SolarHydrogen:

TheUltimateSolutiontoPreventMoreClimateChange

ByC.E.(Sandy)Thomas,Ph.D.FormerPresident(ret)H2GenInnovations,Inc.

Alexandria,Virginiawww.solarhydrogen.net

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ELECTRICITY

SolarPVArray

ELECTRICITY

WATER

ElectrolyzerHYDROGEN

CompressorHYDROGEN STATIONARYFUELCELLSYSTEM

HydrogenStorage

HYDROGEN HYDROGEN

FUELCELLELECTRICVEHICLES

ALLELECTRICITYANDMOSTMOTORFUELCOMESFROMTHESUNANDWATER

Electricity

CloudyDays)

(AtNight&

ElectricityDistribution

Grid

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SolarHydrogenCashFlowCalculation

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NewYorkandPalmdaleSHESPerformance

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DistributedPowerGeneratortosupplyOneMWpeakand720kWaveragepower24/7

GOALOFASOLARHYDROGENENERGYSYSTEM(SHES)

• Tomeetthe2050GreenhouseGasreductiongoal

(80%below1990levelsby2050)

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SourcesofUSGreenhouseGas(GHG)Emissions

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CurrenteffortstoreduceGHGsarenotsufficient

• Addingmorerenewableelectricitytothegrid• Transportation:• BatteryElectricVehicles(BEVs)• Plug-InHybridElectricVehicles(PHEVs)

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Isaddingrenewableelectricitysourcesenough?SupposeUtilitiesInstallPVSolarCapacitytogenerate100%ofallelectricity

• Whatfractionofelectricitycouldbeprovidedbysolar?

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100%SolarElectricityPeakCapacity isNotEnough!

BackupPowerRequiredWhentheSunisnotshiningGeneratesConsiderableGHGs:

AverageSolarCapacityFactor*Averagedoverthetop11ElectricityproducingSatesis55.18%,soBackupElectricitygeneratorsmustsupplyaleast44.8%ofallU.S.electricityevenwith100%solarelectricityCapacityatlocalnoon:

9*Capacityfactor=fractionofelectricityloadthatcanbeprovidedbyPVsolar

TX 454.0 11.9% 54.60%FL 238.3 18.2% 55.83%CA 215.1 23.9% 57.37%PA 197.0 29.0% 52.83%IL 187.3 34.0% 54.77%AL 142.4 37.7% 55.72%NY 133.4 48.2% 56.23%GA 130.8 44.7% 56.10%NC 134.4 41.2% 55.04%OH 118.9 51.3% 55.49%WA 114.1 54.3% 53.03%

Electricity-WeightedAverage 55.18%

Electricity

BkWh/yr Cumulative%

PVCF

PVBack-UpPowerOptions

• Nuclear(Fission&Fusion)• OtherRenewables• FossilFuelPowerPlants

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RatioofGHGstoGHGGoal*in2050withlow-carbonNGCCbackupPower

11*2050GHGReductionGoal:80%below1990GHGlevel

Thesearenon-ElectricityGHGsinMMTin2050accordingto

AEO-2020

MMT=MillionMetricTonnes

Non-ElectricityGHGsbySector

2050GHGs

Residential 288Commercial 269Industrial 1650

Transportation 1322Totalnon-electricityGHGs 3530

NGCCbackuptosolar 1108TotalGHGemissions 4638

2050GHGgoal 1279RatioGHGs/Goal 3.63

StorageRequiredforElectricity• Even100%PVSolarwillnotbesufficienttomeetClimateChangeGoal(80%reductionbelow1990levelsby2050)duetobackuprequiredatnightandoncloudydays:

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PVBackupSource==> NGCC NGCC+CCS Coal+CCSGHGrate 507.2 50.9 219.0 gr/kWh

Residential 288.1 288.1 288.1 MMTCommercial 269.1 269.1 269.1 MMT

Transportation 1650.1 1650.1 1650.1 MMTIndustrial 1322.3 1322.3 1322.3 MMT

Totalnon-electricityGHGs 3529.6 3529.6 3529.6 MMTNGCCPVSolarBackup 1108.4 111.2 478.6 MMT

TotalGHGs 4638.0 3640.9 4008.2 MMT2050GHGgoal 1279.4 1279.4 1279.4 MMT

RatioofGHGstogoal 3.63 2.85 3.13

TwoStorageOptionsforElectricalEnergy:

•Hydrogen•Batteries

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Short-TermEnergyStorageCapitalCosts:Hydrogenvs.Batteries

14PVHydrogenforone-MWpeakand720-kWaveragepower24/7

SeasonalElectricityStorage:Hydrogenvs.Batteries

15Allfor1MWPeakPowerand720kWaveragepowerplusstoragefor100vehicles(BEVsorFCEVs)

TransportationGHGreductionoptions

• HybridElectricVehicles(HEVs)• Plug-InElectricVehicles(PHEVs)• BatteryElectricVehicles(BEVs)• FuelCellElectricVehicles(FCEVs)

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ElectricVehicles:Batteryvs.Hydrogen?

• BatteryElectricVehicles(BEVs)• CostMore• GenerateMoreGHGs(evenifhydrogenismadefromnaturalgas)• TakeLongertoRefuel• HaveShorterRange• MoreDifficulttopowerheavyvehiclessuchasbuses,trains,militaryvehicles,andplanes

• ComparedtoFuelCellElectricVehicles(FCEVs)

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Conclusions1. CurrentGreenhousegasreductionsefforts(renewableenergyand

energyefficiency)arenotsufficient2. [evenwith100%Solarcapacitywithnaturalcombinedcycle(thelowestcarbon

back-up),utilitieswouldstillgenerate3.6timestheGreenhousegasreductiongoal3. Wemusthaveenergystorage(batteriesorhydrogen)tofullyexploitrenewables

4. Batterystoragecosts17timesmorethanhydrogenstorage5. SHESEnablestheGHGreductiongoal(80%below1990levelsby2050)6. NoGovernmentMandatesorExpendituresRequired7. OilImportsEliminated

THANKYOU

Fordetails,Seewww.solarhydrogen.net

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Questions?

Back-UpSlidesshowingcashflows

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ExampleofFive-YearCashFlow:Palmdalewithfutureefficienciesandcosts

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ExampleofFive-YearCashFlow:NewYorkwithfutureefficienciesandcosts

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