Figure 1, p. 76 Atoms and Minerals Building blocks for Rocks and the Earth.
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Transcript of Figure 1, p. 76 Atoms and Minerals Building blocks for Rocks and the Earth.
Figure 1, p. 76
Atoms and Minerals
Building blocks for Rocks and the Earth
Geology- Study of the Earth
Rocks - What are they made of? How do they form and change?What do the tell us about the Earth
and Earth processes?
What is a Mineral?
Matter - What is it?
Fig. 3-2, p. 61
Atoms
NucleusProtons (+)Neutrons
Electrons (-)
Table 3-1, p. 62
No of Protons
Elements combine to form Compounds
BONDINGIonic: Metals lose electron (Na+,K+, Ca++)
nonmetals gain electron (Cl-, F-)NaCl, CaF2
Covalent: shared electrons, each atom donates electron to bond (e.g., diamond)
Fig. 3-4, p. 63
Ionic Bonding
Fig. 3-5, p. 64
Covalent BondingDiamond Graphite
Covalent within sheetsvan der Waals forces between sheets
OTHER TYPES OF BONDING:
Metallic: positive ions (lost electrons), shared common electron “cloud” electrons can "flow" (electricity)
e.g., Copper
Van der Waals Forces: weak, attraction between charged molecules (e.g., water, H2O - H2O
MINERAL
Naturally Occurring
InorganicShells OK (calcite, aragonite; CaCO3)NOT coal, oil, or amber
Crystalline (Not petroleum, obsidian)
Restricted chemical composition
Fig. 3-7, p. 66
Fig. 3-1, p. 60
What are the two most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust?
Fig. 3-9a, p. 67
Fig. 3-10, p. 69
The Building Block of Silicate Rocks:The Silica Tetrahedron
Table 3-4, p. 79
Mafic
Felsic
Sili
cate
s
Limestone
Evaporites
Fig. 3-12, p. 71
Mafic
Felsic
Table 3-2, p. 69
Fig. 3-15, p. 75
Fig. 3-18, p. 80
Things to Know:
Atom Mineral 2 most abundant elements in Earth’s crust “Building block” of silicate minerals
=silica tetrahedron Mafic vs Felsic silicates Examples of mafic and felsic minerals Others: Limestone (Calcium Carbonate),
Evaporites (salt, gypsum)