Atoms, Minerals, Rocks and Soil

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Compounds

• Compounds: 2+ atoms bonded together • Chemical formula: states the elements in a compound and the number• Example: Water: 2 Hydrogen, 1 Oxygen

Glucose: 6 Carbon, 12 Hydrogen, 6 Oxygen

Salt: 1 Sodium, 1 ChlorineNaCl

C6H12O6

H2O

Compounds

• Ionic Bond: Charged atoms electrically attracted to each other

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Compounds

• Covalent Bond: Atoms share electrons

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Compounds

• Organic Compound: Contains 2 or more carbon • Inorganic Compound: Has less than 2 carbon

Mineral

• Minerals: The building blocks of rocks

Mineral

• Mineral: • Naturally occurring: Not synthetic (made in factory or laboratory)

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Mineral

• Mineral: • Usually inorganic

Mineral

• Mineral: • Specific Chemical Composition: Minerals have a specific chemical formula

• Silicate minerals: Contains Silicon and Oxygen Compounds • Nonsilicate minerals: No Silicon and Oxygen Compounds

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Pyrite: FeS2

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Quartz: SiO2

Mineral

• Mineral: • Crystal: A solid whose atoms or compounds are arranged in a repeating pattern

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Salt crystal:NaCl

Conflict Minerals

http://video.pbs.org/video/1622330246/

Diamond Factory

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/tech/artificial-diamonds.html

Rock

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•Rock: More than one mineral bonded together• Rocks change into other types by the rock cycle (long process)

Rock Cycle• Igneous • Forms when magma solidifies

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Rock Cycle• Metamorphic • Forms when rocks change due to heating and extreme pressure

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Rock Cycle• Sedimentary • Forms when:

• Rocks uplifted from underneath surface of Earth, weathered (broken down)/eroded (transported away) into sediments • Lithification of Sediment (rock pieces joined together)

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• Rock cycle review video

• http://video.mit.edu/watch/the-rock-cycle-13527/

Soil• Soil: Mixture of weathered/eroded rocks, minerals, nutrients, organic matter, water, air, and organisms

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Soil• Horizons: Soil layers

• O: Litter- organic matter, organisms• A: Topsoil-decomposed organic matter, organisms, nutrients and minerals for plant• B: Subsoil- Inorganic matter, minerals•C: Parent Material- Rock that was originally weathered to make soil

• Different climates have different combinations of horizons

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Soil

• Texture: Percentage of different size particles by mass• Clay: less than 0.002 mm- sticky• Silt: 0.002-0.05 mm- floury• Sand: 0.05-2 mm- gritty

Soil• Texture determines:

• plasticity (change of shape)• water and nutrient retention

• Loam: Best for growing most plants QuickTime™ and a

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30% clay, 15% silt, 55% sand

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60% clay, 20% silt, 20% sand

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15% clay, 40% silt, 45% sand

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30% clay, 60% silt, 10% sand

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Soil

• Soil color can indicate chemical makeup• Dark brown/ brown-red- Organic chemicals• Red/Yellow- Iron• White/Gray- Minerals

Soil• Soil erosion and degradation is a problem for agriculture

• Caused by overgrazing, deforestation, addition of chemicals• Desertification: Top soil is lost, land is dried

• Desertification in Africa

• http://video.pbs.org/video/2255768384/