+!$ $%le%en*a*$on of all #$re+*$&es are b)$l* on *!$s bas$s- *!e

+r"s*al +lo+3 fre,)en+" *o ro&$#e !$(!er see# an# *!a* *!e sooner SCM.

Cr"s*al 2$*! a +an $n*o ele+*r$+al ener(" an# %e+!an$+al ener(" be*2een *!e +r"s*al $n *!e

resonan* %o#e of oera*$on $n or#er *o ro&$#e s*able an# a++)ra*e s$n(le fre,)en+"

os+$lla*$on. In nor%al 2or3$n( +on#$*$ons- *!e or#$nar" +r"s*al os+$lla*or fre,)en+"

absol)*e a++)ra+" of ) *o K6 %$ll$on*!s. H$(!:le&el re+$s$on. So%e +r"s*al b" *!e

al$e# &ol*a(e +an also be a#1)s*e# 2$*!$n a +er*a$n ran(e of fre,)en+$es- 3no2n as

&ol*a(e:+on*rolle# os+$lla*or =@CO>.

Cr"s*als role $s *o ro&$#e *!e bas$+ s"s*e% +lo+3 s$(nal. Us)all" a s"s*e% s!are a s$n(le

+r"s*al- eas" *o s"n+!ron$0e *!e &ar$o)s ar*s. So%e of *!e f)n#a%en*al fre,)en+"

+o%%)n$+a*$on s"s*e%s an# RF )s$n( a #$fferen* +r"s*al an# ele+*ron$+ %eans *o a#1)s*

*!e fre,)en+" *o 3ee a+e.

9
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver_(radio)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver_(radio)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplifier


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Cr"s*al $s )s)all" )se# $n +on1)n+*$on 2$*! *!e !ase:lo+3e# loo +$r+)$* *o ro&$#e *!e

re,)$re# s"s*e% +lo+3 fre,)en+". If #$fferen* s)b:s"s*e%s nee# a #$fferen* +lo+3 s$(nal

fre,)en+$es +an be )se# 2$*! *!e sa%e +r"s*al +onne+*e# *o a #$fferen* !ase:lo+3e# loo

*o ro&$#e =S!en0!en- 566K>

Tra'-mier M,d)e

An RF *rans%$**er %o#)le $s a s%all PCB s)b:asse%bl" +aable of *rans%$**$n( a

ra#$o 2a&e an# %o#)la*$n( *!a* 2a&e *o +arr" #a*a. Trans%$**er %o#)les are )s)all"

$%le%en*e# alon(s$#e a %$+ro +on*roller 2!$+! 2$ll ro&$#e #a*a *o *!e %o#)le 2!$+!

+an be *rans%$**e#. RF Trans%$**ers are )s)all" s)b1e+* *o Re()la*or" Re,)$re%en*s

2!$+! #$+*a*e *!e %a.

Recei3er M,d)e.

An RF Re+e$&er %o#)le re+e$&es *!e %o#)la*e# RF s$(nal- an# #e%o#)la*es $*.

T!ere are *2o *"es of RF re+e$&er %o#)les' s)er!e*ero#"ne re+e$&ers an# s)er:

re(enera*$&e re+e$&ers. S)er:re(enera*$&e %o#)les are )s)all" lo2 +os* an# lo2 o2er

#es$(ns )s$n( a ser$es of a%l$f$ers *o e


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s*ab$l$*" +o%es fro% a f$- &ar$o)s %e*!o# of

$n*er:no#e ran(e %eas)re%en* !as been )se# $n 2$reless sensor ne*2or3s =;SNs> for

no#e ran(e:base# lo+al$0a*$on. Ra#$o fre,)en+" =RF> base# *$%e:of:fl$(!* s"s*e%

ro%$se# an a++)ra*e res)l*. Ho2e&er- $* $s onl" effe+*$&e for lon( #$s*an+e )ses $ns*ea# of

$* #elo" !$(! +os* !ar#2are *$%e s"n+!ron$0a*$on *!erefore- $* $s no* so feas$ble *o be

$%le%en*e# $n ;SNs. To +!allen(e *!e #$ff$+)l*$es an# re#)+e *!e +os* of )s$n( RF for

s!or* ran(es %eas)re%en*- a s$%ler !ar#2are base# ran(e %eas)re%en* *e+!n$,)e rel"

on @ern$er effe+* !as been roose#. T!ree e of a %essa(e *ra&el$n( fro% one no#e *o ano*!er +an ro&$#e ran(e

$nfor%a*$on. RF TOF %eas)re%en*s are +!allen($n( be+a)se of *!e !$(! s$(nal see#-

%)l*$a*! =MP> roa(a*$on- an# lo2 *oleran+e for +lo+3 s"n+!ron$0a*$on error. T!e

r$%ar" a#&an*a(es of RF TOF %eas)re%en*s are s%all !ar#2are o&er!ea#- (oo# 2all

ene*ra*$on- an# *!e o*en*$al for %e*er le&el lo+a*$on a++)ra+". RF *$%e of fl$(!* =TOF>

ran($n( $s an a**ra+*$&e o*$on for 2$reless sensor ne*2or3s =;SN>. An RF TOF s"s*e%

+an re,)$re l$**le !ar#2are o&er!ea# an# a+!$e&e %e*er le&el a++)ra+" $n #$ff$+)l*

11


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en&$ron%en*s 2$*! *!e sa%e *rans+e$&er )se# for #a*a +o%%)n$+a*$on an# s$%le s$(nal

ro+ess$n( blo+3s. RF TOF ran($n( +an o++)r $n s!or* b)rs*s an# $n a fre,)en+" !oe#

fas!$on *!ereb" re#)+$n( *!e +!an+e of $n*erferen+e an# )n2an*e# #e*e+*$on. Errors $n RF

TOF ran($n( %eas)re%en*s are +a)se# r$%ar$l" b" $n*erferen+e fro% o*!er s$(nals-

no$se- or MP roa(a*$on. O*!er fa+*ors +an s"s*e%a*$+all" +orr)* ran($n( a++)ra+" s)+!

as +lo+3 offse* an# +lo+3 #r$f*.

A++or#$n( *o Bro2n- Ree&e- Ma0o%enos an# ;!$*e =567>- lo+a*$n( an# *ra+3$n(

ob1e+*s of $n*eres* $s +ons$#ere# *o be a $&o*al f)n+*$onal$*" for a n)%ber of al$+a*$on

#o%a$ns. ;SNs are +ons$#ere# *o be a *e+!nolo(" able *o ro&$#e $nno&a*$&e sol)*$ons

for lo+a*$on$n( an# *ra+3$n( al$+a*$ons. T!e" offer *!e oss$b$l$*" of e%lo"$n( a lar(e

n)%ber of obser&ers- *as3e# 2$*! %on$*or$n( *!e sa%e !eno%ena- an aroa+! *!a*

enables #e+en*ral$0e# sens$n(- #$s*r$b)*e# +o%)*$n( an# +ollabora*$&e s$(nal ro+ess$n(.

An ab)n#an* a%o)n* of $nfor%a*$on $s a++)%)la*e# fro% *!e ne*2or3 2$*! !$(! sa*$al

an# *e%oral resol)*$on. For lo+a*$on$n( an# *ra+3$n(- *!$s $s of ar*$+)lar $n*eres*-

fa+$l$*a*$n( *!e #e&elo%en* of %ore rob)s*- fle


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A++or#$n( *o A!%e# an# He$#ar$:Ba*en$=566>- T2o:2a" ran($n( =T;R> base#

on *$%e:of:arr$&al =TOA> ro&$#es a &$able ran($n( sol)*$on *!a* #oes no* ne+ess$*a*e

+lo+3 s"n+!ron$0a*$on a%on( *!e #e&$+es $n an a#:!o+ ne*2or3. Ho2e&er- *!e a++)ra+" of

TOA:base# sol)*$ons s)ffers fro% *!e f$n$*e sa%l$n( +lo+3:fre,)en+" resol)*$on.

Ran($n( fro% %)l*$le referen+e #e&$+es enables os$*$on$n(. Co%)*$n( *!e

5D9D os$*$on of a *ar(e* 2$reless #e&$+e rela*$&e *o a +oor#$na*e s"s*e% +o%%onl"

3no2n *o a se* of referen+e #e&$+es $s +alle# os$*$on$n(. Lo+al os$*$on$n( s"s*e%s

=LPS>- on *!e o*!er !an#- ro&$#e $n#oor os$*$on$n( )s$n( a#:!o+ 2$reless sensor

ne*2or3. To ro&$#e #$fferen* e%er($n( al$+a*$ons of lo+a*$on a2areness $n #$fferen*

f$el#s s)+! as )bl$+ safe*"- s%ar* !o%e s"s*e%s- !eal*! +are- $n*ell$(en* &e!$+le !$(!2a"

s"s*e%s- *!e lo+a*$on of s)+! sensors !as *o be a++)ra*e an# a)*o%a*$+all" +onf$()rable.

Me/,d,),%

Resear+! $s an $%or*an* fa+*or $n #es$(n$n( a ro*o*"e be+a)se $* ($&es ba+3(ro)n#

$nfor%a*$on on *!e ro*o*"e *o be #e&eloe#. I* $s $%or*an* *o !a&e ba+3(ro)n#

$nfor%a*$on on *!e s"s*e% as *o !o2 $* 2or3s- $*s a#&an*a(es an# #$sa#&an*a(es- an# *!e

r$n+$les al$e# on *!e #es$(n. So%e*$%es- $n *!$s +ase- *!ere are e


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+),c6 Diaram

Figure 1. Co%%)n$+a*$on be*2een *!e *2o #e&$+e.

S%-em De-i'

T!e s"s*e% +ons$s* of !ar#2are an# sof*2are #es$(n. T!e !ar#2are ar*

$n+l)#es *2o ar#)$no )no- *2o *rans%$**ers =M:FS:6@>- *2o re+e$&ers =M:6K@>-

+r"s*al os+$lla*or- an# 7


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Figure 2. S"s*e% O&er&$e2

F$()re 5 s!o2s *!e +o%%)n$+a*$on an# +onne+*$on be*2een *!e *2o #e&$+es.

;!en *!e ar#)$no s*ar* *o r)n *!e +o)n*er 2$ll s*ar* *o +o)n* *!en *!e *rans%$**er 7 2$ll

e%$* a fre,)en+" s$(nal 2!$+! $s (o$n( *o re+e$&e b" *!e re+e$&er 5. T!e re+e$&e s$(nal

2$ll )n#er(o *o ar#)$no *o *rans%$* a ne2 fre,)en+". L$3e a *2o 2a" ra#$o *rans%$**$n(

#$fferen* fre,)en+". On+e *!e re+e$&er 7 re+e$&e *!e ne2 fre,)en+" *!e +o)n*er s*o on

+o)n*$n( *!en %eas)re *!e *$%e:of:fl$(!* 2!en *!e s"s*e% s*ar* *o e%$* *!e fre,)en+". T!e

ar#)$no 2$ll +al+)la*e *!e #$s*an+e )s$n( *!e %eas)re# *$%e 2!$+! !as a nanose+on#

resol)*$on.

S,(9are Im.)eme'ai,'

C 2$ll ro&$#e *!e +o#es *!a* 2$ll be )se# *o ro(ra% *!e ar#)$no. On+e *!e ar#)$no 7

$s *)rne# on *!e ro(ra% +o#e s!o)l# s*ar* *!e +o)n*er *o +o)n* e


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Li- ,( Maeria)-

a'i% De3ice 1 De3ice 2

7 Trans%$**ers =M:FS:6@> Trans%$**ers =M:FS:6@>

7 Re+e$&ers =M:6K@> Re+e$&ers =M:6K@>

7 Ar#)$no Uno Ar#)$no Uno7 LCD

7 Cr"s*al Os+$lla*or

Table 1. L$s* of Ma*er$als

Table 7 s!o2 *!e l$s* of %a*er$als *!a* 2$ll be )se# $n *!e s"s*e%. T!e *rans%$**er an#

re+e$&er 2$ll be )se# *o +o%%)n$+a*e *!e *2o #e&$+es *o ea+! o*!er. T!e Ar#)$no Uno $s

*!e +on*roller of *!e s"s*e% an# also +o%oses of a +r"s*al os+$lla*or *!a* 2$ll be )se as a

+o)n*er. LCD 2$ll #$sla" *!e %eas)re# #$s*an+e.

F$()re ' Ar#)$no Uno F$()re 8' 7


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F$()re K' Re+e$&ers =M:6K@> F$()re ' Trans%$**ers =M:FS:6@>

F$()re ' Cr"s*al Os+$lla*or

S%-em Im.)eme'ai,'

NO

YES

17

Start

Transmitter 1will transmit

signal to

Point 2receivesthetransmitted signal

Point 2 willtransmit the newfrequency back to

point 1

Stop thecounter

Gather the datameasured fromcounter!

"alculate thedistance using thegathered datausin

Send the digitalsignal to themicrocontroller


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NO

YES

NO

YES

Figure8' S"s*e% Flo2+!ar*

Daa Ga/eri' a'd Te-i' ,( Re)ia$i)i%

In *es*$n( *!e a++)ra+" of *!e %eas)r$n( #e&$+e- +er*a$n *es*s 2$ll be %a#e *!$s

*es*s $n+l)#es *es*$n( *!e #e&$+e $n an oen area- *es*$n( $* 2$*! an obs*r)+*$on an# *es*$n(

*!e #e&$+e $n an )n#er(ro)n# area. In *!$s *es*s- *!e resear+!ers 2$ll *rans%$* s$(nals fro%

ob1e+* 7 *o ob1e+* 5- *!e *es* 2$ll !a&e #$fferen* #$s*an+es for ea+! s+enar$o an#

#$fferen* *r$als for ea+!. T!e %eas)re# res)l*s 2$ll be *ab)la*e#.

Tria) 1 Tria) 2 Tria) . Wireless Sensor

Networks Nodes Localization Based On Inter-Node F ange !easure"ent

#sing $ernier %&&ect- In#ones$a- Ja3ar*a' A#&an+e# Co%)*er S+$en+e an#

Infor%a*$on S"s*e% =ICACSIS>- De+. 5677.

A!%e#- 3.I. an# He$#ar$:Ba*en$- G. =566>. I%ro&$n( T2o:;a" Ran($n( Pre+$s$on ;$*!

P!ase:Offse* Meas)re%en*s. Global Tele+o%%)n$+a*$ons Conferen+e.

GLOBECOM 6. IEEE -San Fran+$s+o- CA. a(es=s>'7 :- De+. 566

A- T'e !icrocontroller Idea Book' 7

Balan$s- A. =566K>. An*enna T!eor" =r# e#$*$on>. Ne2 Yor3- USA' Jo!n ;$le" an#

Sons-In+.

20


23/24

E(an- ;. =566>.(ractical & S)ste" *esign. ' ;$le":IEEE Press. =7s*E#$*$on>. =IS+N8

1

Lan0$sera- S.- L$n- D.T.- P$s*er- .S.J. =566> F Ti"e o& Flig't anging &or Wireless

Sensor Network Localization- @$enna' In*ell$(en* Sol)*$ons $n E%be##e# S"s*e%s-

In*erna*$onal ;or3s!o- J)ne 566

Gr$#l$n( G. an# ;e$ss B.=566>-Introduction to "icrocontrollers- @ers$o 7.8' a(e'

Ro)se- M. adio Fre+uenc) ,F r& orr.&./. Te+!Tar(e*. Re*r$e&e# fro%'

!**'99sear+!ne*2or3$n(.*e+!*ar(e*.+o%9#ef$n$*$on9ra#$o:fre,)en+"

Ma0o%enos- E.B. Ree&e- J.S. ;!$*e- N.M. Bro2n- A.D.=567> .0 Tracking S)ste" &or

Wireless %"bedded Nodes #sing Ti"e-o&-Flig't anging. Mob$le Co%)*$n(-

IEEE Transa+*$ons on- On a(e=s>' 5 : 5QK @ol)%e' 75- Iss)e' 75- De+. 567

S!en0!en- J. =566K>. r)stal Oscillator (rincile and Function. S!en0!en J$n(!)a

Cr"s*al Ele+*ron$+s.-L*#. Re*r$e&e# fro%

!**'991$n(!)a1$n("$n(.+o%9en9ne2ss!o2.as$#Q6

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