Fig. 13-CO, p. 347
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Transcript of Fig. 13-CO, p. 347
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Fig. 13-CO, p. 347
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Fig. 13-1, p. 348
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Fig. 13-2, p. 349
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Fig. 13-2, p. 349
Sunlight
Chlorophyll
Produces
+ 6 Water (H2O)
+ 6 Oxygen (O2)
6 Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Glucose (C6H12O6)
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Fig. 13-2, p. 349
Sunlight
Chlorophyll
Stepped Art
+ 6 Oxygen (O2)
6 Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Glucose (C6H12O6)
+ 6 Water (H2O)
Produces
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Fig. 13-3, p. 350
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Fig. 13-3, p. 350
Sun
Light energy
Producers
Photosynthesizers: Green plants and algae, and specialized bacteria
Chemical energy
(carbohydrates, etc.)
Consumers
Respirers:Animals and decomposers and plants at night
Energy of movement,
waste heat, entropy
To space
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Fig. 13-3, p. 350
Stepped Art
Sun
Light energy
Producers
Photosynthesizers: Green plants and algae, and specialized bacteria
Chemical energy
(carbohydrates, etc.)
Consumers
Respirers:Animals and decomposers and plants at night
Energy of movement,
waste heat, entropy
To space
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Fig. 13-4, p. 350
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Fig. 13-4, p. 350
6 Carbon dioxide (CO2)
+ 6 Oxygen (O2)
+ 24 Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
Glucose (C6H12O6)
+ 24 sulfur (S)
+ 18 Water (H2O)
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Fig. 13-4, p. 350
Stepped Art
+ 24 Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
+ 18 Water (H2O)
6 Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Glucose (C6H12O6)
+ 6 Oxygen (O2)
+ 24 sulfur (S)
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Fig. 13-5a, p. 351
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Fig. 13-5a, p. 351
1 meter
1 meter
CO2 Carbon dioxide
C6H12O6 Glucose
Diatom
Typically, oceanic primary productivity in this water column will bind ~120 grams of carbon into molecules of glucose each year.
a to bottom of ocean
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Fig. 13-5b, p. 351
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Fig. 13-5c, p. 351
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Table 13-1, p. 352
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Fig. 13-6a, p. 352
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Fig. 13-6b, p. 352
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Fig. 13-6b, p. 352
LOW HIGH
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Fig. 13-7, p. 353
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Fig. 13-8, p. 354
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Fig. 13-8, p. 354
Trophic Level
A tuna sandwich 100 g (1/4 pound)
5 For each kilogram of tuna, Tuna (top consumers)
4 roughly 10 kilograms of mid-size fish must be consumed,
Midsize fishes (consumers)
3 and 100 kilograms of small fish,
Small fishes and larvae (consumers)
2 and 1,000 kilograms of small herbivores,
Zooplankton (primary consumers)
1 and 10,000 kilograms of primary producers.
Phytoplankton (primary producers)
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Fig. 13-9, p. 355
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Fig. 13-9, p. 355
Fifth level top
carnivore Killer Whales
Fourth level
consumers Seals
Third level
consumers Sperm whalePenguins Birds
Baleen whalesSecond level
consumers
Carnivorous zooplankton
Pelagic fishesSquid Demersal fishes
Primary consumers
Copepods Benthic invertebrates
Krill Protozoans
Primary producers Detritus
Microplankton Bacteria Macroalgae
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Table 13-2, p. 356
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Fig. 13-10, p. 357
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Fig. 13-10, p. 357
CO2 in atmosphere to plants for photosynthesis CO2 in the atmosphere
Precipitation
DecomposersRespiration Dissolved
CO2LimestoneCO2 is taken up by phytoplankton for
photosynthesis
Peat coal
Plant residues
Dissolved CO2 forms HCO3
–
DecompositionShells Sediments
Limestone
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Fig. 13-11, p. 358
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Fig. 13-11, p. 358
Atmospheric nitrogen
Nitrogen fixation by bacteriaNitrogen cycling within the photic zone
RunoffPhotic zone
Producers incorporate nitrogen into amino acids
Nutrient settling
Nutrient upwelling
Runoff: fertilizers, nitrates, plant material
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Fig. 13-12, p. 358
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Fig. 13-12, p. 358
Mining Fertilizers
Excretion GuanoAgriculture
Uptake by autotrophs
WeatheringUptake by autotrophs
Marine food webs
Dissolved in ocean water
Dissolved in soil water,
lakes, rivers
Land food webs
Leaching, runoff
Death, decomposition
Death, decomposition
Sedimentation Settling out WeatheringUplifting over geologic time
Marine sediments Rocks
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Fig. 13-13, p. 360
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Fig. 13-13, p. 360
90°NLimiting Factors
Light
Silicon
Phosphorous
45°N Nitrogen
Fe (Iron)
0°
45°S
90°S
90°W 0° 90°E 180°180°
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Fig. 13-14, p. 361
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Fig. 13-14a, p. 361
Wavelength (nanometers)500 600 700Sea surface
Increasing depth
Ph
oti
c zo
ne
Approximately 600 m (2,000 ft)
Ap
ho
tic
zon
e
a Clear, open ocean water
400
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Fig. 13-14b, p. 361
Sea surface 500 600 700
Wavelength (nanometers)
Ph
oti
c
zon
e
Approximately 100 m (330 ft)
Ap
ho
tic
zo
ne
b Coastal ocean water
400
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Fig. 13-15, p. 361
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Fig. 13-15, p. 361
Depth Enough sunlight for:0 m
Euphotic zone to ~70 meters (230 feet)
Photosynthesis and vision
100 m
200 m
300 m Vision only—Not enough sunlight for photosynthesis
Disphotic zone to ~600 meters (2,000 feet)
400 m
500 m
600 m
No sunlight Aphotic zone below 600 meters (2,000 feet)
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Fig. 13-16, p. 362
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Fig. 13-16, p. 362
°F °C105 40
Daytime temperatures in some shallow tropical lagoons100
95 35
90Highest surface temperatures in open ocean
3085
80 Common surface temperatures in tropical waters75
25
70Common surface temperatures in subtropical waters
20
65
60 Common surface temperatures in temperate waters
15
5510
50 Common surface temperatures in high-latitude temperate waters
455
40 Surface temperatures in low Arctic and Antarctic waters in summer
35 Surface temperatures of high Arctic and Antarctic waters all year (seawater freezes at –1.9°C)
030
25 Temperature at depths of deepest Antarctic basins
–5
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Table 13-3, p. 363
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Fig. 13-17, p. 364
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Fig. 13-17, p. 364
Water
Dye cube
Day 1 Day 2 Day 5 Day 20
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Fig. 13-17, p. 364
Day 1 Day 2 Day 5 Day 20
Water
Dye cube
Stepped Art
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Fig. 13-18, p. 365
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Fig. 13-18 (top), p. 365
Cell membrane Cell membrane Cell membrane
Outside the cell
Inside the cell
Outside the cell
Inside the cell
Outside the cell
Inside the cell
No net water movement
Net water movement out of the cell
Net water movement into the cell
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Fig. 13-18 (bottom), p. 365
Isotonic (no net change in water movement or in shapes of cells)
Hypertonic (water diffuses outward, cells shrivel)
Hypotonic (water diffuses inward, cells swell up)
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Fig. 13-19, p. 366
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Fig. 13-19a, p. 366
Diffusiona
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Fig. 13-19b, p. 366
Osmosisb
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Fig. 13-19c, p. 366
“Pump”
Active transportc
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Fig. 13-20, p. 366
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Fig. 13-20, p. 366
Diameter (cm) 1 2 4
Surface area (cm2) 12.56 50.24
Volume (cm3) 0.52 4.19 33.51
Surface-to-volume ratio 6.0 3.0 1.5
3.14
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Fig. 13-21, p. 367
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Fig. 13-22, p. 368
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Box 13-1a, p. 369
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Box 13-1b, p. 369
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Box 13-1c, p. 370
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Box 13-1d, p. 370
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Table a, p. 370
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Fig. 13-23, p. 372
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Fig. 13-23, p. 372
Jawless fishes Class
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)
Land-dwelling stem reptiles
Shark
Pectoral fin
Class Reptilia (reptiles)
Ichthyosaur
Flipper (derived from a foreleg)Class Aves (birds)
Class Mammalia (mammals)
Penguin
Flipper (derived from a wing)Dolphin
Flipper (derived from a foreleg)
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Fig. 13-24, p. 373
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Fig. 13-25, p. 373
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Fig. 13-25, p. 373
Complex many-celled organisms and cells with a nucleus: the EUKARYOTES
Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Protista
Cells with no nucleus: the
PROKARYOTES
Kingdom Archaea
Kingdom Bacteria
Earliest cells
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Fig. 13-26, p. 374
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Fig. 13-26a, p. 374
Bacteria Archaea Protista Fungi Plantae AnimaliaTAXON Name of taxon
that includes Rex sole
1 2 3 4 5 6
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Cnidaria
Mollusca
Echinodermata
Annelida Chordata KINGDOM
1 2 3 4 31
Animalia (contains 31
phyla)
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Fig. 13-26a, p. 374
PHYLUM CHORDATA
Uro- and Cephalo-chordata Vertebrata PHYLUM
Chordata (contains 3 subphyla)
1 2 3
SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA
Aves
Chondrichthyes
Mammalia
Reptilia
Amphibia
Agnatha
Osteichthyes SUBPHYLUM
Vertebrata (contains 7
classes)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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Fig. 13-26b, p. 374
CLASS OSTEICHTHYES
Clupeiformes
Gadiformes
Perciformes
Lophiiformes
PleuronectiformesCLASS
Osteichthyes (contains about
37 orders)1 2 3 4 37
ORDER PLEURONECTIFORMES
Psettodidae
Citharidae
Bothidae
Cynoglossidae
Soleidae
Pleuronectidae ORDER
Pleuronectiformes (contains 6
families)
1 2 3 4 5 6
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Fig. 13-26b, p. 374
FAMILY PLEURONECTIDAE
Hippoglossus
Limanda
Platichthys
Parophrys
GlyptocephalusFAMILY
Pleuronectidae (contains 41
genera)
1 2 34
41
GENUS GLYPTOCEPHALUS
cynoglossus zachirusGENUS
Glyptocephalus (contains 2
species)
1 2SPECIES
zachirus
Witch flounder Rex sole
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Table 13-4, p. 375