FILE GOPI

AD-A 183 139AD

Technical Nemorandum 13-87

PROPOSED MILITARY STANDARD FOR TASK ANALYSIS

Louis B. MyersLouis Tijerine

Battelle Columbus Laboratory

James C. caddilHuman Engineering Laboratory

July 1987ANCMS Code 612716.H700011 DTIC

ELECTE

Approved for public release; JUL 2 9•19871distribution is unlimited. U

U. S. ARMY HUMAN ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Aberdeen Proving Ground. Maryland

n'

Destroy this report when no longer needed.Do not return it to the originator.

The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Departmentof the Army posi:ion unless so designated by other authorized documents.

Use of trade names in this report does not constitute an official endorsementor approval of the use cf such commercial products.

IECURITY CLASSIFICATION OJF THIS MWE____________________

IForm Appoved.REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMS No 0704-0199

Is REPORT SECURITY CLASSIF:CATION 1 b. RCSTRICTIVE MARKINGS

UnclassifiedJ2s SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3. DISTRIBUTION /AVAILABILITY Of REPORT

2b. DECLASSIFtCATiONIDOWNGRAOING SCHEDULE 'IApproved for public release;___________________________________ ~distribution is unlimited.

4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUIMIER(S) 1 . MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S)

Technical Memorandum 13-87I64. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 611. OFFICE SYMBOL 4. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION

6c. ADDRESS W%%l ftate WnW ZIP COWd, 7b. ADDRESS(C01y, State. and ZIP Code)

Columbus, Ohio 43201-2693USo. NAME OF FUNDING /SPONSORING Gb. OFFICE SYMBOL. 9. PROCUREMENT INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION NUMBER

ORGANIZATION O AkW

HumanEngineeringLaboratory__I_______________________

Be. ADDRE SS (City, Stafte anid ZIP Cods) 10. SOURCE Of FLNdDING NUMBERSPROGRAM PROJECT TASK WOK UNIT

IELEMENT NO. No, NO = CCIESSION NOAberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005-5001 6.27.16.A 1IL162716AN70

1.TITLE (includeIII SOCUr"t Clninflctio)

PROPOSED MILITARY STANDARD FOR TASK ANALYSIS

12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S) Louis B. Myers aes C. Caddie113s. TYPE OF REPORT 13b. TIME COVERED 714-DATE OF REPORT (Yer.A&fottIDy-) 15. PAGE COUNT

Final IFROM _____ TO_ July 1987 48

16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION

17. COSATI CODES 16. SUBJECT TERMS (Contnue an rewvse if necelSary MWd identIlI by block number)FIELD GROUP SUB-GROUP Task DoD StandardI ITask Analysis Testing and tvaluationIIMilitary Standard Training (see reverse sijde)

9.ABSTRACT (Contknu on revers if MMNecessrnd identify by block number)

ýIThis document is the final draft of a proposed military standard onItask analysis that has begun formal coordination within DoD and industry.The standard was prepared by the Army's Human Engineering Laboratory (HEL)with the Battelle Columbus Laboratory as supporting contractor, and

previous drafts were coordinated twice with tn -service agenciesrepresenteJ on the Testing and Evaluation SubTAG of the DoD Human FactorsEngineering Tachnical Advisory Group.

Impetus for this work came from a memorandum from the Commander of theU.S. Armny Operational Test and Evaluation Agency. However, once wdrkbegan, nearly a dozen agencies in all three armed services expressedinterest and provided support. .(sieereverse side)

20 DISTR:3UTION/ AVAILABILITY OF ABSTRACT 121 ABSTRACT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OUNCLASSIFIEO/UNLIMITFI) XX SAME AS OPT 0 fTIC USERS Unclassified

Doris S. Eanes 301-278-4478 1 SLCHE-SS-TS

00 FORM 1473. 84 MAR 83 APR oditiom rmay b ustd untIl ext~austed SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGEAll othof f~tonar~tis obsolete

Workload Procurement

NAIVPRINT A"?System Design ErgonomicsTask Taxonomy HIummn EngineeringTask Inventory Human Factors

19.

( The text of the standard and the supporting data item descriptionsI ) are being published by HIL so that, trial implementation may begin in

selected procurements prior to completion of the formal DoD-industrycoordination.. When the standard is officially promulgated in theAcquisition Managesent Systems and Data Requirements Control List (AMSDL),this interim standard will be canceled.

Users of this interim standard should note that the subject of TaskAnalysis also appears in three current and frequently *used DoDstandardization documents: MIL-H-46855, MIL-STD-1379, and MIL-STD-1388.At the tine this document is approved, necessary change@ will need to bemade to all three of those. Uaers desiring to make trial implementation ofthis interim standard will need to tailor carefully any applications of theother three standards.

I-

ANOIS Code 612716.N700011 Technical Memorandum 13-87

PROPOSED MILITARY STAIMARD FOR TASK ANALYSIS

Louis S. Myers

Louis Tijerina ------

Battelle Columbus Laboratory D AB r

SDTIC TAB "James C. Caddie mmmounced 0

Eumen Engineering Laboratory JStif±@.tio

dsrb o butlondAvailabilitt7 Codes

July 1987 Du po.1

APPROVEZD:

Virec torHuman Engineering Laboratory

Approved for public releaso;distribution is unlimited.

U.S. ARMY RUMAN ENGINEERING LABORATORYAberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21-105-5001

-- -e - -. -aa - a- -

PaWINM

7his docuet is the f iml draft of a proposed military standard ontask analysis that has begun formal coordination within DoD and industry.The standrxd wms prepared by the Amy's Human Eglneering Laboratory (HEL)with the Battelle Oolumbus Laboratory as upporting cotractor, andprevious drafts were coordinated twice with tn-service agenciesrepresented on the Testing and EMaluation SubEW of the DoD Human FactorsEngineering Techmical Advisory Grcp.

IUpetus for this work owe frzo a memorandu• from the Commander of theU.S. Amy. Operational Test and Evaluation Agency. However, once workbegan, nearly a dozen agencies in all three armed services expressedinterest and provided support.

The text of the standard and the supporting data iten descriptiona(DIDs) are being published by HEL sc, that trial inplemnetation may begin inselectsd procurements prior to ompletion of the formal DoD-industrycordination. Wen the standard is officially promulgated in theAcquisition Managetnent System and Data Reqairements Omtrol List (AMSMJ),this interim standard will be canceled.

Users of this interim standard should note that the subject of TaskAnalysis also appears in three current and frequently used DoDstandardization documents: MIL-H-46855, MI-SMT-1379, and MIL-STD-1388.At the tim this dcument is approved, necessary changes will need to beme to all three of those. Users desiring to make trial implementation ofthis interim standard will need to tailor carefully any applications of theother three standards.

Sectio Page

1.2 wingbR.i. y . . . . ............. . 3

1.2 Applicability . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... 3

1.3 Tailoring the Task Inventory and Task Analysis . . . . . 32. IMWERENMD DOCUMETSY .. ... . .. ....... 00' 4

3. DEFINIT . . . a . a 0 . .0 . 0 4

3.1 Task Analysis . . . . . . . . ...... 4

3.2 Task Inivontory . . . . . . . . .. 4,3.3 Task Statemert .. . .. . .. . .. 43.4 Critical Task . . . . ... . ** 4

3.5 other Task . 5

3.6 Man-Man Interface .. . . . . . .- . 5

3.7 Man-Machine Interface . . . . . . . 54. G* MAL RMUIFE . .. . . . . . . ........ 54.1 Task Inventory . . . . ... . . . . . . . 5

4.2 Task Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 5

4.3 Level of Detail and Accuracy ............... 64.4 Oontinuity 645 Database .'7

S. SPSIFIC u US . . . ............. . . 75.1. Task Inventory . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . ... 75.1.1 Task Inventory Taxonomy . . . . . a .. . ...... 8

5.1.1.1 mission .. . . . . . . . .......... 8

5.1.1.2 T..ak.i..nt. . . . . . .85.1.1.3 Task tion ........... ...........5.1.1.4 Jfbi.... y..... r....... e ....... 95.1.1.5 Duty o... . . . . . . . . . .5.1.1.6 Task .p a r t nf nl ... .*. ... . 135.3 el.7 Subtaik . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 . 15 8 Task Element. . . o . . . . . .15.2 TaskAe alysis . . 15.2.1 Specific Task AnalysisPa~rawe'te~rs .. •!. . . 9

5.2.2 R(praphical Representation of Task Analysis ........ 135.3 level of *Detail wed Precision ,.............. * * 13

5.54DatabaseS............... . . . . . . . . . 13

B5.5 .l. *a* **. . *..................................... 17

5.5.1 Traceability .G. f . . 145.5.2 Access . 145.5.3 Database media . .. . . . .. . . ... 145.6 Reotigo.Ts.nvnor...Ts nayi 14REP. . .. . . . ... . . 15BIM•IOCRAPHY ................. :: :: :: :.. .. ... . 17APENIX A Tailoring Guide for MIM-STD-XCXXX .. .. .. . .. 19

APPENDIX B Data Item Descriptions . . .............. 39

PREPOSMNMILAITRY STANRD POR TASK ANALYSIS

This standard is approved for use by all Departments and Agenciesof the Department of Defense.

1. SCOPS

1.1 Purpose.This standard establishes and defines the requirements forperforming a task inventory and task analysis as part of thedevelopment and acquisition of military systems, equipment, andfacilities. These requirements include the work to be performedby the contractor in conducting a task inventory and taskanalysis during all phases of system development and taskinventory and task analysis applications. They are the basis foraddressing task inventory and task analysis during equipmentdesign, test and evaluation preparation, training requirementspreparation, manning and workload assessment, development oftraining and maint-nance manuals, and other documentation andreporting. Finally, thi.s standard describes the task analysisproduct that the contractor is to submit to the procuringactivity.

1.2 applicability.This standard applies to all military systems, equipment, andfacility acquisition programs, major modification programs, andapplicable research and development projects through all phasesof the development and acquisition cycle, except as noted (seeSection 1.3). This standard is for use by both contractor andGovernment activities' performing a task inventory and taskanalysis on systems, equipment, and facilities to which thisstandard applies. This standard is intended for use by theprocuring activity and users of the task inventory and taskanalysis results to define tO the contractor the requirements anddeliverables.

1.3 Tailoring the Task Inventory and Task Analysis.The task inventory and task analysis requirements containedherein may not all be applicable to every program or programphase. In accordance with DOD principles, directives, andregulations governing the application and tailoring ofspecifications and standards to achieve cost-effective

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acquisition and life-cycle ownership of defense materiel, thegovernment shall tailor the standard to specific programs and themilestone phase of the program within the overall life cycle.This tailoring shall consist of the selection of task inventoryand task analysis requirements by phase of system, equipment, andfacility development in order to impose minimum essential needsand so preclude unnecessary and unreasonable program costs.Guidance for the selection of these specific requirements by theprocuring activity is contained in Appendix A.

2. RBrFRZtCED DOCUMENTS

-MIL--46855 Hunm Engineering Requirements for Military &stems, Lutp-

Dmnt and Facilities

--H2L-WBK-XXXX Handbook oi Task Analysis

See refereces and bibliography for other guidance mat.erials.

3. DEFINITIOMS

3.1 Task Analysis.The end product of a task analysis is a time-oriented descriptionof personnel-equipment/software interactionsbroughtabout by anoperator, controller, or maintainer in accomplishing a unit ofwork with an item of equipment or within a system. It shows thesequential and simultaneous manual and cognitive activities ofpersonnel operating, maintaining, or controlling equipment,rather than a sequential operation of the equipment. It is apart of system engineering analysis where system engineering isrequired.

3.2 Task Inventory.A cmprehensive listing of all tasks performed by systempersonnel.

3.3 Task Statement.A task statement is a description of a task. It is composed ofthree basic elements, 1) an action verb that states what is tobe accomplished in the task, 2) an object that identifies whatis to bq acted upon in the task, and 3) any qualifying phrasesneeded to distinguish the task from related or similaractivities, limit and define the scope of the task, and clearlycommunicate the nature of the task. The third element is oftenadded only when needed for clarification.

3.4 Critical Task.Critical tass are those involving human performance that, ifnot accomplished in accordance with system requirements' willmost likely have adverse effects on mission e~fectiveness, cost,system reliability, efficiency, or safety.

4

M/

3.5 Other Task.Any task that is not a critical task.

3.6 Man-Nan Interfwa.The actions, reactions, and interactions (i.e., transactions)among persons as they perform jobs, duties, and tasks to operateand maintain a manned system, including peer/peer andsubordinate/supervisor interactions.

3.7 an-Nadin Interface.The actions, reactions, and interactions between humans and othersystem components. This also applies to a multistation, multi-person configuration or system.

4. GERERAL RIQGIRBMENiS

A task inventory and task analysis shall be performed andreported during development and acquisition of military systems,equipment, and facilities to ensure effective man-machine andman-man interface design, to facilitate effective trainingprogram development and testing and evaluation, and -to provideinformation for manning and workload studies. These activitiesshall begin in the early stages of the design phase of systemdevelopment and be carried throughout system development andacquisition. Report(s) of task inventory and task analysisefforts shall provide to the procuring activity such informationas is required by the relevant Data Item cripticn(s) (see Appendix 'B).

4.1 Task Inventory.A taskin ventory sall be prepared to list all of the tasks thatoperator, maintainer, and support personnel -are to perform withregard to the system hardware, equipment, or facility underdevelopment. The task inventory shall include a listing of thetasks required to perform operator, maintainer, and supportfunctions and a description of each task in behavioral terms; thetasks shall be organized or grouped according to logical criteriasuch as purpose, function, etc. The level of detail in the taskinventory (e.g., duty, task, subtask, task element) shall bespecified in the required Data Item Description as selected bythe procuring activity through use of the tailoring guide inAppendix A.

4.2 Task Analysis.Tasks judged to be critical according to the criteria inparagraph 3.4 shall be subjected to a task analysis. Inaddition, other tasks shall be analyzed as specified by theprocuring activity. A set of data relevant to each task(critical or other) shall be collected and analyzed. For eachcritical task the minimum data collected and analyzed shouild be:

e Equipment acted upon

e Consequence of the action

5

Pw,

* reedback information resulting from the action

* Criterion of task accomplishment

0 hr. estimate of probability of error

* An estimate of the time to successful performance

e A time and error rate associated with each criticaltask and how it relates to the time and error rateand performance time for the overall system.

Additional task data and analyses to be collected and performedby the contractor shall be specified in the required Data ItemDescription. These data parameters shall be sclected by theprocuring activity using the tailoring guide in Appendix A.

4.3 Level of Detail and Accuracy.The Tevel of detail in the task inventory and task analysis maybe dependent upon the phase of system development and the taskanalysis applicatior. In the early stages of system development,the level of detail may be less than in later stages because ofthe lack of information. As the system develops andhardware/software specifications become solidified, the level ofdetail could increase. A greater level of detail normally shallbe required rs the system develops and matures. When feasible,this lack of detail in the early stages can be offset by an EarlyComparability Analysis wherein systems, equipment, or facilitiessimilar to those being-developed are examined to determine usefultask information. The level of detail shall be reflacted in therequired Data Item Description and the procuring activity shallspecify the level of detail using the tailoring guide inAppendix A. As a system develops, the precision of the task,inventory and task analysis will improve and be more reliable.As a system develops, changes are made and aspects of previoustask inventories and task analyses become obsolete. Thus, theymust be updated periodically to remain current. Currency shall bemaintained in' the task inventory and task analysis throughoutsystem development and acquisition.

4.4 Continuity.A task inventory and task analysis shall be updated on acontinuing basis throughout system development and acquisition.A task inventory and task analysis shall build on previous ta..kinventories and task analyses, with .iecessary changes and update.The procuring agency is responsible for maintaining and issuingpreviously completed task inventories and task, analyses foru•l ate. Thus, there shall be a continuity across the taskinventories and task analyses performed during system developmentand acquisition.

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4.5 Database.A database of task inventory and task analysis information shallbe maintained and updated throughout system development andacquisition. This database activity shall be developed andupdated as the contractor produces task inventory output andperforms the task analysis. As information from these activitiesis produced through the iterative process, as stated in 4.4, thedatabase shall be updated in a continuous manner. For large orcomplex systems the database should be computerized. However,task inventory and task analysis data for simple systems may beadequately rep~esented in printed/graphical form. The taskinventory database and task analysis database are the property ofthe procuring activity.

5. SPECIFIC RBQOIR3NEUTS

5.1 Task Inventory.A task Inventory shall be prepared.for the military system,equipment, or facility being acquired. This task inventory shallconsist of a list of all tasks that operators, maintainers,orsupport personnel must perform with regard to the systemhardware, equipment, or facility under development. Missionanalysis, scenarios/conditions, and functional analysis shallhave been completed and documented prior to the task iiaventoryand task analysis effort. The task inventory is then developedby examining each system function allocated to personnel anddetermining what operator, , maintainer, or support personnel.tasks are involved in the completion of each system function.The inventory shall be organized in terms of system functions,jobs, duties, etc., as reflected in the task taxonomy given insection 5.1.1 of this standard. The task inventory is composedof task statements, each of which consists of a) an action verbthat identifies what is to be accomplished in the task, b) anobject that identifies what is to be acted upon in the task, andc) qualifying phrases needed to distinguish the task from relatedor similar tasks. A task statement should exhibit the propertiesof clarity, completeness, conciseness, and relevance. Clarity isenhanced when easily understood wording is used, when the taskstatement is precise enougn that it means the same thing to allintended users, and when vague statements of activities, skill,knowledge, or responsibility are avoided. A complete taskstatement contains sufficient detail to meet the needs of allintended users of such data. Concise task statements are brief,begin with an action verb (the subject "I" or "you" isunderstood), and employ commonly used and well-understoodterminology, abbreviations, and acronyms. Finally, a relevanttask statement contains only information germane to describingthe task, not the qualifications of the operator, maintainer,orsupport personnel, necessary tools or job aids, and so forth.

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5.1.1 vask Inventory Taxonomy.The task inventory and subsequent task analysis shall bedeveloped for the operator, maintainer, and support personnelinvolved with the system hardware, equipment, or facility underdevelopment. The level of detail in the task inventory shall bespecified by the procuring activity. The required level ofdetail shall be specified in terms of the following taxonomy:

5.1.1.1 Mission.What the system is supposed to accomplish, e.g., CombatReconnaissance.

5.1.1.2 Scenario/Conditions.Categories of factors for constraints under which the system willbe expected to operate and be maintained, e.g., day/ ight, all-weather, all-terrain operatior.

5.1.1.3 ?unction.A broad category of activity performed by a sys em, e.g.,Transportation.

5.1.1.4 Job.The combination of all human performance required for operationand maintenance of one personnel position in a system, e.g.,Driver.

5.1.1.5 Duty.A set of operationally related tasks within a ob, e.g.,Emergency Repair.

5.1.1.6 Task.A composite of related activities (perceptions, deci ions, andresponses) performed for an immediate purpose, e.g., Change aTire.

5.1.1.7 Subtask.Activities (perceptions, decisions, and :*ýsponses) tha fulfilla portion of the immediate purpose withýn a task, e. ., RemoveLug Nuts.

5.1.1.8 Task Element.The smallest logically and reasonably definable unit o behaviorrequired in completing a task or subtask, e.g . ApplyCounterclockwise Torque to Lug Nut With Lug Wrench.

In addition to the task taxonomy given above, a consistentverb taxonomy shall be used in the task statements. All verbsshould be unambiguously defined within the taxonomy and usedconsistently throughout the task inventory. A generally usefuland acceptable verb taxonomy is given in MIL-HDBK-XI XX. Somesystems, equipment, and facilities will be developed with jobcategories well-detined from the start of the task analysisactivity. In this case, the task inventory shall be or anized byjobs, and duties within jobs. New systems, equipment, and

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fac~lities under development may not have identifiable jobcategories, especially early in system development. In thiscase, the task analysis activity will be driven by the systemfunctional analysis. As the task inventory and task analysisactivity progresses, job positions will be identikied bylogically related sequences of tasks (duties).

5.2 Task Analsis.The task analyslis process is one by which tasks are described interms of the perceptual, cognitive, and manual behavior requiredof an operator, maintainer, or support person, the skills andinformation required to complete th. task, equipmentrequirements, the task setting, time and accuracy requirements,the probable human errors, consequences of these errors, etc. Itis not always necessary or cost-effective to analyze all tasks inthe task inventory. However, critical tasks shall always besubjected to a task analysis. Tasks in the task inventory thatreflect possible unsafe practices or are subject to promisingimprovements in operating efficiency shill also be furtheranalyzed, with the approval of the procuriig activity. Finally,the procuring activity may require the contractor to analyzeother tasks not covered in the above categories, e.g., frequentlyperformed tasks.

5.2.1 necific Task AnalYsis Paramters.The contents of the, task analyss shall contain informationdetailed enough to support whatever human engineering, trainina,test and evaluation, manning or workload activities are under wayat a particular time in system development, as specified by theprocuring activity through the Data Item Descriptions. Theanalysis of a task may include, but is not limited to, thefollowing:

A. Input Parameters

Information RequiredInformation AvailableInitiating CuesData Display Format

8. Central Processing Parameters

Decision or Evaluation ProcessesDecisions Reached After EvaluationJob Knowledge RequiredSystem Knowledge RequiredAcademic Knowledge RequiredSignificant Memorization Requirements

C. Response Parameters

'Actions Takennody Movements Required by Action. TakenWorkspace Envelope Required by Actions Taken

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Workspace Envelope Available for Actions TakenPhysical Skills RequiredFrequency or Interval of ActionsTolerances of ActionsTools, Job Aids UsedSupport and Test EquipmentPower RequirementsSpares-or PartsAdequacy of Space SupportControls UsedConti.ol LocationInstrumentation, Dispiays, Signals UsedInstrumentation, Display# Signal Location

D. Feedback Parameters

Feedback RequiredFeedback AvailableCues Indicating Task CompletionRate of Feedback UpdateFormat of Feedback

2. Environmental Parameters

Workspace AvailableWorkspace Envelope RequiredWorkplace ArrangementEnvironment Contamination LevelClimateNoiseShock, Vibration, MotionLightingWorkspace AccessibilityWorkplace Acces3ibilityLife Support and Protective Gear

F. Safety Parameters

Types and Locations, of Safety HazardsCaase of Safety HazardFrequency of Safety HazardConsequences of Safety HazardSafety ProceduresRecommendation to Elimin4te or Minimize Safety Hazard

G. Health Parameters

I. 'Mechanical 'FOrces

impulse Noise and Blast OverpressureSteady State NoiseUltrasoundVibration and MotionAcceleration and Deceleration

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Impact, Shock and RecoilWindblastPressure FluctuationsWeight and Force Loadings

2. Temperature Extremes

Ambient and Radiant HeatIurta&e HeatFlame and FireAmbient ColdSurface Cold

3. Electromagnetic Radiation

Laser RadiationMicrowave and RF RadiationUltraviolet RadiationIntense Visible LightIonizing RadiationParticle BeamsMagnetic Fields

4. Toxic Substances

Fumes, Vapors and Aerosols'SmokeLiquidsSolidsDust and ParticulatesChemical Warfare Agents, Biological Warfare Agents, and.

Antidotos

S. Psychological Stress

Confined SpacesIsolationSensory and Cognitive OverloadVisual Illusions and DisturbancesBodily Disorientation (Vestibular and Kinesthetic)Sustained High-Intensity Operations

6., Other

Caustic ChemicalsOxygen Deficiencies (Xidrorne and Terrestrial)Restricted NutritionRestricted Water AvailabilicyExcessive Water, Moisture or HuimidityHuman Waste Elimination ContturaintsPests (Insects and Rodents)Broken Glass, Shrapnel and MissilesSkin or Eye Contact

11

Electric Shock

Bacteria, Viruses and Fungi

H. Performance Standards and Workload Parameters

Accuracy Requirements.Consequences of ErrorsSubjective Assessment by Operator, Maintainer, or Support

Personnel of the Reasons for Their ErrorsDescription of Each Possible Human-initiated Error(s)Performance Under StressSubjective Assessment of Task WorkloadSubjective Assessment of Equipment Design Adequacy for Task

PerformanceSubjective Assessment of Sufficiency of Training and

Experience for Task PerformancePhysiological Assessment of WorkloadCognitive Worklaod AssessmentCriteria for Successful PerformanceError SourcesAllocated Elapsed Tire or Time BudgetAllocated Man-hoursPredicted Elapsed TimePredicted Man-hoursTask Schedule or Time LineElapsed Time Required to Accomplish the Task

I. Social and Organizational Parameters

Task Interdependence of CrewmeubersNumber' of Personnel Required to Perform TaskSpecialty and Experience RequirementsDivision of Labor or ResponsibilityCommunications Employed

J. Housekeeping Parameters

Task, Subtask, Task Element Title or StatementTaske, Subtask, Task Element NumberMethodology Used to Generate Task Analysis ResultsData Sources UsedDateName of Task AnalystSystem Mission, FunctionPosition Title, Duty (of position being analyzed)Position or Skill Speciality Code (MOS)Activities Preceding the TaskConcurrent Task3Additional CommentsValidation and Quality Control (Especially of Critical Tasks)

K. Other Parameters (not listed above)

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5.2.2 Graphical Representation of Task Analysis.The task analysis shall berepresented in narrative form and maybe supplemented by graphical format. In graphical form, the taskanalysis can be represented in a time line chart, operationalsequence diagram, flow chart, or other appropriate graphics.Time line charts indicate the interrelationships among: tasks as afunction of time. Operational sequence diagrams depict theactivities of human and machine systems components and theinterrelations among these components over time. Flow chartsrepresent the functional dependencies among tasks. The principaladvantage of the graphical format is that the sequential' andsimultaneous relationships among tasks are evident. Each taskrepresented in the graphical format shall be keyed to thena:rative format of the task analysis.

5.3 Level of Detail and Precision.The level of detail and precision used in the task analysis isdetermined by a) the current phase of system development,, and b)the Data Item Description. The analysi may follow the systemdevelopment cycle in a hierarchical fashion, such that tasks aredefined early in system development, then subtasks and taskelements thereof are described later in system development. Thelevel of description ultimately used in the task analysia shallbe that level sufficient to meet the most detailed requirementsspecified in the Data Item Description imposed by the procuringactivity.

5.4 Continuity.Task analvsi3 activities shall be carried on to remain currentwith the design effort during each'phase of system development.The application of task analysis is to be considered iterativeand evolutionary. In order to facilitate an orderly transitionbetween system development phases, continuity among task analysisefforts must be assured. This continuity shall be assured by 1)moving from the general to the specific as system developmentpermits, 2) maintaining consistent anti clearly definedterminology applicable to the system, equipment, or facility, 3)providing sufficient detail, relative to the phase of systemdevelopment, to meet the most stzingent information needs of. aparticular application, and 4) building upon previous taskanalysis efforts rather than starting anew each time the systemundergoes some modification.

5.5 Database Requirements.In order to develop a task inventory and task analysis databasethat is useful for the purposes intended by the procuringactivity, a) database inputs shall be traceable, b) the database-,shall be accessible, c) the database media shall accommodateexpansion and updating, and d) the users of the task inventoryand task analysis data shall find relevant data and not beconfronted with irrelevant data. These attributes are addressedbelow.

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5.S.1 Traceability.7 The contractor 1 document the task analysis effort to provide

accountability from the initial identification of functions,Jobs, duties, tasks, subtasks, and task elements pertinent tosystem or job functions through the task analysis of tasks.

5.5.2 Access.All data, analyses, flow charts, checklists, notes, and othersupporting background documents reflecting task analysisactivities shall be maintained by the contractor and madeavailable to the procuring activity upon request. All datacreated in m.ieeting the requirements of this standard shall be theproperty of the government.

5.5.3 Database Media.For large complex systems, task inventory mnd task analysis datashould reside in a computer. Guidance may be obtained from MIL-dOBK-XXXX. However, for relatively simple systems printed forms,supplemented with graphical materials, will suffice.

5.6 Reporting of Task Inventory and Task Analysis.The content of the task inventory and task analysis rsports shallmeet the requirements of the required Data Item Descriptinn(s).

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""ownV~M~ ~UwU w VWVWV .WI Vu "V ~u~ iU.

NIL-4U-46855. (1979). Hwmn enineerin :rqi ets far military systems,saziaamnt and facilitie.

NZL-Gm-1379. (1961). * otract training pnja.

NnL-UI-1398. (1973). LUqisti suciport kayi

151

Balooa, 3., & Mannie, T., Jr., et al. (1982). Etimatitng the mnpower,versoel¶ and training requrements of the Amy's Corps support weaponsystem using the HARW methodology (Technical Report No. 564). Washing-ton, D.C.: U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and SocialSciences. AD A134037

Berson, B., & Crooks, W. (1976). Guide for obtaining and analyzl, humanperformance data in a materiel development 2rolect (Technical Memorandwm29-76). APG, MD: U.S. Amy Human Wngineering Laboratory. AD A071196

Burgy, D., Leipges, C., Miller, A., Sdxroeder, L., Van Cott, H., G ParamomrB. (1983). Task analysis of nuclear-rowr-alant control-ro•n crew.Project methodology (Technical Rew-t No. NUREG/X--3371-Vbl.I). Washington, D.C.: Nuclear Regulatory Commission. AD A8310-031133.

3irgy, D., Lempges, C., Miller, A., Schroeder, L., Van Cott, H., & Paranore,B. (1983). Task analysis of nuclear-pier-plant control-room crews(Technical Report No. N-=fl/CR-3371-Vol. 2). Whshington, D.C.: N;=JearRegulatory Commission. AD A8310-092023

DeVries, P. B., & Escheirefner, A. J. (1979). Task analysis handbook(Technical Report No. AFHRmi,-79-45[llJ). Brooks Air Farce Base, TX:Air Force Human Resources Laboratory. AD A087711

Lobel, A. B., & Mulligan, J. F. (1980). Maintenance task identificationand analysis: Organizational and intermediate maintenance (TechnicalReport No. AFHRL-M79-50[UI]). Brooks Air r Base, iX: Air ForceHuwmn Resources Laboratory. AD A083565

M,•ormnick, B. J. (1979). J a y . Methods and applications. NewYork, NY: mccm American Magement AsEPiation.

MeisteL, D. (1985). Behavioral analysis and measurement .mthods. NewYork, NY: john Wiley & Sons.

Meyer, R., Leveson, J., & Pape, G. (1978). Development and applicationof a task taxo:,mw for tactical flying (Technical Report No. AFHRL-'R-78-4211). Brooks Air Force Base, TD: Air rorce Human RescurceeLaboratory. AD A79061387

Po,, R. W., Woods, W. A., Stevens, A. Ti., & Weee, P. (1978). Identifyinginformation system requirements for decision-imking (Report No. ESD-'l-78-169). Cabnridge, MA: Bolt, Beranek, h Newman. !V B031705L

Price, H., Maisano, R., & Van Cott, H. (1982). Allocation of functions inman-machine systems. A perspective and literature review (Report No.NREG/CR--2623). Washington, D.C.: Nuclear Regulatory Commission.AD A8207-023193

U.S. Department of Eergy. (1983). Guidelines for 'ob and task analysisfor DOE nuclear facilities (Report No. ID0E/EP-0095). North Stonington,Cr: Analysis and Technology, Inc.

17

- --- .--.- - -- .1

APPIMflC A

TAMORIM UID FOR NIL-STD-)DO=

19

MIL-STD-XXXXAPPENDIX

TAILORING GUIDE FOR NIL-STD-XXXX

MOTE: THIS APPENDIX PROVIDES GUIDANCEINFORMATION ONLY AND IS IN NO WAY INTENDED TOBE INVOKED AS A CONTRACTUAL DOCUMENT OTHERTHAN BY -POSSIBLE USE OF TABLE A-i AS AREFERENCE.

10.0 SCOP3..

This appendix provides guidance and criteria for selection by theprocuring activity of the specification of the parameters to beincluded in the task inventory and task analysis by thecontractor.

20.0 APPLICABLE DOCOJNZVT3

The following documents, of the issue in effect on the date ofinvitation for bids or requests for proposals, form a part ofthis appendix to the extent specified herein.

spaCICriTions

MIL-H-46855--Human Engineering Requirements ForMilitary Systems, Equipment and Facilities

MIL-HDBK-XXXX--Handbook on Task Analysis

30.0 TAILORING GUIDE

30.1 General. The procuring activity shall first use MIL-H-46855to determine if a task analysis is to be a required part of thecontract. If so, then the procuring activity uses MIL-STD-XXXXto specify what the task inventory and task analysis are toinclude. The Tailoring Guide provides all interested parties atthe procuring activity an opportunity to specify task inventoryand task analysis content requirements. Thus, thosc interestedin equipment design, training, test and evaluation, manning orworkload will use the Tailoring Guide to specify to the

21

/

contractor what the task inventory and task analysis are toinclude., Table 1 is the Tailoring Guide for use in specifyingthe task inventory and task analysis parameters. The taskanalysis parameters are defined in MIL-HDBK-XXXX.

30.2 Description and Use. The Tailoring Guide (Table 1) is amatrix composed of a 1ist of task inventory and task analysisparameters (on the left side), and a set of categories of systemdevelopment and task analysis applications (across the top). TheGuide is used by the procuring activity to check off thoseparameters the representatives of the procuring activity requirethe contractor to include in the task inventory and taskanalysis.

30.2.1 Task Inventory and Task Analysis Parameters. The taskinventory and task analysis parameters are identical to thoselisted and defined in paragraphs 5.1.1 and 5.2.1 of thisstandard. These parameters are commonly required for task'inventories and task analyses by various representatives ofprocuring activities concerned with equipmelit design, training,test and evaluation, manning and workload. The list ofparameters is comprehensive but not exhaustive andi otherparameters may be required by the procuring activity. Theseadditional parameters will be specified in the Request forProposal or the appropriate Data Item Description.

30.2.2 System Development and Task Analysis ApplicationsCategories. The categories listed across the.top of the matrixrepresent phases of system development, and beneath thosecategories are various application areas of task analyses. Therationale is that a task inventory and task analysis can be

'required during any or all phases of system development by thoseconcerned with equipment design, training, test and evaluation,manning and workload. Thus, for any phase of system development,procuring activity representatives interested in theseapplications can specify, for each application, the taskinventory and task analysis parameters they want the contractorto provide in response to the required Data Item Description.

30.2.3 Tailoring Guide Use. The Tailoring Guide is used in thefollowing way. Those individuals at the procuring activity checkoff each parameter that the contractor is to provide in the taskinventory and task analysis. ' The columns used for the checksdepend upon the phase of system development and the task analysisapplication, The phases of system development are noted on theguide,' because what is required of the contractor should besomewhat different for each phase. This is because the amount ofdata and information available for a task inventory and taskanalysis can be different. For example, in the Conceptual Phasethere may not be enough information about the system to be ableto determine many of the task inventory and task analysisparameters; whereas in the Development Phase there will probablybe enough information to determine all parameters. Thus it isvery important that the users of the tailoring guide take into

22

I

consideration what data and information will probably exist(including an Early Compatibility Analysis) over the contractduration when selecting the task inventory and task analysisparameters so that the contractor is not given requirements whichcannot be met. Since each task analysis application can requiredifferent (although overlapping) parameters, each application isgiven a separate column for selection. Note that in the taskinventory, the parameters are in hierarchical order and can onlybe deleted from the bottom to the top. Once all selections havebeen made, the procuring activity can list the requiretiparameters in the appropriate Data Item Description(s). Thoseindividuals selected by the procuring activity to select theparameters shall be experts in the activities ut humanengineering design, test and evaluation, training, manning andwc.kload, and in the use of task analysis results as applied tothese activities.

30.3 Contractual Applicability.

30.3.1 Specification Effectivity. The citation of the TailoringGuide constitutes a required change in application of MIL-STD-XXX.

30.3.2 Further Tailoring. Procuring activities may furthertailor the contents of the task inventory and task analysis byincluding additional parameters in the RFP and contractualpackage.

30.3.3 Contractor Use. Unless otherwise specified by theprocuring activity, contractors shall utilize the completedTailoring Guide or its results as a baseline in the preparationof RFP responses and task analysis program planning. This doesnot preclude the contractor from proposing further tailoring.

30.3.4 Evolutionary Development. For evolutionary development ofolder or existing systems, equipment, software and facilities,the Tailoring Guide will generally apply only to new or reviseddesign and procedure features. Old systems undergoingimprovement through evolutionary means will generally not havethe Tailoring Guide applied to components retained and unaffectedby such evolutionary development techniques. It is important tounderstand that there may be exceptions to this general rule:therefore, evaluation by the human engineering staff of theprocuring activity is considered extremely advisable.

30.3.5 Product Improvement. Recognizing that product improvementactions may occur during more than one acquisition phase and thatproduct improvements can involve conceptual, validation, or full-scale engineering tasks, or a combination of these, the procuringactivity should use the tailoring guide to reflect the specificperformance objectives of the product improvement program.

30.3.6 Production and Deployment Phase. Design changes affectinghuman performance during the production and deployment phase,

4 23

fM

can, like product improvement actions, involve conceptual ,validation, or full-scale engineering tasks, therefore, theprocuring activity should use the Tailoring Guide to reflect thespecific performance objectives of the design changes.

30.4 l'umen Sngineering Review. Procuring activities areresponsible for assuring that the Tailoring Guide as applied tospecific contracts has been subjected to human engineering reviewto insure consistency of the completed guide with human factorsrequirements, pursuant to the nature of the objectives of thecontracts. Specifically, the parameters selected shall bereviewed to assure compliance with human engineering, training,testing and evaluation, manning and workload requirements.Further, there shall be a human engineering review of the tasksselected, from the task inventory, to be subjected to a taskanalysis to insure necessity and cost-effectiveness.

24

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DOD-STD-963

DATA ITEM DESCRIPTION o~o reeG5. Oae. i: J10 1906

I l Z *O1NTI$CATION NUMBIE

TASK INVENTORY REPORT

3OEICRTO0N•POSI

3.1 A task inventory is a comprehensive listing of all human tasks associatedwith a system, equipment, or facility. A task inventory succinctly desrribes alltasks that might be further analyzed and so drives any subsequent task analysis

ieffort. It also allows for efficient organization of tasks into Jobs and duties.(Continued on page 2)

4. £9APPROVALS CA Of 0O~ ~dal spsmosteu~cry (O G. CDIC NIQUISO W&. GPASOIEU1111

1. vvj~r •w Iml~lO7.1 This Data Item Description (DID) contains the format 3nd content preparationinstructions for the task inventory data generated under the work tasks describedin DRAFT MIL-STD-XXXX, Task Analysis Standard.

7.2 This DID is applicable to the acquisition of military systems, equipment,and facilities.

(Continued on page 2)*. APPROVAL UMSrTATON ta A P9..IL FORMS Jý &.*ASC NUMOEN

140 "UI*AAT ION STRUCTIOWS

10.1 Source document. The applicable issue of the documents cited herein, in-cluding their approval dates and dates of any applicable amendments and revisions,shall be as reflected in the contract.

10.2 Guidance. The Task Inventory Report (TIR) shall be based on the TaskAnalysis Standard, DRAFT MIL-STD-XXXX, Methods appropriate to the development ofa Task Inventory are described in DRAFT MIL-HDBK-XXXX.

10.3 Content. The Task Inventory Report shall contain the following infor-mation items, either numbered or arranged (e.g., by outline or diagram) toshow their relationship to each other:,

1. Mission 5. Duties2. Scenarios/conditions 6. Tasks3. Requirements 7. Subtasks4. Jobs 8. Task elements

10.4 Format. The Task Inventory Report shall incorporate bothy graphic andtextuaT-VToiats. Each of these format: is described below.

10.4.1 A diagram representing the hierarchical relationships among data itemsshall be prepared. The procuring activity will provide the data for Mlission andScenarios/conditions, and the contractor shall provide all other required data.items.

00 Form 1664. FEB SS 'ofo, .] 01 0__ -G o

41

DI-XXXX-XXXX

3. DESCRIPTION/PURPOSE (Cont'd)

This Data Item Description (DID) identifies the Government content and formatrequirements to prepare a report of task inventory data.

7. APPLICATION/INTERRELATIONSHIP (Cont'd)

7.3 The Ta',k Inventory Report (TIR) will be used as-the starting point forthe Critical Task Analysis Report (CTAR), DI-H-XXXX, and the Task AnalysisReport (TAR), DI-H-XXXX.

7.4 This DID applies to the requirements of EIAI" MIL-STD-XXXX pertaining tothe preparation of a task inventory.

10. PREPARATION INSTRUCTIONS (Cont'd)

10.4.2 All ta.ks, subtasks, and task elements shall be textually representedas task statements. Task statements shall be composed of:

a. an action verb that states what is to be accomplishedin the ZasV,

b. an object that identifies what is to be acted upon in-the task, and

c. any qualifying phrases needed to distinguish the taskfrom related or similar activities, limit and definethe scope of the task, and clearly communicate thenature of the task.

10.4.3 Hierarchically related task inventory data shall be numbered accordingly.

10.5 Traceability. The Task Inventory Report shall include the names ofindividuals involved in the development and validation of the task inventory.

10.6 Access. In accordance with MIL-H-46855, all data and documentationshall be •m-aTntained at the contra'tor's facilities and made available to theprocuring activity for meetings, audits, demonstrations, test and evaluation,and related functions. The completed task inventory database and reportbecome the property of the Government at the end of the task analysis effort.

Page 2 of 2 Pages

42

- ncr -

DOD-STO-963

DATA ITEM DESCRIPTION o, .ga. *awe: Iwo JO. IWg

'I Il5I 6 iOJNTIFICATION NUMBeR

TASK ANALYSIS REPORT

1. C41CRwWONUR.OU3.1 The analysis of human task involved in the operation or maintenance of theequipment under development provides one of the bases for making decisions inthe areas of human engineering, training, logistics, tests and evaluation,manning, and workload. This Data Item Description (DID) identifies the

(Continued on page 2)4h. ,ov•. OALTI S. 3Ma 00 ;=y 410s3o=7VT ao& 0.1c &ou b. ,N1P NIK Ao"MAIM• ? ?

to A0IUCAMNIMMLAr"SIQ.N

7.1 This Data Item Description (DID) contains the format and content preparationinstructions for task analysis data generated under the work tasks described inDRAFT MIL-STD-XXXX, Task Analysis Standard.

7.2 This DID is applicableto the acquisition of military systems, equipment,and facilities. (Continued on page 2)

SO. *PVLUNvTAnoN • h •C"IU PORMS AM SC NUM611t "

10. MPAM NSTRUMTNNS '

10.1 Source document. The applicable issue of the documents cited herein,including their approval dates and dates of any applicable amendments andrevisions, shall be as reflected in the contract.

10.2 Guidance. The Task Analysis Report (TAR) shall be basel on the TaskAnalysis Standard, DRAFT MIL-STD-XXXX. Methods appropriate to the development'of the Task Analysis Report are described in DRAFT MIL-HDBK-XXXX.

10.3 Content. The Task Analysis Report shall contain the following informationitems, ei-th-er numbered or arranged. (e.g., by outline or diagram) to show theirrelationship to each other:

A. I,,put Parameters

I

Information RequiredInformation AvailableInitiating CuesData Display Format

00 Form 1664. FEB 4S 'l jn 0 f 'AGE _4

43

DI-XXxx-xXxx

3. DESCRIPTION/PURPOSE (Cont'd)

Governuent content and format requirements to prepare a report of taskanalysis data.

7. APPLICATION/INTERRELATIONSHIP (Cont'd)

7.4 This report describes the results of a task analysis performed by thecontractor, which provides a database to support efforts in the areas of humanengineering, training, logistics, test and evaluation, manning, and workload.

------------------------------------------------ --- -------------------------

10. PREPARATION INSTRUCTIONS (Cont'd)

B. Central Processing Parameters

Decision or Evaluation ProcessesDecisions Reached After EvaluationJob Knowledge RequiredSystem Knowledge RequiredAcademic Knowledge RequiredSignificant Memorization Requirements

C. Response Parameters

Actions TakenBody Movements Required by Action TakenWorkspace Envelope Required by Actions TakenWorkspace Envelope Available for Actions TakenPhysical Skills RequiredFrequency or Interval of ActionsTolerances of ActionsTools, Job Aids UsedSupport and Test EquipmentPower Requ i rementsSpares or PartsAdequacy of Space SupportControls UsedControl LocationInstrumentation, Displays, Signals UsedInstrumentation, Display, Signal Location

D. Feedback Parameters

Feedback RequiredFeedback AvailableCues Indicating Task CompletionRate of Feedback UpdateFormat of Feedback

Page 2 of 6 Pages (Continued on page 3)

44

/K

I .,

DI-XXXX-XXXX

10. PREPARATION INSTRUCTIONS (Contd)

E. Enviroinuental Parameters

Workspace AvailableWorkspace Envelope RequiredWorkplace ArrangementEnvironment Contamination LevelClimateNoiseShock, Vibration, MotionLightingWorkspace AccessibilityWorkplace AccessibilityLife Support and Protective Gear

F. Safety Parameters

Types and Locations of Safety HazardsCause of Safety HazardFrequency of Safety HazardConsequences of Safety HazardSafety ProceduresRecommendation to Eliminate or Minimize Safet Hazard

G. Health Parameters

1. Mechanical Forces

Impulse Noise and Blast OverpressureSteady State NoiseUltrasoundVibration and MotionAcceleration and DecelerationImpact, Shock and RecoilWindblastPressure FluctuationsWeight and Force Loadings

2. Temperature Extremes

Ambient and Radiant HeatSurface HeatFlame and FireAmbient ColdSurface Cold

Page 3 of 6 Pages (Continued on Page 4)

4S

DI-XXXX-XXXX

3. Electromagnetic Radiation

Laser RadiationMicrowave and RF RadiationUltraviolet RadiationIntense Visible LightIonizing RadiationParticle BeamsMagnetic Fields

4. Toxic Substances

Fumes, Vapors and AermsolsSmokeLiquidsSolidsDust and ParticulatesChemical Warfare Agents, Biological Warfare Agents, and

Antidotes

S. Psychological Stress

Confined SpacesIsolationSensory and Cognitive OverloadVisual Illusions and DisturbancesBodily Disorientation (Vestibular and Kinesthetic)Sustained High-Intensity Operations

6. Other

Caustic ChemicalsOxygen Deficiencies (Airborne and Terrestrial)Restricted NutritionRestricted Water AvailabilityExcessive Water, Moisture or HumidityHuman Waste Elimination ConstraintsPests (Insects and Rodents)Broken ,Glass, Shrapnel and MissilesSkin or Eye ContactElectric ShockBacteria, Viruses and Fungi

H. Performance Standards and Workload Parameters

Accuracy RequirementsConsequences of ErrorsSubjective Assessment by Operator, Maintainer, or Support

Personnel of the Reasons for Their Errors

Page 4 of 6 Pages (Continued on page 5)

46

DI-XXXX-XXXX

10. PREPARATION INSTRUCTIONS (Cont'd)

Description of Each Possible Human-Initiated Error (s)Performance Under StressSubjective Assessment of Task WorkloadSubjective Assessment of Equipment Design Adequacy for Task

PerformanceSubjective Assessment of Sufficiency of Training and

Experience for Thsk PerformancePhysiological Assessment of WorkloadCognitive Workload AssessmentCriteria for Successful PerformanceError SourcesAllocated Elapsd Time or Time BudgetAllocated Man-hoursPredicted Elapsed Time,Predicted man-hoursTask Schedule or Time LineElapsed Time Required tc Accomplish the Task

I.- Social and Organizational Parameters

Task Interdependence of CrewmemberaNumber of Personnel Required to Perform TaskSpecialty and Experience RequirementsDivision of Labor or ResponsibilityComnunications Employed

J. Housekeeping Parameters

Task, Subtask, Task Element Title or StatementTask, Subtask, Task Element NumberMethodology Used to Generate Task Analysis ResultsData Sources UsedDateName of Task AnalystSystem Mission, Function,Position Title, Duty (of position being analyzed)Position or Skill Specialty Code (MOS)Activities Preceding the TaskConcurrent TasksAdditional CommentsValidation and Quality Control (Especially of Critical Tasks)

K. Other Parameters (not listed above)

Page 5 of 6 Pages (Continued on page 6)

47

DI-XXXX-XXXX

10.4 Format. The Task Analysis Report shall incorporate graphic formats,textuaTfo-rits, or both. Each class of format is described below.

10.4.1 Graphic fomat. Graphics shall be used primarily to pictoriallyrepresent the sequential, parallel, or interactive relationships of humantask and equipment components.

10.4.2 Textual format. Text shall be used to show a level of detail thatcannot be encompassed in the graphics and to describe tasks or task parametersthat are not easily represented by graphical means. Narrative formats shallbe taken to include lists, outlines, and forms.

10.4.3 Graphic/Textual Format. Task Analysis data that are presented inboth graphic and textual fomats shall be alphanumerically coded to clearlyindicate the redundancy or relationship between graphic and textual formats.

10.5 Traceability. The Task Analysis Report shall include the names of4ndivitua-Th-sTi,2'-Tved in the development and validation of the task analysisdata.

10.6 Access. All data and d3cumentation shall be maintained at thecontractor's facilities and made available'to the procuring activity formeetings, audits, demonstrations, test and evaluation, 4nd related functions.The completed task analysis database and report become the property of theGovernment at the end of the task analysis effort.

x

Page 6 of 6 Pages

48