Field Guide to The Living Marine Resources of

FIELD GUIDE TO THE LIVING

MARINE RESOURCES OF NAMIBIA

FAO SPECIES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE FOR FISHERY PURPOSES

ISSN 1020-6868

FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations

NORADNorwegianAgency for

International

Development

FAO SPECIES IDENTIFICATION FIELD GUIDE FOR FISHERY PURPOSES

THE LIVING MARINE RESOURCESOF NAMIBIA

by

G. Bianchi

Institute of Marine ResearchP.O. Box 1870, N-5024

Bergen, Norway

K.E. Carpenter

Department of Biological SciencesOld Dominion UniversityNorfolk, Virginia 23529

USA

J.-P. Roux

Ministry of Fisheries and Marine ResourcesP.O. Box 394

Lüderitz, Namibia

F.J. Molloy

Biology DepartmantFaculty of Science

University of NamibiaPrivate Bag 31

Windhoek, Namibia

D. Boyer and H.J. Boyer

Ministry of Fisheries and Marine ResourcesP.O. Box 912

Swakopmund, Namibia

With the financial support of

NORAD

Norwegian Agency for International Development

FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

ROME, 1999

INDEX

The designations employed and the presentation of material in thispublication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever onthe part of the Food and Agricultural Organization of the UnitedNations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city orarea or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiersor boundaries.

M-40ISBN 92-5-104345-0

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of thecopyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of thepurpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director,Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organiztion of the United Nations,Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.

© FAO 1999

PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENT

This field guide was prepared under the direction of the Species Identification and Data Programme of theMarine Resources Service, Fishery Resources and Environment Division, Fisheries Department, Food

and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy. Preparation was supported by theNorwegian Agency for International Development (NORAD). The editorial coordination for this secondedition was done at the Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.The inspiration to produce this guide came from the survey cruises of the Norwegian research vessel “Dr.Fridtjof Nansen” which is directed from the Institute of Marine Research in Bergen. During survey work, theneed for a guide specifically for Namibia became obvious. Previous guides are designed for regions north orsouth, but Namibia has a unique fauna derived from elements of both these neighbouring regions. The needfor a revised edition became evident following the development of the orange roughy fishery which occurredafter the first edition was published. This guide covers those species that are commonly caught in this newfishery in more detail.The number of species covered in this guide far exceeds those that are currently being exploited in Namibiaon a commercial basis. However, many species are caught incidentally in commercial fisheries or by sportsanglers and are potentially significant. In addition, it is often important to consider non-target species for eco-logical considerations, general management of resources, and for better understanding and management ofprimary target species.As would be expected in an undertaking of this magnitude, there is undoubtedly room for improvement. Usersare encouraged to correspond with the authors and editors to help improve future versions of this guide.Project director: P. Oliver, FAO, Rome.Technical editors (this edition): K.E. Carpenter and T.R. Wasaff, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, USA.Technical editors (first edition): K.E. Carpenter and A.-L. Agnalt, FAO, Rome; G. Bianchi, Institute of Ma-rine Research, Bergen; and D. Boyer, Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Namibia.Illustrations (new for this edition): E. D’Antoni, FAO, Rome.Illustrations (new for first edition): P. Lastrico, FAO, Rome.Page composition and indexing (this edition): T.R. Wasaff, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, USA.Page composition and indexing (first edition): G. Sciarappa-Demuro and M. Kautenberger-Longo, FAO,Rome.Editorial assistance (this edition): N. De Angelis and M. Kautenberger-Longo, FAO, Rome.Cover illustration: E. D’Antoni, FAO, Rome.

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Bianchi, G.; Carpenter, K.E.; Roux, J.-P.; Molloy, F.J.; Boyer, D.; and Boyer, H.J.

FAO species identification field guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources ofNamibia.

Rome, FAO. 265 p., 11 colour plates.SUMMARY

This field guide covers the major resource groups likely to be encountered in the fisheries ofNamibia. These include seaweeds, shrimps, lobsters, crabs, bivalves, gastropods, cephalopods,hagfishes, sharks, batoid fishes, chimaeras, bony fishes, turtles, seabirds, and marine mammals.The introduction outlines the geographical, environmental, and ecological factors influencingfisheries, and the basic components of the fisheries of Namibia. As an aid to identification tohigher taxonomic levels, a pictorial index to families is included and most groups are preceded byan illustrated guide to orders and families. Each resource group includes general remarks, an in-troduction to the technical terms and measurements pertinent to that group, and a guide to spe-cies likely to be encountered in fisheries. Each species account provides scientific nomenclature,FAO common names, sizes, notes on fisheries, habitat and biology, diagnostic features, and oneor more illustrations. An annotated checklist of sharks, batoid fishes, chimaeras, bony fishes, andmarine mammals, and a list of important references are appended. The introduction and guidesections are fully indexed. Finally, 88 colour photographs are presented of fishes caught mostlyby trawl.

Author’s credits: Introduction by G. Bianchi and D. Boyer; seaweeds, bivalves, and gastropods by F.J. Mol-loy; shrimps, lobsters, crabs, and cephalopods by G. Bianchi and K.E. Carpenter; hagfishes, sharks, batoidfishes, chimaeras, bony fishes, and turtles by G. Bianchi, K.E. Carpenter, H.J. Boyer, and D. Boyer; seabirdsby J.-P. Roux and D. Boyer; marine mammals by J.-P. Roux; checklist of fishes by K.E. Carpenter and H.J.Boyer.Acknowledgements: We thank: Oddgeir Alvheim (Institute of Marine Research, Bergen) who reviewed sev-eral versions of this guide, provided very helpful advice for making this guide useful on board research ves-sels in Namibia, and provided many new photographs for the second edition; Jeppe Kolding (Department ofFisheries and Marine Biology, University of Bergen) who provided most of the colour photographs used in thisguide; Martina A. Compagno Roeleveld (South African Museum, Cape Town) for valuable taxonomic and nat-ural history advice on the cephalopod section of this guide; Johannes Holtzhausen and Carola Kirchner (Min-istry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Swakopmund) for very helpful advice on recreational fish andfisheries; Laila Linde-Lossius (Luderitz Fisheries Research Center) for valuable fisheries and natural historyinformation for the shrimp section of this guide; Lima Martens (Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources,Swakopmund) for advice on the monkfish; Rudi Cloete, Charlton Heinrich Lesch, Lizette Voges, andStephanus Voges for advice on fisheries; Johnny Gamatham (Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources,Swakopmund) for many improvements on the field use of the guide; Alfred Kronitz (Swakopmund) for infor-mation from a highly experienced angler’s perspective; Charles Beyers (Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Re-sources, Swakopmund) for advice on crustaceans; Bronwen Currie (Ministry of Fisheries and MarineResources for Swakopmund) for advice on invertebrates; Deon Louw (Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Re-sources, Swakopmund) for help with photography; M. Eric Anderson (J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology,Grahamstown); Leonard J.V. Compagno (South African Museum, Cape Town), Ofer Gon (J.L.B. Smith Insti-tute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown), Phillip C. Heemstra (J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown);Percy H. Hulley (South African Museum, Cape Town), Tomio Iwamoto (California Academy of Sciences, SanFancisco), John R. Paxton (Australian Museum, Sydney), Stuart G. Poss (Gulf Coast Research Laboratory,Mississippi), William J. Richards (National Marine Fisheries Service, Miami), and William F. Smith-Vaniz (Na-tional Biological Survey, Florida) who provided valuable taxonomic advice on fishes; Thang Do-Chi, DavidDie, and Luca Garibaldi (FAO, Rome) for their help on FAO common names; Burger Oelofsen (Ministry ofFisheries and Marine Resources, Windhoek), and Ben Van Zyl (Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources,Swakopmund) for help, support, and advice during the revision of this guide.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Shelf assemblages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Upper slope assemblages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Pelagic species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Fisheries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4The taxa included in this guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6How to use this guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

A PICTORIAL INDEX TO DIVISIONS, ORDERS, OR FAMILIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

SEAWEEDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22TECHNICAL TERMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

DIVISION RHODOPHYTA - Red Algae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Gracilariaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Gigartinaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Cryptonemiaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Gelidiaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Bangiaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

DIVISION PHAEOPHYTA - Brown Algae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Laminariaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Alariaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

DIVISION CHLOROPHYTA - Green Algae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Ulvaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26TECHNICAL TERMS AND MEASUREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26GUIDE TO ORDERS AND FAMILIES

Infraorder Penaeidea - Penaeid Shrimps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Infraorder Caridea - Caridean Shrimps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

GUIDE TO SPECIESSolenoceridae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Aristeidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Penaeidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Oplophoridae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Nematocarcinidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Pasiphaeidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Palaemonidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Pandalidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Crangonidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

LOBSTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35TECHNICAL TERMS AND MEASUREMENTS AND ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO FAMILIES . . . . . 35GUIDE TO SPECIES

Palinuridae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Scyllaridae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Nephropidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

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CRABS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39TECHNICAL TERMS AND MEASUREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39GUIDE TO ORDERS AND FAMILIES

Suborder Anomura - Hermit Crabs, Stone Crabs, King Crabs, and Squat Lobsters. . . . . . . . . 40Suborder Brachyura - True Crabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

GUIDE TO SPECIESLithodidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Homolidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Majidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Calappidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Geryonidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Portunidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Grapsidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

BIVALVES AND GASTROPODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47GUIDE TO SPECIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mytilidae (Class Bivalvia - pelycepods, clams, oysters, and allies) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Patellidae (Class Gastropoda - univalves, conches, whelks, chanks, and allies) . . . . . . . . . . 48

CEPHALOPODS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49TECHNICAL TERMS AND MEASUREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49GUIDE TO ORDERS AND FAMILIES

Order Sepioidea - Cuttlefish, Ram’s Horn Squids, and Bob-tailed Squids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Order Teuthoidea - Inshore and Oceanic Squids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Order Vampyromorpha - Black Octopus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Order Octopoda - Octopuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

GUIDE TO SPECIESSepiidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Loliginidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Onychoteuthidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Histioteuthidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Brachioteuthidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Ommastrephidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Thysanoteuthidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Octopodidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

JAWLESS FISHES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Order Myxiniformes - Hagfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

SHARKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70TECHNICAL TERMS AND MEASUREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70GUIDE TO ORDERS AND FAMILIES

Order Hexanchiformes - Cow and Frill Sharks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Order Lamniformes - Mackerel Sharks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Order Carcharhiniformes - Ground Sharks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Order Squaliformes - Dogfish Sharks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Order Squatiniformes - Angel Sharks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

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GUIDE TO SPECIESHexanchidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Chlamydoselachidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Odontaspididae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Lamnidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Alopiidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Scyliorhinidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Triakidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Hemigaleidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Carcharhinidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Squalidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Oxynotidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Echinorhinidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Squatinidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

BATOID FISHES - SKATES, RAYS, AND GUITARFISHES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89TECHNICAL TERMS AND MEASUREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89GUIDE TO ORDERS AND FAMILIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Order Torpediniformes - Electric Rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90Order Rajiformes - Guitarfishes and Skates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90Order Myliobatiformes - Stingrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

GUIDE TO SPECIESTorpedinidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Narkidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Rhinobatidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Rajidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Dasyatidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Gymnuridae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Myliobatidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

CHIMAERAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100TECHNICAL TERMS AND MEASUREMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100GUIDE TO ORDERS AND FAMILIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Order Chimaeriformes - Chimaeras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100GUIDE TO SPECIES

Callorhinchidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Chimaeridae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Rhinochimaeridae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

BONY FISHES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103TECHNICAL TERMS AND MEASUREMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS USED FOR BONY FISHES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107GUIDE TO ORDERS AND FAMILIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Order Albuliformes - Bonefishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110Order Notacanthiformes - Halosaurs and Spiny Eels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110Order Anguilliformes - Eels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111Order Clupeiformes - Herrings and allies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112Order Siluriformes - Catfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112Order Salmoniformes - Smelts and allies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Order Stomiiformes - Bristlemouths and allies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114Order Aulopiformes - Greeneyes, Lizardfishes, and allies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

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Order Myctophiformes - Blackchins and Lanternfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Order Gadiformes - Hakes, Cods, and allies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118Order Ophidiiformes - Cusk Eels and allies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119Order Batrachoidiformes - Toadfishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119Order Lophiiformes - Anglerfishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119Order Gobiesociformes - Clingfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122Order Atheriniformes - Silversides and allies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122Order Beloniformes - Flyingfishes, Sauries, and allies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122Order Lampriformes - Opahs and allies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Order Beryciformes - Alfonsinos and allies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124Order Cetomimiformes - Whalefishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125Order Zeiformes - Dories and allies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125Order Syngnathiformes - Pipefishes and allies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126Order Scorpaeniformes - Scorpionfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Order Perciformes - Perch-like Fishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128Order Pleuronectiformes - Flatfish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139Order Tetraodontiformes - Tetradontiform Fishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

GUIDE TO SPECIESAlbulidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Notacanthidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Ophichthidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Congridae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Clupeidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Engraulidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Ariidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144Alepocephalidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144Chlorophthalmidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Synodontidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Myctophidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Merlucciidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Moridae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148Macrouridae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149Ophidiidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Batrachoididae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Lophiidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Atherinidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Exocoetidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Scomberesocidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Lampridae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156Trachipteridae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156Ateleopodidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Berycidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Diretmidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Trachichthyidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158Zeidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159Oreosomatidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160Macroramphosidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Congiopodidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Scorpaenidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162Triglidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Acropomatidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

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Polyprionidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Serranidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Epigonidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166Pomatomidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Rachycentridae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Carangidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Coryphaenidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Bramidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170Emmelichthyidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Haemulidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Sparidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172Sciaenidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176Dichistiidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Cheilodactylidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Mugilidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Sphyraenidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Ammodytidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Callionymidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Gobiidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Gempylidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Trichiuridae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183Scombridae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184Xiphiidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Istiophoridae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Centrolophidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188Nomeidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190Stromateidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Tetragonuridae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Bothidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Soleidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Cynoglossidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194Tetraodontidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

SEA TURTLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196TECHNICAL TERMS AND MEASUREMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196GUIDE TO SPECIES

Cheloniidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Dermochelyidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

SEABIRDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199TECHNICAL TERMS USED FOR SEABIRDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199GUIDE TO SPECIES

Spheniscidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200Diomedeidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200Procellariidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202Pelecanidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203Sulidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203Phalacrocoracidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203Laridae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

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MARINE MAMMALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206ORDER CETACEA - WHALES AND DOLPHINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

TECHNICAL TERMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206GUIDE TO SPECIES

Suborder Mysticeti - Baleen Whales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Balaenidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Neobalaenidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Balaenopteridae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

Suborder Odontoceti - Toothed Whales and Dolphins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208Physeteridae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208Delphinidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

ORDER PINNIPEDIA - SEALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211TECHNICAL TERMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Otariidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212Phocidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

CHECKLIST OF FISHES AND MARINE MAMMALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC AND VERNACULAR NAMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

COLOUR PLATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

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This guide was developed as a working tool forthose involved in the fisheries sector in

Namibia, including researchers, technicians,observers collecting statistics on board fishingvessels, inspectors, and students in marine andfishery science. It includes species of seaweeds,crustaceans, cephalopods, cartilaginous and bonyfishes, seabirds, and marine mammals, that arebelieved to be of present or potential economicinterest, or that represent important elements inthe marine ecosystem of the Namibian shelf andslope areas.

Fisheries represent an important sector in theNamibian economy. Following independence in1990, the sector grew until around 800 000 t wereharvested in 1993 (Fig. 1) and fish products ac-counted for more than 20% of Namibian exports.Despite a decline in the total catch over the nextfew years, the export value remained high and bythe end of the 1990’s fisheries were worth morethan N$2 billion per annum.

The coast and shelf topography

Namibia has a coastline of about 1 500 km,running in a north-south direction, with few baysand indentations. The coastal plain is 100 to 200km wide and is hyper-arid, receiving a mean rain-fall of less than 100 mm per annum. This is theNamib Desert. The Kunene River and the OrangeRiver are the only perennial rivers in the region andthey form natural boundaries with Angola andSouth Africa, respectively (Fig. 2).

The shelf area from the shore to a depth of200 m is approximately 110 000 km2, and aboutdouble as much to 1 000 m. The shelf is widest offthe Orange River and off Walvis Bay, and narrow-est off Kunene River to Cape Frio. The depth of theshelf edge varies, averaging about 350 m. Twopronounced double shelf breaks occur at depthsof 140 and 400 m in the Walvis Bay region (Fig. 2).

The bottom sediments form textural zonesparallel to the coast, becoming finer seawards.This pattern is altered inshore by the presence ofrivers and biological deposition. A significant fea-ture is the presence of a mud belt in the midshelf,between Cape Frio and Conception Bay, about500 km long. The sediments are mainly ofbiogenic origin, resulting from the high productivityof the upwelled waters of the Benguela system.Environmental regimes

The coastal waters of Namibia are part of theBenguela system, one of the 4 major easternboundary current systems of the world. This is aregion of cool upwelled coastal water found ap-proximately between 15°S and 34°S and gener-ated by the intense equator-ward wind stresspattern of the Benguela system. The northernboundary corresponds to the frontal zone betweenthe Angola and Benguela currents, located off

Field Guide to the Living Marine Resources of Namibia 1

Fig. 2 Coastal configuration and continental shelfbathymetry off Namibia

INTRODUCTION

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Fig. 1 Commercial landings


southern Angola (Fig. 3). The southern boundaryof the Benguela system is the warm retroflectionzone or return current of the Agulhas System.Upwelling intensity is not uniform in space or intime, as there are short-term and seasonal differ-ences in the wind regime, and because of coastlineand shelf topography. The major centre ofupwelling off Namibia is from Lüderitz to the Or-ange River and is believed to effectively divide theBenguela system into 2 regions, acting as an envi-ronmental barrier for some key species. Upwellingcells of lesser intensity also occur further north, themost notable being off Cape Frio.

The South Atlantic high pressure system is apermanent feature of this region, and it is subject toseasonal shifts of its centre, from about 30°S insummer to 26°S in winter. The anti-clockwise flowof air around this high pressure cell is nearly paral-lel to the Namibian coast. These winds are usuallypresent throughout the year, being strongest inwinter and spring. This makes the northern part ofthe Benguela region somewhat different from the

southern region (the west coast of South Africa)where upwelling is seasonal and present mainly inspring and summer. Here, westerly winds unfa-vourable to upwelling prevail in wintertime.

The strong upwelling brings nutrient-rich wa-ter to the surface and forms the basis of the highprimary production that sustains large zooplanktonand pelagic fish stocks. However, this bottom wa-ter can sometimes be virtually anoxic due to highsedimentation rates and the subsequent degrada-tion of organic matter, possibly supplemented byintrusions of bottom waters with low concentra-tions of dissolved oxygen from the Angola Domeregion. In some areas, especially in the central re-gion, sulphate reduction by anoxic bacteria is thesource of “sulphur eruptions”; typified by a “rottenegg” odour. This can result in mass moralities offish and other marine organisms, caused by theseorganisms being trapped against the coast bythese toxic and often anoxic waters. This phenom-enon only affects a limited part of the shelf, particu-larly the coastal waters around Walvis Bay. Mostof the shelf and bottom slope off Namibia are in-habited by a rich demersal community.Shelf assemblages

Changes in the distributions of demersalfauna occur mainly along the depth gradient andwith latitude. The following description of the maindemersal assemblages is based on a preliminaryanalysis of the bottom-trawl data collected by theRV ‘Dr. Fridtjof Nansen’ and therefore does not in-clude near shore grounds. This vessel has beenoperating in Namibian waters since 1990. The ma-jor faunal boundary appears to be depth-relatedand corresponds to the shelf edge (at depths aver-aging 300-350 m), separating shelf from slope as-semblages (Fig. 4).

Main associations found on the shelf are dis-tr ibuted along a latitudinal gradient and the mostimportant faunal boundary appears to be at about27°S. The assemblage of the central shelf areanorth of Lüderitz (Fig. 4,a) is dominated by Capehake Merluccius capensis and pelagic gobySufflogobius bibarbatus, and has a low species di-versity, consistent with the presence of hypoxicwaters throughout. This region (between 20° and27°S) is the main area of oxygen-deficient shelfwater in the Benguela system. Higher species di-versity is found on the shelf south of Lüderitz (Fig.4,b). Here, a number of species reach their north-ernmost limit, having their main distribution offSouth Africa. Although oxygen content is also low,the conditions are probably not so extreme as inthe northern shelf region. Dominating fish speciesare: hakes Merluccius paradoxus and M.capensis, silver scabbardfish Lepidopus caudatus,Cape bonnetmouth Emmelichthys nitidus nitidus,Cape John dory Zeus capensis, Cape gurnardChelidonichthys capensis, kingklip Genypteruscapensis, snoek, Thyrsites atun, and Capeelephantfish Callorhinchus capensis. The inverte-

2 Introduction

Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of majoroceanographic features off southwesternAfrica (redrawn from Payne and Crawford,1989)

brates are mainly represented by a number of spe-cies of squid and cuttlefish: Loligo reynaudi,Todaropsis eblanae, and Sepia australis.

In the northern shelf region, from the KuneneRiver (the border with Angola) to about midway toWalvis Bay (Fig. 4,c), the assemblage has a num-ber of species that reach their southernmost distri-bution. These include large-eye dentex Dentexmacrophthalmus, thinlip splitfin Synagropsmicrolepis, and a little deeper (Fig. 4,d) longfinbonefish Pterothrissus belloci and African mudshrimp Solenocera africana. The southernmostextent of these species is variable however, de-pending mainly on the strength of upwelling. Dur-

ing Benguela Niño events, they may be observedas far south as Walvis Bay. The dominant speciesin trawl catches are Cape hake and Cape horsemackerel Trachurus capensis. Common in thedeeper part of the shelf in the area just south ofWalvis Bay (Fig. 4,e) are pelagic goby, Cape hake(these latter 2 are also found in the adjacent shal-lower shelf area), Cape monk Lophius vomerinus,Angola flying squid Todarodes sagittatusangolensis, blackbelly rosefish Helicolenusdactylopterus, and lanternfishes (familyMyctophidae) and a few other deep-water species.Upper slope assemblages

The upper slope assemblages (Fig. 4,f and4,g) include a number of species also found on theshelf as well as more typical slope species that be-come predominant at about a depth of 500 m. Inthe former group are deepwater Cape hakeMerluccius paradoxus, Cape hake, blackbellyrosefish, grenadiers (Caelorinchus simorhynchusand Nezumia spp.), lanternfishes, smallscaleslimehead Hoplostethus melanopus, and Africansawtail catshark Galeus polli. Discrete aggrega-tions of orange roughy (Hoplostetus atlanticus),have recently supported a new fishing industry.These are found at the shelf-break between 600 mand 1000 m, each aggregation typically being onlya few kilometers in extent and separated by some200 km from the next aggregation. Alfonsino Beryxsplendens, cardinals Epigonis sp., and oreos(mainly Allocyttus verrucosus) are also found inhigh densities at similar depths, but have yet to befound in sufficient quantities to support a commer-cially viable fishery. Other typical slope dwellers in-clude lightfishes (family Phosichthyidae),roughsnout grenadier Trachyrincus scabrus,squalid sharks Deania calcea and Centrophorussquamosus, and striped red shrimp Aristeusvaridens.Pelagic species

The main pelagic species are southern Africanpilchard Sardinops ocellatus and southern Africananchovy Engraulis capensis (referred to heresometimes simply as pilchard and anchovy re-spectively) which are found throughout the temper-ate regions of southern Africa. However, theirdistributions are not uniform and 2 distinct popula-tions of anchovy and pilchard are separated by thepresence of the main upwelling centre off Lüderitz.In years when upwelling diminishes, movement offish between the 2 populations may occur.Spawning and nursery areas of the Namibianstocks appear to be in the vicinity of, and north of,Walvis Bay. Two main spawning grounds wereidentified for the pilchard (Fig. 4); younger fishspawn in the warmer waters of the north and olderpilchard in the vicinity of Walvis Bay. Spawninggrounds of anchovy appear to coincide with thoseof younger adult pilchard. Recruitment for bothspecies takes place in autumn and winter offWalvis Bay (Fig. 5).


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Fig. 4 Distribution of main demersal faunaassemblages off Namibia

Fisheries

The high productivity of the Benguela systemsupports large commercial fish stocks. Three ma-jor resource groups have contributed to almost90% of the total catches since the 1960’s: theepipelagic shoaling fishes pilchard, anchovy, andyoung horse mackerel, the midwater Cape horsemackerel, and the Cape and deepwater Capehakes. Two major industrial fisheries were estab-lished off Namibia in the 1950’s and 1960’s: an in-shore pelagic fishery for pilchard and anchovy,mainly exploited by a Namibia-based purse seinefleet, and an offshore trawl fishery for the hakesand Cape horse mackerel, exploited by a numberof nations’ distant water fleets.

The epipelagic species have been exploitedmainly by purse seiners. Pilchard catches peakedat 1.4 million t in 1968, but following several col-lapses and recoveries, declined to 11 000 t by1980 (Fig. 6). Despite a brief recovery in the early1990’s the stock collapsed again in 1995, such thatthe 1996 catch was a mere 2 000 t. Anchovy (Fig.7) and juvenile horse mackerel catches have pro-vided some stability to the pelagic industry, al-though the total catch of all species has variedbetween 107 thousand t (in 1996) and over 1.5 mil-lion t (in 1968). The Benguela Niño events in 1972,1984, and 1995 have doubtless had an impact onthe status of these stocks, however, the maincause of each of the collapses of the pelagicstocks, especially pilchard, is believed to be over-

4 Introduction

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Fig. 6 Commercial landings of the pilchard(Sardinops ocellatus)

Fig. 7 Commercial landings of the anchovy(Engraulis capensis)

Fig. 5 Movement patterns of various life stages of the pilchard Sardinops ocellatus andthe anchovy Engraulis capensis off Namibia (redrawn from Payne and Crawford, 1989)

fishing. Total allowable catches for the pelagic re-sources have been drastically reduced in recentyears, but this has not so far lead to any sustainedrecovery.

Cape horse mackerel are exploited by 2 dif-ferent components of the fisheries. As juveniles(first 2 years of their lives) they are caught by purseseiners (catches sometimes exceeding 100 000 t).Adult horse mackerel are caught by midwatertrawlers. Two species of horse mackerel overlapoff southern Angola and northern Namibia; themain area of distribution of the Cunene horsemackerel Trachurus trecae is Angola and north-ward to the Gulf of Guinea while the Cape horsemackerel is found from northern Namibia, to theAgulhas Bank. Catches of the latter species wereabout 46 000 t in 1969 but they increased to about600 000 t in the middle of the 1980’s, because ofthe parallel increase in effort of the Polish and So-viet fleets (Fig. 8). Chub mackerel and snoek havebeen important bycatches of the midwater fishery,but in recent years have been rarely caught in anyquantity. Snoek is also fished by line gear, bothcommercially and as part of the popular recre-ational fishery.

The bulk of the bottom trawl fishery consistsof the 2 species of hake, M. capensis and M.paradoxus. The latter occurs in deeper waters butboth species overlap at intermediate depths. Theidentification of the 2 species is very difficult and infishery statistics the 2 have been treated together.Hakes are found close to the bottom during day-time but rise to intermediate waters duringnighttime, probably following their prey. The fish-eries off Namibia started in the early 1960’s andthe catches climbed from about 45 000 t in 1964 to850 000 t in 1972 (Fig. 9). Since then, catches de-creased and a major task of the Namibian fisheryauthorities after independence has been to pro-mote recuperation of this previously over-exploitedstock.

There are demersal species caught with bot-tom trawls and with line gear, that are not as abun-

dant as hake but are of significant economic impor-tance because they command high prices, particu-larly Cape monk.

Prior to independence monk was caught as abycatch of the hake trawl fishery. Recently amonk-directed fishery using bottom trawls has de-veloped. During the second half of the 1990’scatches averaged around 10 000 t per annum, ofwhich a third is still taken by hake trawlers. Severalother species form a small bycatch of the demersaltrawl fishery, notably kingklip, sole (Austroglossusmicrolepis), and various redfishes (”reds”), suchas jacopever (Helicolenus dachylopterus) andlarge-eye dentex (Dentex macrophthalmus).

In 1994 commercially viable quantities of or-ange roughy were discovered on the Namibianshelf-break. By the end of the 1990’s 4 spawningaggregations had been found in Namibian waters,supporting a small but economical deep-watertrawl fishery. Catches exceeded 12 000 t per an-num between 1996 and 1998, but are expected todecline thereafter as the stock reaches its optimalsustainable biomass. Exploration for further aggre-gations is actively encouraged by the Namibian au-thorities, while catches of alfonsino (Beryxsplendens), cardinals (Epigonidae) and oreos(Oreosomatidae) suggest that the deep-water fish-ery may diversify in future.

The West African geryon crab Chaceonmaritae forms the basis of the largest crustaceanfishery of the northern Benguela System, with an-nual catches approaching 10 000 t in the 1980’s.The catch had declined to around 2 000 t per an-num by the late 1990’s.

Another important invertebrate resource isCape rock lobster Jasus lalandii. This species,found mainly in the southern part of Namibia, rep-resented the world’s largest catch for any singleJasus species. Catches were high from the begin-ning of the 1950’s to the 1960’s, ranging fromabout 4 000 to 13 000 t, but dropped in the 1970’sto about 1 500 t and have decreased further in re-cent years (Fig. 10). In the mid-1990’s the catchhas generally been less than 250 t per annum.


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Fig. 8 Commercial landings of the Cape horsemackerel (Trachurus capensis) (purse seine andtrawl catches combined)

Fig. 9 Commercial landings of the hakes(Merluccis capensis and M. paradoxus)

Namibia also posses an importantshore-based recreational fishery. Kob andsteenbras are the main species caught, primarilyby beach anglers. Sharks and galjoen are alsopopular target species. Kob is also caught by rec-reational fishers on ski-boats and commerciallyfrom handline vessels.The taxa included in this guide

The species included in this guide are thoseconsidered to be of present or potential interest tofisheries, or those that may be important in fisher-ies production or for fisheries management. Notincluded in this guide are organisms that are nor-mally too small to occur in fisheries or are of onlyminor importance in Namibia. Some species areincluded because they occur frequently in thecatch of fisheries or may be important in the foodchain of fisheries organisms. Monitoring of abun-dances of these species may be useful in fisheriesmanagement for explaining and predicting popula-tion fluctuations of target species.How to use this guide

This guide is divided into major taxonomicgroups that can be located according to either thewritten index or the pictorial index to families. Themajor resource groups and the orders, families,and species included in them are listed in approxi-mate evolutionary or phylogenetic order. This or-der was chosen instead of alphabetical order sothat taxa with similar body shapes would usually befound in 1 section. This facilitates location andcomparison of similar groups of taxa.

The components of this guide are interrelatedand sometimes several sections should be con-sulted to ensure accurate identification. Thesecomponents include a “Pictorial Index to Divisions,Orders, or Families,” a “Guide to Orders and Fam-ilies,” and a “Guide to Species.” In addition, eachmajor resource group begins with an illustratedglossary of the important technical terms and mea-surements relevant for identification. It is useful tobecome familiar with these terms before attempt-ing to make an identification.

It is often essential to identify an organism toits family level before attempting to determine itsspecies name. This is because many of the im-portant characters listed in the “Guide to Fam-ilies” are not listed again in the “Guide toSpecies.” In some a case, the family identity willbe obvious simply by consulting the “Pictorial Indexto Families.” If not, the “Guide to Orders and Fam-ilies” and “Guide to Species” provide key charac-ters that will allow identification to family andspecies level. Each major resource group is intro-duced with a “Guide to Orders and Families” un-less there are only a few families and species (theseaweeds, sea turtles, sea birds, and marinemammals) where it is most convenient to begin di-rectly with a “Guide to Species.” In a case wherethere is more than 1 order listed in the “Guide to Or-ders and Families,” the order should first be deter-mined. This is done by comparing the appropriatefeatures of your organism with the order characters(Fig. 11). When there are multiple families in-cluded under each order, 2 types of captions areprovided. Captions listed in uppercase, bold, andhighlighted in grey are the key characters that canbe used to distinguish between the orders in eachmajor resource group. These characters are listedonly once, usually under the first family appearingin the order. Begin with the first order listed andcontinue comparing features of your organism untila match is found. Once the order is known, use thesame method to determine the family within the or-der using the family key characters. These are thecharacters listed in normal lower-case typeface. Ifspecies within that family are considered of impor-tance to fisheries, they are included in the guide tospecies and the page number listed in the guide tofamilies directs the user to the appropriate section.The species can then be identified within the guideto species by matching the key characters with thefeatures of the specimen (Fig. 12).

6 Introduction

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Fig. 10 Commercial landings of the Cape rocklobster (Jasus lalandii)


the scientific andcommon

FAMILYNAMES arelisted above a

brief FAMILYDESCRIPTIONthat mentions the

number ofspecies in

Namibia, habitattype, and

maximum length

maximum sizein total length

unlessotherwise

noted

the FAMILY NAME appears in the upperright corner for each species; the first time

it is listed, it is highlighted in grey

information on fishinggear and fisheries

information availableon habitat, depth,distribution, andpertinent biology

Order GADIFORMES - Hakes, Cods, and alliesPelvic fins situated in front of or below pectoral fins, with up to 17 rays; fins without spines except first 2rays spinous in dorsal fin of macrourids; adipose fin absent. Three families reported from Namibia.

MERLUCCIIDAE Page 147

Hakes

Three species of Merluccius reportedfrom Namibia; 2 of these species are themost important in trawl fisheries ofNamibia, the third (Merluccius polli) in-frequently caught in the northern part ofNamibia. Benthopelagic betweendepths of about 50 and 900 m. Maxi-mum size to 1.2 m total length. no chin

barbel

a V-shaped bony ridgeon top of head

ADIPOSE FIN ABSENT

no spinous ray in dorsal fin

PELVIC FINS IN FRONT OF OR

BELOW PECTORAL FINS,

WITH UP TO 17 RAYS

FINS WITHOUT SPINES EXCEPT

1ST

2 RAYS SPINOUS IN DORSAL

FIN OF MACROURIDS

Merluccius paradoxus Franca, 1960 (plate V, 36) HKO MERLUCCIIDAE

FAO names: En - Deepwater Capehake; Fr - Merlu profond; Sp - Merluzade cantil.Local names: Deepwater hake;Diepwater-stokvis (Ak); Tiefenwasser-Kapseechecht (Gr).Size: To 115 cm.Fisheries: Caught with bottom trawls, andrarely as bycatch of the midwater anddeep-water fisheries. An important spe-cies to the Namibian demersal fishingindustry.Habitat and biology: Generally in deeper waters than M.capensis, between depths of 200 and 1 000 m. Juvenilesfeed mainly on crustaceans, adults on mesopelagic fishes,and hake. Juveniles of deepwater hake are preyed uponby adults of Cape hake.

Merluccius polli Cadenat, 1950 MERLUCCIIDAE

FAO names: En - Benguela hake;Fr - Merlu d’afrique tropicale; Sp - Merluzade Benguela.

Local names: Stokvis (Ak); Benguela-Seehecht (Gr).

Size: Maximum to 80 cm, common to 38 cm.

Fisheries: Occurs outside of thedemersal fishing grounds.

Habitat and biology: Demersal from depths between 50 and 550 m. This is the least common of the hakes inNamibia and is mostly confined to the extreme northern part of Namibia.

18-23 gill rakerson 1st arch

in adults, prominent pigmentspots on tip of gill tubercles

54-58 total vertebrae

the corresponding PAGE NUMBER in the “Guide to Species”

the ORDER BOX contains the Order scientific and commonnames, the important order characters, and the number of

families found in Namibia

Fig. 11 The “Guide to Orders and Families”

detail of an importantanatomical feature

the FAMILY CHARACTERS are listed in boxed captionsin normal lower-case type for each family figure

the ORDER CHARACTERS are listed both in the OrderBox and in boxed captions in BOLD UPPER-CASE type

at the figure representing the first family of the order

the 3-letter statistical codeis included for importantspecies normally reported

by observers

SPECIES CHARACTERS that help distinguish itfrom other species in the family are listed in boxed

captions

scientific species name

official FAO names inEnglish, French, and

Spanish

local names in English,Afrikaans (Ak),

German (Gr), andSpanish (Sp), (local

names are not repeatedif they are the same asofficial FAO names);when no local namesare known this is left

blank to allow the userto write in a local

name whendetermined.

8-12 gillrakers on 1st arch

Fig. 12 The “Guide to Species”

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A PICTORIAL INDEX TO DIVISIONS ORDERS OR FAMILIES

8 A Pictorial Index to Divisions, Orders, or Families

SEAWEEDSSHRIMPS AND PRAWNS

RHODOPHYTA p. 23

LUCIFERIDAE p. 27

SERGESTIDAE p. 27

SOLENOCERIDAE p. 30

PHAEOPHYTA p. 25

ARISTEIDAE p. 30

PENAEIDAE p. 31

PALAEMONIDAE p. 33

PASIPHAEIDAE p. 33

HIPPOLYTIDAE p. 29

CHLOROPHYTA p. 25

ALPHEIDAE p. 29

OPLOPHORIDAE p. 32

NEMATOCARCINIDAE p. 32



CRABS

LITHODIDAE p. 44

LOBSTERS

AXIIDAE p. 36

CHIROSTYLIDAE p. 40

PARAPAGURIDAE p. 40 GALATHEIDAE p. 40

HOMOLIDAE p. 44DROMIIDAE p. 41

DIOGENIDAE p. 40

PANDALIDAE p. 33

NEPHROPIDAE p. 38

POLYCHELIDAE p. 36CALLIANASSIDAE p. 36

GLYPHOCRANGONIDAE p. 29

SCYLLARIDAE p. 38

PALINURIDAE p. 37CRANGONIDAE p. 34

PROCESSIDAE p. 29


CEPHALOPODS

LOLIGINIDAE p. 61SPIRULIDAE p. 51SEPIOLIDAE p. 51SEPIIDAE p. 59

GONEPLACIDAE p. 42GERYONIDAE p. 45

LEUCOSIDAE p. 41 MAJIDAE p. 45 CALAPPIDAE p. 45 CORYSITIDAE p. 42

PORTUNIDAE p. 46

GRAPSIDAE p. 46XANTHIDAE p. 43 OCYPODIDAE p. 43

LYCOTEUTHIDAE p. 52

BIVALVES AND GASTROPODS

MYTILIDAE p. 47

PATELLIDAE p. 48


VITRELEDONELLIDAE p. 57

ONYCHOTEUTHIDAE p. 62

BRACHIOTEUTHIDAE p. 64BATHYTEUTHIDAE p. 54

CTENOPTERYGIDAE p. 54

THYSANOTEUTHIDAE p. 67

OCTOPOTEUTHIDAE p. 53 ARCHITEUTHIDAE p. 53

HISTIOTEUTHIDAE p. 63ENOPLOTEUTHIDAE p. 52

OMMASTREPHIDAE p. 64

MASTIGOTEUTHIDAE p. 56

VAMPYROTEUTHIDAE p. 57

CHIROTEUTHIDAE p. 56

OPISTHOTEUTHIDAE p. 57

OCYTHOIDAE p. 58

OCTOPODIDAE p. 67

CRANCHIIDAE p. 56


MYXINIDAE p. 69

JAWLESS FISHES

ARGONAUTIDAE p. 58

HEMIGALEIDAE p. 81

CARCHARHINIDAE p. 81

SQUATINIDAE p. 88

ECHINORHINIDAE p. 88

SHARKS

CETORHINIDAE p. 73

LAMNIDAE p. 77

HEXANCHIDAE p. 76

CHLAMYDOSELACHIDAE p. 77

ODONTASPIDIDAE p. 77

ALOPIIDAE p. 78

SCYLIORHINIDAE p. 78

ALLOPOSIDAE p. 58

TRIAKIDAE p. 80

SQUALIDAE p. 82

OXYNOTIDAE p. 88

SPHYRNIDAE p. 74


RAJIDAE p. 93

RAYS

MYLIOBATIDAE p. 99DASYATIDAE p. 98

NARKIDAE p. 92TORPEDINIDAE p. 92

RHINOBATIDAE p. 90

CHIMAERAS

GYMNURIDAE p. 99

CALLORHINCHIDAE p. 101

CHIMAERIDAE p. 101

RHINOCHIMAERIDAE p. 102

ALBULIDAE p. 141

HALOSAURIDAE p. 110

NOTACANTHIDAE p. 141

BONY FISHES


BATHYLAGIDAE p. 113

COLOCONGRIDAE p. 111

SYNAPHOBRANCHIDAE p. 111

OPHICHTHIDAE p. 141

CONGRIDAE p. 142

NETTASTOMATIDAE p. 111

DERICHTHYIDAE p. 111

NEMICHTHYIDAE p. 112

CLUPEIDAE p. 142

ENGRAULIDAE p. 143

ALEPOCEPHALIDAE p. 144

CHAULIODONTIDAE p. 115

ARIIDAE p. 144

MICROSTOMATIDAE p. 113

PLATYROCTIDAE p. 113

STERNOPTYCHIDAE p. 114

GONOSTOMATIDAE p. 114

PHOSICHTHYIDAE p. 114

STOMIIDAE p. 115


ASTRONESTHIDAE p. 115

MELANOSTOMIIDAE p. 115

IDIACANTHIDAE p. 115

MALACOSTEIDAE p. 115

CHLOROPHTHALMIDAE p. 145

SYNODONTIDAE p. 145

NOTOSUDIDAE p. 116

PARALEPIDIDAE p. 116

ALEPISAURIDAE p. 116

EVERMANNELLIDAE p. 117

SCOPELARCHIDAE p. 117

NEOSCOPELIDAE p. 117

MYCTOPHIDAE p. 145

MERLUCCIIDAE p. 147

MORIDAE p. 148

MACROURIDAE p. 149

OPHIDIIDAE p. 152

BATRACHOIDIDAE p. 153

LOPHIIDAE p. 154 OGCOCEPHALIDAE p. 120


ANTENNARIIDAE p. 120

CHAUNACIDAE p. 120

MELANOCETIDAE p. 120

HIMANTOLOPHIDAE p. 121

DICERATIIDAE p. 121

CERATIIDAE p. 121

CAULOPHRYNIDAE p. 121

GOBIESOCIDAE p. 122

ATHERINIDAE p. 154

EXOCOETIDAE p. 155

SCOMBERESOCIDAE p. 155

LAMPRIDAE p. 156

ATELEOPODIDAE p. 157

TRACHIPTERIDAE p. 156

REGALECIDAE p. 123

BERYCIDAE p. 157

DIRETMIDAE p. 157

TRACHICHTHYIDAE p. 158


ANOPLOGASTERIDAE p. 124

MELAMPHAIDAE p. 124

BARBOURISIIDAE p. 125

ZEIDAE p. 159

GRAMMICOLEPIDIDAE p. 125OREOSOMATIDAE p. 126

SYNGNATHIDAE p. 126

FISTULARIIDAE p. 126

MACRORAMPHOSIDAE p. 161

CONGIOPODIDAE p. 161

SCORPAENIDAE p. 162

TRIGLIDAE p. 163

PERISTEDIIDAE p. 127

PSYCHROLUTIDAE p. 127

LIPARIDIDAE p. 128

HOWELLIDAE p. 128 ACROPOMATIDAE p. 164

CAPROIDAE p. 126


POLYPRIONIDAE p. 164

SERRANIDAE p. 165

CALLANTHIDAE p. 129

EPIGONIDAE p. 166

POMATOMIDAE p. 167

RACHYCENTRIDAE p. 167

ECHENEIDAE p. 129

CARANGIDAE p. 167

CORYPHAENIDAE p. 169

BRAMIDAE p. 170

CARISTIIDAE p. 131

EMMELICHTHYIDAE p. 171

HAEMULIDAE p. 171

LOBOTIDAE p. 131

SPARIDAE p. 172

SCIAENIDAE p. 176 DICHISTIDAE p. 178


NOMEIDAE p. 190

CHAETODONTIDAE p. 133

CHEILODACTYLIDAE p. 178

MUGILIDAE p. 179

SPHRYRAENIDAE p. 133

ZOARCIDAE p. 134

CHIASMODONTIDAE p. 134

URANOSCOPIDAE p. 134

PERCOPHIDAE p. 134

BLENNIIDAE p. 135

AMMODYTIDAE p. 180

CALLIONYMIDAE p. 180

GOBIIDAE p. 180

CLINIDAE p. 136

LUVARIDAE p. 136

SCOMBROLABRACIDAE p. 136

GEMPYLIDAE p. 180

TRICHIURIDAE p. 183

SCOMBRIDAE p. 184

XIPHIIDAE p. 187

ISTIOPHORIDAE p. 187

CENTROLOPHIDAE p. 188


ARIOMMATIDAE p. 138

STROMATEIDAE p. 191

TETRAGONURIDAE p. 191

CITHARIDAE p. 139

BOTHIDAE p. 191

SOLEIDAE p. 193

CYNOGLOSSIDAE p. 194

BALISTIDAE p. 140

TETRAODONTIDAE p. 195

DIODONTIDAE p. 140

SEA TURTLES

SEABIRDS

SPHENISCIIDAE p. 200

DIOMEDEIDAE p. 200 PROCELLARIIDAE p. 201

OSTRACIIDAE p. 140

MOLIDAE p. 140

p. 196


MARINE MAMMALS

PELECANIDAE p. 203 SULIDAE p. 203 PHALACROCORACIDAE p. 203

LARIDAE p. 205

MYSTICETI p. 207

ODONTOCETI p. 208

PINNIPEDIA p. 211

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SEAWEEDS

Seaweeds are an important marine resource in Namibia. They are harvested worldwide primarily for theextraction of chemicals that serve as gelling and thickening agents in foods, and for media used in medical

and microbiological work. These chemical agents are classified in 3 major categories: agar, carrageenans,and alginate. Agar is the most valuable of these compounds because it is the strongest known gelling agent,is essentially inert, and does not require additional chemicals in order to gel. Carrageenan is a general termfor a group of closely related gelling compounds which are also important gelling and thickening agents butusually require the presence of ions of potassium or calcium in order to gel. Alginate is a general thickening,binding, and gelling agent that has a variety of uses in food, textile, and manufacturing industries. Aside fromproviding valuable gelling agents, seaweeds are also important for direct consumption by man, as an animalfeed supplement, as food for abalone farms, and as fertilizer.There are numerous species of seaweeds and algae in Namibia. At least 9 species are of important present orpotential use, and are presented here. They are included in 3 major categories of seaweeds: the red, brown,and green algae. These 3 divisions are usually distinguishable by the colour that their name suggests, exceptred algae can be either red, brown, yellow, or dark in colour.Reproduction takes place in various ways, including sexual (gametes), asexual (spores), and vegetativepropagation (e.g., fragmentation of tallus). The life cycle may entail 1, 2, or 3 generations that can be morpho-logically similar or dissimilar and sometimes alternating between macroscopic and microscopic.

TECHNICAL TERMS

Agarophyte - Agar producing seaweed.

Axis - Equivalent of stem or branch in terrestrial plants.

Dichotomous - Dividing into 2.

Distal - Away from point of attachment.

Frond - Equivalent to a terrestrial plant leaf.

Gametophyte - Sexually reproducing form that bears gametes.

Holdfast - An attachment organ.

Midrib - Thickened central portion of thallus.

Papillae - Soft gland or protuberance.

Proximal - Towards the point of attachment.

Sporophyte - Asexually reproducing form that bears spores.

Stipe - Equivalent to a trunk or stem in terrestrial plants.

Thallus - Plant body not differentiated into roots, stem, and leaves.

Tetrasporophyte - Third generation form of algae, bearing spores.

22 Seaweeds

stipe

papillae

frondmidribthallus

holdfast


Division RHODOPHYTA - Red Algae

Gracilaria gracilis (Stackhouse) Steentoft, (1995) GRACILARIACEAE

FAO names: En - Warty gracilaria; Fr - Gracilaire commune;Sp - Gracilaria común.Local names: Sea grass.Size: Up to 3 m long; axis up to 2 mm thick.Utilization: Important source of agar. Exported raw dried, mostlyfrom the Lüderitz area where production increased from 310 t dryweight in 1982 to over 1 500 t in 1988; in 1990, 1 033 t were pro-duced. Harvested as beach cast; collection from beds prohibiteddue to ecological damage. Commercial mariculture aroundLüderitz.Habitat and biology: In Namibia, occurs mostly in Lüderitz Bay.Grows in sand and mud from depths of 2 to 11 m without special-ized attachment organs (Molloy and Bolton, 1996). Aerial por-tions break free and are cast up on the beach. Life historyconsists of 3 phases; the gametophytes and sporophyte are mac-roscopic and identical, the third phase is microscopic. Often con-fused with closely related Gracilariopsis species which grow inthe Walvis Bay and Swakopmund area.

Gigartina radula (Esper) J. Agardh, 1851 GIGARTINACEAE

FAO names: En - Tongue weed; Fr - Langue verruqueuse;Sp - Lengua verrucosa.Local names:Size: Usually not more than 15 cm long.Utilization: Gigartinaceae produce carrageenans and are har-vested worldwide. They have never been harvested in Namibiabut there is a potential for both G. radula and G. stiriata. Recom-mended harvesting is by hand plucking as opposed to cutting, asrecovery rate is faster.Habitat and biology: Occurs in the intertidal zone from the lowwater mark to 0.5 m above this point. They grow on rocks, moreprolifically in sheltered areas than exposed shores. Range isfrom the Orange River to Swakopmund, becoming increasinglymore scarce towards the north of the range. Morphological varia-tion is partially accounted for by the life cycle of which each spe-cies has 2 macroscopic and 1 microscopic phase.

Gigartina stiriata (Turner) J. Agardh, 1851 GIGARTINACEAE

FAO names: En - Fleshy moss; Fr - Moussecharnue; Sp - Musgo carnoso.Local names:Size: Usually not more than 15 cm long.Utilization: See Gigartina radula.

Habitat and biology: See Gigartina radula.

Guide to Species 23

colour purplish brown

short stipeand smallholdfast

rubberytexture

morphologically variablebut generally ovoid

thallus coveredwith papillae

thallus may be dichotomouslybranched in 1 plane or

haphazardly branched withboat-shaped apices

colour purplish brown

rubbery texture

morphologicallyhighly variable

TETRASPOROPHYTE GAMETOPHYTE

appears as amass ofstrings

colour may varyfrom greenishyellow to deepred depending

on depth ofgrowth; darkerreds are more

common

young axis withslightly

gelatinous feel,older axis withcourse texture

moderatelybranched

Aeodes orbitosa (Shur) Schmitz, 1894 CRYPTONEMIACEAE

FAO names: En - Yellow skin; Fr - Peau jaune; Sp - Cáscaraamarilla.Local names:Size: Can attain a diameter of 1 to 1.5 m.

Utilization: Aeodes contains a carrageenan type colloid but to datehas not been exploited anywhere in the world.Habitat and biology: Aeodes orbitosa grows prolifically south of andaround Lüderitz, but north of Ichaboe Island the species is veryscarce, however it has been reported (Simons, 1976) to occur atCape Frio. Though A. orbitosa grows on exposed and shelteredintertidal sites, largest plants grow in sheltered bays where thallussurface areas of up to 1 m2 can be attained. On exposed shoresplants tend to be small.

Suhria vittata (Linnaeus) J. Agardh, 1842 GELIDIACEAE

FAO names: En - Red ribbons; Fr - Rubansrouges; Sp - Cintas rojas.Local names: Red ribbons.Size: Lengths of up to 70 cm can be attained.Utilization: An agarophyte which has never been exploited thoughits agar yield is said to be satisfactory (Anderson,1985). As the sea-weed only grows amongst kelp beds it would be difficult to harvest.Habitat and biology: Endemic to Southern Africa. Grows on thestipes of the kelps Ecklonia maxima and Laminaria schinzii, on thelimpet Patella compressa (which is found on the stipes of Eckloniamaxima), and rarely, on subtidal rock. It occurs from the OrangeRiver to an unknown northward range. Two identical macroscopicand 1 microscopic phase.

Porphyra capensis (Kuetzing, 1843) BANGIACEAE

FAO names: En - Cape laver; Fr - Nori du Cap;Sp - Nori del Cabo.Local names:Size: Average 4 cm.Utilization: Porphyra is not used in Namibia but species of thePorphyra genus are used in the Far East for human consumption,the product is called “nori” and is the basis of a multi-billion dollar in-dustry.Habitat and biology: On the Namibian coast Porphyra capensis oc-curs from the Orange River to the Kunene River. It grows highest upon the shore of any seaweed and forms an easily recognizablemonospecific band. Reproduction involves 3 morphologically dissim-ilar phases. The macroscopic phase is gametophytic and the otherphases are microscopic.

24 Seaweeds

texture is smoothand slightlygelatinous

membranouswith midrib

colour varies from dark to light red

small holdfast attaches the plant from whichthe bare midrib arises (resembling a stipe)

resembles red ribbons

margins of thethallus fringed

with ramuli(small leaflets)

slippery texture and becomescrisp and brittle when dry

colour varies from dark purple-black toyellow; dark colours are more common

thin (1-2 cells thick) thallus of varyingshape but generally ovoid

slimy smoothtexture

large, thin, ovoid tocircular thallus

no stipe and small holdfastcolour brownish yellow

Division PHAEOPHYTA - Brown Algae

Laminaria pallida var schinzii Foslie, 1893 LAMINARIACEAE

FAO names: En - Hollow oar weed; Fr - Laminaire du Benguela;Sp - Kombu de Benguela.Local names: Sea bamboo, Kelp.Size: Very large, made up of 3 components; the holdfast up to30 cm diameter, the stipe up to 5 m long and the fronds up to2.5 m long.Utilization: Species of Laminaria are widely used for alginate,pharmaceuticals, and human and animal food. In Namibia, L.schinzii was exported to Taiwan for food from 1987 to 1989.Beach cast is also collected for an animal feed supplement. Rec-ommended harvest method is to cut the fronds 2 cm above thepalm every 4 months. Recent experimental harvests yielded 137 t(wet weight) from the Lüderitz Peninsula.Habitat and biology: Endemic to southwestern Africa; inNamibia, from Orange River north to Rocky Point. Grows fromthe low water mark to a depth of about 25 m, in very densestands of 12 plants/m2

2

in shallow exposed sites. Sporophytephase is large, macroscopic, and the gametophytes are micro-scopic.

Ecklonia maxima (Osbeck) Papenfuss, 1940 ALARIACEAE

FAO names: En - Sea bamboo; Fr - Bambou de mer;Sp - Bambú de mar.Local names: Sea bamboo, Kelp.Size: A very large seaweed composed of 3 parts; the holdfast upto 30 cm diameter which secures the plant to rock, the long stipewhich can attain 5 m in length (on the Namibian coast), and thefronds which arise from the distal end of the stipe and may reach2 m.Utilization: In South Africa used for plant fertilizer and alginate.In Namibia quantities are limited but beach cast is collected foruse as an animal feed supplement.Habitat and biology: Occurs from the Orange River as far northas “Saddle Hill south” 80 kms north of Lüderitz. It is found insemi-exposed rocky bays and inlets from the low water mark to adepth of 7 m. Same life history as Laminaria.

Division CHLOROPHYTA - Green Algae

Ulva spp. Linnaeus ULVACEAE

FAO names: En - Sea lettuce; Fr - Laitue;Sp - Mantilla.Local names: Sea lettuce.Size: Average 3 cm.Utilization: Used for human consumption in the Far East. Notyet used in Namibia.Habitat and biology: Occurs from the Orange River to theKunene River in the intertidal zone. Growth is more prolific insheltered habitats and rock pools. One macroscopic phase and2 free living microscopic phases.

Guide to Species 25

fronds arise froma palm at top of

stipe which splitsto form the

strap-like fronds

colour overall darkbrown, spore

producing areas onfronds appear asblackish brown

blotches

stipe hollow, narrowat proximal end,

widest in themiddle, and narrowsagain at distal end;

no stipe bulb

older plants may have awarty textured stipe

fronds are strap-likeand arise from a flatoval horny structureabove bulb of stipe

colour fronds usually yellowish brown while stipes, particularly in older plants are blackish brown

stipe hollow, narrow atproximal end and

gradually widening toa bulb at distal end

morphology varies fromovoid to elongate

delicate texture

thin green membranousthalli

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SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS

There are many species of shrimps that occur or are likely to occur in Namibia, but only a few of these havebeen identified as potentially exploitable in fisheries. Macpherson (1983,1991) listed 54 species of

shrimps from Namibia from intensive bottom trawl and pelagic sampling of mostly offshore waters. Weinclude 2 additional species in this guide from littoral and nearshore sublittoral waters, but we suspect thatthese habitats have not yet been adequately sampled. Therefore, the total of 56 species from Namibia listedhere will likely increase in the future. In the guide to “Orders and Families” we include all 15 families ofshrimps known to occur in Namibia. However, in the “Guide to Species” we include only the 16 species in 9families considered to be of current or potential use in fisheries. The “Guide to Orders and Families” is morecomprehensive so interested researchers can identify, at least to family level, almost all shrimps likely tooccur in Namibia.There are often discrepancies in the literature regarding the ranks used for classification of shrimps (and allcrustaceans) above the species level. For example, the shrimps we include under the Infraorder Penaeideaare sometimes listed as a Superfamily or a Suborder. There are 2 major groups that are likely to occur inNamibia, and these are easily separable by observing the extent of overlap of the pleuron of the second ab-dominal segment.

TECHNICAL TERMS AND MEASUREMENTS

26 Shrimps and Prawns

epigastric (or1st rostral)

tooth

submarginal crestbranchiostegal spine

orbito-antennalgroove

postorbital spine

antennal crest

rostral teeth

suprahepatic spine

cervical groovehepatic spine

hepatic crest

carapace lateral view

abdomencarapace

tailfan

orbital spine

rostrum

antennal flagellum

1-6 abdominalsegments (or

somites)

dorsalcrest

flagella

longitudinal suture

transverse suturepleura

telson

uropod

antennula

pleopods

antennal spine

antennula

pereiopodsor legs

non-groovedcarapace carapace dorsal view

telson without movable spines telson with movable spines

apicalportion

(tip)

orbital margin

eyestalk withtubercle

eyestalk withouttubercle

median groove

postrostral crestadrostral grooveadrostral crest

pterygostomian spine

gastrofrontal crestgastrofrontal groovegrastro-orbital crest


Infraorder PENAEIDEA - Penaeid ShrimpsPleuron of second abdominal segment overlapping only the third segment; pincers of first 3 pairs of thoraciclegs equal or nearly equal, sometimes first pair missing; eggs shed directly into the water. Five families fromNamibia, 3 of these represented in the “Guide to Species.”

SOLENOCERIDAE Page 30

Solenocerid shrimps

Two species listed from Namibia:Hymenopenaeus chacei Crosnier andForest, 1969 and Solenocera africanaStebbing, 1917, only the latter consideredof interest to fisheries and included in the“Guide to Species.”

ARISTEIDAE Page 30

Aristeid shrimps

Five species listed from Namibia, 3 in-cluded in the “Guide to Species” and 2others, Gennadas brevirostris Bouvier,1905 and G. clavicarpus de Man, 1907,are pelagic and generally occur in waterdeeper than 700 m and not considered im-portant to fisheries.

PENAEIDAE Page 31

Penaeid shrimps

Three species included in the “Guide toSpecies.” Two species demersal atdepths down to 400 m; a third species pe-lagic at depths below 400m.

SERGESTIDAE

Sergestid shrimps

Eight pelagic deep-water (deeper than500 m) species listed by Macpherson(1991), none included in the “Guide toSpecies”: Sergestes arcticus Krøyer,1859, S. armatus Krøyer, 1855, S.diapontius Bate, 1881, S. edwardsiKrøyer, 1855, S. pediformis Crosnier andForest, 1973, Sergia grandis (Sund,1920), S. potens (Burkenroad, 1940), andS. robusta (Smith, 1882).

LUCIFERIDAE

Luciferid shrimps

One species, not included in the “Guide toSpecies”: Lucifer faxoni Borradaile,1915.

Guide to Orders and Families 27

eyestalk witha tubercle

no postorbital spine

pincers on 1st 3 pereiopodswell developed

no postorbital spine

no tubercle oneyestalk

short cervicalgroove

pincers on 1st 3 pereiopods well developed

pincers on 2nd and3rd pereiopods

minute

anterior part of carapace not elongate beyondinsertion of mouth appendices

1st pair of pereiopodswithout pincers

pincers on 1st 3 pereiopods well developed

PINCERS OF 1st 3 PAIRS OF PEREIOPODS EQUAL OR NEARLYEQUAL, OR MISSING ON 1st PAIR OF PEREIOPODS

PLEURON OF2nd ABDOMINAL

SEGMENTOVERLAPPINGONLY THE 3rd

SEGMENT

long cervical groovepostorbital spine present

1st pair of pereiopodswithout pincers

pincers on 2nd and 3rd pereiopods minute

anterior part of carapaceelongate beyond

insertion of mouthappendices

Infraorder CARIDEA - Caridean ShrimpsPleuron of second abdominal segment overlaps both the first and third segments; pincers on first 2 or onlysecond pair of thoracic legs; eggs carried by the female. Ten families from Namibia, 5 of these representedin the “Guide to Species.”

OPLOPHORIDAE

Deepsea shrimps

At least 10 species in Namibia, generallycaught below depths of 900 m and mostnot considered important to fisheries; 1 in-cluded in the “Guide to Species.”

NEMATOCARCINIDAE Page 32

Spider shrimps

One species included in the “Guide toSpecies” and another, Nematocarcinussigmoideus Macpherson, 1984, is adeep-water (at depths greater than 800m) benthic species, not included in the“Guide to Species.”

PASIPHAEIDAE Page 33

Glass shrimps

One species included in the “Guide toSpecies”; 3 others not included arePasiphaea semispinosa Holthuis, 1951, P.tarda Krøyer, 1845, and Psatyrocarisinfirma Alcock and Anderson, 1894.

PALAEMONIDAE Page 33

Palaemonid shrimps

One species included in the “Guide toSpecies”; not included is Periclimenesandresi Macpherson, 1988, a benthicspecies occurring at depths between 100and 200 m.


small pincers on 1st pereiopods, 2nd pereiopodslonger with larger, robust pincers

carpus on 2nd

pereiopodsunsegmented

last 3-4 pereiopodsextremely elongate

pincers on 1st 2pereiopods

rostrum short

1st 2 pairs of pereiopods largeand strong, pincers with teeth

on inside cutting edge

carpus on 2nd


last 3 pereiopodsnot elongate

PINCERS ON 1st 2 ORONLY 2nd PAIR OF

PEREIOPODS

pincers on 1st 2 pereiopods, of nearly equal size, andwithout teeth on inside border

carpus on 2nd


PLEURON OF2nd

ABDOMINALSEGMENTOVERLAPS

BOTH THE 1st

AND 3rd

SEGMENT

54

3

2

1

5

ALPHEIDAE

Snapping shrimps

Two species, Alpheopsis africanaHolthuis, 1952 and Alpheus macrocheles(Hailstone, 1835), neither included in the“Guide to Species.”

HIPPOLYTIDAE

Cock shrimps

Three species, Merhippolyteagulhasensis Bate, 1888, M. ancistrotaCrosnier and Forest, 1973, and Eulasctenifer (Barnard, 1950), none included inthe “Guide to Species.

PROCESSIDAE

Night shrimps

A single species, Processa namibiensisMacpherson, 1983, not included in the“Guide to Species.”

PANDALIDAE Page 33

Pandalid shrimps

Nine species, 4 included in the “Guide toSpecies”; not included are: Pandalinamodesta (Bate, 1888), P. profundaHolthuis, 1946, Plesionika carinata(Holthuis, 1951), P. heterocarpus (Costa,1871), Stylopandalus richardi (Coutière,1905).

CRANGONIDAE Page 34

Crangonid shrimps

One species included in the “Guide toSpecies”; not included are Pontophilusgracilis Smith, 1882 and Metacrangonjacqueti bellmarleyi (Stebbing, 1914).

GLYPHOCRANGONIDAE

Armoured shrimps

One benthic deep-water (depths greaterthan 900 m) species, Glyphocrangonlongirostris (Smith, 1882), not included inthe “Guide to Species.”


rostrum short, withoutteeth, generally bifidright 1st pereiopod with a pincer,

the left 1st pereiopod without apincer

carpus on 2nd

pereiopodssegmented

carpus on 2nd

pereiopodssegmented

pincers on 1st 2 pereiopodsvery small or absent

1st pair of pereiopods very strong, with incompletepincers lacking the fixed finger

carpus on 2nd pereiopods unsegmented

body depressed

carpus on 2nd pereiopodssegmented

body depressed

carapace with large teeth

carpus on 2nd pereiopods segmented

pincers on 1st

pereiopodssmall butdistinct,

larger thanpincers on

2nd

pereiopods

pincers of 1st pereiopods very large, usuallydifferent forms on right and left

carpus on 2nd pereiopods segmented

short rostrum

Solenocera africana Stebbing, 1917 (plate I, 1) SOLENOCERIDAE

FAO names: En - African mud shrimp;Fr - Solenocère d’Afrique; Sp - Gamba de fango.Local names:Size: To 14 cm total length.Fisheries: One of the most abundant speciescaught with bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: A demersal species, the imma-ture individuals are found mainly between depths of 50and 100 m while adults occur at depths of 300 m ormore, on sand and mud bottoms. Mainly active atnight; feeds on polychaetes, small crustaceans andmolluscs.

Aristeomorpha foliacea (Risso, 1827) ARISTEIDAE

FAO names: En - Giant red shrimp; Fr - Gambonrouge; Sp - Gamba española.Local names:Size: To 22 cm total length.Fisheries: Caught with bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: A demersal species, on sandyand muddy bottoms and according to Macpherson(1991) found in the extreme southern part of Namibiaon the continental slope between depths of 300 and500 m.

Aristeus varidens Holthuis, 1952 (plate I, 2) ARISTEIDAE

FAO names: En - Striped red shrimp;Fr - Gambon rayé; Sp - Alistado.Local names: Tiefseegarnele (Gr).Size: To 20 cm (females) and 12 cm (males) to-tal length.Fisheries: Caught with bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: Adults occur between400 and 824 m, young individuals at depths of300 m, on muddy bottoms. Best trawl yields areobtained at night suggesting that this speciesburrows in the substrate by day. Life span isabout 2 years. Found in the northern part ofNamibia down to 24°S.


cross section of antennular tube

orbitalspine

present

postorbital spinepresent

long cervical groove

antennular flagellaunited to form arespiratory tube

female

male rostrum

carapace slightly keeled3 teeth at base of

rostrum

female

carapaceslightlykeeled

male rostrum

5-6 stout teeth at base ofrostrum; females with

small teeth also on longrostrum, males with

shorter rostrum

Plesiopenaeus edwardsianus (Johnson, 1867) ARISTEIDAE

FAO names: En - Scarlet shrimp; Fr - Gambonécarlate; Sp - Gamba carabinero.Local names: Atlantische rote Riesengarnele(Gr).Size: To 33 cm (females) and 19 cm (males) to-tal length.Fisheries: Caught with bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: Found on muddy bottomsof the continental slope, mostly between depthsof 400 and 900 m, preferring temperatures be-tween 5° and 8°C.

Funchalia woodwardi Johnson, 1867 (plate IX, 65) PENAEIDAE

FAO names: En - Woodward’s pelagic shrimp.Local names:Size: To around 16 cm total length.Fisheries: A medium-sized shrimp sometimescaptured in fairly dense concentrations inmidwater trawls. Probably the target of a previ-ous shrimp fishery in southern Namibia and po-tentially important commercially.Habitat and biology: A night active pelagicspecies typically occurring at depths below 500m but can be found between the depths of 50and 3 000 m; also captured by bottom trawls.

Macropetasma africana (Balss, 1913) PENAEIDAE

FAO names: En - Swimming shrimp;Fr - Crevette nageuse; Sp - Camarón nadador.Local names: Surf shrimp.Size: To 6.7 cm total length.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: A littoral species, to adepth of 30 m. Also in estuaries.

Guide to Species 31

female (rostrum shorter in males)

carapace strongly keeled, withnumerous conspicuous ridges

exopods of 2nd maxillipedsfeathery

longitudinal suture oncarapace absent

carapace with lateral keels

mandibles sickle-shaped

colour pinkish white withreddish margin of

abdominal segments andreddish brown upperanterior portion of

carapace

covered with short, almostinvisible hairs

Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas, 1846) (plate I, 3) PENAEIDAE

FAO names: En - Deepwater rose shrimp;Fr - Crevette rose du large; Sp - Camarón dealtura.Local names: Rosa Geißelgarnele (Gr).Size: To 19 cm total length.Fisheries: Caught with bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: On sandy and muddy bot-toms from 100 to 400 m and temperatures of 8to 15oC; largest individuals are found in deeperwaters. This species carries out lengthy dailyand seasonal vertical migrations. Largestcatches are taken during daytime. Feeds onclams, mysids, and small crangonids. Reportedonly from the extreme northern part of Namibia.

Acanthephyra acanthitelsonis Bate, 1888 OPLOPHORIDAE

FAO names: En - Spinytailed deepsea pelagicshrimp.Local names:Size: To about 10 cm total length and 2.2 cmcarapace length.Fisheries: A somewhat common species withpotential for increased commercial exploitation.Habitat and biology: Pelagic, but also caughtwith bottom gear, usually at depths greater than400 m; maximum depth reported to 3 383 m;commonly between 400 and 800 m in Namibia.Breeding most likely occurs around January.

Nematocarcinus africanus Crosnier and Forest, 1973 NEMATOCARCINIDAE

FAO names: En - African spider shrimp; Fr - Crevettearaignée; Sp - Camarón araña africano.Local names:Size: To 10.4 cm total length.Fisheries: Caught with bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: Demersal on muddy bottoms ofthe continental slope at depths from 200 to 700 m, butusually from 400 to 600 m. Northern Namibia.


13 -19 pairs of spines on uppersides of telson

rostrum slender and elongate

rostrum short

rostrum long

N. sigmadeus Macpherson, 1984

4 last pairsof

pereiopodsextremely

long

longitudinal suture along entirelength of carapace

Glyphus marsupialis Filhol, 1884 (plate I, 4) PASIPHAEIDAE

FAO names: En - Kangaroo shrimp; Fr - Sivadekangourou; Sp - Camarón canguro.Local names:Size: To 16.7 cm total length.Fisheries: Not usually abundant but can be animportant element in the bycatch of trawl fisher-ies.Habitat and biology: Demersal on muddy sandbottoms, at depths between 400 and 826 m.

Palaemon elegans Rathke, 1837 PALAEMONIDAE

FAO names: En - Rockpool prawn; Fr - Bouquetflàque; Sp - Camarón de poza.Local names: Felsengarnele, Süßwassergarnele(Gr).Size: To 6 cm total length.Fisheries: Caught by handnet.Habitat and biology: Inhabits the shallowsublittoral zone.

Chlorotocus crassicornis (Costa, 1871) PANDALIDAE

FAO names: En - Green shrimp; Fr - Crevetteverte; Sp - Camarón verde.Local names:Size: To 7.8 cm total length.Fisheries: Caught incidentally in bot-tom trawls.Habitat and biology: Demersal onmuddy and sandy mud bottoms atdepths between 75 and 600 m but usu-ally found between 300 and 400 m. Re-corded only from northern Namibia.

Guide to Species 33

54

1

3

“H” pattern of crests

4-8 teeth reduced orabsent in large

specimens

rostrum short

4th pereiopod shorter than5th pereiopod

7-10 spines on rostrum,3 of these postorbital

1st pereiopod withsmall pincer

2nd pereiopod with strong pincer

3-4 ventral teeth

10-14 teeth, 4 behind orbit

1st pereiopod withouta pincer

carpus on2nd

pereiopodwith only2 articles

2nd periopod with adistinct pincer

4-7 teeth on ventral border

2

Heterocarpus grimaldi A. Milne Edwards and Bouvier, 1900 (plate IX, 66) PANDALIDAE

FAO names: En - Grimald’s nylon shrimp.Local names:Size: To about 17 cm.Fisheries: Fairly abundant in deep-water trawlsand of potential interest for expanded commer-cial exploitation.Habitat and biology: Demersal at depths be-tween 500 and 1 473 m, most commonly between500 and 1 000 m. Males in analyzed samples typi-cally measured between 20 and 25 mm carapacelength while females measured between 21 and40 mm, indicating a sexual size dimorphism or potential protandrous hermaphroditism.

Plesionika acanthonotus (S.I. Smith, 1882) PANDALIDAE

FAO names: En - Lesser striped shrimp;Fr - Crevette naine rayée; Sp - Camarón rayadomenor.Local names: Tiefseegarnele (Gr).Size: To 8.5 cm total length.Fisheries: Caught incidentally in bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: Found at depths of 190 to1 350 m, on muddy bottoms. Recorded off north-ern Namibia.

Plesionika martia (A. Milne Edwards, 1883) PANDALIDAE

FAO names: En - Golden shrimp; Fr - Crevettedorée; Sp - Camarón de oro.Local names: Tiefseegarnele (Gr).Size: To 17 cm total length.Fisheries: Caught mainly with bottom and pe-lagic trawls.Habitat and biology: A primarily demersal spe-cies, inhabiting muddy bottoms between depthsof 300 and 700 m. Off the northern part of thecountry. Feeds mainly on crustaceans and car-rion.

Pontocaris lacazei (Gourret, 1887) CRANGONIDAE

FAO names: En - Hardshell shrimp;Fr - Crevette crâne; Sp - Camarón de casco.Local names:Size: To 4.9 cm total length.Fisheries: Caught with bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: Found on the continentalshelf and upper slope, at depths between 50and almost 700 m. Off northern Namibia.


8 or less teeth on ventralmargin of rostrum

pincer on 1st pereiopod very small

carpus of 2nd pereiopod with more than 3 segments

42-52 teeth on ventralmargin of rostrum

pincer on 1st

pereiopodvery small

long rostrum

carpus of 2nd pereiopod withmore than 3 segments

body depressed

1st pair of pereiopods very strong,with pincers lacking fixed finger

antennal-scale marginstraight with strong

tooth on end

rostrum very short

5 rows of pronouncedspines

2nd pair of pereiopods muchshorter than others

dorsal margin of rostrum mostlysmooth, toothed at base only

antennal spine much longer thanpterygostomian spine carapace with 2 lateral crests along

nearly its entire length

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LOBSTERS

Asingle species of lobster, the Cape rock lobster, is presently of prime interest to fisheries in Namibia. It isthe basis of an important fishery centred in Lüderitz. Four additional species of lobsters that occur in

Namibia are of potential interest to fisheries and are presented here. Six additional lobsters may also occur infisheries off Namibia (Holthuis, 1991), but are not considered important and only their family identification isconsidered.Lobsters are crustaceans that can look similar to shrimps except that lobsters have flattened (compressedfrom top to bottom) or cylindrical bodies while shrimps almost always have laterally compressed (flattenedfrom side to side) bodies. The families of lobsters in Namibia can be easily distinguished by their generalbody and head shape, the presence of large chela or pincers on the first pereiopod, the length of the flagella,and their distribution.

TECHNICAL TERMS AND MEASUREMENTS,AND ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO FAMILIES

Guide to Families 35

PALINURIDAE Page 37

Spiny lobsters

Three species found in Namibia, all included inthe “Guide to Species.”

SCYLLARIDAE Page 38

Slipper lobsters

Only 1 species found in the extreme northern partof Namibia, included in the “Guide to Species.”

pereiopod 1

pereiopod 2

antennules

no pincers

antennal flagellum abroad, flat segment

taillength

taillength

tailfan

pereiopod 4

carapace

eye

pereiopod 3

pereiopod 5

no pincers

antennal flagellum longand whip-like

strong spines oncarapace

totallength

tailfan

2 frontal hornsover eyes

carapacelength

telsonuropod

abdo-minalseg-

ments

antenna

I

II

III

IV

V

VI


NEPHROPIDAE Page 38

True lobsters

One species found inNamibia.

CALLIANASSIDAE

Ghost shrimps

One species reported fromNamibia, Callianassa australisKensley, 1974; not included in the“Guide to Species.”

36 Lobsters

1st pair of pereiopods asymmetricalwith large pincers

3rd pereiopod withoutpincers

tufts of hair

shape of 1st pair ofpereiopods not

stronglyasymmetrical

carapace withoutstrong spines

carapaceflattened

4 or morepairs ofpincers

AXIIDAE

Axiid lobstersTwo species in Namibia, Calostacus longispinis(McArble, 1901) and Calocaris barnardi Stebbing,1914; neither included in the “Guide to Species.”

POLYCHELIDAE

Polychelid lobsters

Three species found in Namibia, Stereomastissubmi (Bate, 1878), S. grimaldi (Bouvier, 1905),and S. talismani (Bouvier, 1917); none consideredimportant to fisheries and therefore none includedin the “Guide to Species.”

carapace withoutstrong spines

total length

strong rostrum

tail lengthcarapace length

3 pairs of pincers 4th pereiopod without pincer

tail fan

Jasus lalandii (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) (plate I, 5) LBC PALINURIDAE

FAO names: En - Cape rock lobster; Fr - Langouste duCap; Sp - Langosta del Cabo.Local names: West coast rock lobster; Crayfish; Kreef(Ak); Afrikanische Languste, Kap-Languste, RoteLanguste (Gr).Size: Maximum total body length 46 cm, carapacelength 18 cm.Fisheries: Captured by lobster pots and hoop nets. Animportant fishery for this species centred aroundLüderitz where there were reported landings of around2 000 t per year in the 1980’s. In the 1950’s and 1960’showever, landings averaged around 7 000 t per yearand reached a peak in 1952 of over 13 000 t. The cur-rent closed season for lobster is between the months ofNovember and May and the size restriction is a mini-mum of 65 mm carapace length.Habitat and biology: Occurs in coastal waters on rockybottoms in depths up to about 100 m. Males molt be-tween September and December and females molt be-tween April and May after which mating takes place;females reach sexual maturity at 57 to 59 mm carapacelength; hatching appears to be synchronized with theonset of upwelling; larvae settle in shallow-water kelpbeds, adults more to deeper waters. Lifespan is about30 to 40 years. Feeds primarily on mussels, other inver-tebrates and sometimes seaweeds; octopus is an im-portant predator, preying on a wide size range. InNamibia found south of 21oS.

Panulirus regius De Brito Capello, 1864 PALINURIDAE

FAO names: En - Royal spiny lobster; Fr - Langousteroyale; Sp - Langosta real.Local names: Königslanguste (Gr).Size: To 35 cm, common to 25 cm.Fisheries: Lobster pots, bottom trawls, bottom set nets.Habitat and biology: Shallow coastal waters fromdepths of 5 to 40 m on rocky and sandy bottoms, butalso reported on soft bottoms at depths between 500and 600 m. Only recorded in the extreme northern partof Namibia.

Guide to Species 37

long flagellae

colour greenish, white bands on hindmargins of abdominal segments

short flagellae

abdominal segmentwith scale-like

sculpturing

Projasus parkeri (Stebbing, 1902) PALINURIDAE

FAO names: En - Cape jaggedlobster; Fr - Langouste dentelé;Sp - Langosta dentada.Local names:Size: Maximum total length ofabout 15 cm, maximum cara-pace length is 6 cm.Fisheries: None at present, onlyrarely caught.Habitat and biology: Found onmuddy bottoms that also havesome rock and coral at depthsbetween 370 and 841 m. OffNamibia, so far only reported onValdivia Bank.

Scyllarides herklotsii (Herklots, 1851) SCYLLARIDAE

FAO names: En - Red slipper lobster;Fr - Cigale rouge; Sp - Cigarra roja.Local names:Size: About 32 cm, common to 25 cm.Fisheries: Bottom trawls, bottom setnets.Habitat and biology: On sandy androcky bottoms usually at depths from 5to 70 m, but also to 300 m. So far, onlyreported in the extreme northern part ofNamibia.

Nephropsis atlantica Norman, 1882 (plate I, 6) NEPHROPIDAE

FAO names: En - Scarlet lobsterette;Fr - Langoustine écarlate; Sp - Cigaloescarlata.Local names:Size: Maximum total length 10.3 cm.Fisheries: Taken as bycatch in trawls.Habitat and biology: On mud bottoms in deepwater from 470 to 1 800 m. In Namibia reportednorth of 24oS.

38 Lobsters

median dorsal ridgeindistinct or absent

separate dark red spots

colour reddish brown todark red

abdominal segments withoutscale-like sculpturing

short flagellae

CRABS

Many species of crabs occur in Namibia, but only a few species are considered as potentially important tofisheries. A substantial fishery already exists for 1 species, Chaceon maritae (West African geryon).

For our list of offshore crabs, we rely on Macpherson (1991) who completed extensive pelagic and benthictrawls off the coast of Namibia. He recorded 12 species in 5 families of anomuran crabs and 23 species in 11families of brachyuran crabs. These 35 species are those likely to be encountered in offshore fisheries. Wealso include in this guide 3 nearshore crabs that are likely to be of interest to fisheries although there are othernearshore and littoral crabs that occur in Namibia. Of these 38 species, we list only 7 species in 6 differentfamilies of present or potential interest to fisheries. In order to aid the researcher to identify at least to familylevel all crabs that are likely to occur (but not necessarily of importance) in fisheries, our “Guide to Subordersand Families” covers 16 families of crabs that may be encountered.The classification of crabs above the species level is often confusing since different taxonomists sometimesuse different ranks and groups. For crustaceans we generally follow Holthuis (1991) and therefore recognize2 suborders of crabs: the Anomura and Brachyura. These 2 suborders are easily separable by the position ofthe abdomen and the size of the last pair of legs.



lateral spine

eye

hand

walkinglegs 1-4

dorsal view

abdomen

carapace

rostrumantenna

antennule

dactyl

palm

1

2

3

4

ventral viewabdomen of male

thoracicsternites

telson

abdomen of female

Suborder ANOMURA - Hermit Crabs, Stone Crabs,King Crabs, and Squat Lobsters

Abdomen only somewhat reduced, not firmly tucked underneath carapace; the fifth pair of legs often re-duced so that it appears as if there are only 3 pairs of walking legs. Five families from Namibia, only 1 repre-sented in the “Guide to Species.”

LITHODIDAE Page 44

Stone and king crabs

Two species included in “Guide to Spe-cies”; another not included is Paralomisafricana Macpherson, 1982.

DIOGENIDAE

Left-handed hermit crabs

One species likely to be encountered inNamibia, Dardanus arrosor (Herbst,1796); not included in the “Guide to Spe-cies.” Demersal, at depths between 100and 200 m.

PARAPAGURIDAE

Deepwater hermit crabs

Three species likely to be encountered,Parapagurus bouvieri Stebbing, 1910,Sympagrus dimorphus (Studer, 1883),and S. macrocerus Forest, 1955, none in-cluded in the “Guide to Species.” Alldemersal species occurring at depths be-tween 200 and 800 m.

GALATHEIDAE

Squat lobsters

Four species likely to be encountered,Munidopsis chuni Doflein and Balss,1913, M. longirostris A. Milne Edwardsand Bouvier, 1897, Munida benguelaSaint Laurent and Macpherson, 1988, andM. speciosa von Martens, 1878; none in-cluded in the “Guide to Species.”

CHIROSTYLIDAE

Chirostylid crabs

One species likely to be encountered inNamibia, Eumunidae squamifera SaintLaurent and Macpherson, 1990; not in-cluded in the “Guide to Species.”Demersal, caught at depths between 300and 500 m.

40 Crabs

abdomen soft, segmentsnot well developed,

usually enclosed in adiscarded shell of

another animal

ABDOMEN ONLY SOMEWHATREDUCED, NOT FIRMLY TUCKED

UNDERNEATH CARAPACE

THE 5th PAIR OF LEGS OFTEN REDUCEDSO THAT IT APPEARS AS IF THERE ARE

ONLY 3 PAIRS OF WALKING LEGS

abdomen tuckedventrally

segments onabdomen

welldeveloped

abdomen tuckedventrally

segments on abdomenwell developed

Suborder BRACHYURA - True CrabsAbdomen reduced, tucked tightly underneath carapace; last pair of legs not substantially reduced. Twelvefamilies from Namibia, 5 of these represented in the “Guide to Species.”

DROMIIDAE

Sponge crabs

Three demersal species likely to be en-countered, Exodromidia bicornis(Studer, 1882), E. spinosa (Studer, 1882),and Pseudodromia inermis Macpherson,1988; none included in the “Guide to Spe-cies.”

HOMOLIDAE Page 44

Homolid crabs

One species likely to be encountered, in-cluded in the “Guide to Species.”

LEUCOSIDAE

Purse crabs

One species, Ebalia scandens (Stebbing,1921); not included in the “Guide to Spe-cies.”

MAJIDAE Page 45

Spider crabs

One species included in the “Guide toSpecies,” 4 others not included areInachus angolensis Capart, 1951, I.grallator Manning and Holthuis, 1981,Rochinia hertwigi (Doflein, 1900),Dorynchus basi Macpherson, 1983, andMacropodia macrocheles (A. Milne Ed-wards and Bouvier, 1898).


area between eyes produced,usually with 2 long teeth

often spineson carapace

last 4 pairs of legs similar but varyingin length, usually hairy and spiny

dactyluswith

spines

carapace longerthan broad

only the last pair oflegs much shorterthan others, in adorsal position

last pair of legs in adorsal position

carapace strongly convexanteriorly, with short

hairs

last 2 pairs oflegs much

shorter thanthe preceding

pairs

last 4 pairs of legssimilar in shape

body globular or nearlyquadrangular with

apices directed front,rear, and to the sides

CALAPPIDAE Page 45

Box crabs

One species included in the “Guide toSpecies”; 2 others not included areAcanthocarpus brevispinis Monod, 1946and Mursia cristimanus de Haan, 1837.Demersal at depths between 100 and500 m.

CORYSITIDAE

Corysitid crabs

One species likely to be encountered,Nautilocorystes ocellatus (Gray, 1831);not included in the “Guide to Species.”

GERYONIDAE Page 45

Deepsea crabs

One species included in the “Guide toSpecies,” another, Chaceon chuni(Macpherson, 1983) not included.

GONEPLACIDAE

Goneplacid crabs

Two species, Goneplax rhomboides(Linnaeus, 1758) and Neopilumnoplaxheterochir (Studer, 1882); neither in-cluded in the “Guide to Species.”

42 Crabs


carapacetrapezoid

eyestalk long

front of carapace relativelybroad and smooth, without

teeth


carapace longer than broad,surface without spines

antennae long andclose together

carapace trapezoid,broader than long

last 4 pairs of legs similar,long, slender, and smooth

anterolateral marginwith 3-5 indistinct

teeth

front with 4 teeth

clypeiform expansions overlegs, or a pronounced

lateral spine on each side ofcarapace

carapace stronglyconvex, anterior

and lateralmargins in a

single arc

PORTUNIDAE Page 46

Swimming crabs

Two species, Bathynectes piperitusManning and Holthuis, 1981 andMacropipus australis Guinot, 1961; theformer a frequent bycatch in the trawl in-dustry and therefore included in the“Guide to Species.”

XANTHIDAE

Mud crabs

One species likely to be encountered off-shore, Monodaeus cristulatus Guinot andMacpherson, 1989; not included in the“Guide to Species.”

GRAPSIDAE Page 46

Lightfoot, shore, marsh, andmatchbox crabs

Two species included in the “Guide toSpecies”; 2 others not included areMierstograpsus kingsleyi (Miers, 1885),and Euchirograpsus liguricus H. MilneEdwards, 1853.

OCYPODIDAE

Ghost crabs

A number of species occurring nearshoreand in the littoral zone, none included inthe “Guide to Species.”


dactyls smooth or ridged, notconspicuously spiny

front narrow, without teeth,somewhat bent downward eyestalks long

carapace usually nearlyrectangular

last 4 pairs of legs similar

last 4 pairs of legssimilar, with hair

posterolateral part of carapace withoutclypeiform expansion over legs

anterior margin ofcarapace lobulate

or toothed

front of carapace broad andnotched centrally

carapace quadrangularor round

last 4 pairs of legs similar,dactyls with conspicuous

spines

usually no teeth in front

carapace broadand flat

no spines ondactyls

5-9 teeth on anterolateralmargin

distal 2 segments of last pair of legsmore flattened than in anterior legs

dactyl of lastpair of legs

usuallyoval-shaped

Lithodes ferox Filhol, 1885 (plate I, 7) KCF LITHODIDAE

FAO names: En - Fierce king crab; Fr - Craberoyale féroce; Sp - Centolla feroz.Local names: Stone crab, Spider crab.Size: To about 11 cm carapace width.Fisheries: Caught commonly in bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: Demersal, at depths be-tween 300 and 500 m.

Neolithodes asperrimus Barnard, 1947 LITHODIDAE

FAO names: En - Rough king crab; Fr - Craberoyale grêle; Sp - Centolla áspera.Local names: Stone crab, Spider crab.Size: To about 19 cm carapace length.Fisheries: Caught incidentally in bottom trawls,also occasionally in crab pots.Habitat and biology: Demersal, at depths be-tween 600 and 2 000 m.

Paromola cuvieri (Risso, 1816) HOMOLIDAE

FAO names: En - Paromola; Fr - Paromole;Sp - Paromola.Local names:Size: To about 21.5 cm carapace length, com-monly from 10 to 16 cm.Fisheries: Caught incidentally in bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: Demersal, at depths be-tween 50 and 1 000 m, commonly between 300and 400 m.

44 Crabs

rostrum produced, tip bifid

rostrum not bifid

Maja squinado (Herbst, 1788) MAJIDAE

FAO names: En - Spinous spider crab;Fr - Araignée européenne; Sp - Centollaeuropea.Local names: Seaspider, Spidercrab,Spinycrab; Große Seespinne (Gr).Size: To 22 cm carapace length.Fisheries: Caught with bottom trawls and tram-mel nets.Habitat and biology: Sublittoral, to a depth of75 m.

Calappa pelii Herklots 1851 CALAPPIDAE

FAO names: En - Spiny box crab; Fr - Migraineépineuse; Sp - Calapa espinuda.Local names:Size: To 6 cm (carapace width).Fisheries: Caught incidentally in bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: Burrows in sand or sandymud between depths of 12 and 400 m, commonbetween 100 and 200 m depth.

Chaceon maritae (Manning and Holthuis, 1981) (plate I, 8) CRR GERYONIDAE

FAO names: En - West African geryon;Fr - Gérion west-africain; Sp - Gerión deGuinea.Local names: Deepsea red crab; Red crab;Rote Tiefseekrabbe (Gr); Cangrejo Colorado(Sp).Size: To 16 cm (males) and 10 cm (females)carapace width.Fisheries: Caught with bottom trawls and pots.Economically important fishery directed at thisspecies, catches currently about 3 000 t peryear, but previously up to 10 000 t.Habitat and biology: Inhabits muddy bottomsat depths between 100 and 950 m, most fre-quent between 300 and 700 m.

Guide to Species 45

no single pronouncedlateral spine on sides

posterior margin withdistinct, sharp,

backward pointingteeth

basal 2nd and 3rd

segment ofantennae short

long eye stalks

Bathynectes piperitus Manning and Holthius, 1981 PORTUNIDAE

FAO names: En - Peppermint swimcrab;Fr - Etrille menthe poivrée; Sp - Juibe menta.Local names:Size: To about 8.5 cm (carapace width).Fisheries: Bycatch in trawl fisheries.Habitat and biology: Mostly on mud or sandymud bottoms from depths of 100 to 630 m, mostoften from 300 to 450 m.

Grapsus grapsus (Linnaeus, 1758) GRAPSIDAE

FAO names: En - Lightfoot crab; Fr - Anglettecommune; Sp - Abuete negro.Local names:Size: To about 9 cm carapace length.Fisheries: Caught mainly by hand and castnets.Habitat and biology: Lives near the water line,on rocks.

Pachygrapsus transversus (Gibbes, 1850) GRAPSIDAE

FAO names: En - African matchbox crab;Fr - Anglette africaine; Sp - Abuete cajeta.Local names:Size: To about 1.8 cm carapace length.Fisheries: Caught mainly by hand and castnets.Habitat and biology: On rocks along the coast,just below the surface.

46 Crabs

front less than half ofcarapace length

carapace nearlyoval

carapace nearlytrapezoidal

front more than half ofcarapace length

click for next page

BIVALVES

Class Bivalvia - pelycepods, clams, oysters, and allies

The relative shortage of rocky substratum on the coast of Namibia offers a restricted habitat range forshellfish that require a rocky substratum. In some areas, however, where rock does occur in the intertidal

and subtidal, dense beds of mussels and limpets occur. Mussels are eaten in limited quantities by the coastalpopulation. Limpets, though less utilized, are minced and made into fish cakes. Some sand dwelling bivalvesmay be abundant along the predominantly sandy coast on Namibia. These molluscs are used for fish bait andfor human consumption.

Choromytilus meridionalis Krauss, (1848) MYTILIDAE

FAO names: En - Black mussel.Local names:Size: Maximum length 15 cm.Utilization: Collected and eaten by coastal pop-ulations. Experimentally cultivated nearLüderitz.Habitat and biology: Common in the coolersouthern half of the coast where it forms densebeds on wave exposed rocks in the mid to lowerintertidal; also on harbour piles and docks. Inthe Swakopmund area, C. meridionalis occurshigher up the shore as the mid and lowerintertidal is usually occupied by another mussel,Perna perna.

Perna perna Linnaeus, (1758) MYTILIDAE

FAO names: En - Perna mussel.Local names: Brown mussel.Size: Maximum length 16 cm.Utilization: Collected and eaten by coastalpopulation.Habitat and biology: Rare in the southern halfof the coast, this warmer water mussel is com-mon in the northern half of the coast and intoAngola. Forms dense beds in the lowerintertidal and shallow on the wave exposedshores.

Guide to Species 47


GASTROPODS

Class Gastropoda - univalves, conches, whelks, chanks, and allies

Patella argenvillei Krauss (1848) PATELLIDAE

FAO names: En - Argenvill’s limpet.Local names:Size: Maximum length 10.4 cm.Utilization: Can be used as fish bait andminced for human consumption.Habitat and biology: Inhabits wave exposedrocks in a belt at about the low spring tide level.Found in the cooler waters of the southern half ofNamibia. Not found from Walvis Bay northwards.

Patella granitina Linnaeus (1758) PATELLIDAE

FAO names: En - Granite limpet.Local names:Size: Maximum length 8 cm.Utilization: Can be used as fish bait andminced for human consumption.Habitat and biology: Occurs in the middleintertidal pools. Common in the cooler southernhalf of the coast and not common north ofSwakopmund. Northern limit thought to beRocky Point (Kensley and Penrith, 1980).

Patella granularis Linnaeus (1758) PATELLIDAE

FAO names: En - Granular limpet.Local names:Size: Maximum length 6 cm.Utilization: Can be used as fish bait andminced for human consumptionHabitat and biology: Grows higher up theshore than other limpets, from the middleintertidal to the high spring tide mark. Occursalong the entire coast at least as far north asCape Frio.

48 Bivalves and Gastropods

a large, deep, thick-shelled limpet

fine ridges on outside of shell oftencovered with algae

exterior of shell has deep ridges giving ita star-like appearance

shell with many grooves, deeper than P. argenvilleibut much shallower than P. granitina

light brown, ribs between grooves coveredwith light coloured nodules

grey-brown with dark zigzag orchevron markings

CEPHALOPODS

As many as 55 species of cephalopods occur in Namibia, according to a recent review by Nesis (1991), butmost of these are not presently important in fisheries. Two species, Todarodes sagittatus angolensis

and Todaropsis eblanae are caught incidentally in bottom trawls in the hake fishery in sufficient numbers to beimportant as bycatch (Wysokinski, 1986). However, cephalopods are a potential resource for furtherdevelopment and may become important in the future. Of the 55 species of cephalopods in 23 families and 4orders listed from Namibia, we include only 19 species in 8 families in the “Guide to Species.” However, inorder to allow the interested researcher to identify all cephalopods in Namibia at least to the family level, weinclude all 23 families in the “Guide to Orders and Families.”



mantlelength

head

normalsuckers

lamellae

medial suckers(moderately

enlarged)

dactylus

arms

fin length

4

1 2 3

suckers

fin

tail

funnel

mantle

photophores

tentacle

carpus (fixingapparatus)

manus

a composite diagram illustratingbasic squid (teuthoid) features

modifiedportion

example of hectocotylized arm inmale (Illex)

arm I (dorsal)

funnel groove

ventral view

funnel-mantle fusionfunnel locking cartilagemantle locking cartilage

tentacular club (Sepia)

50 Cephalopods

mantle length

total length

funnel

ventral

suckers

dorsaleye

diagram of oral surface of brachial crown and buccal membrane

mantle

arm IV (ventral)

simple,straight

oval with inwardprojecting knobs⊥ - shaped

ovalsubtriangular

basic types of funnel locking cartilage (cartilaginous groovesthat lock with corresponding ridges on inner mantle wall to

keep base of funnel in position during water expulsion)

arm I (dorsal)

- shaped

arm II

buccalmembrane

beak (jaws)

arm III

buccal connective(dorsally attached)diagram of basic cuttlefish features

(ventral view)

spine

fin

stalk

hectocotylus

funnelmantle

413 2

tentacularclub

stalk of tentacle

buccal connective(ventrally attached)

ligula

Order SEPIOIDEA - Cuttlefish, Ram’s Horn Squids, and Bobtailed SquidsAppendages around mouth consisting of 8 arms and 2 tentacles; internal shell straight, coiled, and cham-bered, or straight and rudimentary. Seven species in 3 families so far reported from Namibia.

SPIRULIDAE

Ram’s horn squids

A single species, Spirula spirula(Linnaeus, 1758), reported from Namibia;not included in the “Guide to Species.”Pelagic to depths of around 100 m; ben-thic spawner.

SEPIIDAE Page 59

Cuttlefish

Seven species reported from Namibia, 5of interest to fisheries and included in the“Guide to Species.” All are coastal spe-cies and except for Sepia papillata, ashallow-water species, generally inhabitdepths between 125 and 335 m. Sepiaorbignyana Férussac, 1876 and Sepiellaornata (Rang, 1837) rarely enter northernNamibian waters and are not included inthe “Guide to Species.”

SEPIOLIDAE

Bobtailed squids

Four species: Neorissa caroli (Joubin,1902), Rondeletiola minor (Naef, 1912),Rossia (Austrorossia) enigmaticaRobson, 1924, and Stoloteuthisleucoptera (Verrill, 1978) reported fromNamibia. Small species, unlikely to be ofinterest to fisheries; not included in the“Guide to Species.”


internal shell calcified, chalky,broad, and straight

dorsal view

internal shell calcified, coiled,and chambered

INTERNAL SHELLCALCIFIED, CHITINOUS,

OR LACKING

10 APPENDAGES AROUNDMOUTH CONSISTING OF 8 ARMS

AND 2 TENTACLES

INTERNAL SHELLSTRAIGHT, COILED,

AND CHAMBERED, ORSTRAIGHT ANDRUDIMENTARY

dorsal

internal shell chitonousor rudimentary

dorsal view

Spirula spirula

Order TEUTHOIDEA - Inshore and Oceanic SquidsTotal of 10 appendages around mouth consisting of 8 arms and usually 2 tentacles; internal shellpen-shaped or feather-shaped, chitinous. About 34 species in 15 families so far reported from Namibia.

LOLIGINIDAE Page 61

Inshore squids

Two species so far reported fromNamibia. Neritic, found in shallow waterto depths of usually around 300 m.

LYCOTEUTHIDAE

Lyco squids

A single species, Lycoteuthis lorigera(Steenstrup, 1875) reported from Namibia(L. diadema is a junior synonym); not in-cluded in the “Guide to Species.”Epipelagic, from the surface to a depth of200 m.

ENOPLOTEUTHIDAE

Enope squids

Five species reported from Namibia:Abraliopsis hoylei pfefferi Joubin, 1896;A. gilchristi Robson, 1924; A. atlanticaNesis, 1982; Ancistrocheirus lesueurii(d’Orbigney, 1835); Pterygioteuthisgemmata Chun, 1908; none included inthe “Guide to Species.” Mesopelagic,down to depths of around 750 m.

52 Cephalopods

ventral view

eye covered by atransparentmembrane

TOTAL OF 10 APPENDAGESAROUND MOUTH CONSISTINGOF 8 ARMS AND USUALLY 2

TENTACLES

INTERNAL SHELL PEN-SHAPEDOR FEATHER-SHAPED, AND

CHITINOUS, NEVER CALCIFIED

ventral surface of eyeball witha row of photophores

eye not covered by membrane

funnel free from mantle, but with a funnel-mantlelocking apparatus consisting of a simple, straight

groove and ridge

ventral viewtentacular club

arms without hooks,but with suckers in2 rows on proximal

half

buccal membraneconnectives

attach to dorsalsides of arms IV

arms with2 rows of

hooks,suckersbasallyand on

tips

funnel free from mantle,but with a

funnel-mantle lockingapparatus consisting of

a simple, straightgroove and ridge

ventral view tentacular club

tentacles and clubsfully developed

eye not coveredby membrane

OCTOPOTEUTHIDAE

Octopus squids

A single species, Octopoteuthismegaptera (Verrill, 1885), reported fromNamibia; not included in the “Guide toSpecies.” Mesopelagic over the continen-tal slope, usually between depths of 50and 500 m.

ONYCHOTEUTHIDAE Page 62

Hooked squids

Two species thus far identified fromNamibia, both included in the “Guide toSpecies”; not included is a third unidenti-fied species of Moroteuthis reported byNesis (1991). Oceanic species occurringat the surface down to a depth of 750 m.

ARCHITEUTHIDAE

Giant squids

A single species, Architeuthis (dux)sanctipauli (Vélain, 1877), reported fromNamibia; not included in the “Guide toSpecies.” This family included the largestof all cephalopods with mantle lengths to5 m and total lengths to 18 m. Oceanicbetween depths of 200 and 700 m.


posterior bordersof fins concave

dorsal view

funnel free from mantle, but with afunnel-mantle locking apparatusconsisting of a simple straight

groove and ridge


buccal membrane connectives attach todorsal sides of arms IV

photophoresabsent on

eyes, head,and mantle

arms without hooks,but with 2 rows of

suckers

tentacular clubdorsal view

hooks present ontentacular clubs

buccal membraneconnectives

attach to ventralsides of arms IV

arms withouthooks, but

with suckersin 2 rows

funnel free from mantle, but with afunnel-mantle locking apparatusconsisting of a simple, straight

groove and ridge


tentacles and clubsabsent or

rudimentary

ventral view

funnel free from mantle, but with afunnel-mantle locking apparatusconsisting of a simple, straight

groove and ridge


arms with 2 rows ofhooks, suckers

absent or only ontips

HISTIOTEUTHIDAE Page 63

Jewell squids and umbrella squids

Three species thus far reported fromNamibia; Histioteuthis reversa (Verrill,1880) included in the “Guide to Species,”and H. macrohista Voss, 1969 and H.meleagroteuthis (Chun, 1910) not in-cluded.

BATHYTEUTHIDAE

Deepsea squids

A single species, Bathyteuthis abyssicolaHoyle, 1885 thus far reported fromNamibia; probably not abundant in suffi-cient numbers to be of commercial inter-est and therefore not included in the“Guide to Species.” Oceanic, normallyfound between depths of 700 and2000m.

CHTENOPTERYGIDAE

Combfin squids

A single species, Chtenopteryx sicula(Vérany, 1851), reported from Namibia;not included in the “Guide to Species.”Found at depths between 50 and 500 m.

54 Cephalopods

buccal membraneconnectivesattach to the

dorsal sides ofarms IV


funnel free from mantle, but with a funnel-mantlelocking apparatus consisting of a simple, straight

groove and ridge

photophores absent oneyes, head, and mantle

tentacular club

minute suckers on oral surface

posterior bordersof fins convex

arms without hooks,but with 2-4 rows of

suckers

dorsal view


funnel free from mantle, but with a funnel-mantlelocking apparatus consisting of a simple straight

groove and ridge

buccal membrane connectives attach toventral sides of arms IV

arms without hooksbut with 4-6 rows

of suckers

ventral view

fins nearly as longas mantle andsupported by

muscular “ribs”

tentacular clubventral view

buccal membraneconnectivesattach to the

dorsal sides ofarms IV


funnel free from mantle, but with a funnel-mantlelocking apparatus consisting of a simple straight

groove and ridge

arms withouthooks, but

with 2 rowsof suckers

ventral surface of eyeball without a rowof photophores but numerous distinct

photophores on head and mantle

BRACHIOTEUTHIDAE Page 64

Arms squids

A single species, Brachioteuthis pictaChun, 1910, reported from Namibia. Oce-anic, from the surface to depths of around750 m.

OMMASTREPHIDAE Page 64

Flying squids

Six species reported from Namibia, all in-cluded in the “Guide to Species” exceptOrnithoteuthis volatilis (Sasaki, 1915)which is a rare species. Oceanic andneritic.

THYSANOTEUTHIDAE Page 67

Rhomboid squids

A single species reported from Namibia;included in the “Guide to Species.” Anoceanic, epipelagic species.


funnel free from mantle, but witha funnel-mantle locking

apparatus with a longitudinalgroove from which a shortergroove branches medially,

( Shape)


fins more than 80%of mantle length

dorsal view

funnel free from mantle, but with a funnel-mantlelocking apparatus with a longitudinal groove

crossed by a transverse groove at its posterior end

tentacular club

ventral view

fins less than 60%of mantle length


tentacular clubdorsal view

buccal membrane connectivesattach to the ventral sides of

arms IVfunnel free from mantle, but with a funnel-mantlelocking apparatus consisting of a simple straight

groove and ridge

hooks lackingon tentacular

clubs


fins less than half thelength of the mantle

arms withouthooks but

with suckersin 2 rows

CHIROTEUTHIDAE

Longhand squids

The single species reported fromNamibia, Chiroteuthis veranyi (Férussac,1835), not included in the “Guide to Spe-cies.” Reported at depths of around 200m.

MASTIGOTEUTHIDAE

Whip squids

The 2 species reported from Namibia,Mastigoteuthis grimaldii (Joubin, 1895)and Echinoteuthis sp. are not includedin the “Guide to Species.”

CRANCHIIDAE

Cranch squids

Ten species reported fromNamibia: Bathothauma lyrommaChun, 1906; Cranchia scabraLeach, 1817; Liocranchiareinhadti (Steenstrup, 1856);Leachia atlantica (Degner, 1825);L. pacifica (Issel, 1908);Helicocranchia pfefferi Massy,1907; Teuthowenia maculata(Leach, 1817); Galiteuthis suhmiHoyle, 1885; G. armata Joubin,1898; Megalocranchia oceanica(G. Voss, 1960); none included inthe “Guide to Species.”

56 Cephalopods

funnel free from mantle, but withan oval funnel-mantle locking

apparatus with 1-2 knobs directedtoward the centre of the concavity

ventral view

eye not covered bymembrane

club with 15 or more rowsof minute suckers

funnel free from mantle, but with anoval funnel-mantle locking

apparatus with 1-2 knobs directedtoward the centre of the concavity

tentacular clubventral view


club withonly 4rows ofsuckers

ventral viewventral view

funnel fused to mantleon each side

no funnel-mantlelocking apparatus


Order VAMPYROMORPHA - Black OctopusAppendages around mouth consisting of 8 arms; suckers stalked; light organs present; colour black.Monotypic, not included in the “Guide to Species.”

VAMPYROTEUTHIDAE

Black octopus

The species Vampyoteuthis infernalisChun,1903, reported from Namibia; notincluded in the “Guide to Species.”

Vampyroteuthis infernalis

Order OCTOPODA - OctopusesAppendages around mouth consisting of 8 arms; suckers not stalked; light organs absent; colour neverblack. Ten species in 6 families reported from Namibia.

OPISTHOTEUTHIDAE

Hairy octopus

The species Opisthoteuthis agassiziVerrill, 1883 and O. rossi Sanchez andGuerra, 1989, reported from Namibia; notincluded in the “Guide to Species.” Oftencaught in the deep-water fisheries and re-ferred to as “umbrella squid.”

VITRELEDONELLIDAE

Transparent octopus

The species Vitreledonella richardiJoubin, 1918, reported from Namibia; notincluded in the “Guide to Species.” Deepsea, pelagic.


APPENDAGESAROUND MOUTHCONSISTING OF 8

ARMS

COLOUR NEVER BLACK

SUCKERS NOT STALKED

accessory fins on head

1 row ofsuckers

body gelatinous, nearlytransparent

LIGHT ORGANSABSENT

APPENDAGESAROUND MOUTHCONSISTING OF 8

ARMS

COLOUR BLACK

SUCKERS STALKED

LIGHT ORGANSPRESENT

OCTOPODIDAE Page 67

Octopuses

Of the 7 species reported from Namibia,only Octopus magnificus Villanueva,Sanchez, and Roeleveld, 1991 and Octo-pus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797 are included inthe “Guide to Species”; not included are:Aphrodoctopus schultzei (Hoyle, 1910);Bathypolypus valdiviae (Chun andThiele, 1915); Benthoctopus sp.; Eledonethysanophora Voss, 1962; andGraneledone sp.

OCYTHOIDAE

Ocythoids

The species Ocythoe tuberculataRafinesque, 1814, reported from Namibiabut very rare; not included in the “Guide toSpecies.”

ARGONAUTIDAE

Argonauts

The species Argonauta sp., and A.nodosa Solander, 1786, reported fromNamibia; neither included in the “Guide toSpecies.”

ALLOPOSIDAE

Alloposid squids

The species Haliphron atlanticusSteenstrup, 1861 reported from Namibia;not included in the “Guide to Species.”

58 Cephalopods

body gelatinous

2 rows of suckers

body firm

water pores present ventrally

surface of mantle heavilysculptured with tubercles

water pores absent

body firm

males with left 3rd

hectocotylizedarm coiled in sac

below eye

female arm coveredwith shell

no accessory fins on head

water poresabsent

body firm

male’s hectocotylizedarm not coiled in sac;

shell never present

no accessory fins on head

Sepia australis Quoy and Gaimard, 1832 (plate IX, 67) SEPIIDAE

FAO names: En - Southern cuttlefish;Fr - Seiche australe; Sp - Sepia austral.Local names:Size: To 8.3 cm mantle length.Fisheries: Caught as bycatch in trawl fisheries.Habitat and biology: A demersal species abun-dant between depths of 50 and 100 m, but alsofrom 3 to 459 m.

Sepia elegans Blainville, 1827 SEPIIDAE

FAO names: En - Elegant cuttlefish;Fr - Seiche élégante; Sp - Choquito sin punta.Local names:Size: To 9 cm mantle length.Fisheries: Caught with bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: Demersal from depths be-tween 30 and 430 m.

Guide to Species 59

tentacular club

dorsal view

medium suckersgreatly enlarged

slightly recurved

pointed posteriorlycuttlebone

a narrow reddish brown band alongbase of fins, and ventrally heavily

pigmented in purple

5 suckers in transverserows

body tapersposteriorly

tentacular club dorsal view

blunt distally

6-8 suckers in oblique,transverse rows

median suckersgreatly enlarged

fins originate alittle distancefrom anterior

edge of mantle

cuttleboneleft arm IV of

male

spine with dorsal keel

Sepia hieronis (Robson, 1924) SEPIIDAE

FAO names: En - Bullet cuttlefish; Fr - Seicheballe; Sp - Jibia bala.Local names:Size: To 70 cm mantle length.Fisheries: Taken incidentally in trawls.Habitat and biology: Demersal in outer shelf andupper slope from depths between 43 and 459 m.

Sepia vermiculata Quoy and Gaimard, 1832 SEPIIDAE

FAO names: En - Common vermiculatecuttlefish.Local names:Size: To 28.7 cm mantle length.Fisheries: Caught with bottomtrawls.Habitat and biology: A demersalspecies of the continental shelf, mostabundant at depths between 30 and100 m, but also found between 0 and100 m; on sandy to muddy bottoms;spawns in shallow waters. Feeds onmolluscs, crabs, shrimps, other cuttle-fishes, and juvenile fishes; preyedupon by sharks, sparids, and otherdemersal fishes; cannibalism is com-mon. Life span is about 2 years.Remarks: Previously considered asubspecies of S. officinalis.

60 Cephalopods

ventral view

left arm IV of male

hectocotylized

size of club suckersnearly equal

tentacular

club

dorsal viewcuttlebone

left arm IV of male

5-6 suckers intransverse

rows

fins originatedirectly on

anterior edgeof mantle

median suckersmoderately

enlarged

roundedat end

Sepia papillata Quoy and Gaimard, 1832 SEPIIDAE

FAO names: En - Wrinkled cuttlefish; Fr - Seicheridée; Sp - Jibia arrogada.Local names:Size: To 13.5 cm mantle length.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: A shallow-water species,over inner shelf between depths of 26 and 210 m.

Loligo vulgaris reynaudi Orbigny, 1834-1841 (plate IX, 68) LOLIGINIDAE

Synonyms: Loligo vulgaris Lamarck, 1798.FAO names: En - Cape Hope squid; Fr - Calmardu Cap; Sp - Calamar del Cabo.Local names:Size: To 40 cm mantle length.Fisheries: Caught with bottom and pelagictrawls.Habitat and biology: Semipelagic, occurs overthe continental shelf, to depths of 300 m.

Guide to Species 61

tentacular club

dorsal view

fins rhombicin outline

tentacular club

ventral view

club suckers differinggreatly in size

large ovalspots ofrugoseskin inventralside ofmantle

Lolliguncula mercatoris Adam, 1941 LOLIGINIDAE

FAO names: En - Guinean thumbstall squid;Fr - Calmar doigtier de Guinée; Sp - Calamardedal de Guinea.Local names:Size: To 5 cm (females) and 3.5 cm (males)mantle length.Fisheries: Taken incidentally in trawls.Habitat and biology: A shallow-water species,taken at depths of less than 50 m on mud andsandy mud bottoms, but found down to 100 m.

Moroteuthis robsoni Adam, 1962 ONYCHOTEUTHIDAE

FAO names: En - Rugose hooked squid;Fr - Cornet rugueux; Sp - Lurión rugoso.Local names:Size: To 75 cm mantle length.Fisheries: Taken incidentally in trawls. Caughtoften as bycatch in orange roughy fishery.Habitat and biology: Oceanic, so far recordedat depths between 200 and 750 m.

62 Cephalopods


mantle coveredwith fleshy

warts

long, pointedtail

tentacular club left arm IV of male

hectocotylized

dorsal view

fins rounded

Onychoteuthis banskii (Leach, 1817) ONYCHOTEUTHIDAE

FAO names: En - Common clubhook squid;Fr - Cornet crochu; Sp - Luria ganchuda.Local names:Size: To 30 cm mantle length.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: An oceanic speciesfound from the surface to a depth of 150 m.The biology of this species is unknown. A spe-cies complex that requires taxonomic resolu-tion.

Histioteuthis reversa (Verrill, 1880) HISTIOTEUTHIDAE

FAO names: En - Reverse jewel squid;Fr - Loutène retournée; Sp - Joye luriainvertida.Local names:Size: To 19 cm mantle length.Fisheries: Caught incidentally in bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: Epipelagic,mesopelagic, and at very deep depths, al-though usually caught at depths around 250 to350 m.

Guide to Species 63

tentacular club

dorsal view

flap-likefolds

arounddorso-lateralsurfaceof neck

tail pointed, butnot elongate

tentacular clubventral viewdorsal view

18 photo-phoresaround

the righteye

photophores on arm tips numerous, not elongated

Brachioteuthis picta Chun, 1910 BRACHIOTEUTHIDAE

FAO names: En - Ornate arm squid;Fr - Encornet bras courts orné; Sp - Braquiluriamoteada.Local names:Size: To 9 cm mantle length.Fisheries: Fisheries potential unknown.Habitat and biology: Oceanic, usually occur-ring in depths shallower than 500 m but mayoccur deeper.

Illex coindetii (Verany, 1837) OMMASTREPHIDAE

FAO names: En - Broadtail shortfin squid;Fr - Encornet rouge; Sp - Pota voladora.Local names:Size: To 37 cm mantle length.Fisheries: Caught with bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: Semi-demersal, oce-anic, and neritic, from the surface to depths ofabout 1 000 m.

64 Cephalopods

dorsal viewventral viewtentacular club

funnel groove smooth,without foveola or

side pockets

8 rows of small suckerson distal end oftentacular club

dorsal viewtentacular club

Ommastrephes bartramii (LeSueur, 1821) OMMASTREPHIDAE

FAO names: En - Neon flyingsquid; Fr - Encornet volant;Sp - Pota saltadora.Local names:Size: To 86 cm (females) and to40.6 cm (males) mantle length.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: An oceanicspecies, occurring from the surfaceto a depth of 1 500 m. Most abun-dant around oceanic fronts. Life-span is about 1 year. Feeds onmyctophids, sardines, mackerellarvae, sauries, and squids.

Stenoteuthis pteropus (Steenstrup, 1855) OMMASTREPHIDAE

FAO names: En - Orangeback flying squid;Fr - Encornet dos orange; Sp - Pota naranja.Local names:Size: To 65 cm (females) and 30 cm (males)mantle length.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: An oceanic species intropical Atlantic, occurring from the surface to adepth of 1 500 m, in deep water during daytimeand at the surface at night. Feeds on fishes,crustaceans, and squids; cannibalism is com-mon. It is preyed upon by tunas, billfishes, andother finfishes.

Guide to Species 65

tentacular club

dorsal viewventral viewarm IV of male

hectocotylized

funnel groove with foveolaand side pockets

a large golden orsilvery stripealong vental

midline

funnel groove with foveolaand side pockets

dorsal view

ventral view

light organsunder skinin mantle

tissue

a large oralpatch onantero-dorsalsurface

light organs underskin in mantle

tissue

Todarodes angolensis Adam, 1962 OMMASTREPHIDAE

FAO names: En - Angola flying squid;Fr - Toutenon angolais; Sp - Pota angolense.Local names:Size: To 41 cm mantle length.Fisheries: Caught as bycatch in trawl andmidwater fisheries.Habitat and biology: Demersal, in depths of200 to 1 000 m, migrating to surface at night.

Todaropsis eblanae (Ball, 1841) OMMASTREPHIDAE

FAO names: En - Lesser flyingsquid; Fr - Toutenon souffleur;Sp - Pota costera.Local names:Size: To 28 cm (females) and16 cm (males) mantle length.Fisheries: Taken as bycatch intrawl fisheries.Habitat and biology: Ademersal species, associatedwith sandy to muddy bottoms ofthe continental shelf and upperslope; from 20 to 700 m, mostcommon between 100 and400 m; temperatures of 9° to18°C. Is preyed upon by alba-core and sevengill sharks.

66 Cephalopods

dorsal viewventral view

distal end of

tentacular club

golden or light brownin colour

funnel groove smooth, withoutfoveola or side pockets

4 rows of small suckerson distal end

arms IV of male

hectocotylized

funnel groove with foveolaonly, no side pockets


dark red incolour

Thysanoteuthis rhombus Troschel, 1857 THYSANOTEUTHIDAE

FAO names: En - Diamondback squid;Fr - Chipiloua commun; Sp - Chipirónvolantín.Local names:Size: To 100 cm mantle length; weightto 20 kg.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: Epipelagic andoceanic, usually found in surfacewaters. Preyed upon by sperm whalesand blue marlins.

Octopus magnificus Villanueva, Sánchez, and Compagno Roeleveld, 1991 OCTOPODIDAE

FAO names: En - Magnificent octopus.Local names:Size: To 36 cm mantle length.Fisheries: Caught incidentally in trawls.Habitat and biology: Mostly on sandy bottomsat depths between 2 and 560 m. So far, re-ported only from offshore around Lüderitz andsouth of Lüderitz.

Guide to Species 67


ligula long, 14-22.2% length ofhectocotylized arm

Octopus “vulgaris” Cuvier, 1797 OCTOPODIDAE

FAO names : En - Common octopus;Fr - Pieuvre; Sp - Pulpo común.Local names:Size: To 120 cm (females) and 130 cm (males)total length.Fisheries: Caught on hook-and-line, with pots,spears, and otter trawls.Habitat and biology: A benthic species foundon various habitats from depths of 0 to 200 m,usually in shallower waters in the summer.Feeds on bivalves, lobsters, and other crusta-ceans. Preyed upon by albacore (juveniles) andby benthic fishes.

68 Cephalopods

tip of hectocotylized

right arm III of male

dorsal view

ligula short, 1.2-2.1%length of

hectocotylized arm

click for next page

JAWLESS FISHES

The hagfishes and their relatives, the lampreys (Order Petromyzontiformes, not found in Namibia), aredifferent from all other living fishes because they lack true jaws. Their internal skeleton is cartilaginous,

and they lack true teeth and true vertebrae. These jawless fishes are included in the Superclass Agnatha andare commonly referred to as cyclostomes. All other living fishes (sharks, rays, chimeras, and bony fishes)possess true jaws derived from gill arches and are placed in the Superclass Gnathostomata. Cyclostomesare considered primitive compared to other vertebrates that possess jaws.Hagfishes are easily recognized from their eel-like body form, apparent lack of eyes (they are small andcovered with skin), lack of paired fins, a single nostril surrounded by 2 pairs of barbels, and a mouth withhorny teeth and a barbel on each side. They are of no commercial interest but can be a nuisance to fisher-men; when caught on hooks they profusely secrete a slime that acts as a fish repellent. The hagfishescomprise a single family, with 2 species reported from Namibia.

Order MYXINIFORMES - Hagfishes

Eptatretus hexatrema (Müller, 1834) MYXINIDAE

FAO names: En - Sixgill hagfish; Fr - Myxine àsix trous; Sp - Pez moco de seis agallas.Local names: Seskief-slymslang (Ak).Size: To 80 cm.Fisheries: Incidentally caught by baited traps,baited hooks, and occasionally caught in bot-tom trawls.Habitat and biology: Commonly burrows inmuddy bottoms at depths from 20 to 400 m.Feeds mostly by scavenging on dead or dis-abled fish. Egg capsules with hooks on bothends.

Myxine capensis Regan, 1913 MYXINIDAE

FAO names: En - Cape hagfish; Fr - Myxine duCap; Sp - Pez moco del Cabo.Local names:Size: To 40 cm.Fisheries: Incidentally caught by baited traps,baited hooks, and occasionally caught in bot-tom trawls.Habitat and biology: Burrows in muddy bot-toms at depths from 175 to 460 m. Feedsmostly by scavenging on dead or disabled fish.

Guide to Species 69

after Smith and Heemstra, 1986

6 pairs of gillopenings on

ventralsurfaceslime pores

mouth

teeth

nostril

ventral view of head

slime pores

ventral surface

1 pair of gillopenings


SHARKS

Based mostly on the work of Compagno (1984, 1985, 1989, and 1991), about 46 species in 15 families ofsharks are reported from Namibia. All these sharks are likely to be encountered in 1 or more of the bottom

trawl, purse seine, longline, line, and pole-and-line fisheries of Namibia. We include all species in the “Guideto Species,” except those of questionable records. In addition, we include in the Appendix a checklist ofspecies that includes a list of our sources for species records. This checklist is intended as a working list fromwhich researchers in Namibia may more accurately assess and study their shark resources. All families thatare likely to occur are also treated in the “Guide to Orders and Families” and it is recommended that thispreliminary guide be consulted before attempting to determine the species, since many important characterslisted in the family guide are not repeated in the “Guide to Species.”


(Straight-line distances)

70 Sharks

mouth

head tailtrunk

2nd dorsal fin

fin spine

eye withnictitating

lowereyelid

spiracle

1st dorsalfin

interdorsal space

keel

precaudalpit

inner margin offree rear tip

upperlobe

terminallobe

sub-terminal

notch

caudal fin

lowerlobe

caudalpeduncleanal fin

length of pectoral fin

pelvic fin

insertion of fininnercorner

rear margin

pectoral fingillslits

labialfolds

nostril

clasper (male sex organ)

snout

caudal fin

precaudal tail

anal fin

pelvic fin(female, no claspers)

mouth

nostril

snout

trunk

gill slits

total length(caudal fin depressed to body axis)

preanal ridgesvent

pectoral fin


fin origin insertioninner

margin

freereartip

posteriormargin

apex

spine

anteriormargin

dorsal fin

base lower postventral margin

subterminal notch

posterior notch

upper postventral margin

subterminal margin

terminalmargin

posterior tip

terminal lobeupper (dorsal) lobe

dorsal margin

upper origin

lower origin

preventral margin

lower (ventral) lobe

ventral tip

caudal fin

fin insertioninner margin

free rear tip

posteriormargin

apex

anteriormargin

fin origin

lower labial furrow

symphyseal groove

mouth

nasoral groove

anterior nasal flap lifted

anterior nasal flap

excurrent aperture

barbelupper labial furrow

circumnarial groove

circumnarial fold

incurrentaperture

head of an orectoloboid shark

(ventral view)

head (dorsal view)

interorbitalspace

spiracle

head (ventral view)

internasaldistance

preorallength

labial furrow

labial fold

mouth corner

incurrentaperture

anteriornasal flap

posteriornasal flap

excurrent aperture

nostril

upper eyelid

notch

nictitatinglowereyelid

subocular pocket

secondarylower eyelid

eye

mouthwidth

head (lateral view)

eyediameter

preorallength

base

pectoral fin

Order HEXANCHIFORMES - Cow and Frill SharksSix or 7 pairs of gill slits and a single dorsal fin; anal fin present. Two families found in Namibia.

HEXANCHIDAE Page 76

Cow sharks

Three species in 3 genera found inNamibia. Mostly demersal, from shallowdepths to 1 800 m. Size to 4.8 m.

CHLAMYDOSELACHIDAE Page 77

Frill sharks

One species worldwide, also found inNamibia. Demersal to depths of about1 300 m. Size to almost 2 m.

Chlamydoselachus anguineus

Order LAMNIFORMES - Mackerel SharksFive pairs of gill slits; 2 dorsal fins without spines; anal fin present; nomovable nictitating eyelid. Four families reported from Namibia.

ODONTASPIDIDAE Page 77

Ragged-tooth sharks

One species reported from Namibia.Neritic, in shallow water down to around200 m. Size to 3.2 m.

Carcharias taurus

LAMNIDAE Page 77

Mackerel sharks

At least 2 species in 2 genera likely to oc-cur in Namibia. Coastal and epipelagic,from the surface to depths of around 1 200m. Size to 7.1 m.

72 Sharks

6-7 GILL SLITS

lower ends of 1st gillslits from right and

left sides do not joinon throat

PECTORAL FINS NOTGREATLY ENLARGED

caudal fin notched

1 DORSAL FIN

ANAL FIN PRESENT

gill slits not nearlyencircling head

2 DORSAL FINS

5 GILL SLITS


ANAL FINPRESENT

upper caudal lobe notgreatly elongate but

lower lobe muchshorter than upper

lobe

6 gill slits

caudal fin not notched

lower ends of 1st gill slits fromright and left sides join on

throat

NO MOVABLENICTITATING

EYELID

upper lobe much less thanhalf of total length

gill slits not nearlyencircling head upper and lower caudal lobes almost

equal in length

CETORHINIDAE

Basking sharks

One species worldwide, not yet officiallyreported from Namibia and not included inthe “Guide to Species.” However, there isan unofficial report of a specimen entan-gled in a gillnet in Lüderitz lagoon in thelate 1950’s (A. Kronitz, personal commu-nication). Coastal and on the continentalshelf. A filter feeder. Size to 15 m.

ALOPIIDAE Page 78

Thresher sharks

One species reported from Namibia andincluded in the “Guide to Species.” An-other species, Alopias superciliosus,(Lowe, 1839) is reported from Angola andstrays may eventually be found in north-ern Namibia. Oceanic and coastal, todepths of 500 m. Size to 6.1 m.

Order CARCHARHINIFORMES - Ground SharksFive pairs of gill slits; 2 dorsal fins without spines; anal finpresent; a movable nictitating eyelid. Four or possibly 5families found in Namibia.

SCYLIORHINIDAE Page 78

Catsharks

Four species and genera definitely re-ported from Namibia, all included in the“Guide to Species”; not included is an-other genus shown here, Apristurus, withreports of 2 specimens of an undeter-mined species off Lüderitz and severalother species occuring south of Namibia.Mostly demersal from shallow inshore wa-ters to depths of 700 m. Size to 1.2 m.

Apristurus Scyliorhinus

Galeus Haploblepharus


elongate upper lobeof caudal fin

head not greatly expandedlaterally

5 GILL SLITS


both dorsal-fin bases aboveor behind pelvic fins

ANAL FIN PRESENT

2 DORSAL FINS

MOVABLENICTITATING

LOWEREYELID

gill slits nearly encirclinghead

upper caudal lobe not greatly elongate,much less than half of total length

Cetorhinus maximus

Alopias

Holohalaelurus

TRIAKIDAE Page 80

Hound sharks

Four species in 3 genera found in Namibia(this family sometimes included underCarcharhinidae), all included in the “Guideto Species.” From inshore shallow depthsto around 400 m. Size to about 2 m.

HEMIGALEIDAE Page 81

Weasel sharks

One species found in Namibia (this familysometimes included as a subfamily in theCarcharhinidae), included in the “Guide toSpecies.” On continental shelf to a depthof 100 m. Size to 1.4 m.

Paragaleus pectoralis

CARCHARHINIDAE Page 81

Requiem sharks

Three species in 2 genera listed fromNamibia, all included in the “Guide to Spe-cies.” Neritic and oceanic pelagic todepths of 600 m. Size to 4 m.

SPHYRNIDAE

Hammerhead sharks

Mostly tropical, not yet officially reportedfrom Namibia, but some individualssighted in Namibia; not included in the“Guide to Species.” Neritic and on conti-nental shelf from the surface to depths of275 m.

Sphyrna lewini

74 Sharks

spiral type intestinal valve


1st dorsal-fin base in frontof pelvic fins

precaudal pit present


1st dorsal-fin base in frontof pelvic fins

precaudal pit present

scroll type intestinal valve

rolled

unrolled


head greatlyexpandedlaterally

1st dorsal-fin base infront of pelvic fins precaudal pit absent


Order SQUALIFORMES - Dogfish SharksFive pairs of gill slits; 2 dorsal fins, usually with spines in front of each fin; pectoral fins not greatly expanded;anal fin absent. Three families found in Namibia.

SQUALIDAE Page 82

Dogfishes

Seven genera and around 21 species reportedfrom Namibia, 3 questionable species not includedin the “Guide to Species.” Demersal and pelagic, todepths of over 2 000 m. Size to 1.6 m. Genera inthis family may eventually be recognized in differ-ent families as follows: Centrophorus and Deaniain Centrophoridae; Centroscyllium andEtmopterus in Etmopteridae; and Scymnodon inSomniosidae.

OXYNOTIDAE Page 88

Rough sharks

One species in Namibia, included in the“Guide to Species.” Demersal fromdepths of 60 to 660 m. Size to 1.5 m.

Oxynotus centrina

ECHINORHINIDAE Page 88

Bramble sharks

One genus with 1 species in Namibia, in-cluded in the “Guide to Species.”Demersal from shallow depths to 900 m.Size to 3.1 m. Echinorhinus brucus

Order SQUATINIFORMES - Angel SharksFive pairs of gill slits; 2 spineless dorsal fins; anal fins absent; pectoral fins greatly expanded along sides ofhead as a free triangular lobe. One family and genus found in Namibia.

SQUATINIDAE Page 88

Angel sharks

Two species reported from Namibia, bothincluded in the “Guide to Species.” Oncontinental slope and shelf betweendepths of 30 and 500 m. Size to 1.9 m.

Squatina


2 DORSAL FINS, USUALLY WITHSPINES IN FRONT OF EACH FIN

ANAL FIN ABSENT

PECTORAL FINS NOTGREATLY EXPANDED

5 PAIRS OFGILL SLITS

origin of 1st dorsal fin behindfront of pectoral fin but in

front of pelvic fin

denticles not conspicuouslyenlarged

Squalus

skin denticles conspicuouslyenlarged

both dorsal fins situatedover pelvic fins

2 SPINELESS DORSAL FINS

ANAL FIN ABSENT

pelvic fins

mouth terminal

dorsal viewventral view of head

spiracle

5 PAIRS OF GILL SLITS

anterior edge of pectoralfin not attached

origin of 1st dorsal fin nearfront of pectoral-fin base

skin denticles not conspicuouslyenlarged

high, sail-like dorsal fins

Etmopterus

Centrophorus

Deania

ENLARGED PECTORAL FINS

Heptranchias perlo Rafinesque, 1810 (plate IX, 69) HEXANCHIDAE

FAO names: En - Sharpnose sevengill shark;Fr - Requin perlon; Sp - Cañabota bocadulce.Local names: Skerpneus-sewekiefhaai (Ak);Perlon, Spitzkopfsiebenkiemer (Gr).Size: To about 1.4 m.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: Benthic, from depths of50 to at least 1 000 m. Feeds on small fishes,squid, and other benthic invertebrates.

Hexanchus griseus (Bonnaterre, 1788) (plate II, 9) HEXANCHIDAE

FAO names: En - Bluntnose sixgill shark;Fr - Requin griset; Sp - Cañabota gris.Local names: Sixgill shark; Seskiefhaai (Ak);Grauhai, Sechskiemer (Gr).Size: To about 4.8 m.Fisheries: Taken occasionally with line gearand bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: Found close to the bot-tom or pelagic, in the deeper part of the shelfand upper slope to at least 1 800 m. A vora-cious shark feeding on other sharks, rays, andbony fishes such as hake and pilchard.

Notorynchus cepedianus Garman, 1884 HEXANCHIDAE

Synonyms: Notorynchus pectorosus(Garman, 1884).FAO names: En - Broadnose sevengillshark; Fr - Platnez; Sp - Cañabota gata.Local names: Platneus-sewekiefhaai (Ak).Size: To at least 2.9 m.Fisheries: Caught with line gear and by sportanglers.Habitat and biology: A benthic, neritic spe-cies, found from near the shore to about adepth of 50 m. Sexual maturity is attained at150 to 180 cm for males and 190 to 210 cm forfemales. Feeds on a wide variety of sharks,rays, and bony fishes. Aggressive, reportedas dangerous to people.

76 Sharks

6 gill slits

upper and lower teeth of left side

upper and lower teeth of right side

orbit length much shorterthan internarial distance

7 gill slits

orbit length greater thaninternarial distance

upper and lower teeth of left side

7 gill slits

Chlamydoselachus anguineus Garman, 1884 (plate IX, 70) CHLAMYDOSELACHIDAE

FAO names: En - Frilled shark; Fr - Requinlezard; Sp - Tiburón anguila.Local names: Frill shark; Frilletjieshaai (Ak);Kragenhai, Krausenhai (Gr).Size: To about 2 m.Fisheries: Taken incidentally in bottom trawlsand bottom longlines.Habitat and biology: Benthic, on the outercontinental shelves and upper slopes, atdepths between 120 and 1 300 m.

Carcharias taurus Rafinesque, 1810 ODONTASPIDIDAE

Synonyms: Eugomphodus taurus (Rafinesque,1810).FAO names: En - Sandtiger shark; Fr - Requintaureau; Sp - Toro bacota.Local names:Size: Up to 3.2 m.Fisheries: Caught occasionally by sportanglers. Flesh highly appreciated in Japan.Habitat and biology: Coastal, from the surfzone and shallow bays to the deeper conti-nental shelf, near the bottom, in midwater orat the surface. Feeds on various bony fishes,sharks, rays, squid, crabs, and lobsters. Con-sidered as harmless for man.

Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758) LAMNIDAE

FAO names: En - Great white shark;Fr - Grand requin blanc; Sp - Jaquetón blanco.Local names: Witdoodshaai (Ak);Menschenhai, Weißhai (Gr).Size: To 7.1 m total length.Fisheries: So far not caught in Namibia.Habitat and biology: Primarily coastal, offcontinental as well as insular shelves, fromthe surface to depths of more than 1 200 m;often close inshore, penetrating into shallowbays. A very active, swift, and powerful shark,usually feared as the most dangerous of livingsharks. Feeds on bony fishes, sharks, rays,seals, dolphins, porpoises, sea birds, carrion,and a number of invertebrates such as squid,octopus, and crabs. Ovoviviparous, bears 7to 9 young. Worldwide it is considered rare,and in Namibia it is classified as a “SpeciallyProtected Animal.”

Guide to Species 77

upper and lower teeth from left side

ventral view of

head

both dorsal fins and anal fin equallylarge and broad-based

colour dark brown-greyto black on back,

abruptly white on belly

upper and lower teeth from left side

ventral view of

head

strong keel

snout short and conical

ventral view of head upper and lower tooth

Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque, 1809 (plate II, 10) LAMNIDAE

FAO names: En - Shortfin mako; Fr - Taupebleu; Sp - Marrajo dientuso.Local names: Kortvin-mako (Ak); Mako,Makrelenhai (Gr).Size: To at least 4 m.Fisheries: Caught mainly in tuna longlinefisheries and occasionally by the swordfishfishery.Habitat and biology: An extremely activespecies, mainly epipelagic but also found atdepths of 100 to 150 m. Feeds on a wide vari-ety of prey, including scombrids, carangids,sharks, and cephalopods.

Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre, 1788) ALOPIIDAE

FAO names: En - Thresher shark; Fr - Renard;Sp - Zorro.Local names: Thintail thresher;Fynstert-sambokhaai (Ak); Drescher,Drescherhai, Fuchshai (Gr).Size: To at least 6 m.Fisheries: Tuna longlines. Caught occa-sionally in midwater trawls.Habitat and biology: On the continentalshelf, in inshore waters, as well as far from thecoast, from the surface to a depth of 350 m.Feeds on schooling fish, squid, and pelagiccrustaceans herded by the tail.Remarks: Alopias superciliosus occurs inAngola and may also eventually be reportedfrom Namibia. It can be distinguished from A.vulpinus by the eyes which are larger and ex-tend onto the dorsal surface of the head.

Galeus polli Cadenat, 1959 (plate II, 11) SCYLIORHINIDAE

FAO names: En - African sawtail catshark;Fr - Chien rape; Sp - Pintarroja africana.Local names:Size: To about 40 cm.Fisheries: Caught frequently in bottomtrawls.Habitat and biology: A bottom dwellingshark, found on the upper continental shelffrom depths of 200 to 700 m, associated withhakes, grenadiers, rockfish, and squid.

78 Sharks

eyes small, not visibleon top of head

dorsal view of head ventral view of head

spiny crest of enlarged denticles

anal-fin base long

upper and lower toothventral view of head

strong keel

colour brilliant blue on back andsides, abruptly white on belly

caudal finlunate

snout long andpointed

teeth long andpointed

Haploblepharus pictus (Müller and Henle, 1838) SCYLIORHINIDAE

FAO names: En - Dark shyshark; Fr - Roussettesombre; Sp - Alitán obscuro.Local names: Donker skaamoog (Ak).Size: To about 55 cm.Fisheries: Occasionally caught by shore an-glers.Habitat and biology: An inshore, bot-tom-dwelling shark, most common in sandy ar-eas but also in rocky areas. Feeds on smallbottom-dwelling fish, crustaceans, and cephalo-pods.

Holohalaelurus regani (Gilchrist, 1922) (plate II, 12) SCYLIORHINIDAE

FAO names: En - Izak catshark; Fr - Holbicheisard; Sp - Pejegato reticulado.Local names: Izak; Izak (Ak).Size: To about 60 cm.Fisheries: Occasionally taken in commercialbottom trawlers as bycatch.Habitat and biology: A bottom-dwellingshark of the deeper continental shelf and up-per slope, recorded from depths of about 150to over 700 m but mostly south of Lüderitz.Feeds on small bony fish, crustaceans, andcephalopods. Scavenges on carrion.

Scyliorhinus capensis (Smith, 1838) SCYLIORHINIDAE

FAO names: En - Yellowspotted catshark;Fr - Roussette à taches jaunes; Sp - Alitán demanchas amarillas.Local names: Geelspikkel-kathaai (Ak).Size: To 1.2 m.Fisheries: Rarely caught in bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: A demersal species,found between depths of 30 and 420 m mostlysouth of Lüderitz. Feeds commonly on smallbony fishes, crustaceans, and cephalopods.

Guide to Species 79


distinct yellow spots ondark grey body

no enlarged denticles

only lower-lip groovespresent


numerous dark brown spotson a yellowish body

head broad

lip grooves absent,nostrils separated

from mouth


nostrils connected tomouth by grooves

partial front ventral view

nasal flaps greatly enlarged,overlapping mouth


Galeorhinus galeus (Linnaeus, 1758) TRIAKIDAE

FAO names: En - Tope shark; Fr - Requin-hâ;Sp - Cazón.Local names: Soupfin shark; Sopvinhaai(Ak); Biethai, Hundshai (Gr).Size: To about 2 m.Fisheries: Caught in bottom and pelagictrawls as well as with longlines.Habitat and biology: A pelagic species of thecontinental shelf and upper slope, also occur-ring near the bottom at depths of 2 to 470 m.Feeds on a wide variety of pelagic anddemersal bony fishes such as pilchards, an-chovies, croakers, and breams, and bottominvertebrates such as crabs, shrimps, lob-sters, annelid worms, and sea snails. Sexualmaturity is reached at about 10 years and atabout 130 cm.

Mustelus mustelus (Linnaeus, 1758) TRIAKIDAE

FAO names: En - Smooth-hound; Fr - Emissolelisse; Sp - Musola.Local names: Hondhaai (Ak); SüdlicherGlatthai, Mittelmeer-Glatthai (Gr).Size: To about 1.7 m.Fisheries: Caught in bottom trawls. Com-monly taken by shore anglers.Habitat and biology: A bottom-living spe-cies, sometimes also found in midwaters,mainly on the continental shelf but ranging todepths of at least 350 m, mostly in watersshallower than 50 m. Feeds mainly on crusta-ceans but also on cephalopods, bony fishes,and carrion.

Mustelus palumbes Smith, 1957 (plate II, 13) TRIAKIDAE

FAO names: En - Whitespotted smooth-hound;Fr - Emissole palombe; Sp - Musola paloma.Local names: Witkol-houndhaai (Ak).Size: To 1.2 m.Fisheries: Occasionally caught by bottomtrawlers.Habitat and biology: A demersal shark, oc-curring from the intertidal region to at least adepth of 360 m, on sand and gravel bottoms.Feeds on crabs and other invertebrates.

80 Sharks


dorsal suface uniform grey or grey-brown,sometimes with dark spots 2nd dorsal fin nearly as

large as 1st dorsal fin

snout fairlypointed

upper lateral lip furrows equal toor slightly larger than lower

teeth with lowcrowns andweak cusps,arranged in a

pavement


numerous small white spotson dorsal surface of body

2nd dorsal fin nearly aslarge as 1st dorsal fin

upper lip furrowslonger than lower

snout fairlypointed

ventral view of head upper and lower tooth

2nd dorsal fin markedly smallerthan 1st dorsal fin

lower lobe very long

Triakis megalopterus (Smith, 1849) TRIAKIDAE

FAO names: En - Sharptooth houndshark;Fr - Virli dentu; Sp - Tollo dentudo.Local names: Spotted gullyshark;Gespikkelde sloothaai (Ak).Size: Attains 1.6 m.Fisheries: Commonly caught by shore an-glers.Habitat and biology: An inshore, bot-tom-dwelling shark, mainly on sandy and rockbottoms to a depth of about 50 m. Feeds oncrabs, fishes, and small sharks.

Paragaleus pectoralis (Garman, 1906) HEMIGALEIDAE

FAO names: En - Atlantic weasel shark;Fr - Milandre jaune; Sp - Tiburón comadiza.Local names: Atlantiese weselhaai (Ak).Size: To about 1.4 m.Fisheries: A common catch of the industrialand artisanal fisheries of the Central EasternAtlantic, probably occurring in northernNamibia. Caught in bottom trawls, withlonglines, and hook-and-line.Habitat and biology: On the continentalshelf, to a depth of 100 m. Apparently spe-cialized in feeding on cephalopods.

Carcharhinus brachyurus (Günther, 1870) CARCHARHINIDAE

FAO names: En - Copper shark; Fr - Requincuivre; Sp - Tiburón cobrizo.Local names: Koperhaai (Ak), Kupferhai(Gr).Size: To about 3 m.Fisheries: Taken in bottom trawls and by linegear. Also commonly taken by shore anglersand occasionally by purse seiners.Habitat and biology: Inhabits the continentalshelf from the surfline to a depth of at least100 m. Feeds on a variety of bony fishes, aswell as on other elasmobranchs and inverte-brates. Sexual maturity is reached at the ageof 5 years and a length of approximately2.3 m. Although potentially dangerous to peo-ple, no attacks have been recorded inNamibia.

Guide to Species 81


horizontal, yellow stripes onflanks (fading after death)

height of 2nd dorsal fin more thanhalf height of 1st dorsal fin

1st dorsal fin closer to pectoralfins than to pelvic fins

snoutbroad


upper and lower tooth

teethventral view of head

black spots (absent in young)

snout shortand blunt

teeth with pointed cusps,arranged in pavement

2nd dorsal fin nearly aslarge as 1st dorsal fin

Carcharhinus signatus (Poey, 1868) CARCHARHINIDAE

FAO names: En - Night shark; Fr - Requin denuit; Sp - Tiburón nocturno.Local names:Size: To about 2.8 m.Fisheries: Caught with longlines and occa-sionally in pelagic trawls.Habitat and biology: Coastal tosemioceanic, prefers warm waters and there-fore mostly occurs in northern Namibia nearthe shelf edge, and occurs from the surface toa depth of 600 m. Feeds on bony fishes suchas mackerels, flying fishes, butterfishes, andseabasses.

Prionace glauca (Linnaeus, 1758) (plate II, 14) CARCHARHINIDAE

FAO names: En - Blue shark; Fr - Peaubleue; Sp - Tiburón azul.Local names: Blouhaai (Ak); Blauhai, GroßerBlauhai (Gr).Size: To at least 4 m.Fisheries: A common oceanic shark, caughtmainly with pelagic longlines but also onhook-and-line, pelagic trawls, and bottomtrawls. A frequent bycatch of the swordfishfishery. Occasionally caught by purseseiners.Habitat and biology: A wide ranging,circumglobal oceanic shark, also occurringnear the coast, from the surface to a depth ofabout 150 m. Feeds on smaller bony fishes,cephalopods, small sharks, cetacean carrion,garbage, and seabirds.

Centrophorus granulosus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) (plate II, 15) SQUALIDAE

FAO names: En - Gulper shark;Fr - Squalechagrin commun; Sp - Quelvacho.Local names: Rauher Dornhai (Gr).Size: To about 1.5 m .Fisheries: Commonly caught with bottomtrawls.Habitat and biology: A large, fairly commondeep-water shark of the outer continentalshelf and upper slope, usually near the bot-tom, between depths of 100 and 1 200 m.Feeds on hake, epigonids, and lantern fishes.Remarks: Reports of Centrophorus uyatoin Namibia are attributable to this species.May be placed in a separate family, theCentrophoridae.

82 Sharks

colour dark blue above, white below

1st dorsal fin about midway betweenpectoral and pelvic fins

pectoral fins longand falcate

upper and lower

teethventral view of head dermal denticles

no precaudal pit

angular, tip usuallylong both upper and lower teeth

broad, blade-like


rear tips elongated

cusplets

snout long andpointed

Centrophorus squamosus (Bonnaterre, 1788) (plate II, 16) SQUALIDAE

FAO names: En - Leafscale gulper shark;Fr - Squale-chagrin de l’Atlantique;Sp - Quelvacho negro.

Local names: Düsterer Dornhai (Gr).Size: To about 1.6 m.Fisheries: Caught with line gear and com-mon in bottom trawls. A bycatch of the deep-water fishery.Habitat and biology: Found both pelagic andnear the bottom on the continental slope fromdepths of about 200 to over 2 000 m.Remarks: May be placed in theCentrophoridae

Centroscyllium fabricii (Reinhardt, 1825) SQUALIDAE

FAO names: En - Black dogfish; Fr - Aiguillatnoir; Sp - Tollo negro merga.Local names:Size: Probably to 1 m.Fisheries: Taken in bottom trawls and with linegear. A bycatch of the deep-water orangeroughy fishery.Habitat and biology: A schooling shark, fairlyabundant from the edge of the continental shelfto depths of 1 600 m.Remarks: May be placed in the Etmopteridae.

Centroscymnus coelolepis Bocage and Capello, 1864 SQUALIDAE

FAO names: En - Portuguese dogfish;Fr - Pailona commun; Sp - Pailona.Local names:Size: To about 1.2 m.Fisheries: Caught in bottom trawls and with linegear. A bycatch of the deep-water fishery.Habitat and biology: A common, widely dis-tributed deep-water shark, recorded at depthsfrom 270 to over 3 000 m.Remarks: May be placed in Somniosidae.

Guide to Species 83

upper and lower toothventral view of head dermal denticles

no precaudal pit

both upper and lower teethbroad, blade-like

rough, leaf-like

angular, short tip

ventral view of head upper and lower

teeth

rounded

teeth in both jawsnot expanded andblade-like, withnarrow cusps

in trawls, easily sheds scalesgiving a mottled appearance

ventral view of head upper and lower teeth

spines very small

no precaudal pit

upper teethnarrow,

lower teethbroad andblade-like

labial furrows short

snout short

rounded

Centroscymnus crepidater (Bocage and Capello, 1864) SQUALIDAE

FAO names: En - Longnose velvet dogfish;Fr - Pailona à long nez; Sp - Sapata negra.Local names:Size: To 90 cm.Fisheries: Caught mainly in bottom trawls. Abycatch of the deep-water fishery.Habitat and biology: A fairly common sharkof the upper slope, recorded from depths ofabout 250 to over 1 000 m.Remarks: May be placed in Somniosidae

Deania calcea (Lowe, 1839) (plate III, 17) SQUALIDAE

FAO names: En - Birdbeak dogfish; Fr - Squalesavate; Sp - Tollo pajarito.Local names:Size: To 1.1 m.Fisheries: Caught with pelagic and bottomtrawls and with line gear. A bycatch of thedeep-water fisheryHabitat and biology: Found on the deeper partof the shelf and on the upper slope to about adepth of 1 500 m. Feeds on hatchetfishes, scalydragonfishes, and shrimps.Remarks: May be placed in Etmopteridae

Deania profundorum (Smith and Radcliffe, 1912) SQUALIDAE

FAO names: En - Arrowhead dogfish;Fr - Squale savate lutin; Sp - Tollo flecha.Local names:Size: To about 70 cm.Fisheries: Commonly caught in bottom trawls.A bycatch of the deep-water fisheryHabitat and biology: Inhabiting the upper con-tinental slope, from depths of about 250 to1800 m. Feeds on midwater fishes(myctophids), cephalopods, and crustaceans.Remarks: May be placed in Centrophoridae.

84 Sharks

rounded


upper and lower

teethdermal denticles

no precaudal pit

spines small

snout long

labial furrows long,almost meeting

upper teeth narrow,lower teeth broad

and blade-like

black overlapping scalesgives black velvety

appearance

1st dorsal fin low,rounded, and long

distances betweenbases of dorsal

fins shorter thansnout length

upper and lower

teethdermal denticles

teeth in both jaws broad,but differentiated, upperteeth without cusplets

no low flap of skin

snout very long: distancefrom tip of snout to

mouth much longer thandistance from mouth to

pectoral-fin origin


no precaudal pit

no precaudal pit

snout very long, distance from tip of snout tomouth much longer than distance from

mouth to pectoral-fin origin

low flap of skin onventral midline

Deania quadrispinosum (McCulloch, 1915) SQUALIDAE

FAO names: En - Longsnout dogfish;Fr - Squale-savate à long nez; Sp - Tollotrompalarga.Local names:Size: To about 1.15 m.Fisheries: Occasionally caught in bottomtrawls.Habitat and biology: Occurs in the deeper partof the shelf and on the upper slope, from depthsof about 150 to 750 m. Feeds primarily on bonyfishes. Much less common than the 2 otherspecies of Deania.Remarks: May be placed in Centrophoridae.

Etmopterus cf. brachyurus Smith and Radcliffe, 1912 (plate IX, 71) SQUALIDAE

FAO names: En - Shorttail lanternshark;Fr - Sagre porte-feu à queue courte; Sp - Tollolucero mocho.Local names:Size: To about 42 cm.Fisheries: Caught occasionally in bottomtrawls.Habitat and biology: Found near the bottom indepths between 400 and 900 m.Remarks: Reports of E. lucifer are attributableto this species since E. lucifer probably doesnot occur in Southern Africa. May be placed inEtmopteridae.

Etmopterus “gracilispinis” Krefft, 1968 SQUALIDAE

FAO names: En - Broadbanded lanternshark;Fr - Sagre rubane; Sp - Tollo lucerobandoneado.Local names:Size: To about 35 cm.Fisheries: Caught incidentally in bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: Bottom living, at depthsgenerally exceeding 600 m.Remarks: Reports of this species off South Af-rica are most likely attributable to the recentlydescribed E. compagnoi Fricke and Koch, 1990.So far this species has been recorded from justsouth of Namibia, but its occurrence in Namibiais probable. May be placed in Etmopteridae.

Guide to Species 85


conspicuous lines of denticles on body

body very slim2nd dorsal fin and fin spine larger

than 1st dorsal fin and spine no precaudal pit

ventral tail markingvery prominent

ventral view of head dermal denticle

1st dorsal fin high,angular, and short

upper and lower teeth

no precaudal pit

teeth in both jaws broad,but differentiated, upperteeth without cusplets

distances between basesof dorsal fins more than

snout length

no low flap of skin

snout very long, distance fromtip of snout to mouth muchlonger than distance from

mouth to pectoral-fin origin

dermal denticles upper and lower tooth

denticles on sides of bodyrandomly arranged

2nd dorsal fin and fin spine largerthan 1st dorsal fin and spine no precaudal pit

upper teeth withsecondary

cusplets, lowerteeth larger,broad, andblade-like

conical

upper teeth with secondarycusplets, lower teeth larger,

broad and blade-like

Etmopterus pusillus (Lowe, 1839) SQUALIDAE

FAO names: En - Smooth lanternshark;Fr - Sagre nain; Sp - Tollo lucero liso.Local names:Size: To about 50 cm.Fisheries: Caught occasionally in bottom andmidwater trawls.Habitat and biology: Benthopelagic at depthsbetween around 400 and 700 m.Remarks: Probably 2 species are lumped un-der this name. May be placed in Etmopteridae.

Scymnodon squamulosus (Günther, 1877) SQUALIDAE

FAO names: En - Velvet dogfish;Fr - Squale-grogneur veloute; Sp - Brujaterciopelo.Local names:Size: To about 70 cm.Fisheries: Occasionally caught in deep-waterbottom trawls.Habitat and biology: Found on the upper conti-nental slope from depths of 430 to 900 m. A lit-tle known shark.Remarks: May be placed in Somniosidae.

Squalus acanthias Smith and Radcliffe, 1912 SQUALIDAE

FAO names: En - Spotted spiny dogfish;Fr - Aiguillat commun; Sp - Mielga.Local names: Spikkel-penhaai (Ak); Grundhai(Gr).Size: To about 1 m.Fisheries: Incidentally caught in bottom trawls andlonglines. This species is heavily fished in the east-ern North Atlantic.Habitat and biology: Found from near theshore to at least a depth of 900 m, able to toler-ate brackish water, usually near the bottom butoften also appearing at the surface. Feeds onall bony fishes smaller than itself and a wide va-riety of invertebrates. Males attain sexual matu-rity at 50 cm, females at 60 cm. Gestationperiod is 2 years. Probably one of the mostabundant living sharks.

86 Sharks

upper and lower teeth

fin spines small

colour uniform black-brown

no precaudal pit

strong sub-terminal

notch

upper teeth narrow, not blade-like,lower teeth broad, but with high

knife-cusped cutting teeth

rounded


1st dorsal-fin spine short, itsorigin behind pectoral fin

white spots on sides

dermal denticle


upper and lower teethsimilar in shape

lateralkeel no subterminal

notch

precaudal pit


denticles not in regular rows

dermal denticles

2nd dorsal fin and fin spine largerthan 1st dorsal fin and spine

no precaudal pit

low, flat

upper teeth withsecondary

cusplets, lowerteeth larger,broad, andblade-like

Squalus blainvillei (Risso, 1826) SQUALIDAE

FAO names: En - Longnose spurdog;Fr - Aiguillat coq; Sp - Galludo.Local names: Blainvilles Dornhai (Gr).Size: To about 1 m.Fisheries: Caught incidentally in bottom trawlsand on line gear.Habitat and biology: Prefers muddy bottoms,from shallow inshore waters to at least a depthof 450 m. Feeds on bony fishes such asseabreams, mackerel, and percichthyids, andinvertebrates such as crabs, lobsters, andcephalopods.Remarks: There is some question concerningthe validity of the name blainvillei for this spe-cies (Muños-Chapuli and Ramos, 1989), andreports of this species may be attributable to S.mitsukurii.

Squalus megalops (Macleay, 1881) (plate III, 18) SQUALIDAE

FAO names: En - Shortnose spurdog;Fr - Aiguillat nez court; Sp - Galludo ñato.Local names: Bluntnose spiny dogfish;Stompneus-penhaai (Ak).Size: To 70 cm.Fisheries: Commonly caught with bottomtrawls.Habitat and biology: A common and abundantdogfish forming dense and large schools, foundon the outer continental shelf and upper slope atdepths between 50 and 750 m. Feeds on bonyfishes, cephalopods, crustaceans, and otherelasmobranchs. Sexual maturity is attained at42 cm in males and 55 cm in females; gestationperiod is 2 years.

Squalus mitsukurii Jordan and Snyder, 1903 SQUALIDAE

FAO names: En - Shortspine spurdog;Fr - Aiguillat épinette; Sp - Galludoespinilla.Local names: Longnose spiny dogfish;Langneus-penhaai (Ak);Size: To 1.1 m.Fisheries: Caught in large numbers by trawl-ers and by kingklip longliners.Habitat and biology: Moderately commonoffshore. Feeds on bony fishes, includinghake, snoek, conger eels, and lantern fishes,and invertebrates such as squid, octopus,and crustaceans.

Guide to Species 87


dermal denticle

precaudal pit

no subterminalnotch

tip blunt

1st dorsal-fin spine as long as fin base, itsorigin over pectoral fin

upper and lower toothdermal denticles

1st dorsal-fin spine shorter thanfin base, over pectoral fin

precaudal pit

upper and lowerteeth similar in

shape

tip pointed

1st dorsal-fin spine much shorterthan fin base, over pectoral fin


precaudal pit

tip blunt


dermal denticle

Oxynotus centrina (Linnaeus, 1758) OXYNOTIDAE

FAO names: En - Flatiron shark; Fr - Centrinedu Cap; Sp - Cerdo marino del Cabo.Local names: Strykysterhaai (Ak); Meersau,Schweinhai (Gr).Size: To 1.5 m.Fishing gear: Rarely caught by large offshore-trawling fleets.Habitat and biology: Found from depths of 60to 660 m. Feeds on polychaetes.Remarks: Formerly O. shubnikovi which wasthought to be distinct from this species, also oc-curring in the eastern North Atlantic and Medi-terranean.

Echinorhinus brucus Garman, 1884 (plate III, 19) ECHINORHINIDAE

FAO names: En - Bramble shark; Fr - Squalebouclé; Sp - Tiburón de clavos.Local names: Braamhaai (Ak); Alligatorhai,Nagelhai, Stachelhai (Gr).Size: To about 3.1 m.Fisheries: Occasionally caught in bottom trawlsand line gear, rarely by shore anglers.Habitat and biology: A bottom-living species,found from shallow waters to a depth of about900 m. Feeds on smaller sharks (spiny dog-fish), bony fishes, and crabs.

Squatina aculeata Dumeril, 1829 SQUATINIDAE

FAO names: En - Sawback angelshark; Fr - Angede mer épineux; Sp - Angelote espinudo.Local names: Engelhaai (Ak).Size: To 1.9 m.Fisheries: Taken in bottom trawls and on linegear.Habitat and biology: On the continental shelfand upper slope, between depths of 30 and500 m, usually near the bottom. Feeds on smallsharks and carangids.

Squatina oculata Bonaparte, 1840 SQUATINIDAE

FAO names: En - Smoothback angelshark;Fr - Ange de mer ocellé; Sp - Pez ángel.Local names: Engelhaai (Ak).Size: To 1.6 m.Fisheries: Occasionally caught in bottomtrawls.Habitat and biology: Found on the continentalshelf and upper slope, but mainly between 50 and100 m. Feeds on small fishes.

88 Sharks

trunk triangular in cross-section

dermal denticlesventral view of head

large denticles

dorsal view

large spines present onmidline of back

dorsal view

click for next page

BATOID FISHES - SKATES, RAYS, AND GUITARFISHES

Mostly from the work of Compagno and collaborators (1989 and 1991) and our collections, we count 28species in 7 families and 3 orders of batoid fishes from Namibia. A checklist of batoid fishes is included

in the Appendix in order to serve as an aid to a more accurate assessment of the batoid resources of Namibia.Although not actively fished, they are consistently caught in the bottom trawls of the hake fishery andconstitute a substantial biomass in the demersal community.



length of disc

1st dorsalfin

dorsal view

spiracle

orbit

alar spines (in males)

thorns of median row

pelvic fin, anterior lobe

pelvic fin, posterior lobe

clasper of males

2nd

dorsalfin

caudalfin

lateral tail fold

length ofsnout,

preorbitalaxil of

pectoralfin

length ofsnout,

preorbital

ventral view

width of disc

nasal apertures

mouth

gill slits

anus

length of tail


Order TORPEDINIFORMES - Electric RaysA large electric organ on each side of head but no sting on tail; body not elongate and shark-like but tail isstout and caudal fin large. Two families found in Namibia.

TORPEDINIDAE Page 92

Electric rays

One species found in Namibia, included inthe “Guide to Species.” Pelagic fromdepths between 10 to 560 m. Size to1.8 m total length.

NARKIDAE Page 92

Numbfish

A single species found in Namibia, in-cluded in the “Guide to Species.”Demersal in shallow depths to 183 m.Size to 38 cm total length.

Order RAJIFORMES - Guitarfishes and SkatesNo electric organs on head or sting on tail; body elongate and shark-like (guitarfish family) or, with enlargedpectoral fins forming a disc and the rear margin of the pelvic fin deeply notched forming 2 distinct lobes andwith a slender tail (skate family). Two families found in Namibia.

RHINOBATIDAE Page 92

Guitarfishes

Two species in 1 genus reported fromNamibia, both in the “Guide to Species.”Coastal in shallow water to depths ofaround 70 m. Size to 1.4 m total length.

90 Skates, Rays, and Guitarfishes

STOUT TAIL

NO STING ON TAIL

BODY NOT ELONGATE

ELECTRIC ORGAN ONEACH SIDE OF HEAD

2 dorsal fins

1 dorsal fin

NO ELECTRICORGANS

body elongate and shark-likeNO STINGON TAIL

RAJIDAE Page 93

Skates

Perhaps 17 species in 3 genera fromNamibia, all in the “Guide to Species” ex-cept 2 whose presence in Namibia isdoubtful. Demersal from shallow depthsto nearly 2 000 m. Size to 1.3 m disc width.

Order MYLIOBATIFORMES - StingraysNo electric organs on head but sting on tail usually present; pectoral fins enlarged to form a disc; tail slen-der or whip-like; pelvic fins not deeply indented, each with only a single lobe. Three families reported fromNamibia.

DASYATIDAE Page 98

Stingrays

A single genus and possibly 3 species inNamibia; the record of 1 species,Dasyatis pastinaca, is questionable and itis not included in the “Guide to Species.”Neritic and pelagic. Size to 80 cm discwidth.

GYMNURIDAE Page 99

Butterflyrays

A single genus and possibly 2 species re-ported from Namibia; Gymnura altavela isa questionable record from Namibia andnot included in the “Guide to Species.”Demersal in shallow depths to 75 m. Sizeto 2.5 m disc width.

MYLIOBATIDAE Page 99

Eagle rays

Two species in 2 genera reported fromNamibia, both in the “Guide to Species.”Coastal to depths of around 100 m. Sizeto 1.8 m disc width.


BODY NOT ELONGATE

NO ELECTRIC ORGANS

disc width not much differentfrom disc length

head not distinct from disc,eyes well behind forward

margin of disc

STING USUALLYPRESENT ON TAIL

head not distinct from disc,eyes well behind forward

margin of disc

disc about twiceas wide as long

body not elongate

head elevated and distinct fromdisc, eyes in front of or near

front of forward margin of disc

Torpedo nobiliana Bonaparte, 1835 (plate III, 20) TORPEDINIDAE

FAO names: En - Electric ray; Fr - Torpillenoire; Sp - Tremolina negra.Local names: Atlantic electric ray; Atlantiesedrilvis (Ak); Schwarzer Zitterrochen (Gr).Size: Maximum recorded, 1.8 m total length.Fisheries: Caught occasionally with bottomtrawls and line gear.Habitat and biology: Young are known tobe demersal on soft bottoms, from 10 to150 m, sometimes as deep as 560 m. Adultsare pelagic or semi-pelagic, migrating longdistances. Feeds mainly on bony fishes.

Narke capensis (Gmelin, 1789) NARKIDAE

FAO names: En - Cape numbfish; Fr - Poissonengourdeur du Cap; Sp - Pez temblador delCabo.Local names: Onefin electric ray; Eenvin-drilvis(Ak).Size: To about 38 cm total length.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: Found in shallow watersdown to a depth of 180 m. A small ray that candeliver a very powerful shock.Remarks: Only a single recorded specimencollected in Namibia thus far, 1 caught by ashore angler in Meob Bay. Unofficial report ofthis species from Walvis Bay.

Rhinobatos annulatus Smith, 1841 RHINOBATIDAE

FAO names: En - Lesser guitarfish; Fr - Pois-son-guitare du Cap; Sp - Guitarra del Cabo.Local names: Kleiner sandkruiper (Ak).Size: To about 1.4 m total length.Fisheries: Occasionally caught in bottom trawlsand by hook-and-line from the beach.Habitat and biology: Mainly in inshore watersand down to a depth of 70 m; also entering estuar-ies. Feeds mainly on small invertebrates includingcrustaceans, bivalves, and polychaete worms,and small bony fishes.Remarks: Confirmed reports for localities inNamibia are needed.


2 dorsal fins

1 dorsal fin

numerous small spots on backsnout sharply

pointed

Rhinobatos blochii Müller and Henle, 1841 RHINOBATIDAE

FAO names: En - Bluntnose guitarfish;Fr - Poisson guitare épointé; Sp - Guitarraembotada.Local names: Stompneus-sandkruiper (Ak).Size: To about 95 cm.Fisheries: Occasionally caught in bottomtrawls.Habitat and biology: Demersal, near shore inshallow sandy areas. Rare. In Namibia, southof Walvis Bay.

Bathyraja smithii (Müller and Henle, 1841) (plate IX, 72) RAJIDAE

FAO names: En - African softnose skate; Fr - Raiede Smith; Sp - Raya de Smith.Local names:Size: Up to 85 cm disc width.Fisheries: Occasionally caught in deep-waterbottom trawls.Habitat and biology: A demersal species of theupper continental slope, from depths of 440 to1 020 m. Feeds on bony fishes such as hake,barracudinas, and dragonets, and invertebratessuch as squid, octopus, crabs, and shrimps.

Cruriraja parcomaculata Von Bonde and Swart, 1923 RAJIDAE

FAO names: En - Roughnose legskate; Fr - Raiaá nez hérissé; Sp - Raya nariz áspera.Local names: Rog (Ak).Size: To about 35 cm disc width.Fisheries: Regularly caught by hake trawlers.Habitat and biology: Known to occur on thebottom, at depths from 200 to 620 m. Feedsmainly on invertebrates such as crabs, shrimps,hermit crabs, squid, and polychaete worms.

Guide to Species 93

colour whitish grey, sometimes with white spots; white ventrally,with black blotches between gill slits and around vent

angular

snout soft

a single row oflarge thorns,14-19 from

above vent to1st dorsal-fin

origin

colour uniform brown (sometimes withirregular patches); underside white

thorns on tip ofsnout

margin of pelvicfin confluentwith posteriormargin of disc

long leg-likeanterior lobe

snoutblunt

Raja alba Lacepède, 1803 RAJIDAE

FAO names: En - White skate; Fr - Raieblanche; Sp - Raya bramante.Local names: Spearnose skate; Spiesneus(Ak); Bandrochen, Spitzrochen (Gr).Size: To at least 180 cm disc width.Fisheries: Caught in bottom trawls, pelagictrawls, and by shore anglers.Habitat and biology: A demersal species, fromintertidal coastal waters to the upper continentalslope, from shallow depths to about 500 m. Abottom predator, feeding on a wide range ofspecies, including bony fishes such as hake,kingklip, anchovy, gobies, sardines, and horsemackerel, and other sharks, rays, and variouscephalopods and crustaceans.

Raja caudaspinosa von Bonde and Swart, 1923 RAJIDAE

FAO names: En - Munchkin skate; Fr - Raie áqueue épineuse; Sp - Raya cola espinosa.Local names: Rog (Ak).Size: To at least 32 cm disc width.Fisheries: Only occasionally caught in bottomtrawls.Habitat and biology: Recorded from depths of310 to about 700 m, mostly south of Lüderitz.Feeds on mysids, lightfish, and polychaetes.

Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758 (plate III, 21) RAJIDAE

FAO names: En - Thornback ray; Fr - Raiebouclée; Sp - Raya de clavos.Local names: Thornback skate; Doringrug-rog(Ak); Keulenrochen, Nagelrochen, Steinrochen(Gr).Size: To 60 cm disc width.Fisheries: Occasionally caught in bottomtrawls.Habitat and biology: A demersal speciesfound from shallow inshore waters to the uppercontinental slope to a depth of at least 700 m.Feeds on crustaceans, fish, and cephalopods.Remarks: Reports of R. clavata andR. straeleni may represent a single species.


dorsal surface of disc sometimes with dark spots; paleventrally with margins of disc greyish.

eyespot, if present,strongly ovate

strong thorns present

snout bluntlypointed

tail with 5-7 rowsof thorns

tail long, distance from vent to 1st

dorsal-fin origin longer thandistance from vent to tip of snout

snout short,pointed

adults and large juvenileswith small white spots

narrow-tipped snout

angular

3 rows of largethorns on tail

upper side of disc covered withsmall sharp thorns, no large

thorns on nape or back

Raja confundens Hulley, 1970 (plate X, 73) RAJIDAE

FAO names: En - Bigthorn skate; Fr - Raiegrand épine; Sp - Raya de grande espina.Local names:Size: To about 45 cm disc width.Fisheries: Commonly caught in bottom trawls.A bycatch of the deep-water fishery.Habitat and biology: Found in the deeper partof the shelf and on the upper slope, from depthsof about 170 m to 900 m. Feeds mainly on inver-tebrates such as crustaceans, squid, andpolychaete worms.Remarks: Considered a junior synonym of Rajabarnardi Norman, 1935 by some authors.

Raja doutrei Cadenat, 1960 (plate III, 22) RAJIDAE

FAO names: En - Javelin skate; Fr - Raieviolette; Sp - Raya violeta.Local names:Size: To over 95 cm disc width.Fisheries: Occasionally caught in bottomtrawls. A bycatch of the deep-water fishery.Habitat and biology: Found on the slope be-tween depths of 450 and 600 m.

Raja leopardus von Bonde and Swart, 1923 RAJIDAE

FAO names: En - Leopard skate; Fr - Raieléopard; Sp - Raya leopardo.Local names:Size: To 65 cm disc width.Fisheries: Occasionally caught in bottomtrawls.Habitat and biology: A rather common spe-cies, found on the upper continental slope, fromdepths of about 300 to 900 m. Feeds on bottomcrustaceans, bony fishes, cuttlefish, andpolychaete worms.

Guide to Species 95

pigmented pores on underside of disc

long stiffpointedsnout

tips rounded

median row ofthorns

snout moderatelylong

small thorns onupper surface

often with blackishspots

adults with 4-5 rows of thornsincluding a median row

short, obtusesnout

large white thorns on uppersurface and snout

5 rows of thorns on tail,including median row

Raja miraletus Linnaeus, 1758 RAJIDAE

FAO names: En - Brown ray; Fr - Raie miroir;Sp - Raya de espejos.Local names: Twineye skate; Tweeoog-rog(Ak); Vieräugiger Spiegelrochen (Gr).Size: To 35 cm disc width.Fisheries: Occasionally caught in bottom trawlsand by anglers.Habitat and biology: Found from shallow in-shore waters to a depth of 500 m, most commonbetween 50 and 150 m. Feeds on crustaceans,bony fishes, and cephalopods.

Raja pullopunctata Smith, 1964 RAJIDAE

FAO names: En - Slime skate; Fr - Raiebaveuse; Sp - Raya limosa.Local names: Rog (Ak).Size: To 70 cm disc width.Fisheries: Caught in bottom trawls. Commonbycatch in hake fisheries.Habitat and biology: Found on soft substrateof the outer shelf and upper slope, from depthsof about 50 to 450 m. A common species, feed-ing on various bony fishes, crustaceans, andmolluscs.

Raja ravidula Hulley, 1970 RAJIDAE

FAO names: En - Smoothback skate; Fr - Raielisse; Sp - Raya suave.Local names: Rog (Ak).Size: To 36 cm disc width.Fisheries: Incidentally caught in bottom trawls.A bycatch of the deep-water fishery.Habitat and biology: Upper slope from depthsof about 500 to 1 000 m. Common in centralNamibia.


long snout

no mental pores onunderside of disc

juvenile

large brown blotch

median row of thorns

long snout

2 prominent rows of thorns,no median row

snout short, bluntlypointed

eyespots with3 rings of

colour, centrebright blue in

life

often with small dark spots

Raja spinacidermis Barnard, 1923 RAJIDAE

FAO names: En - Roughskin skate; Fr - Raiepeau hérissée; Sp - Raya piel áspera.Local names: Ruwevel-rog (Ak).Size: To 45 cm disc width.Fisheries: Caught ocasionally in bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: Found on the slope, fromdepths of about 800 to 1 400 m.

Raja springeri Wallace, 1967 RAJIDAE

FAO names: En - Roughbelly skate; Fr - Raiede Springer; Sp - Raya de Springer.Local names:Size: To 130 cm disc width.Fisheries: Rarely caught in bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: Found on the outer shelfand upper slope, on the bottom, at depths be-tween about 80 and 750 m. Feeds on bonyfishes such as round herring and macrourids,and on crabs and squids.

Raja straeleni Poll, 1951 RAJIDAE

FAO names: En - Biscuit skate; Fr - Raietachetée; Sp - Raya manchada.Local names: False thornback skate; Valsdoringrug-rog (Ak).Size: To 68 cm disc width.Fisheries: Occasionally caught in bottomtrawls; pectoral fins used for human consump-tion.Habitat and biology: A very common skate,found from inshore waters to the upper slope toa depth of about 350 m. Feeds mainly oninvetebrates such as shrimps, hermit crabs,mantis shrimp, and cephalopods, and bonyfishes such as hake, sardine, and lanternfishes.Remarks: See remarks under R. clavata.

Guide to Species 97

pigmented pores onunderside of disc

long stiff pointedsnout

angular tips

median row ofthorns

strong thorns

oblong eyespotoften present

snout angular

usually with black,irregular spots

lateral caudalthorns

a median row of thorns

large juveniles andadults without

thorns on disc ortail

snout bluntlypointed and

flexible

Raja wallacei Hulley, 1970 RAJIDAE

FAO names: En - Yellow spotted skate; Fr - Raiede Wallace; Sp - Raya de Wallace.Local names: Blancmange skate; Witpoeding-rog(Ak).Size: To 53 cm disc width.Fisheries: Rarely caught in bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: Found at depths of 90 to440 m. Preys on crustaceans and small fish,and is also scavenger.

Dasyatis chrysonota (Smith,1828) DASYATIDAE

FAO names: En - South African blue stingray;Local names: Blue stingray; Blou pylstert (Ak).Size: To 75 cm disc width.Fisheries: Occasionally caught by shore an-glers.Habitat and biology: A common inshore sting-ray, often in shallow bays and sheltered sandybeaches, especially in summertime, moving todeeper waters to a depth of about 100 m duringwinter. Feeds on crustaceans such as crabs,shrimps, and mantis shrimps, and on smallbony fishes.Remarks: Previously confused with D.pastinaca and D. marmorata which do not oc-cur in the area.

Dasyatis violacea (Bonaparte, 1832) DASYATIDAE

Synonyms: Pteroplatytrygon violacea(Compagno et al., 1989).FAO names: En - Blue stingray;Fr - Pastenague violette; Sp - Raya látigovioleta.Local names: Pelagic stingray; Pelagiesepylstert (Ak); Violetter Stechrochen (Gr).Size: To 80 cm disc width.Fisheries: Caught by pelagic offshorelonglines.Habitat and biology: This is the only pelagicand oceanic stingray.


anterior contour of discbroadly arched

colour violet purple above and below

short broadblunt snout

bright yellow or whiteirregular spots

2-4 rows of thorns

conspicuous bright blueblotches and branching

lines on a goldenbackground

Gymnura natalensis (Gilchrist and Thompson, 1911) GYMNURIDAE

FAO names: En - Backwater butterflyray;Fr - Raia-papillon de Natal; Sp - Rayamariposa de Natal.Local names: Rem-vinderrog (Ak).Size: Up to 250 cm disc width.Fisheries: Rarely caught by offshore trawlersand rarely by shore anglers.Habitat and biology: Close inshore offsandy beaches, on offshore banks to a depthof 75 m. Feeds mainly on bony fishes such asflatfishes, sardines, and gurnards, and oncrabs and polychaete worms.

Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758) MYLIOBATIDAE

FAO names: En - Common eagle ray; Fr - Aiglecommun; Sp - Aguila marina.Local names: Eagle ray; Arendrog (Ak);Adlerrochen, Gewöhnlicher Adlerrochen (Gr).Size: To about 150 cm disc width.Fisheries: Rarely caught with bottom trawls,purse seines, longlines, and shore anglers.Habitat and biology: Found in coastal waters toa depth of about 100 m, mainly on soft bottoms;enters lagoons and estuaries. Often found ingroups. Feeds on invertebrates such as bivalvesand crabs, and on small fish.

Pteromylaeus bovinus (Saint-Hilaire, 1817) MYLIOBATIDAE

FAO names: En - Bull ray; Fr - Aigle vachette;Sp - Chucho vaca.Local names: Bulrog (Ak); AfrikanischerAdlerrochen (Gr).Size: To about 180 cm disc width.Fisheries: Rarely caught with bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: A coastal species, todepths of about 100 m; often found close tosoft bottoms. Feeds mainly on invertebratessuch as crabs, bivalves, and squid, and smallfish. Possibly present only along the northerncoast of Namibia (absent in the cold upwellingwaters).

Guide to Species 99

mouth

colour grey-green or brownish withdarker mottling, but changing to

match substrate

black and white bands on tail


head marked off from rest of disc

sting

head marked off from rest of disc

pointed

blue-grey crossbars

sting

CHIMAERAS

There are 6 species of chimaeras in Namibia. They are usually caught incidentally in bottom trawls and arenot normally found in great numbers. However, in some places they are considered a delicacy and

represent a potential resource for further exploitation.


Order CHIMAERIFORMES - ChimaerasA cartilagenous skeleton; a simple external gill opening on each side of head; naked skin; 2 dorsal fins, thefirst with a long spine; elongate tapering tail. Three families found in Namibia.

CALLORHINCHIDAE Page 101

Elephantfish

A single species reported from Namibia,included in the “Guide to Species.”Demersal, from shallow depths to 370 m.Size to 1.2 m total length.

CHIMAERIDAE Page 101

Shortnose chimaeras

Two species in Namibia, both included inthe “Guide to Species” and both possiblyundescribed. Demersal in depths be-tween 400 and 1 200 m. Size to 1.0 m totallength.

RHINOCHIMAERIDAE Page 102

Longnose chimaeras

Three species in 3 genera from Namibia,all included in the “Guide to Species.”Demersal in depths between 200 and1 100 m. Size to 1.3 m total length.

100 Chimaeras

soft gillcover

mouth

frontal tentaculum

nostril

pelvicfin

caudalfilament

caudalfin

anal fin

clasper

prepelvictentaculum

pectoralfin

gill opening

length to 2nd dorsal base

head

snout

lateral-line

fin spine

1st dorsal fin

2nd dorsal fin

total length

diagram of a male chimaera

(Chimaera)

2nd dorsal fin long and low

caudal fin on horizontal

axis or slightly arched

snout long, pointed

snout short, blunt

2nd dorsal finlong and low

caudal fin ona horizontal

axis

caudal fin archedupward

2nd dorsal fin shortand high

snout hoe-shaped

Callorhinchus capensis Duméril, 1865 (plate III, 23) CALLORHINCHIDAE

FAO names: En - Cape elephantfish;Fr - Masca du Cap; Sp - Pejegallo delCabo.Local names: Elephantfish; Josef (Ak);Totenkopfchimäre (Gr).Size: To 1.2 m total length.Fisheries: Caught with bottom trawlsand commonly by shore anglers.Habitat and biology: A demersal speciesof the continental shelf, from shallowcoastal waters to a depth of 370 m. Feedson a wide variety of invertebrates such seaurchins, bivalves, shrimp, crabs, gastro-pods, and small fish. Produces egg-casesthat are spindle shaped, with broad hori-zontal flanges.

Chimaera sp. CHIMAERIDAE

FAO names: En - Cape chimaera;Fr - Chimère du Cap; Sp - Quimera delCabo.Local names: Kaapse chimaera (Ak).Size: To 1 m total length.Fisheries: Occasionally caught in bottomtrawls. A bycatch of the deep-water fish-ery.Habitat and biology: A demersalspecies found on the continental slopefrom depths of 680 to around 1 000 m.

Hydrolagus sp. CHIMAERIDAE

FAO names: En - Brown chimaera;Fr - Chimère brunette; Sp - Quimeracastaña.Local names:Size: To about 70 cm total length.Fisheries: Occasionally caught in bottomtrawls. A bycatch of the deep-water fish-ery.Habitat and biology: Demersal indepths between 400 and 1 200 m.Remarks: This species is probably H. africanus(Gilchrist, 1992).

Guide to Species 101

colour silvery with dusky marking

recurved projection

caudal fin withraised axis

blunt and short

small anal fin

blunt and short

no anal fin

Harriotta raleighana Goode and Bean, 1895 RHINOCHIMAERIDAE

FAO names: En - Narrownosechimaera; Fr - Chimère de Raleigh;Sp - Quimera de Raleigh.Local names:Size: To 1 m total length.Fisheries: Rarely caught in bottomtrawls.Habitat and biology: A bottom livingspecies of the upper slope, found fromdepths of about 850 to 1 100 m.

Neoharriotta pinnata (Schnakenbeck, 1931) (plate III, 24)

FAO names: En - Sicklefin chimaera;Fr - Chimère faucillée; Sp - Narigónaletas de haz.Local names:Size: To 1.3 m.Fisheries: Caught occasionally in bottomtrawls.Habitat and biology: A demersal spe-cies of the upper slope, from depths of200 to 470 m. Feeds on swimming crabs.Egg cases spindle-shaped, with broadhorizontal flanges.

Rhinochimaera atlantica Holt and Byrne, 1909 RHINOCHIMAERIDAE

FAO names: En - Spearnose chimaera;Fr - Chimère nez lance; Sp - Narigón si-erra.Local names:Size: To 1.3 m.Fisheries: Rarely caught in bottom trawls.A bycatch of the deep-water fishery.Habitat and biology: Found on the conti-nental slope, from depths of about 550 to1 100 m.

102 Chimaeras



colour whitish to light brownno anal fin

spine smooth

upper margin of caudal fin with series ofenlarged denticles in males

colour dark brown or blackish

spine serrated

no anal fin

colour chocolate brown


large anal fin

spine smooth anteriorly,serrated posteriorly

click for next page

BONY FISHES

Using mostly secondary literature, we estimate there are around 410 species in 137 families of bony fishesthat occur in marine waters of Namibia. These include the species of primary commercial importance,

such as hakes, pilchard, and horse mackerel, and many other species that are exploited as bycatch in thebottom trawl and purse-seine fisheries. We include 195 species in 63 families in the “Guide to Species” asbeing of present or potential interest to fisheries. In order that researchers can also identify, at least to familylevel, the other species of bony fishes that may also be encountered in fisheries, we include identificationclues to all 137 families that are reported from Namibia in the “Guide to Orders and Families.” This includesmany deep water and rare forms that may never be important in fisheries, but that may be important asecological indicators while managing marine resources. We recommend that this preliminary family guide beconsulted before attempting to determine the species, since many important characters listed in the familyguide are not repeated in the “Guide to Species.” A check list of bony fishes is included in the Appendix toserve as a working list from which researchers can more accurately assess and study the bony fish resourcesof Namibia.



fork length

total length

eye

head length

standard length

2nd dorsal-fin base

1st dorsal-finbase

interdosal space

depth of 2nd

dorsal fin

preorbitallength

postorbitallength

depth of body

length of pectoral fin

length ofcaudal

peduncle

anal-fin base

General Nomanclature of the External Morphology

Fig. 1 Common external measurements

Note: although all measurements are shown vertical and horizontal, all distances are measured as thestraight line, shortest distance between the 2 anatomical points

opercularmembrane

2nd dorsal-finorigin

2nd dorsal fincaudal fin

(upper lobe)

caudal fin(lower lobe)

caudal peduncle

anal fin

anus

lateral line

pectoral fin

pelvic fin

branchiostegal rayssuborbital

plate

nostrils

premaxilla maxilla

preopercle

opercle

nape

1st dorsal fin

lower jaw

chin

Fig. 2 Common external features


104 Bony Fishes

scales belowlateral line

scales beforedorsal fin

(predorsal scales)scales abovelateral line

lateral-line scales

circumpeduncularscales

incisors canines

Fig. 7 Common types of teeth

villiformmolars

vomer

palatine

maxilla

maxilla

premaxilla

dentary

clupeiform

dentary

premaxillamaxilla

perciform

premaxilla

palatine

vomer

roof of mouth and upper jaw

premaxilla

Fig. 6 Teeth-bearing bones in the roof of the mouth and upperjaw, and alternative positions of premaxilla and maxilla inancestral (clupeiform) versus derived (perciform) fishes

upper and lower jaws

Fig. 5 Mouth position and protrusibility

superiorprotrusible

retracted protracted

inferior

terminal

Fig. 4 Schematic examples oftypical scales

cycloid ctenoid

Fig. 3 Common scale counts

outer marginsmooth

outer margintoothed


spines (unsegmented,always unbranched) soft rays (segmented,

usually branched)

Fig. 9 Structures of 1st left gill

Fig. 16 Most common types of caudal fins

truncate pointed andseparated fromthe dorsal and

anal fins

pointedforkedlunateemarginaterounded

finletsadipose fin

gill arch(upper limb)

gill filaments

gill arch(lower limb)

gill rakers

gill filaments

rudiment

rudiment

central gill raker

lower gill raker

upper gill raker

Fig. 8 Position of 1st left gill arch with gill coverremoved

branchiostegal rays

isthmus

brain

sagitta (large otolithor earstone)

branchiostegal rays

vertebral column

swim bladder

extension intestine

duct-likeprocess

Fig. 10 Structures onventral side of head

Fig. 11 Position ofsagittal otolith inside

head (dorsal view)

Fig. 12 Position of swimbladderinside body cavity

Fig. 14 Accessory dorsal and anal fins:adipose fin and finlets

side front side front

soft ray (branched,segmented, 2 halves)

spinous ray(solid)

Fig. 15 Construction of fin rays

Fig. 13 Example of a continuousdorsal fin of a spiny-rayed fish

106 Bony Fishes

Fig. 17 Positions of pelvic fins

abdominal

thoracic

jugular

Fig. 18 Marine habitat divisions

Abdomen - The belly; ventral area between breastand anus.Abyssal - Region of the ocean floor between thedepths of 4 000 and 6 000 m (Fig. 18).Abyssopelagic - Pelagic zone between the depthsof 4 000 and 6 000 m (Fig. 18).Acute - Pointed or sharp.Adipose eyelid - Transparent fleshy tissue coveringpart or all of the eye in some fishes.Adipose fin - Small, fleshy fin without rays or spineson the dorsal midline between the dorsal and caudalfins of some fishes (Fig. 14).Air bladder - See swim bladder.Anadromous - Living mostly in seawater and migrat-ing to freshwater to spawn.Anal fin - Unpaired median fin supported by rays onthe tail behind the anus (Fig. 2).Anterior - Pertaining to the front portion.Antrorse -Turned forward.Anus - Posterior opening of the intestine throughwhich wastes are excreted; vent (Fig. 1).Attenuate - Elongate; extended or drawn out.Axil - Angular area between pectoral fin and body,equivalent to arm-pit.Axillary scale - An elongate or modified scale at theinsertion of the pelvic or pectoral fins in some fishes.Band - Usually refers to an oblique or irregular mark-ing.Bar - Elongate nearly straight vertical marking.Barbel - Elongate fleshy tentacle-like sensory projec-tion, usually about the mouth or head.Base of fin - Part of the fin that attaches to the body(Fig. 1).Bathyl zone - Region of the ocean floor from theedge of the continental shelf (at around 200 m) downto a depth of about 4 000 m (Fig. 18).Bathypelagic - Pelagic zone between the depths ofabout 1 000 and 4 000 m (Fig. 18).Benthic - Referring to the ocean bottom; benthic spe-cies are closely associated with and often attached tothe ocean bottom (Fig. 18).Benthopelagic - Inhabiting waters above but nearthe bottom or, spending part of the time on the bottomand part of the time further up in the pelagic zone.Branchiostegal membranes - Membranes on theventral interior surface of the gill cover supported bybranchiostegal rays.Branchiostegal rays, branchiostegals - Bony rayssupporting the membranes inside the lower part ofthe gill cover (Fig. 10).

Breast - Ventral surface of body between the isthmusand pectoral or pelvic fins.Canine - Slender conical tooth, often enlarged andelongate (Fig. 7).Carapace - A hardened encasing covering all or partof the body.Cardiform - Small short conical outgrowths in aclose-set patch or band; usually refers to a band ofclose-set small conical teeth.Catadromous - Living in freshwater and migrating tothe sea to spawn.Caudal fin - The tail fin (Fig 1).Caudal peduncle - Posterior part of body betweenthe rear parts of the dorsal and anal fins, and the cau-dal fin (Fig. 1).Cheek - Side of head below and slightly behind theeye.Cirrus - Small, fleshy protuberance.Compressed - Flattened laterally; a body shapemuch deeper than wide.Continental rise - The gentle slope at the base of thecontinental slope.Continental shelf - The flattened edge of the conti-nental land mass between the coast and the conti-nental slope (generally, the continental subtidal zonedown to a depth of about 200 m) (Fig. 18).Continental slope - The sloping edge of the conti-nental land mass, generally beginning at a depth ofaround 200 m.Crenulate - Scalloped or wavy edge.Ctenoid scale - Scale with a spiny posterior margin(Fig. 4).Cycloid scale - Scales with smooth posterior margin,without spines on posterior margin (Fig. 4).Deciduous - Easily shed or rubbed off; refers toscales.Demersal - Free living close to the sea bottom.Denticle - Small tooth-like structures.Depressed - Flattened from top to bottom; bodyshape much wider then deep.Distal - Near outer edge; far end from point of attach-ment or centre of body.Dorsal - Back or upper body.Dorsal fin - Median fin supported by spines and/orrays; sometimes separated into 2 or more fins withthe anterior most fin designated the first (Fig. 2).Edentulous - Without teeth.Emarginate - Margin slightly concave; usually per-tains to a caudal fin shape (Fig. 16).Entire - Smooth or straight margin.


TECHNICAL TERMS

Estuary - Partly enclosed body of seawater that ismeasurably diluted with fresh water.Falcate - Sickle-shaped.Finlets - Small separate dorsal and anal fins (Fig.14).Forked - Branched; caudal fin shape with distinct up-per and lower lobes and the posterior margin of eachlobe relatively straight or gently curved (Fig. 16).Furcate - Forked.Fusiform - Spindle-shaped; body shape that is cylin-drical and tapering at both ends.Gas bladder - See swim bladder.Gill - Organ for exchange of dissolved gasses be-tween water and the blood stream; gill tissues aresupported by a gill arch in fishes (Figs 8, 9).Gill arch - Bony angular skeleton that supports thegill filaments and gill rakers (Figs 8, 9).Gill filaments - Principal site of gas exchange in thegill (Fig. 9).Gill membrane - Membranes along the posterior andventral margin of the gill cover.Gill rakers - Bony projections along the front edge ofthe gill arch that help prevent food from escapingthrough the gill opening (Figs. 8, 9).Gular plate - Bony plate covering the underside ofthe head as exemplified in elopiform fishes.Hadal zone - Region of the ocean floor between thedepths of 6 000 and 10 300 m (Fig. 18).Herbivore - Feeding on plants.Illicium - Modified isolated first ray of the dorsal finthat forms the ‘fishing gear’ (rod and lure) inanglerfishes.Incisor - Flattened chisel-shaped tooth (Fig. 7).Inferior - Mouth position on underside of head withsnout projecting in front of mouth (Fig. 5).Insertion - The anterior or posterior point of attach-ment of a fin to the body.Interdorsal - The space on the back between thebases of the first and second dorsal fins (Fig. 1).Interopercle - The lower anterior bone of the gillcover (Fig. 2).Interorbital - The space on top of the head betweenthe eyes.Intertidal - The area of the shore covered at high tideand exposed at low tide.Isthmus - The part of the underside of the head sepa-rating the gill openings (Fig. 10).Jugular - Pertaining to the throat region; pelvic finsare jugular when positioned on the underside of thehead in front of the pectoral fins (Fig. 17).Lanceolate - Spear- or lance-shaped.Lateral - The side or toward the side.Lateral line - A vibration sensory canal along the sideof the body with a series of pores that communicate to

the outside of the body, often through specializedpored lateral-line scales (Figs 2, 3).Littoral - The intertidal area of the shore.Lunate - Crescent-shaped; caudal-fin shape that isdeeply emarginate with narrow lobes (Fig. 16).Mandible - Lower jaw.Maxilla - The bone in the upper jaw behind thepremaxilla. In ancestral fishes the maxilla is the prin-cipal bone of the upper jaw that bears teeth; in de-rived fishes it generally does not bear teeth andserves more to support the premaxilla (Fig. 6).Median - The middle or toward the midline.Median fins - Fins that lie on the midline; the dorsal,anal, and caudal fins.Melanophore - Cell carrying black or greyish pig-ments.Mesopelagic - Pelagic zone between the depths ofabout 200 and 1 000 m (Fig. 18).Molar - A low, blunt, rounded tooth for crushing andgrinding (Fig. 7).Nape - The dorsal part of the body just behind theocciput or hard dorsal region of the skull (Fig. 2).Neritic - Nearshore; the zone of water above the con-tinental shelves.Occiput - Upper back part of the head or skull.Ocellus - A round eye-like spot or marking with amarginal ring.Opercle - The large posterior upper bone of the gillcover (Fig. 2).Operculum - The gill cover composed of thepreopercle, opercle, interopercle, and subopercle.Orbital - Referring to the eye, particularly the bonessurrounding the eye.Origin - The anterior point of attachment of fins to thebody (anterior insertion) (Fig. 2).Otolith - A small bone or earstone in the inner ear offishes (Fig. 11).Paired fin - Fins found on both sides of the body; thepectoral and pelvic fins (Fig. 2).Palate - Roof of the mouth.Palatine - Paired bones on each side of the palate,behind and lateral to the vomer, often bearing teeth(Fig. 6).Papilla - A small fleshy projection.Pectoral fins - Paired fins on the sides behind the gillcover (Fig. 2).Pelagic - The division of the marine environmentcomposed of all the ocean’s water; living in the openseas or oceans (Fig. 18).Pelvic fins - Paired fins in front of the anus (Fig. 2),sometimes called the ventral fins. Ancestral fishesgenerally have the pelvic fins in the abdominal posi-tion while derived fishes generally have the pelvic finsin the thoracic or jugular position (Fig. 17).

108 Bony Fishes

Peritoneum - The membrane that lines the body cav-ity, covers the heart, and forms mesentaries.

Pharyngeal teeth - Teeth on the elements of the lastgill arch or pharyngeal arch.Photophore - Light-emitting organ or luminous spot.Posterior - Pertaining to the rear portion.Premaxilla - Anterior bone in the upper jaw (seemaxilla) (Fig. 6).Preopercle -The upper anterior bone of the gill cover(Fig. 2).Preorbital - Referring to the region before the eye; asuborbital bone in front and below the eye.Principal caudal-fin ray - The branched and un-branched caudal-fin rays that reach the rear margin ofthe fin.Procurrent caudal-fin ray - Small ray at the inser-tions of the fin that do not reach the rear margin.Proximal - Part nearest the centre of the body.Pseudobranchium - A small patch of gill-like fila-ments on the upper inner surface of the gill cover.Ray - Supporting element of fins (Fig. 15). Ray issometimes used as a collective term to designateboth soft rays (see below) and spines (see below). Itis also sometimes used to designate exclusively, softrays.Rounded - A caudal-fin shape with the terminal bor-der smoothly convex (Fig. 16).Rudiment - A poorly developed structure, usuallysmall and minimally functional at best. These includesmall unbranched soft rays and small gill rakers at theends of a gill arch.Scute - A modified scale that can be enlarged, hard-ened, ridged, keeled, or spiny.Serrate - With saw-like teeth along a margin.Setae - Bristles or hardened hair-like projections.Soft dorsal fin - The portion of the dorsal fin sup-ported by soft rays (Fig. 13).Soft ray - A fin support element that is composed of 2halves (paired laterally), segmented, and usually flex-ible and branched (Fig. 15). Rarely, soft rays can bepointed and stiff and appear to be a spine.Spine - A fin support element that is unpaired later-ally, unsegmented, unbranched and usually stiff andpointed (Fig. 15); also refers to slender sharplypointed bony processes not associated with fins.

Spinous dorsal fin - The anterior portion of the dor-sal fin that is supported by spines (Fig. 13).Spinule - A small spine.Standard length - The distance from theanteriormost point on the fish to the posterior end ofthe vertebral column that is generally equivalent tothe end of the hypural plates (and recognized exter-nally by the crease between the tail and caudal finwhen the caudal fin is bent laterally); sometimes ab-breviated as SL (Fig. 1).Stripe - Generally refers to a horizontal nearlystraight side marking.Subopercle - The lower rear bone in the gill cover(Fig. 2).Subtidal - The ocean floor below the low tide mark.Superior - Above or on the upper surface; a mouthposition with the snout behind the anterior opening ofthe mouth (Fig. 5).Swim bladder - A gas-filled sac lying under the back-bone in the abdominal cavity, used in buoyancy; alsoreferred to as air bladder or gas bladder (Fig. 12).Symphysis - The articulation between 2 bones; oftenrefers to the anterior juncture between the 2 halves ofeither jaw.Terminal - Pertaining to at the end, or situated at theend; a mouth position with the opening of the moutheven with the tip of the snout (Fig. 5).Thoracic - Referring to the breast region; pelvic finsare thoracic in position when directly below the pecto-ral fins (Fig. 17).Truncate - Terminating abruptly in a square end; acaudal-fin shape with a vertically straight terminalborder (Fig. 16).Vent - See anus.Ventral - The bottom, lower surface, or abdominalpart of the body.Ventral fins - See pelvic fins.Vertical fins - The median fins; the dorsal, caudal,and anal fins.Vestige - Small or underdeveloped structure, as in arudiment.Villiform - Many small slender outgrowths, usually ina close-set patch or carpet; often refers to slenderteeth forming velvety bands (Fig. 7).Vomer - An unpaired median bone on the roof of themouth (Fig. 6).


Order ALBULIFORMES - BonefishesPelvic fins abdominal, with 10 to 14 rays; no fin spines; dorsal adipose fin absent; mouth inferior, below bluntconical snout. One family and species in Namibia.

ALBULIDAE Page 141

Bonefishes

One species reported from Namibia whichis sometimes put in the separate familyPterothrissidae. Demersal on muddy bot-toms between depths of 50 and 500 m.Size to about 35 cm standard length.

Pterothrissus belloci

Order NOTACANTHIFORMES - Halosaurs and Spiny EelsBody nearly eel-like, with long, tapering tail; pelvic fins present, connected at least at base, abdominal, with7 to 11 rays. Two species in 2 families reported from Namibia.

HALOSAURIDAE

Halosaurs

One species reported from Namibia, notincluded in the “Guide to Species.”Benthopelagic in deeper waters, fromdepths of over 400 to 1 700 m. Some-times caught in trawls. Size to about60 cm.

Halosaurus ovenii

NOTACANTHIDAE Page 141

Spiny eels

One species reported from Namibia.Demersal at depths between 360 and1 100 m. Size to 60 cm. Notacanthus sexspinis

110 Bony Fishes

NO FIN SPINES

PELVIC FINSABDOMINAL, 10-14

RAYS

MOUTHINFERIOR

NO ADIPOSE FIN

BLUNT,CONICALSNOUT

body covered with largecycloid scales

BODY NEARLY EEL-LIKE

PELVIC FINS PRESENT,CONNECTED AT LEAST AT BASE,

ABDOMINAL, WITH 7-11 RAYS

a single, short-baseddorsal fin

LONG,TAPERING

TAIL

body covered with minutecycloid scales

short, isolated dorsal-finspines

Order ANGUILLIFORMES - EelsBody eel-like; pelvic fins absent. Seven families of eels known from Namibia.

SYNAPHOBRANCHIDAE

Cutthroat eels

Two species reported from Namibia, nei-ther included in the “Guide to Species.”Demersal, commonly in depths between800 and 2 000 m but also reported in bothdeeper and shallower depths. Size tonearly 1 m.

Synaphobranchus kaupi

OPHICHTHIDAE Page 141

Snake eels

Five genera and 5 species from Namibia,2 are commonly reported and included inthe “Guide to Species.” Usually demersalin shallow water but 1 species to depths of500 m. Maximum size to over 2 m.

COLOCONGRIDAE

Coloconger eels

Only a few specimens of 1 species re-ported from Namibia; not included in the“Guide to Species.” The colocongrids aresometimes included in the familyCongridae. Demersal in depths between270 and 600 m. Size to about 55 cm. Coloconger cadenati

CONGRIDAE Page 142

Conger eels

Four genera and 4 species from Namibia;2 are included in the “Guide to Species.”Demersal from shallow water to depthsover 1 300 m. Maximum size to 3 m.

NETTASTOMATIDAE

Duckbill eels

One species reported from Namibia; notincluded in the “Guide to Species.”Demersal on lower continental slope.Size to 1 m total length. Venefica proboscidea

DERICHTHYIDAE

Long neck eels

A single species found so far in Namibia;not included in the “Guide to Species.” Inmidwater at depths deeper than 500 m.To 40 cm total length.


gill openings lateral

distance from anus to tip of tail longer than distance from snout to anus

distance from anus to tip of tail longer than distance from snout to anus

pectoral fins present (in species reportedfrom Namibia)

rear nostril not close to eye

1 median sensory pore betweenrear edges of eyes

rear nostril close to eye

snout not much longerthan eye diameter

pectoral finspresent

distance from anus to tip of tail shorterthan distance from snout to anus

rear nostril close to eyepectoral fins present

pectoral fins absent

body elongate and filamentous

dorsal-fin origin well behind pectoral fin

pectoral fin present

snout and upper jaw extend well forward

Nessorhamphus ingolfianus

rear nostril just before eye on side of snout

BODY EEL-LIKE

pectoral fins present

PELVIC FINS ABSENT

gill openings ventrolateral

NEMICHTHYIDAE

Snipe eels

Three species in 2 genera reported fromNamibia, none included in the “Guide toSpecies.” Pelagic from the surface todepths of around 2 000 m. Delicate, withmaximum size to over 1.4 m total lengthbut much consists of a filamentous tail.

Nemichthys scolopaceus

Order CLUPEIFORMES - Herrings and alliesPelvic fins abdominal; with 6 to 10 fin rays; no fin spines; no dorsal adipose fin. Two families in Namibia.

CLUPEIDAE Page 142

Herrings, sardines, pilchards, and allies

Five species in 3 genera reported fromNamibia; 1 species questionable fromNamibia and not included in the “Guide toSpecies.” Pelagic, to depths of around350 m. Maximum size to about 30 cmstandard length.

ENGRAULIDAE Page 143

Anchovies

Most probably, only 1 species in Namibia.Pelagic, to depths of 350 m. Maximumsize to 17 cm standard length.

Engraulis capensis

Order SILURIFORMES - CatfishesPelvic fins present, abdominal, without spines; first dorsal fin and pectoral fins with a long, serrated spine; 3or 4 pairs of barbels around mouth. Only 2 species in 1 family reported from Namibia.

ARIIDAE Page 144

Sea catfishes

Two species reported from Namibia. Inshallow coastal waters, including estuar-ies and rivers, to depths of around 70 m.Maximum size to 55 cm total length.

Arius latiscutatus

112 Bony Fishes

pectoral fins present

females with elongated snoutand lower jaw

body elongate and filamentous

NO FIN SPINES

NO DORSALADIPOSE FIN

PELVIC FINS ABDOMINAL,WITH 6-10 FIN RAYS

maxilla does not extendbehind eye

snout does not project infront of lower jaw

maxilla extends wellbehind eye

snout projects in front oflower jaw

PELVIC FINS PRESENT,ABDOMINAL, WITHOUT

SPINES

1ST DORSAL FIN ANDPECTORAL FINS WITH ALONG, SERRATED SPINE

3-4 PAIRS OF BARBELSAROUND MOUTH

Order SALMONIFORMES - Smelts and alliesPelvic fins abdominal; no fin spines; dorsal adipose fin usually present; maxillae and premaxillae toothless;luminescent organs present in some, not always conspicuous. The salmoniform fishes of Namibia aredeep-sea species of little importance to fisheries; none are included in the “Guide to Species.” At least 4families reported from Namibia but others may also eventually be found.

ALEPOCEPHALIDAE Page 144

Slickheads

So far, 11 species in 9 genera reportedfrom Namibia. Usually benthopelagic indepths below 1 000 m. Maximum size toaround 60 cm standard length. Oneslickhead, Bajacalifornia megalops, iscommonly caught as bycatch in the or-ange roughy fishery and included in the“Guide to Species.”

Leptoderma

BATHYLAGIDAE

Deepsea smelts

One species reported from Namibia.Benthopelagic in depths between 540 and630 m. Size to around 17 cm total length.

Bathylagus glacialis

MICROSTOMATIDAE

Microstomatid smelts

Two species reported from Namibia.Some members of this family referred tothe Argentinidae by some authors.

Nansenia

PLATYROCTIDAE

Tube shoulders

One species reported from Namibia.Benthopelagic in depths between 500 and2 000 m. Maximum size to about 25 cmstandard length.

Maulisia microlepis


MAXILLAE ANDPREMAXILLAETOOTHLESS

LUMINESCENT ORGANSPRESENT IN SOME, NOTALWAYS CONSPICUOUS

no tube behind shoulder girdle; nosac of luminous fluid under skin

DORSAL ADIPOSE FINUSUALLY PRESENT

NO FIN SPINES

PELVIC FINSABDOMINAL

anal-fin origin not behind rearedge of base of dorsal fin

anal-fin origin behind base of dorsal finanal-fin rays 17-25

anal-fin origin behind base of dorsal finanal-fin rays 7-15

a tube behind shoulder girdle just below lateralline leading to large sac containing luminous

fluid under skin

anal-fin origin not behind base of dorsal fin

Alepocephalus

Order STOMIIFORMES - Bristlemouths and alliesPelvic fins abdominal, with 4 to 9 rays; adipose fin usually present; maxillae and premaxillae with teeth; lu-minescent organs present, usually conspicuous. These are mesopelagic and bathypelagic fishes presentlyof little importance to fisheries, but some are important in the food chain; 8 families reported from Namibia,none are included in the “Guide to Species.”

STERNOPTYCHIDAE

Marine hatchetfishes

Five species in 3 genera so far reportedfrom Namibia. Mesopelagic andbenthopelagic from depths of 100 to650 m. Maximum size generally less than8 cm but 1 species reaches 12 cm stan-dard length.

Argyropelecus

Maurolicus

GONOSTOMATIDAE

Bristlemouths

Five species in 4 genera reported fromNamibia. Mesopelagic and benthopelagicfrom depths of 50 to 3 000 m. Maximumsize up to 36 cm standard length but oftensmaller.

Triplophus hemingi

Cyclothone

PHOSICHTHYIDAE

Lightfishes

Four species each in separate genera re-ported from Namibia. Mesopelagic from200 to over 1 000 m. Sizes up to 32 cmstandard length. Often incorrectly spelledPhotichthyidae.

114 Bony Fishes

Phosichthys argenteus (plate X, 77)

11-22 branchiostegal rays

gill rakers present inadults

Icthyococcus

6-10 branchiostegal rays

gill rakers usually welldeveloped in adults

MAXILLAE ANDPREMAXILLAEWITH TEETH

ADIPOSE FINUSUALLY PRESENT

LUMINESCENT ORGANSPRESENT, USUALLY

CONSPICUOUSPELVIC FINS ABDOMINAL,WITH 4-9 RAYS

Gonostoma bathyphilum

gill rakers presentin adults 12-16 branchiostegal rays

Gonostoma denudatum

CHAULIODONTIDAE

Viperfishes

Two species in 1 genus reported fromNamibia. Mesopelagic. Size to 30 cmstandard length.

Chauliodus

STOMIIDAE

Scaly dragonfishes

One species reported from Namibia.Mesopelagic. Size to about 32 cm stan-dard length.

Stomias boa boa

ASTRONESTHIDAE

Snaggletooths

Seven species in 3 genera possibly fromNamibia. Mesopelagic. Size to 36 cmstandard length.

Astronesthes

MELANOSTOMIIDAE

Scaleless black dragonfishes

Eleven species in 5 genera possibly fromNamibia. Mesopelagic. Maximum size toabout 40 cm total length but generallymuch smaller.

IDIACANTHIDAE

Sawtailfishes

A single species confirmed from Namibia.Mesopelagic. To 43 cm.

MALACOSTEIDAE

Loosejaws

One unidentified species possibly inNamibia. Mesopelagic. Maximum size toaround 15 cm standard length.


gill rakers absent in adults

body without hexagonalareas

dorsal fin ends near front orwell in front of anal fin

body without hexagonalareas

no floor ofmouth

dorsal and anal fins endclose to tail

Bathyphilus

gill rakers absent in adults dorsal fin much longer than anal fin

Idiacanthus atlanticus

gill rakers absent inadults

body without hexagonalareasfloor of mouth formed

by membrane

dorsal and anal finsend close to tail

gill rakers absent in adultsbody with hexagonal

areas (scales)

dorsal fin near head, farin front of anal fin

gill rakers absent in adultsbody with hexagonal

areas (scales)

dorsal and anal fins atrear end of body

Order AULOPIFORMES - Greeneyes, Lizardfishes, and alliesPelvic fins with 8 to 12 rays, situated behind pectoral-fin base; no fin spines; dorsal adipose fin usually pres-ent; usually no conspicuous luminescent organs on body. Members of 7 families reported from Namibia, 2of these families contain species that are common in fisheries and they are included in the “Guide to Spe-cies.”

CHLOROPHTHALMIDAE Page 145

Greeneyes

Possibly 5 species in 3 genera reportedfrom Namibia; 2 species are commonlycaught in trawls and are included in the“Guide to Species.” Demersal on upperand lower continental slope. Size toaround 40 cm standard length.

SYNODONTIDAE Page 145

Lizardfishes

A single species reported from Namibia;included in the “Guide to Species.”Demersal to depths of 200 m. To around35 cm standard length.

Trachinocephalus myops

NOTOSUDIDAE

Wavyfishes

Two species from Namibia, neither in-cluded in “Guide to Species.”Mesopelagic and benthopelagic. Toabout 27 cm standard length.

PARALEPIDIDAE

Barracudinas

Four species in 4 genera reported or ex-pected from Namibia; none included in“Guide to Species.” Epi- to mesopelagicin depths between 10 and 2 000 m. Maxi-mum size to over 50 cm standard length

ALEPISAURIDAE

Lancetfishes

One species reported from Namibia, notincluded in “Guide to Species.” Pelagic.Maximum size to around 1.5 m standardlength.

Alepisaurus ferox

116 Bony Fishes

DORSAL ADIPOSE FINUSUALLY PRESENT

Sudis

Macroparalepis

dorsal-fin origin clearly behind middleof standard length

body with scales

NO FIN SPINES

USUALLY NO CONSPICUOUSLUMINESCENT ORGANS ON BODY

eyes nottubular

teeth in jaws absentor very small

dorsal-fin origin in front ofmiddle of standard length

PELVIC FINS WITH 8-12RAYS, SITUATED BEHIND

PECTORAL-FIN BASE

eyes nottubular

body with scales

dorsal-fin origin at about middle ofstandard length

distinct teethin jaws

dorsal-fin origin at about middleof standard length

dorsal-fin origin in frontof middle of standard

length

body without scales except lateral line

36-48 rays indorsal fin

EVERMANNELLIDAE

Sabertooth fishes

Two species in 2 genera from Namibia,neither included in the “Guide to Species.”Mesopelagic from 400 to 1 000 m. Maxi-mum size around 12 cm standard length. Evermannella

SCOPELARCHIDAE

Pearleyes

Three species in 2 genera expected fromNamibia, none included in the “Guide toSpecies.” Meso- to bathypelagic. Maxi-mum size around 12 cm standard length. Scopelarchus

Order MYCTOPHIFORMES - Blackchins and LanternfishesPelvic fins usually with 8 rays, situated behind pectoral-fin base; adipose fin present; conspicuous lumines-cent organs usually present on body; maxillae toothless. Deep sea and benthopelagic species, often abun-dant and an important source of food for fishes but presently of no importance in fisheries, although they areof commercial importance in other areas. Two families reported, 5 species are common and included in the“Guide to Species.”

NEOSCOPELIDAE

Blackchins

One species reported from Namibia, notincluded in the “Guide to Species.”Benthopelagic at depths between 300 and800 m. Maximum size 25 cm standardlength.

Neoscopelus macrolepidotus

MYCTOPHIDAE Page 145

Lanternfishes

Forty-nine species reported or likely tobe found off Namibia, 5 of these arecommon and are included in the“Guide to Species.” Mostlymesopelagic fishes. Maximum size formost species is less than or around10 cm standard length although a cou-ple of species reach 20 to 25 cm stan-dard length.


body with scales

dorsal-fin origin in front ofmiddle of standard length

eyes tubular

Diaphus

body without scales except lateral line

dorsal-fin origin in front of middleof standard length

10-13 rays in dorsal fin

MAXILLAETOOTHLESS

no photophore externallyon head

CONSPICUOUS LUMINESCENT ORGANSUSUALLY PRESENT ON BODY

PELVIC FINS USUALLY WITH 8 RAYS,SITUATED BEHIND PECTORAL-FIN BASE

ADIPOSE FIN PRESENT

when photophoresare present they

are also found onthe head

Lampanyctus

Myctophum

Symbolophorus

Order GADIFORMES - Hakes, Cods, and alliesPelvic fins situated in front of or below pectoral fins, with up to 17 rays; fins without spines except first 2 raysspinous in dorsal fin of macrourids; adipose fin absent. Three families reported from Namibia.

MERLUCCIIDAE Page 147

Hakes

Three species of Merluccius reportedfrom Namibia; 2 of these species are themost important in trawl fisheries ofNamibia, the third (Merluccius polli) in-frequently caught in the northern part ofNamibia. Benthopelagic between depthsof about 50 and 900 m. Maximum size to1.2 m total length.

MORIDAE Page 148

Moras

Six genera and 6 species possibly fromNamibia, 3 of which are reported fromseveral sources and included in the“Guide to Species.” Benthopelagic. Maxi-mum size to about 60 cm total length.

MACROURIDAE Page 149

Grenadiers or rattails

Possibly 21 species from Namibia in 10genera; representatives of each genusare treated in the “Guide to Species.”Benthopelagic. Maximum size usuallyaround 65 cm total length.

118 Bony Fishes

ADIPOSE FIN ABSENT

FINS WITHOUT SPINESEXCEPT 1ST 2 RAYS SPINOUS

IN DORSAL FIN OFMACROURIDS

PELVIC FINS IN FRONT OF ORBELOW PECTORAL FINS,

WITH UP TO 17 RAYS

no chinbarbel

a V-shaped bony ridgeon top of head

no spinous ray in dorsal fins

no spinous ray indorsal fin

caudal fin obviouschin barbel usuallypresent

no V-shaped bony ridgeon top of head

elongate spinous 2nd ray in dorsalfin (except in Trachyrincus)

caudal fin absent (rudimentaryin Trachyrincus)

Trachyrincus

Order OPHIDIIFORMES - Cusk Eels and alliesPelvic fins usually present, situated in front of pectoral-fin base, with 1 or 2 rays; fin spines absent; bodymore or less elongate; bases of dorsal and anal fin elongate and joined to caudal fin. One family reportedfrom Namibia.

OPHIDIIDAE Page 152

Cusk eels or brotulas

Eight species in 7 genera reported fromNamibia, several found in very deep wa-ter; 5 species treated in the “Guide to Spe-cies.” Demersal, most species are foundin depths between 200 and almost 3000m.Maximum size to 160 cm total length.

Order BATRACHOIDIFORMES - ToadfishesPelvic fins situated in front of pectoral fins, with 1 spine and 2 or 3 soft rays; head broad; large mouth usuallywith fleshy tentacles. One family found in Namibia.

BATRACHOIDIDAE Page 153

Toadfishes

Three species in 2 genera known fromNamibia. Demersal. Maximum size to35 cm total length.

Order LOPHIIFORMES - AnglerfishesFirst dorsal-fin spine modified as an illicium; body oval and greatly flattened or globose; mouth very large.Eight families possibly from Namibia but most are deep-water fishes of little commercial importance; onlyLophiidae are important and often caught in trawls and included in the “Guide to Species.”

LOPHIIDAE Page 154

Goosefishes or monkfishes

Three species reported from Namibia, 2species important commercially and in-cluded in the “Guide to Species.”Demersal, from shallow depths to 700 m.Maximum size to around 1 m total length.


BODY MORE OR LESS ELONGATEFIN SPINES ABSENT

PELVIC FINS USUALLYPRESENT, SITUATED IN

FRONT OF PECTORAL-FINBASE, WITH 1-2 RAYS

BASES OF DORSAL ANDANAL FIN ELONGATE AND

JOINED TO CAUDAL FIN

body without scales

BODY OVAL AND GREATLYFLATTENED OR GLOBOSE

1ST DORSAL-FINSPINE MODIFIEDAS AN ILLICIUM

MOUTH VERY LARGE

body and head greatlyflattened

pelvic fins present

LARGE MOUTH USUALLY WITHFLESHY TENTACLES

HEAD BROAD

PELVIC FINS SITUATED IN FRONT OFPECTORAL FINS, WITH 1 SPINE AND

2-3 SOFT RAYS

body globoseor slightly

compressed

3 dorsal spines discernable,the illicium elongate

pelvic fins present

OGCOCEPHALIDAE

Batfishes

Two species in 2 genera reported fromNamibia. Demersal in deep water. Size toabout 14 cm standard length.

Dibranchus

ANTENNARIIDAE

Frogfishes

Two species possibly from Namibia.Demersal or pelagic. Maximum size toaround 15 cm standard length.

CHAUNACIDAE

Sea toads

One species reported from Namibia.Demersal below a depth of 200 m. Maxi-mum size to around 24 cm total length.

MELANOCETIDAE

Devil anglers

One species reported from Namibia.Mesopelagic in depths between 500 and1 500 m. Maximum size observed lessthan 12 cm total length.

Melanocetus johnsoni

120 Bony Fishes

body globose or slightlycompressed

only 1 dorsal spine, the illiciumwhich is short and stubby,

discernible

pelvic fins present (may bewithdrawn beneath skin)

body globose or slightlycompressed 12-17 soft dorsal-fin rays

pelvic fins absent

pelvic fins present

body and head greatly flattened

body encased in armourof hard spiny scales

Antennarius striatus

Histrio histrio

Chaunax pictus

HIMANTOLOPHIDAE

Football fishes

A single species reported from Namibia.Mesopelagic. Maximum size around50 cm total length.

Himantolophus groenlandicus

DICERATIIDAE

Horned anglers

A single species reported from Namibia.Meso- and benthopelagic. Maximum sizeto around 18 cm total length.

Phrynichthys wedli

CERATIIDAE

Seadevils

Two species in 2 genera reported fromNamibia. Meso- and bathypelagic. Maxi-mum size to around 77 cm total length.

CAULOPHRYNIDAE

Caulophrynids

One species reported from Nambia.Bathypelagic. Maximum size around14 cm total length.

Caulophryne polynema



2 bulbose caruncleson dorsal midline infront of dorsal fin

4-8 soft dorsal-fin rays

pelvic fins absent

4-8 soft dorsal-fin rays


2nd dorsal spine well developedwith esca at tip

pelvic fins absent


3 bulbose caruncleson dorsal midline infront of dorsal fin

pelvic fins absent

4-8 soft dorsal-finrays

pelvic fins absent


skin with largebony scales 4-8 soft dorsal-fin rays

Ceratias holboelli

Order GOBIESOCIFORMES - ClingfishesFor the species found in Namibia: Pelvic fins joined to form an adhesive disc on ventral surface of body atjuncture of head and body; a single dorsal and anal fin, both situated far back on body. Only 1 species,Chorisochismus dentex, reported from Namibia; not included in the “Guide to Species.”

GOBIESOCIDAE

Clingfishes

Thus far, only a few specimens collectedin Namibia. Shallow water. To 30 cm totallength.

Order ATHERINIFORMES - Silversides and alliesFor those families found in Namibia: Pelvic fins situated well behind pectoral fins, with 1 spine and 5 rays.One species reported from Namibia, included in the “Guide to Species.”

ATHERINIDAE Page 154

Silversides and allies

One species reported from Namibia. Inbays and estuaries. Maximum size to11 cm total length.

Atherina breviceps

Order BELONIFORMES - Flyingfishes, Sauries, and alliesPelvic fins abdominal, with 6 soft rays. Two families reported from Namibia.

EXOCOETIDAE Page 155

Flyingfishes

Two species in 2 genera possibly fromNamibia; both included in “Guide to Spe-cies.” Epipelagic. To 25 cm standardlength.

SCOMBERESOCIDAE Page 155

Sauries

Two species in 2 genera possibly fromNamibia; both included in “Guide to Spe-cies.” Epipelagic. To around 50 cm totallength.

122 Bony Fishes

PELVIC FINS SITUATED WELLBEHIND PECTORAL FINS, WITH 1

SPINE AND 5 SOFT RAYS

pectoral fins enlarged

PELVIC FINS ABDOMINAL,WITH 6 SOFT RAYS

both jaws elongate

PELVIC FINS JOINED TOFORM AN ADHESIVE DISC

1 DORSAL AND ANAL FIN, BOTHSITUATED FAR BACK ON BODY

Order LAMPRIFORMES - Opahs and alliesA diverse group of often strange-looking fishes. In Namibia members differentiated by: no true spines infins; pelvic fins just under bases of pectoral fins with 13 to 17 rays, or pelvic fins under or in front of pecto-ral-fin bases with a single ray followed by 3 rudimentary rays, or anal fin absent. At least 4 families possiblyin Namibia.

LAMPRIDAE Page 156

Opahs

One species reported from Namibia.Mesopelagic in depths between 100 and400 m. Maximum size to around 180 cmtotal length.

Lampris guttatus

TRACHIPTERIDAE Page 156

Ribbonfishes

Two species in 2 genera from Namibia.Mesopelagic. Maximum size to 213 cmtotal length.

ATELEOPODIDAE Page 157

Ateleopodids

Two species in 2 genera reported fromNamibia. Demersal in depths between200 and 700 m. Maximum size to around2 m total length.

REGALECIDAE

Oarfishes

At least 1 species found in Namibia, al-though rare and not included in the “Guideto Species.” Mesopelagic. Maximum sizeto 8 m total length.

Regalecus glesne


PELVIC FINS UNDER OR IN FRONT OF PECTORAL-FIN BASES WITHA SINGLE RAY FOLLOWED BY 3 RUDIMENTARY RAYS

ANAL FIN ABSENT

dorsal fin with 120-184 rays

ANAL FIN ABSENT

dorsal fin with about 400 rays

NO TRUE SPINES IN FINS

PELVIC FINS JUST UNDERBASES OF PECTORAL FINS

WITH 13-17 RAYS

Trachipterus

Order BERYCIFORMES - Alfonsinos and alliesFor these families found in Namibia: pelvic fins with only 5 soft rays or, a strong spine and 6 to 13 soft rays.At least 5 families expected in Namibia; 2 families contain species that are typically very deep-water inhabit-ants and these families are not included in the “Guide to Species.”

BERYCIDAE Page 157

Alfonsinos

One species, considered one of the“redfishes” and commonly caught intrawls in Namibia. Demersal in depths be-tween 200 and 700 m. Maximum size to45 cm total length.

DIRETMIDAE Page 157

Spinyfins

A single species expected in Namibia.Pelagic from shallow depths to 2 000 m.Maximum size to 40 cm total length.

TRACHICHTHYIDAE Page 158

Slimeheads

Five species in 2 genera reported fromNamibia. The orange roughy included inthis family is now an important fishery inNamibia. Benthopelagic from depths of50 to 1 000 m. Maximum size up toaround 70 cm total length.

ANOPLOGASTERIDAE

Fangtooth

One species expected in Namibia, not in-cluded in the “Guide to Species.” Meso-to bathypelagic in depths between 50 and2 000 m. Maximum size to about 15 cmstandard length.

Anoplogaster cornuta

MELAMPHAIDAE

Bigscales

Three species of Melamphaes expectedin Namibia, not included in the “Guide toSpecies.” Bathypelagic. Maximum sizeless than 5 cm standard length.

Melamphaes

124 Bony Fishes

no dorsal- or anal-finspines

no lateral line

dorsal fin with 3-8 spines

anal fin with2-3 spines

PELVIC FINS WITHONLY 5 SOFT RAYS

lateral line reduced to 1-2 pored scales behindupper edge of operculum

dorsal fin with 1-3weak spines

dorsal fin with 4-7 spineslateral linecomplete

PELVIC FINS WITH A STRONGSPINE AND 6-13 SOFT RAYS

anal fin with 4 spines

Order CETOMIMIFORMES - WhalefishesBody whale-shaped; very large mouth; no fin spines; anal and dorsal fin opposite each other and far back onbody; pelvic fins absent or abdominal (in species reported from Namibia, pelvic fins are abdominal, with 6rays). One species reported from Namibia, rare, not included in the “Guide to Species.”

BARBOURISIIDAE (plate IV, 25)

Velvet whalefishes

One species reported from Namibia.Meso-, bathy- and benthopelagic fromdepths of 300 to 2 000 m. Maximum sizeto around 33 cm total length.

Barbourisia rufa

Order ZEIFORMES - Dories and alliesBody usually disc-like and compressed; pelvic fins thoracic, with 0 to 1 spines and 5 to 10 soft rays. Fourfamilies found in Namibia.

ZEIDAE Page 159

Dories

Possibly 5 species from Namibia, in 4genera; 2 species not commonly recordedfrom Namibia and not included in the“Guide to Species.” Demersal andmesopelagic. Maximum size to around90 cm total length.

GRAMMICOLEPIDIDAE

Diamond dories

One species reported from Namibia, notincluded in the “Guide to Species.”Benthopelagic from depths of about 200to 400 m. Maximum size about 15 cm to-tal length.

Xenolepidichthys dalgleishi


BODY WHALE-SHAPEDVERY LARGE MOUTH

NO FIN SPINES

PELVIC FINS ABDOMINAL, WITH 6 RAYS

ANAL AND DORSAL FINS OPPOSITE EACHOTHER AND FAR BACK ON BODY

BODY USUALLY DISC-LIKEAND COMPRESSED


least distance fromeye to maxilla

0.5-2.3 times eyediameter

PELVIC FINS THORACIC,WITH 0-1 SPINES AND

5-10 SOFT RAYS

scales verticallyelongate

very small mouth

pelvic fins with 1 spine and6 soft rays

OREOSOMATIDAE Page 160

Oreos

Three species in 3 genera reported fromNamibia. Benthopelagic from depths be-tween 400 and 1 628 m. A commonbycatch in the orange roughy fishery.

CAPROIDAE

Boarfishes

One species possibly from Namibia, notincluded in the “Guide to Species.” Thisfamily sometimes included under the or-der Perciformes. Demersal in depthsfrom 50 to 400 m. Size to about 30 cm to-tal length.

Antigonia capros

Order SYNGNATHIFORMES - Pipefishes and alliesMouth small, at end of tube-like snout; pelvic fins, if present, abdominal. Three families in Namibia.

SYNGNATHIDAE

Pipefishes

One species reported from Namibia; notincluded in the “Guide to Species.”Neritic. Maximum size about 30 cm totallength. Syngnathus acus

FISTULARIIDAE

Cornetfishes

One species reported from Namibia; notincluded in the “Guide to Species.”Neritic. Maximum size to 1.5 m.

Fistularia petimba

MACRORAMPHOSIDAE Page 161

Snipefishes

Two species in 2 genera possibly fromNamibia. Demersal. Maximum size toaround 30 cm total length.

126 Bony Fishes

body elongate

MOUTH SMALL, AT END OFTUBE-LIKE SNOUT

pelvic fins absent

body elongate

PELVIC FINS, IFPRESENT, ABDOMINAL

scales not vertically elongate

pelvic fins with 1 spineand 5 soft rays

very smallmouth

pelvic fins present

body compressed, deep


least distance from eye to maxillaeless than half of eye diameter

pelvic fins with 1 spine and5-7 soft rays

Order SCORPAENIFORMES - ScorpionfishesPelvic fins with 1 spine and 2 to 5 soft rays; a bony ridge across cheek, firmly attached to preopercle; headusually spiny, sometimes with bony plates. Six families found in Namibia.

CONGIOPODIDAE Page 161

Horsefishes

Two species reported from Namibia.Demersal. Maximum size to around76 cm total length.

SCORPAENIDAE Page 162

Scorpionfishes

Seven species in as many genera re-ported from Namibia. Demersal in depthsfrom 100 to over 1 000 m. Maximum sizeto around 50 cm total length.

TRIGLIDAE Page 163

Searobins or gurnards

Possibly 4 species in 2 genera fromNamibia. Demersal from shallow depthsto 400 m. Maximum size around 75 cm to-tal length.

PERISTEDIIDAE

Armoured searobins

One species reported from Namibia; notincluded in the “Guide to Species.”Demersal in depths from 70 to 600 m.Maximum size 25 cm total length.

PSYCHROLUTIDAE (plate IV, 26)

Fatheads

One species reported from Namibia; notincluded in the “Guide to Species.”Demersal in depths from 318 to 600 m.Maximum size around 27 cm total length.


head but not bodyencased in

expanded bonyplates

head and body encased inexpanded bony plates

2 nostrils oneach side no anal-fin spines

2 nostrils oneach side

anal-fin spines present

HEAD USUALLYSPINY, SOMETIMESWITH BONY PLATES

PELVIC FINS WITH 1 SPINEAND 2-5 SOFT RAYS

A BONY RIDGE ACROSSCHEEK, FIRMLY ATTACHED

TO PREOPERCLE

a single nostrilon each side

Peristedium cataphractum

Ebinania costaecanarie

LIPARIDIDAE

Snailfishes

Possibly 3 species from Namibia; noneincluded in the “Guide to Species.”Demersal from depths between 300 andover 1 100 m. Maximum size to around50 cm standard length.

Order PERCIFORMES - Perch-like FishesPelvic fins, when present, situated below or in front of pectoral fin, with 1 spine and 5 (sometimes fewer)rays. At least 44 families reported from Namibia.

HOWELLIDAE

Howellas

One species, reported from a single speci-men in the extreme southern part ofNamibia. Sometimes included in the familyPercichthyidae (which is now restricted tofreshwater species), Acropomatidae, orMoronidae; not included in the “Guide toSpecies.” Found in depths between 500and 900 m. Size to about 9 cm total length.

Howella sherboni

ACROPOMATIDAE Page 164

Lanternbellies

A single species reported from Namibia.Bathypelagic from depths between 50 and450 m. To about 16 cm total length.

Synagrops microlepis

POLYPRIONIDAE Page 164

Wreckfishes

A single species known to occur in Namibia;sometimes this species is included in thefamily Serranidae or Acropomatidae.Usually demersal at depths between 40and 350 m. Size to 2 m.

Polyprion americanus

128 Bony Fishes

distinct ridge andspine on opercle

single dorsal fin with 11-12spines and 11-12 soft rays

anal fin with 3 spinesand 9-10 soft rays

2 widely separateddorsal fins

3 spines onopercle

1st dorsal fin with8 spines

2nd dorsal fin with 1 spineand 9-10 soft rays

anal fin with 3 spines and 7-8 soft rays

PELVIC FINS, WHEN PRESENT, SITUATED BELOWOR IN FRONT OF PECTORAL FIN, WITH 1 SPINE

AND 5 (SOMETIMES FEWER) SOFT RAYS

pelvic fins absent or joinedto form a disc

2 dorsal fins

1st dorsal finwith 9 spines 2nd dorsal fin with 1

spine and 9 soft rays

2 spines onopercle

anal fin with 2 spinesand 9 soft rays

SERRANIDAE Page 165

Groupers and seabasses

Possibly 4 species in as many generaoccuring in Namibia. Demersal from shal-low depths to 300 m. Maximum size to1.2 m total length.

CALLANTHIDAE

Goldies

A single, apparently rare, species in Namibia;not included in the “Guide to Species.”Demersal. To 25 cm total length.

EPIGONIDAE Page 166

Deepwater cardinalfishes

Four species reported from Namibia andanother also possibly occurring there.Demersal and benthopelagic in depths be-tween 75 and 1 200 m. Maximum size toabout 60 cm total length.

POMATOMIDAE Page 167

Bluefish

One species worldwide, also reported fromNamibia. Pelagic in depths between 2 and200 m. Size to 1.1 m total length.

RACHYCENTRIDAE Page 167

Cobias

One species worldwide, also from Namibia.Pelagic. Maximum size to 2 m.

ECHENEIDAE

Remoras

Typically warm water, at least 1 species,Remora brachyptera occurs in Namibia;not included in “Guide to Species.” Foundattached to larger bony fishes, sharks,marine mammals, and turtles. Maximumsize to about 60 cm total length. Remora brachyptera


single dorsal fin wtih 11 spinesand 10-11 soft rays

operclewith1-2

spines

anal fin with 3 spines and 10 soft rays

sucking disc on top of head

single dorsal fin with 7-12 spines and 10-13 soft rays


2 dorsal fins1st dorsal fin with

7-8 spines 2nd dorsal fin with 1 spineand 9-10 soft rays

1 spine onopercle


2nd dorsal finwith 1 spineand 23-28soft rays

1st dorsal fin shorter thansecond, with 7-8 spines

1st dorsal fin composedof 7-9 short isolated

spines 2nd dorsal fin with 1 spineand 33-36 soft rays

anal fin with 2-3 spines and 22-28 soft rays

opercle usually with 3 flat spines

CARANGIDAE Page 167

Horse mackerels, scads, moonfish,jacks, and amberjacks

Possibly 11 species and 8 genera repre-sented in Namibia, some not included in“Guide to Species.” Pelagic andbenthopelagic. Largest species to 1.8 mtotal length.

CORYPHAENIDAE Page 169

Dolphinfish

Two species may occur in Namibia. Pe-lagic. Maximum size to around 2 m.

BRAMIDAE Page 170

Pomfrets

Possibly 4 species in Namibia, occur-rence of 1 species not confirmed and notincluded in the “Guide to Species.” Pe-lagic to mesopelagic from shallow depthsto 400 m. Maximum size to around 1 m to-tal length.

130 Bony Fishes

single dorsal fin with52-67 soft rays

anal fin with 23-30soft rays

total spines and raysin dorsal fin 31-57

total anal-fin spines and soft rays 22-50

2 dorsal fins, the1st sometimes

with smallisolated spines

2nd dorsal finwith 1 spineand 18-44soft rays

anal fin with 1-2spines distinctly

separated infront of fin(sometimes

embedded inadults) and

15-39 soft rays

1st dorsal fin with4-8 spines

CARISTIIDAE

Manefishes

One species found in Namibia, not in-cluded in the “Guide to Species.” Pelagicand mesopelagic from depths of 100 to200 m. Maximum size to around 26 cm to-tal length.

Caristius groenlandicus

EMMELICHTHYIDAE Page 171

Rovers

One species is confirmed in Namibia.Benthopelagic between depths of 100 and200 m. Size to 50 cm total length. Familycharacteristics given here are only for thespecies found in Namibia.

HAEMULIDAE Page 171

Grunts

Three species in 2 genera from Namibia,2 species rare and not included in the“Guide to Species.” Neritic and demersal,from shallow depths to 100 m. Maximumsize to 60 cm total length.

LOBOTIDAE

Tripletails

One species of this family occurring in theregion but not yet confirmed from Namibiaand therefore not included in the “Guide toSpecies.” Neritic. To 1 m total length.


dorsal fin with 11-12 spinesand 15-19 soft rays


dorsal fin with11-12 spines

and 15-16 softrays

rounded posteriorly, reachingpast base of caudal fin

anal fin with 3 spines and 11-12 soft rays Lobotes surinamensis

body strongly compressed

dorsal fin with 28-36 rays,spines not differentiated

from soft rays

pelvic fins fit into groove

anal fin with 17-22 soft rays

dorsal fin with 13 spines (3 posteriorones isolated) and 9-11 soft rays


SPARIDAE Page 172

Seabreams and porgies

Possibly 15 species in 10 genera; 13 spe-cies more likely to be encountered and in-cluded in the “Guide to Species.”Demersal and benthopelagic from shal-low depths to 500 m. Size to 1 m totallength.

SCIAENIDAE Page 176

Drums

Four (possibly 5) species in 4 genera fromNamibia. Demersal, benthopelagic, orpelagic from shallow depths to 300 m.Maximum size to 2 m.

DICHISTIIDAE Page178

Galjoens

One species in Namibia. Demersal inshallow water. Maximum size to 50 cm to-tal length.

132 Bony Fishes


preopercularmarginsmooth

rear end ofmaxilla

hidden bypremaxilla



9-11 spines

dorsal findeeplynotched

1 spine and23-31 soft

rays

lateral lineextends to

hindmargin ofcaudal fin

scales small, covering body,median fins, and headexcept front of snout

dorsal fin with 10 spinesand 18-19 soft rays

gill membranes joined to isthmus


Dichistius capensis

CHAETODONTIDAE

Butterflyfishes

One species in southern Angola and mayturn up in Namibia; not included in “Guideto Species.” Associated with shallow,hard substrate. Maximum size to 20 cmtotal length.

Chaetodon hoefleri

CHEILODACTYLIDAE Page 178

Fingerfins

Three species reported from Namibia.Demersal from shallow depths to 240 m.Maximum size to 1 m total length.

MUGILIDAE Page 179

Mullets

Possibly 3 species in 2 genera in Namibia.Neritic. Maximum size to 120 cm totallength.

SPHYRAENIDAE Page 179

Barracudas

One species in Namibia. Pelagic fromshallow depths to around 75 m. Maximumsize to over 2 m total length.



pelvic-fin origin well behindpectoral-fin base


no lateral line



pelvic-fin origin well behindpectoral-fin base anal fin with 3 spines and

8-9 soft rays

lateral line welldeveloped

teeth large andpointed

pelvic-fin origin well behindpectoral-fin base


2nd dorsal fin with 1spine and 9 soft rays


body deep, compressed


anal fin with3 spines and16-18 soft

rays

ZOARCIDAE

Eelpouts

One species in Namibia, not included inthe “Guide to Species”; sometimes placedin a separate order, the Zoarciformes.Demersal in depths between 630 and1 920 m. Maximum size to 45 cm totallength. Lycodes atlanticus

CHIASMODONTIDAE

Swallowers

Three species possibly from Namibia,none included in “Guide to Species.”Bathypelagic in depths over 1 500 m.Maximum size to about 26 cm total length.

URANOSCOPIDAE

Stargazers

Two specimens of 1 species reportedfrom extreme southern Namibia; not in-cluded in “Guide to Species.” Demersal.Maximum size to 33 cm total length.

Pleuroscopus pseudodorsalis

PERCOPHIDAE

Duckbills

A single species reported from only a fewspecimens in the extreme northern watersof Namibia; not included in the “Guide toSpecies.” Demersal in depths between50 and 400 m. Maximum size to 23 cm to-tal length.

Bembrops heterurus

134 Bony Fishes

head massive, flatteneddorsally

dorsal fin with 9-10 softrays preceeded by 9-19

conical tubercles

anal fin with 10 soft rays


pelvic fins jugular

2nd dorsal fin with14-15 soft rays

anal fin with 17-19 soft rays

large mouth withlong teeth


2nd dorsal fin with18-29 soft rays

anal fin with 1 spine and17-19 soft rays

single nostril on eachside of head

dorsal and anal fins continuous withsmall, pointed caudal fin

Kali

BLENNIIDAE

Blennies

Three species in 2 genera reported fromNamibia; none included in “Guide to Spe-cies.” Demersal from intertidal zone to adepth of 25 m. Maximum size to about15 cm standard length.

Parablennius cornutus

AMMODYTIDAE Page 180

Sandlances

One species reported from Namibia.Demersal in shallow sandy areas. Maxi-mum size to 17 cm total length.

Gymnammodytes capensis

CALLIONYMIDAE Page 180

Dragonets

One species reported from Namibia, oftencaught in trawls; included in the “Guide toSpecies.” Demersal. Maximum size to15 cm total length.

GOBIIDAE Page 180

Gobies

Five species reported from Namibia, only1 of which is commonly encountered infisheries and included in the “Guide toSpecies.” Demersal in shallow depths to340 m. Maximum size to 17 cm totallength.




pelvic fins uniteto form a disc

dorsal fin with49-54 soft rays


scales absent

dorsal fin with 11-13 weakspines and 12-14 soft rays

anal fin with 2 weak spinesand 16-25 soft rays

1st dorsal fin with4 spines 2nd dorsal fin with

9 soft rays

preopercle withstrong spine gill opening a

small opening

Paracallionymus costatus

CLINIDAE

Clinids

Eleven species in 5 genera reported fromNamibia, none included in “Guide to Spe-cies.” Shallow demersal species. Largestspecies attain 30 cm total length.

LUVARIDAE

Louvar

A single species worldwide, also expectedfrom Namibia; not included in the “Guideto Species.” Epipelagic. Size to 1.9 m to-tal length.

Luvarus imperialis

SCOMBROLABRACIDAE

Black mackerel

A single species, also may occur inNamibia; not included in the “Guide toSpecies.” Mesopelagic in depths from100 to 1 000 m. Maximum size to 30 cmtotal length.

Scombrolabrax heterolepis

GEMPYLIDAE Page 180

Snake mackerels

Possibly 10 species in 10 genera mayoccur in Namibia, 9 included in the “Guideto Species.” Epipelagic, mesopelagic andbenthopelagic, from shallow depths toover 1 000 m. Maximum size to 2 m totallength.

136 Bony Fishes

anus below pectoral-finbase


median keel on caudalpeduncle

dorsal fin with 11-23 soft rays

a single lateral line


anal fin with 2-3 spines and 16-18 soft rays



pelvic fins often reducedor absent

1-2 lateral linesfinlets sometimes

present

strong teethin jaws,

oftenfang-like

2 nostrils on eachside of head


2nd dorsal fin with0-2 spines and10-42 soft rays

TRICHIURIDAE Page 183

Cutlassfishes

Five species in 4 genera possibly fromNamibia. Benthopelagic in shallowdepths to 2 000 m. Maximum size toabout 2 m standard length.

SCOMBRIDAE Page 184

Tunas, mackerels, and bonitos

Seven species in 5 genera reported fromNamibia. Epipelagic or benthopelagic.Maximum size to 2 m standard length.

XIPHIIDAE Page 187

Swordfish

A single species worldwide, also reportedfrom Namibia. Epipelagic. Maximum sizeto 4.5 m total length.

ISTIOPHORIDAE Page 187

Sailfish, marlins, and spearfishes

Four species in 3 genera expected inNamibia. Epipelagic. Maximum size to4 m total length.


upper jaw an elongate,rounded bony spear

pelvic fins composed of slenderfilaments, folding into a groove

on belly

2 keels on eachside of caudal

peduncle

base of dorsal fin longer thanheight of dorsal fin

body elongate andcompressed

dorsal fin with a total of 97-153spines and soft rays

a single lateral linea singlenostril

on eachside ofhead

pelvic fins absentor reduced

caudal finsmall orabsent

anal fin witha total of45-110

spines andsoft rays

5-10 finletscaudal fin lunate

2-3 keels on each sideof caudal peduncle

upper jaw forms an elongate,flat, bony sword

base of dorsal finshort in adults

1 keel on each side ofcaudal peduncle

pelvic fins absent

CENTROLOPHIDAE Page 188

Ruffs, barrelfish, and blackfishes

Five species in 3 genera from Namibia.Epipelagic, mesopelagic and benthope-lagic down to a depth of 500 m. Maximumsize to 1.2 m.

NOMEIDAE Page 190

Driftfishes

Six species in 2 genera likely to be foundin Namibia. Epipelagic, mesopelagic, anddemersal. Maximum size to around 1 mtotal length.

ARIOMMATIDAE

Ariommatids

Possibly 1 species may be found inNamibia; not included in the “Guide toSpecies.” Benthopelagic from depths be-tween 200 and 600 m. Maximum size to25 cm total length.

STROMATEIDAE Page 191

Butterfishes

One species known from Namibia. Pe-lagic from depths between 10 and 70 m.Maximum size about 50 cm total length.

138 Bony Fishes

1st dorsal fin with9 spines 2nd dorsal fin with

1 spine and 14-17soft rays

2 fleshy keels


dorsal fin with a totalof 42-50 soft rays

pelvic fins absentanal fin with 33-38 soft rays

2nd dorsal fin with1 spine and 13-31

soft rays

1st dorsal finwith 9-12

spines

1st dorsal finfolds into a

groove

anal fin with 1-3 spinesand 13-31 soft rays

Ariomma melanum

dorsal fin with a totalof 27-65 soft rays

pelvic fins fitinto shallow

groove

anal fin with 2-3 spines and15-38 soft rays

TETRAGONURIDAE Page 191

Squaretails

Two species found in Namibia. Pelagicfrom shallow depths to 800 m. Maximumsize about 70 cm total length.

Order PLEURONECTIFORMES - FlatfishIn adults, both eyes on the same side of the head. Four families reported from Namibia.

CITHARIDAE

Citharids

One species (Citharus linguatula) maybe found in Namibia, although its occur-rence is not yet confirmed; not included inthe “Guide to Species.” Demersal. Maxi-mum size to 25 cm total length.

BOTHIDAE Page 191

Lefteye flounders

Five species in 4 genera reported fromNamibia. Demersal, from shallow depthsto 650 m. Maximum size to 40 cm totallength.

SOLEIDAE Page 193

Soles

Possibly 6 species in 4 genera in Namibia.Demersal, from near surface to a depth of460 m. Maximum size to about 75 cm to-tal length.

CYNOGLOSSIDAE Page 194

Tonguefishes

Three species in 2 genera reported fromNamibia. Demersal. Maximum size toabout 70 cm total length.


gill membranesunited

anus on midlineor on blind side

eyes on left sideof head

pelvic fins withoutspine

preopercle edgefree and distinct

anus on midline or onblind side

eyes on left side of head

preopercle margincovered by skin

and scales pelvic fins withoutspine


EYES ON THE SAME SIDE OFTHE HEAD IN ADULTS

anus on same sideas eyes

gill membranes widelyseparated pelvic fins with 1

flexible spineand 5 soft rays

anus on midlineor on blind side


eyes on rightside of head

preoperclemargin

covered byskin andscalespelvic fins

withoutspine

scales with heavy keels


anal fin with 1 spine and9-15 soft rays

caudal peduncle square incross section

Order TETRAODONTIFORMES - Tetraodontiform FishesPelvic fins absent or reduced to a rudiment; gill opening a lateral slit. Five families reported from Namibia.

BALISTIDAE

Triggerfishes

Possibly 1 species in Namibia, not in-cluded in the “Guide to Species.”Demersal. Maximum size to 30 cm totallength.

OSTRACIIDAE

Cowfishes

One species reported from Namibia, notincluded in the “Guide to Species.” Pe-lagic. To 25 cm total length.

Lactoria diaphana

TETRAODONTIDAE Page 195

Puffers

Three species possibly from Namibia;1 species not included in the “Guide toSpecies.” Pelagic. To 100 cm totallength.

DIODONTIDAE

Porcupinefishes or spiny puffers

Possibly 3 species in Namibia, none in-cluded in the “Guide to Species.”Epipelagic and neritic. To about 60 cm to-tal length.

MOLIDAE

Molas or ocean sunfishes

At least 1 species known from Namibia.Epipelagic and oceanic. Attains 3 m totallength.

Mola mola

140 Bony Fishes

skin naked, withoutelongate spines or

bony armour

PELVIC FINSABSENT OR

REDUCED TO ARUDIMENT

GILL OPENING ALATERAL SLIT

body covered withhard, plate-like

scales

pelvic fins reduced to asingle rudiment

body encased inbony armour

Lagocephalus

Diodon

skin with large,sharp spines

body orbicular

caudal fin remarkablytruncate, rudder-like,without visible rays

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Pterothrissus belloci Cadenat, 1937 (plate IV, 27) ALBULIDAE

FAO names: En - Longfin bonefish; Fr - Bananegisu; Sp - Macabí badejo.Local names: Langvin-beenvis (Ak);Großflossen-Grätenfisch (Gr).Size: To 35 cm.Fisheries: Commonly caught incidentally inbottom and pelagic trawls.Habitat and biology: Found between depths of50 and 500 m on muddy bottoms. The elongatelarvae of this species (leptocephalus larvae)found in Walvis Bay indicate a possible breed-ing area, maybe in deeper waters.

Notacanthus sexspinis Richardson, 1846 (plate IV, 28) NOTACANTHIDAE

FAO names: En - Spiny-back eel; Fr - Tapir duCap; Sp - Espinudo del Cabo.Local names:Size: To 60 cm.Fisheries: Commonly caught in bottom trawls.A bycatch of the deep-water fishery.Habitat and biology: Lives over the bottomfrom depths of 320 to 1 100 m. Mainly betweenWalvis Bay and Lüderitz.

Mystriophis rostellatus (Richardson, 1844) OPHICHTHIDAE

FAO names: En - African spoon-nose eel;Fr - Serpenton gris; Sp - Tieso gris.Local names: West coast snake-eel;Weskus-slangpaling (Ak).Size: To 140 cm.Fisheries: Commonly caught by anglers in theLüderitz lagoon.Habitat and biology: Demersal in shallowdepths down to 40 m.

Ophisurus serpens (Linnaeus, 1766) OPHICHTHIDAE

FAO names: En - Serpent eel; Fr - Serpenton ànez long; Sp - Tieso trompudo.Local names: Sand snake-eel; Sandslangetjie(Ak); Mittelmeer-Schlangenaai (Gr).Size: To 250 cm.Fisheries: Rarely taken with bottom trawl.Habitat and biology: Lives buried in the sand,only its head exposed, on the continental shelfand to depths of 300 m.


body and head strongly compressed

snout pointed

mouthsmall

small isolated spines

anal fin very long

snout projected long dorsal-fin base

snout extended,spoon-shaped

eye in front ofmidpoint in

jaw

dorsal-fin origin abovepectoral fin

tip of caudal finnaked

dorsal-fin origin behindpectoral fin

jaws slenderand elongate

eye above or behindmidpoint in jaw

tip of caudal fin naked


Bassanago albescens (Barnard, 1923) (plate IV, 29) CONGRIDAE

FAO names: En - Hairy conger; Fr - Congrecrin; Sp - Congrio crin.Local names: Harige seepaling (Ak).Size: To 100 cm.Fisheries: Caught incidentally in bottom trawlsas a bycatch of the deep-water fishery.Habitat and biology: Benthic.

Bathyuroconger vicinus (Vaillant, 1888) (plate IV, 30) CONGRIDAE

FAO names: En - Large-toothed conger;Fr - Congre denté; Sp - Congrio dentudo.Local names:Size: To 65 cm.Fisheries: Rarely caught in bottom trawls, andas a bycatch of the deep-water fishery.Habitat and biology: Benthic, found fromdepths of about 120 to over 800 m.

Etrumeus whiteheadi Wongratana, 1983 (plate IV, 32) WRR CLUPEIDAE

FAO names: En - Whitehead’s round herring;Fr - Sardine de Whitehead; Sp - Sardina angoleña.Local names: Redeye roundherring;Rooi-oog-rondeharing (Ak).Size: To 20 cm.Fisheries: Purse seines, utilized for the produc-tion of fish meal and fish oil.Habitat and biology: Pelagic, mainly inshore, found to a depth of about 200 m. Until recently confused withE. teres which does not occur in the Eastern Atlantic. Often forms shoals together with pilchard and anchovyparticularly as juveniles. Feeds on larger types of zooplankton.

Sardinella aurita Valenciennes, 1847 (plate IV, 31) SAA CLUPEIDAE

FAO names: En - Round sardinella; Fr - Allache;Sp - Allacha.Local names: Goue sardinelle (Ak);Ohrensardine, Sardinelle (Gr).Size: To 30 cm (standard length).Fisheries: Rarely caught in Namibia with purseseines.Habitat and biology: Coastal, pelagic, prefer-ring clear saline waters, usually with maximumtemperatures below 24°C. A schooling migra-tory species, rising toward the surface at night.Feeds on zooplankton, juveniles onphytoplankton. Found only in northern Namibiatypically during warm weather; common insouthern Angolan waters.

142 Bony Fishes

upper jaw not projecting

body firm, dark brown to black after Smith and Heemstra, 1986

large and sharpteeth

no scutes on belly

eye large, its diameter nearlyequal to snout length

a dark spot on hindmargin of gill cover

scutes on belly present total of 9 pelvic-fin rays

pectoral fins pale yellow

body flabby, creamish in colour,covered by small papillae after Smith and Heemstra, 1986

upper jaw projecting

teeth small

Sardinella maderensis (Lowe, 1839) SAE CLUPEIDAE

FAO names: En - Madeiran sardine; Fr - Grandeallache; Sp - Machuelo.Local names: Madeiran sardinelle; Ma-deira-sardinelle (Ak); Madeira-Sardinelle (Gr).Size: Maximum to 30 cm (standard length).Fisheries: Rarely caught in Namibia with purseseines.Habitat and biology: Pelagic in coastal water from surface down to depths of 50 m. Tolerant of low salinities.Schooling. Common in Angolan waters, rare in Namibia.

Sardinops ocellatus (Pappe, 1854) (plate X, 74) PIA CLUPEIDAE

FAO names: En - Southern African pilchard;Fr - Sardinops d’Afrique du Sud; Sp - Sardinasudafricana.Local names: Sardyn, Suid-Afrikaanse pelser(Ak); Südafrikanische Sardine (Gr).Size: To 30 cm (standard length).Fisheries: Purse seines. This species consti-tuted for many years the backbone of theNamibian pelagic fishing industry, with catchesover 1 million t per year in the 1960’s, but fluc-tuated around 50 000 t in the 1980’s.Habitat and biology: Coastal pelagic fromsouth coast of South Africa to southern Angola,forms large schools. Juveniles feed on zoo-plankton, adults become opportunistic feederson phytoplankton and zooplankton (krill, larvalcrabs, and other small crustaceans). Preyedupon by game fish, birds, dolphins, and seals.Remarks: Parrish et al. (1989) concluded that the species of Sardinops off western South America is thesame species as the pilchard off Namibia. This would make the species in Namibia S. agax. However, pend-ing further evidence, we follow Whitehead (1985) in recognizing separate species of Sardinops.

Engraulis capensis Gilchrist, 1913 (plate V, 33) ANC ENGRAULIDAE

Synonyms: Misidentified as E. japonicus in“Smith’s Sea Fishes” (1986). E. encrasicolus isanother commonly used name.FAO names: En - Southern African anchovy;Fr - Anchois de l’Afrique australe; Sp - Anchoade Africa austral.Local names: Cape anchovy; Kaapse ansjovis(Ak); Südafrikanische Sardelle (Gr).Size: Maximum to 17 cm.Fisheries: Caught with purse seines. Importantin the Namibian pelagic fisheries for the produc-tion of fish meal and fish oil.Habitat and biology: Pelagic in coastal waters, but reported to a depth of over 450 m. Juvenile anchovy feedon zooplankton; adults both filter-feed (phytoplankton) and particulate-feed (zooplankton).


scutes on belly present

bony striaea series ofdark spots

eye small, its diameter muchless than snout length

total of 8 pelvic-fin rays

snout projects over lower jaw

mouth inferior

total of 8 pelvic-fin rays

a dark spot behindgill cover

scutes on belly present

Arius latiscutatus (Günther, 1864) ARIIDAE

FAO names: En - Roughhead seacatfish;Fr - Mâchoiron de Gambie; Sp - Bagre de Gam-bia.Local names:Size: To about 50 cm.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: Inshore in shallow water.Found only in the extreme northern part ofNamibia around the Kunene River.

Galeichthys feliceps Valenciennes, 1840 GAT ARIIDAE

FAO names: En - White barbel; Fr - Barbillonblanc; Sp - Bagre barba blanca.Local names: White seacatfish, Barbel; Witseebaber (Ak); Katzen-Kreuzwels (Gr).Size: To 55 cm.Fisheries: Caught occasionally in shallow wa-ter bottom trawls and commonly by shore an-glers. Caught commercially by ski-boats andmarketed smoked.Habitat and biology: Occurs in shallowcoastal waters to about a depth of 120 m; alsoin estuaries and rivers. Feeds on the bottom,especially in very muddy areas, on crayfish,small fish, and crabs. The spines are poison-ous and wounds from these should be treatedimmediately.

Bajacalifornia megalops (Lütken, 1898) (plate X, 75) ALEPOCEPHALIDAE

FAO names: En - Bigeye slickhead.Local names:Size: To 40 cm standard length.Fisheries: Common in bycatch of orangeroughy fishery.Habitat and biology: Mesopelagic tobenthopelagic, commonly at depths between800 and 1 400 m.

144 Bony Fishes

4 barbels on lower jaw

exposed head shieldvery visible, top of

head rugose

a long narrow fleshy groove inmedian depression in head

2 barbels on upper jaw

head shield notprominent, topof head fairly

smooth

2 barbels on upper jaw4 barbels on lower jaw

very slight or no fleshy groovein median depression on head

teeth present onmaxilla anddentary, in asingle series

dorsal and anal finsposterior to middle

of body

dorsal-fin origin slightly infront of the anal fin

body with scalessymphysis of lower jaw with a

prominent pointeddownward-directed knob

Chlorophthalmus agassizi Bonaparte, 1840 CHLOROPHTHALMIDAE

FAO names: En - Shortnose greeneye;Fr - Eperlan du large; Sp - Ojiverde.Local names:Size: To 40 cm.Fisheries: Caught commonly in bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: Deeper continental shelfand upper slope, between 50 and 1000 m.Remarks: Chlorophthalmus atlanticus Poll, 1953 is now considered a junior synonym of this species.

Chlorophthalmus punctatus Gilchrist, 1904 (plate V, 34) CHLOROPHTHALMIDAE

FAO names: En - Spotted greeneye; Fr - Eperlandu large tacheté; Sp - Ojiverde manchado.Local names:Size: 20 cm.Fisheries: Caught rarely in bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: Occurs on the deeperpart of the shelf and upper slope, most commonbetween depths of about 280 and 450 m.

Trachinocephalus myops (Forster, 1801) SYNODONTIDAE

FAO names: En - Bluntnose lizardfish; Fr - Anoliserpent; Sp - Lagarto ñato.Local names: Painted lizardfish;Beskilderde-akkedisvis (Ak).Size: To 35 cm.Fisheries: To about 38 cm total length.Habitat and biology: A demersal species,mainly on sandy bottoms of the continentalshelf, to depths of 200 m.

Note on the identification of lanternfishes: There are approximately 49 species of Myctophidae that arelikely to be found in Namibia and these are difficult to identify without a comprehensive key. Five of these spe-cies are common in Namibia (P.A. Hulley, personal communication) and illustrated here. However, their oc-currence in fisheries varies greatly depending on where and when fishing is done. For a comprehensive keyto all lanternfishes likely to occur in Namibia, see P. A. Hulley in Smith and Heemstra (1986).

Diaphus hudsoni Zubrigg and Scott, 1976 MYCTOPHIDAE

FAO names : En - Hudson’s lanternfish;Fr - Lanternules de Hudson; Sp - Linternillasde Hudson.Local names:Size: To over 8 cm.Fisheries: Common in midwater trawls.Habitat and biology: Generally found far off-shore (oceanic) over the outer edge of the conti-nental shelf and upper regions of the slope,mainly at depths below 250 m. Commonlytaken as prey by hakes, kingklip, and Capehorse mackerel. From northern Namibia to theOrange River.


19-22 gill rakerson lower limb of

first arch

adipose fineyes green,

large

7-9 rays

10-12 rays

11-12 raysadipose fin

7-9 rays

eyes green,large

18 gill rakers on lowerlimb of first arch

8 rays, outer rays shorteranal-fin base very long

adipose fin

snout very short,mouth oblique

22-28 totalgill rakers

4 precaudal (Prc)photophores

ventral (VO) photophore series1-3 in straight ascending line

7-9 rays

Diaphus meadi Nafpaktitis, 1978 MYCTOPHIDAE

FAO names: En - Mead’s lanternfish;Fr - Lanternules de Mead; Sp - Linternillas deMead.Local names:Size: To almost 5 cm.Fisheries: Midwater trawls and purse seines.Habitat and biology: Over the continentalshelf and slope above depths of 250 m at night.Commonly taken as prey by hakes, kingklip,and Cape horse mackerel.

Lampanyctodes hectoris (Günther, 1876) MYCTOPHIDAE

FAO names: En - Hector’s lanternfish;Fr - Lanternules de Hector; Sp - Linternillas deHector.Local names:Size: To about 6 cm.Fisheries: Purse seines. A potential commer-cially important species that can be used for theproduction of fish meal.Habitat and biology: Over the continentalshelf and slope; pelagic, near surface at night.The most common lanternfish in Namibia.

Lampanyctus australis Tåning, 1928 MYCTOPHIDAE

FAO names: En - Southern lanternfish;Fr - Lanternules du Sud; Sp - Linternillas del Sur.Local names:Size: To about 13 cm.Fisheries: Midwater trawls.Habitat and biology: Generally found far off-shore (oceanic) over the outer edge of the conti-nental shelf and upper regions of the slopegenerally deeper than 500 m. Commonly takenas prey by hakes, kingklip, and Cape horsemackerel.

Symbolophorus boops (Richardson, 1845) (plate X, 76) MYCTOPHIDAE

FAO names: En - Bogue lanternfish;Fr - Lanternules de Bogue; Sp - Linternillas deBogue.Local names:Size: To about 16 cm.Fisheries: Midwater trawl. Perhaps too far off-shore to be of potential interest to fisheries.Habitat and biology: Generally found far offshore (oceanic) over the outeredge of the continental shelf and upper regions of the slope where it is some-times abundant; mesopelagic, during the daytime at depths between 400 and500 m, and migrates to surface layers at night. In southern Namibia.

146 Bony Fishes

16-20 totalgill rakers

ventral (VO) photophore series1-3 in straight ascending line


ventral (VO) photophore series 1-3not in straight ascending line

luminous tissue on nape andbase of dorsal fin

4-5 precaudal (Prc)photophores

no luminoustissue on

nape or baseof dorsal fin


ventral (VO) photophore series 1-3not in straight ascending line

only 2 precaudal (Prc)photophores

males with supracaudal glandand no infracaudal gland

females with infracaudal glandand no supracaudal gland

Merluccius capensis Castelnau, 1861 (plate V, 35) HKK MERLUCCIIDAE

FAO names: En - Cape hake; Fr - Merlu duCap; Sp - Merluza del Cabo.Local names: Shallow-water hake;Vlakwater-stokvis (Ak); Kap-Hecht (Gr).Size: To 110 cm.Fisheries: Caught with bottom trawls and longline and as bycatch of midwater trawlers. Im-portant fish of the Namibian demersal fishing in-dustry. Juveniles are occasionally caught as abycatch of the purse-seine fleet.Habitat and biology: Essentially a bottom living species, inhab-its waters from depths of 50 to over 1 000 m, but most commonbetween 150 and 450 m; it carries out extensive vertical migra-tions, rising toward the surface at night. Juveniles feed mainly onpelagic crustaceans and myctophids, adults are opportunistic feeders and prey on a wide range of fishes, in-cluding lanternfishes, rattails, horse mackerel, and juvenile hake; cannibalism is common. Hakes are preyedupon by snoek, sharks, other hakes, seals, and occasionally by seabirds. Breeding occurs throughout theyear but peaks of reproductive activity have been observed in August and September.

Merluccius paradoxus Franca, 1960 (plate V, 36) HKO MERLUCCIIDAE

FAO names: En - Deepwater Cape hake;Fr - Merlu profond; Sp - Merluza de cantil.Local names: Deepwater hake; Diepwater-stokvis(Ak); Tiefenwasser-Kapseechecht (Gr).Size: To 115 cm.Fisheries: Caught with bottom trawls, andrarely as a bycatch of the midwater and deep-water fisheries. An important species to theNamibian demersal fishing industry.Habitat and biology: Generally in deeper wa-ters than M. capensis, between depths of 200and 1 000 m. Juveniles feed mainly on crusta-ceans, adults on mesopelagic fishes and hake.Juveniles of deepwater Cape hake are preyedupon by adults of Cape hake.

Merluccius polli Cadenat, 1950 MERLUCCIIDAE

FAO names: En - Benguela hake; Fr - Merlud’afrique tropicale; Sp - Merluza de Benguela.Local names: Benguela-Seehecht (Gr).Size: Maximum to 80 cm, common to 38 cm.Fisheries: Occurs outside of the demersal fish-ing grounds.Habitat and biology: Demersal from depthsbetween 50 and 550 m. This is the least com-mon of the hakes in Namibia and is mostly con-fined to the extreme northern part of Namibia.


in adults, prominent pigmentspots on tip of gill tubercles



8-12 gillrakers on 1st arch



in adults, no prominent pigmentationon tip of gill tubercles

All species of MORIDAE reported from Namibia MORIDAE

Moras

148 Bony Fishes

Gadella imberbis (Vaillant, 1888)To 23 cm. Uncommon, northern Namibia.

Laemonema laureysi Poll, 1953

To 30 cm. (plate X, 78)

light organ present on belly

no chinbarbel

chin barbelpelvic fins long and filamentous

Antimora rostrata (Günther, 1878)To about 60 cm.

3 dorsal fins

no light organ on belly

Lepidion capensis Gilchrist, 1922To 50 cm. Uncommon, southern

Namibia.

Tripterophycis gilchristi Boulenger, 1902

To 20 cm.

chin barbel

anal-fin base much longer than 3rd dorsal-fin base

Physiculus capensis Gilchrist, 1922To 18 cm. (plate V, 37)

light organ present on belly

chin barbel

belly darker than upper sides

snout depressed toform a broadly

v-shaped pointedplate

Species of MACROURIDAE commonly reported from Namibia MACROURIDAE

Grenadiers, Rattails


smooth

conspicuous light organ on belly6 branchiostegal rays

Caelorinchus braueri Bernard, 1925To 40 cm. Depth range 450-1200 m.

(plate X, 79)

6 branchiostegal rays

snout pointed, much longer than eye diameter

scales in interorbitalspace with spinules

in keel-like rows

fin rays of 2nd dorsal fin shorterthan anal-fin rays

snout pointed and short,eye diameter much

greater than snout length

smooth


underside ofhead scaled

Bathygadus melanobranchus Vaillant, 1888To 40 cm. Depth range 640-1590 m.

Caelorinchus acanthiger Bernard, 1925To 40 cm. Depth range 800-1270 m.



snout rounded,mouth terminal

fin rays of 2nd dorsal finlonger than anal-fin rays

scales in interorbitalspace with scattered

spinules

smooth

snout pointed, muchlonger than eye

diameter

1st dorsal-fin ray elongated, its lengthless than postrostral length of head

no prominent saddle-likebody markings

1st dorsal-fin ray elongated, itslength equal to or longer than

postrostral length of head

no prominent saddle-likebody markings

anterolateral margin ofsnout with soft spot

snout with modified ridge of spinyscales extending from tip of snout

to angle of preopercle

snout with modifiedridge of spiny scalesextending from tipof snout to angle of

preopercle



Caelorinchus caelorhincus polli Marshall and Iwamoto, 1973To 30 cm. Depth range 230-360 m.

Caelorinchus karrerae Trunov, 1984To at least 35 cm. Depth range

260-1100 m.

small light organ on belly

anterolateral margin of snout completely supported bybone; underside of snout and suborbital naked

fin rays of 2nd dorsalfin shorter than

anal-fin rays

snout pointed,much longer

snout with modifiedridge of spiny scalesextending from tip of

snout to angle ofpreopercle

black, naked pit on chest

smooth

MACROURIDAE

150 Bony Fishes


Caelorinchus matamua (McCann and McKnight, 1980)To 65 cm. Depth range 440-900 m. (plate X, 80)

no visible light organ on belly

eye diameterabout equal

to snoutlength

smooth


conspicuous light organ on belly

Caelorinchus simorhynchus Iwamoto and Anderson, 1994To 42 cm. Depth range 140-990 m. (Formerly referred to

as Coelorinchus fasciatus). (plate XI, 81)


underside of headcompletely naked

snout blunt andshort, eye

diameter muchgreater thansnout length

smoothfin rays of 2nd dorsal

fin shorter thananal-fin rays

membranous,transparentcovering

smooth





entire trunk from behind head to end ofabdominal cavity completely encircled

with a broad blackish to bluish band

snoutblunt

Hymenocephalus italicus Giglioli, 1884

To 20 cm. Depth range 500-1 150 m.



teeth small, in2 rows inlower jaw

snout scaly below

light organ presentin front of anus


Kuronezumia leonis (Barnard, 1925)To 40 cm. Depth range 165-850 m.

serrated

22-24 rays inpectoral fin


no sharp suborbitalridge

MACROURIDAE


serrated


snout weakly pointed

no modified ridge of spinyscales from snout to

preopercle angle

teeth large, widely spaced,in 1 row in lower jaw

premaxillary teeth in abroad band

9 rays

anus between pelvic fins

teeth large, widelyspaced, in 1 row in

lower jawMalacocephalus laevis (Lowe, 1843)To 60 cm. Depth range 200-1000 m.


snout weaklypointed


premaxillary teethin 2 rows

Nezumia milleri Iwamoto, 1973To 38 cm. Depth range 320-620 m.


Trachyrincus scabrus (Rafinesque, 1810)To 60 cm. Depth range 395-1 495 m.

(plate V, 38)

serrated

Nezumia micronychodon Iwamoto, 1970To 35 cm. Depth range 195-950 m.

(plate XI, 82)



snoutnakedbelow

light organ presentin front of anus

18-21 rays inpectoral fin

eye diametermuch greater

than snoutlength


fin rays of 2nd dorsal finlonger than anal-fin rays

snout nakedbelow

snout long andpointed, mouth

inferior

Malacocephalus occidentalis Goode and Bean, 1885To about 45 cm. Depth range 200-600 m. So far only

reported in northern Namibia off Kunene River.sharp ventral edgeof suborbital ridge

entire trunk from behind head to end ofabdominal cavity completely encircled

with a broad blackish to bluish band

naked pit

only abdominal regiondarkly pigmented

sharp ventral edge ofsuborbital ridge

light organ in front of anus

smooth

Dicrolene intronigra Goode and Bean, 1883 OPHIDIIDAE

FAO names: En - Digitate cusk eel; Fr - Abadèchedoigts; Sp - Pagador.Local names:Size: To 30 cm.Fisheries: Rarely caught in bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: On the continental slopefrom depths of 200 to 1 000 m, especially in theWalvis Bay area. Dicrolene pallidus is also re-ported from Namibia, but commonly at depthsgreater than 2 700 m. D. pallidus has the su-pra-orbital and preopercular spine absent orweak.

Genypterus capensis (Smith, 1847) (plate V, 39) KCP OPHIDIIDAE

Synonyms: Xiphiurus capensis Smith, 1847.FAO names: En - Kingklip; Fr - Abadèche duCap; Sp - Rosada.Local names: Koningklip (Ak); SüdafrikanischerKingklip (Gr).Size: To 160 cm.Fisheries: Caught mainly with longlines and in bottom trawls. Was important commercially, but was heavilyoverfished and catches now amount to a few thousand tonnes a year.Habitat and biology: A bottom-dwelling fish inhabiting rocky areas of the continental shelf and upper slopefrom depths of 50 to 500 m, but reported to be abundant between 250 and 350 m; juveniles occur in shallowerwaters than adults. Feeds mainly on the bottom, on dragonets, mantis shrimps, hake, squid, and a variety offish. Sexual maturity is reached at 4 to 5 years (50-60 cm). Spawning takes place from August to October.Occurs mainly in the south.

Lamprogrammus exutus Nybelin and Poll, 1958 OPHIDIIDAE

FAO names: En - Legless cuskeel;Fr - Abadèche sans jambes; Sp - Cabellera.Local names:Size: To 40 cm.Fisheries: Caught occasionally in bottomtrawls.Habitat and biology: Caught on or above the continental slope, from depths of 260 to 800 m, but mainly be-tween 550 and 700 m. From northern Namibia south to Walvis Bay.

Selachophidium guentheri Gilchrist, 1903 (plate V, 40) OPHIDIIDAE

FAO names: En - Gunther’s cuskeel;Fr - Abadèche de Günther; Sp - Lengua delagarto.Local names:Size: To 30 cm.Fisheries: Caught occasionally in bottomtrawls. A bycatch of the deep-water fishery.Habitat and biology: On the upper slope, from depths of about 100 to800 m; a typical deep-water shelf-break inhabitant. Most abundant inthe Walvis Bay region, at depths between 200 and 400 m.

152 Bony Fishes

pelvic-fin origin below eyes

supra-orbitalspine present

preopercular spinewell developed

pelvic-fin originbehind eyes

lower 6-9 pectoral-finrays separated from

each other

body depth at vent less than10 times in standard length

adults golden yellowish

after Smith and Heemstra, 1986pelvic fins absent

body short, depth at ventless than 10 times in

standard length

head length 2 times or lessin preanal distance

all pectoral-fin rays joinedby a membrane

pelvic-fin originbehind eyes

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Spectrunculus grandis (Günther, 1877) OPHIDIIDAE

FAO names: En - Pudgy cuskeel;Fr - Abadèche boulotte; Sp - Congriperlagruesa.Local names:Size: To 127 cm.Fisheries: Caught occasionally in bottomtrawls.Habitat and biology: Demersal at depths be-tween 800 and 4 300 m.

Chatrabus melanurus (Barnard, 1927) BATRACHOIDIDAE

Synonyms: Chatabrus damaranus (Barnard,1927).FAO names: En - Humpback toadfish;Fr - Crapaud angolais; Sp - Sapo chasquilla.Local names: Boggel-platannavis (Ak).Size: To 25 cm.Fisheries: Caught occasionally in bottomtrawls.Habitat and biology: A bottom-living species,locally abundant at depths of 120 to 250 m,but also recorded to about 600 m.

Perulibatrachus elminensis (Bleeker, 1863) BATRACHOIDIDAE

FAO names: En - Guinean toadfish; Fr - Crapaudguinéen; Sp - Sapo guineano.Local names: Guinese-platannavis (Ak).Size: To 35 cm.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: A demersal species.

Perulibatrachus rossignoli (Roux, 1957) BATRACHOIDIDAE

FAO names: En - Rossignol toadfish;Fr - Crapaud de Rossignol; Sp - Sapode Rossignol.Local names: Westcoast toadfish;Weskus-platannavis (Ak).Size: To 30 cm.Fisheries: Caught incidentally in bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: A demersal species.


body short, depth at vent less than10 times in standard length

pelvic-fin origin behind eyes

all pectoral-fin rays joinedby a membrane

anterior nostril with3 tentacles

no axillary pocketin fold of pectoral

fin

anterior nostrilwith a tuft of

tentacles

inter-radial globulesof glandular tissueon inner surface of

pectoral finaxillary pocket

in fold ofpectoral fin

anterior nostrilwith 1 tentacle

axillary pocket infold of pectoral

fin

head length more than 2times in preanal distance


Lophius vaillanti Regan, 1903 MVA LOPHIIDAE

FAO names: En - Shortspine African angler;Fr - Baudroie africaine; Sp - Rape africano.Local names: Monk; Monnik (Ak).Size: To 50 cm.Fisheries: Caught by trawl in north.Habitat and biology: Demersal, mostly on theupper slope between the depths of 200 and 800m. Found mainly north of Walvis Bay. Feedsmainly on fishes.

Lophius vomerinus Valenciennes, 1837 (plate VI, 41) MVO LOPHIIDAE

Synonyms: Lophius upsicephalus Smith, 1841.FAO names: En - Cape monk; Fr - Baudroie duCap; Sp - Rape del Cabo.Local names: Monk; Monnik (Ak);Westafrikanischer Anglerfisch (Gr).Size: To 100 cm.Fisheries: Caught with directed bottom trawlsand also a significant bycatch of the hake fish-ery. Total catch averaged more than 10000 t inthe mid-1990s. Experimental fishing withgill-nets started in 1998.Habitat and biology: Found on the deeper con-tinental shelf and upper slope, from depths ofabout 200 to 400 m. Feeds on various bot-tom-living fishes and occasionally on pilchard,round herring, and horse mackerel. Maturity isreached at 4 years (about 40 cm).Remarks: A similar species, Lophius budegassa has also been reported from Namiba but it normally is foundin countries much further north and its presence in Nambia still needs to be confirmed.

Atherina breviceps Valenciennes, 1835 ATHERINIDAE

FAO names: En - Cape silverside; Fr - Athérinedu Cap; Sp - Pejerrey del Cabo.Local names: Kaapse spierinkie (Ak).Size: To 11 cm.Fisheries: Rarely caught in purse seines.Habitat and biology: A shallow-water species,found in schools in bays and estuaries espe-cially in spring. Mainly off southern Namibia.

154 Bony Fishes

1st cephalic spine withfleshy esca

peritoneum unpigmented

dark brown to greenish above;ventrally usually pale whitish

(sometimes dusky), withdarkish patches in front of

pelvic fins

brilliant silvery midlateralband

1st cephalic spine withoutfleshy esca

peritoneum pigmentedblack

dorsal and ventral surfaceof body brownish

frontal ridge smooth

frontal ridge ruguse

Exocoetus volitans Linnaeus, 1758 EXOCOETIDAE

FAO names: En - Tropical two-wing flyingfish;Fr - Exocet volant; Sp - Volador.Local names: Tropiese tweevlerk-vliëende vis(Ak); Fliegender Fisch, Flugfisch (Gr).Size: To 18 cm.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: Pelagic in open oceansurface waters. Able to leap out of the water andglide for long distances.

Hirundichthys rondeletii (Valenciennes, 1846) EXOCOETIDAE

FAO names: En - Blackwing flyingfish; Fr - Exocetaile noire; Sp - Volador aleta negra.Local names: Subtropical flyingfish; Subtropiesvliëende vis (Ak); Fliegender Fisch, Flugfisch(Gr).Size: To 25 cm (standard length).Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: Pelagic in open ocean wa-ters. Able to leap out of the water and glide forlong distances.

Nanichthys simulans Hubbs and Wisner, 1980 SCOMBERESOCIDAE

FAO names: En - Dwarf saury; Fr - Balaounain; Sp - Paparda enana.Local names: Dwerg-saurie (Ak).Size: To 13 cm.Fisheries: Caught incidentally in pelagic trawls.Habitat and biology: An oceanic and surfaceschooling fish, whose habits and biology are notwell known. Feeds on small planktonic forms.Often confused as the juvenile form ofScomberesox saurus scomberoides.

Scomberesox saurus scomberoides (Richardson, 1842) (plate VI, 42) SCOMBERESOCIDAE

FAO names: En - Atlantic saury; Fr - Balaouatlantique; Sp - Paparda del Atlántico.Local names: Saury; Saurie (Ak); AtlantischerMakrelenhecht, Makrelenhecht (Gr).Size: To about 50 cm.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: Oceanic, surface-schooling, often seen while skipping over thesurface probably to escape predators. Feeds on small planktonic organisms andare preyed upon by yellowfin tuna, Cape gannets, and marine mammals. Mi-grates from spawning areas to cool temperate and plankton-rich waters.


pelvic fins long, reachingpast anal fin

pelvic fins short, notreaching anal fin

upper jaw much shorter thanlower jaw

lateral line low on body

lateral line low on body

upper jaw of about equallength as lower jaw

Lampris guttatus (Brünnich, 1788) LAMPRIDAE

FAO names: En - Opah; Fr - Opah; Sp - Opa.Local names: Spotted opah; Gespikkelde opah(Ak); Gotteslachs (Gr).Size: To 180 cm and over 200 kg.Fisheries: Rarely taken with longlines or trawls.Occasionally caught by the swordfish fishery.Habitat and biology: A member of the deeperepipelagic and oceanic community. Usuallysolitary, swims by flapping the pectoral fins.Feeds chiefly on cuttlefish, crustaceans, andbony fishes.

Trachipterus trachypterus (Gmelin, 1789) TRACHIPTERIDAE

FAO names: En - Peregrine ribbonfish.Local names: Rondswerwer-lintvis (Ak).Size: To 213 cm.Fisheries: Sometimes caught as bycatch intrawls.Habitat and biology: Offshore epipelagic.Swims with head up.

Zu cristatus (Bonelli, 1820) TRACHIPTERIDAE

FAO names: En - Scalloped ribbonfish.Local names: Skulprand-lintvis (Ak).Size: To 118 cm standard length.Fisheries: Uncommonly caught as bycatch intrawls.Habitat and biology: Offshore epipelagic.Swims with head up.

156 Bony Fishes

body pink to purple withnumerous white spots

bony tubercles alongbottom edge of tail

lateral line well aboveventral edge of tail

body depth 3.4-4.1 times indistance from snout to anus

lateral line along ventraledge of tail, in a row of

spiny plates

body depth 1.5-2.9 times indistance from snout to anus

Guentherus altivela Osorio, 1917 ATELEOPODIDAE

FAO names: En - Highfin tadpole fish;Fr - Atéleopode grande negeoire; Sp - Ancestronegro.Local names:Size: To 2 m.Fisheries: Sometimes caught in bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: A demersal species, onthe upper continental slope.

Ijimaia loppei Roule, 1922 ATELEOPODIDAE

FAO names: En - Loppe’s tadpole fish;Fr - Atéleopode de Loppe; Sp - Pata de pulpo.Local names:Size: To 2 m.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: A demersal species, found on the upper slope to a depth of 450 m.

Beryx splendens Lowe, 1834 (plate VI, 43) BYS BERYCIDAE

FAO names: En - Splendid alfonsino; Fr - Béryxlong; Sp - Alfonsino besugo.Local names: Slender beryx; Slank beryx (Ak).Size: To 45 cm.Fisheries: Caught in bottom trawls as a bycatchof the hake fishery. Mainly a targeted species ofthe deep-water fishery. A bycatch of midwatertrawlers in the north.Habitat and biology: A demersal species of theupper continental slope from depths of 200 to800 m, mainly between 400 and 600 m; juve-niles are pelagic.Remarks: The shape of the caudal fin and length of anal-fin base easily distinguish this species from othercommon “redfish” such as the Jacopever (Helicolenus dactylopterus) and Large-eye dentex (Dentexmacrophthalmus).

Diretmoides parini Post and Quéro, 1981 DIRETMIDAE

FAO names: En - Parin’s spiny fin; Fr - Direttede Parin; Sp - Malcarado de Parin.Local names:Size: To 40 cm.Fisheries: Caught incidentally in trawls.Habitat and biology: Adults mesopelagic be-low 500 m, juveniles near the surface. Feeds onsmall crustaceans and planktonic organisms.


whole fish verygelatinous, noteeth in jaws

colour dark brown

pelvic fins below pectoralinsertion, with 3 separate

rays and 6-7 fin rays

colour dark brown to blackpelvic fins well in front of pectoral insertion, with 1

short ray and 3 minute rays

colour adults greyish black, juvenilespale with lighter blotch on sides

lateral line absent

dorsal and anal finswithout spines

body slender, 2.5-2.8 timesin standard length

colour scarlet red dorsally,silvery below

mucous cavities

4 close-set spines

13-15 soft raysdeeply forked

caudal fin

base of anal fin longerthan base of dorsal fin

Gephyroberyx darwini (Johnson, 1866) TRACHICHTHYIDAE

FAO names: En - Darwin’s slimehead;Fr - Hoplostete de darwin; Sp - Reloj de Darwin.Local names:Size: To 60 cm.Fisheries: Caught mainly in bottom trawls, be-tween depths of 200 and 500 m.Habitat and biology: Lives close to the bottom,from depths of 100 to 1 000 m.

Hoplostethus atlanticus Collet, 1896 (plate XI, 83,84) ORY TRACHICHTHYIDAE

FAO names: En - Orange roughy;Fr - Hoplostete orange; Sp - Reloj anaranjado.Local names: Atlantischer Sägebauch (Gr).Size: To 70 cm.Fisheries: Target species of deep-water fish-ery. Caught in bottom trawls targeting denseaggregations. Initial catches above 12 000 t perannum, but subsequently reduced consider-ably.Habitat and biology: A bathypelagic species,from depths of 400 to 1 100 m, most abundantbetween 400 and 800 m.

Hoplostethus cadenati Quéro, 1974 TRACHICHTHYIDAE

FAO names: En - Black slimehead;Fr - Hoplostete noir; Sp - Reloj negro.Local names: Swart slymkop (Ak).Size: To 30 cm.Fisheries: Caught commonly in bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: A primarily demersal spe-cies, between depths of 200 and 700 m. Mainlyoff northern Namibia, southward to Walvis Bay.

Hoplostethus mediterraneus Cuvier, 1829 TRACHICHTHYIDAE

FAO names: En - Mediterranean slimehead;Fr - Hoplostete argenté; Sp - Reloj mediterráneo.Local names: Mittelmeer-Kaiserbarsch (Gr).Size: To 40 cm.Fisheries: Caught incidentally in bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: Lives close to the bottom,from depths of 200 to 700 m.

158 Bony Fishes

after Smith and Heemstra, 1986colour bright orange-red

profile aboveeye convex

4-6 spines, 16-19 soft rays

ventral scutes absent or not well developed

profile aboveeye concave

colour dusky pink

7-8 spines

colour dusky pink,silvery pink below

8-12 well-developedscutes on belly

profileaboveeye

convex

6-7 spines, 12-14soft rays


colour blackish grey 16-17 rays

4-6 spines, 12-13 soft rays

scutes strong, 13-15

Hoplostethus melanopus (Weber, 1913) (plate VI, 44) TRACHICHTHYIDAE

FAO names: En - Smallscale slimehead;Fr - Hoplostete scutelle; Sp - Reloj escamapequeña.Local names:Size: To 25 cm.Fisheries: Caught incidentally in bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: Lives close to the bottom,from depths of 400 to 900 m.

Zenopsis conchifer (Lowe, 1852) ZEIDAE

FAO names: En - Silvery John dory; Fr - SaintPierre argenté; Sp - San Pedro plateado.Local names: Buckler dory; Beukelaar-dorie(Ak); Amerikanischer Petersfisch (Gr).Size: To 75 cm.Fisheries: Caught occasionally with bottomtrawls.Habitat and biology: A demersal species, fromdepths of 90 to 400 m, mainly between 150 and300 m. Feeds on a wide variety of bony fishes.

Zeus capensis Valenciennes, 1835 (plate VI, 45) ZEIDAE

FAO names: En - Cape John dory; Fr - SaintPierre du Cap; Sp - San Pedro del Cabo.Local names: Cape dory; Kaapse dorie (Gr).Size: To 90 cm.Fisheries: Caught occasionally in bottomtrawls.Habitat and biology: Demersal in depths be-tween 35 and 200 m.

Zeus faber Linnaeus, 1758 JOD ZEIDAE

FAO names: En - John dory; Fr - Saint Pierre;Sp - Pez de San Pedro.Local names: Jandorie (Ak); Heringskönig,Petersfisch, Sonnenfisch (Gr); Sanmartin (Sp).Size: To 65 cm.Fisheries: Caught occasionally with bottomtrawls.Habitat and biology: A demersal species, foundfrom coastal waters to a depth of 400 m. Feedsmainly on schooling bony fishes, occasionally oncrustaceans and cephalopods. Sexual maturity isreached at the age of 4 years, eggs pelagic.


colour silvery,sometimes

with obscuredusky spots,especially in

juveniles

upper profile of headconcave

3 spines

colour brownish grey

4-5 spines, 13-16soft rays


18-20 rays 15-18 inconspicuous scutes

colour silvery grey

upper profileof head

convex orstraight

indistinct dusky spot onor above lateral line

4 spines

black spot belowlateral line

colour silvery grey

4 spines

upper profile of headconvex or straight

Allocyttus verrucosus (Gilchrist, 1906) (plate XI, 85) OREOSOMATIDAE

FAO names: En - Warty oreo.Local names: Black oreo.Size: To 38 cm but commonly less than 25 cm.Fisheries: Commonly caught as bycatch in or-ange roughy fishery, not yet utilized.Habitat and biology: Adults demersal, overrough bottom at depths between 338 and 1 300m, but most common at depths greater than 800m; juveniles pelagic in midwater to surface.Feeds on shrimp, cephalopods, and fish.

Neocyttus rhomboidalis Gilchrist, 1906 (plate XI, 86) OREOSOMATIDAE

FAO names: En - Spikey oreo.Local names:Size: To 34 cm.Fisheries: Caught in fairly large quantities asbycatch in orange roughy fishery but not yet uti-lized.Habitat and biology: Adults demersal, overrough bottom at depths between 200 and 1 077m, but most common between 600 to 900 m; juve-niles pelagic in midwater to surface.

Pseudocyttus maculatus Gilchrist, 1906 OREOSOMATIDAE

FAO names: En - Smooth oreo.Local names:Size: To 50 cm.Fisheries: Uncommonly caught as bycatch inorange roughy fishery.Habitat and biology: Adults demersal, overrough bottom at depths between 400 and 1 200m, but most common at depths between 900and 1 100 m; juveniles pelagic in midwater tosurface.

160 Bony Fishes

1 spine and 6 softrays

no enlarged bony scaleson sides

1st dorsal-fin spineshorter than 2nd

scales ctenoid,moderately

adherent

opercle without scales,with radiating

striations

predorsal profile stronglyconcave

1 spine and 5 soft rays

dark spots on sides,fading with age

1st dorsal-fin spinelonger than 2nd

scales cycloid,deciduous

opercle fully scaled,without horizontalridge or radiating

striations

1 spine and 6 softrays

2 rows of enlarged bonyscales on sides,

becoming less distinctwith age

1st dorsal-fin spineshorter than 2nd

scales ctenoid,adherent

opercle without scales,with radiating

striations

predorsal profile convex,nearly straight, or

moderately concave

Macroramphosus scolopax (Linnaeus, 1758) (plate VI, 46) MACRORAMPHOSIDAE

FAO names: En - Longspine snipefish;Fr - Bécasse de mer; Sp - Trompetero.Local names: Slender snipefish; Slank snipvis(Ak); Schnepfenfisch (Gr).Size: To 20 cm.Fisheries: Taken incidentally in trawl fisheries.Habitat and biology: Adults occur close to thebottom, to depths of 500 m, usually between 50and 150 m, juveniles are epipelagic in oceanicwaters. Feed on bottom and pelagic inverte-brates.

Notopogon macrosolen Barnard, 1925 MACRORAMPHOSIDAE

FAO names: En - Longspine bellowfish;Fr - Bécasse de mer tacheté; Sp - Trompeteromanchado.Local names: Longsnout bellowsfish;Langsnoet-blaasbalkvis (Ak).Size: To 33 cm.Fisheries: Rarely caught in trawls.Habitat and biology: Usually caught betweendepths of 200 and 500 m. Mainly off southernNamibia.

Congiopodus spinifer (Smith, 1839) (plate VI, 47) CONGIOPODIDAE

FAO names: En - Spinenose horsefish;Fr - Cacique hérisson; Sp - Cacique erizado.Local names: Stekelneus-perdvis (Ak).Size: To 35 cm.Fisheries: Taken occasionally as bycatch intrawl fisheries.Habitat and biology: Found on soft bottoms atdepths of about 50 to 150 m. This species peri-odically sheds the outer keratinous layer of itsskin.

Congiopodus torvus (Gronovius, 1772) CONGIOPODIDAE

FAO names: En - Smooth horsefish; Fr - Caciquelisse; Sp - Cacique liso.Local names: Gladde perdvis (Ak).Size: To 76 cm, common to 30 cm.Fisheries: Rarely caught in bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: Found on soft bottoms ofthe continental shelf, from nearshore to about adepth of 300 m. Mainly off the Orange River(southern Namibia).


colour reddish pink,silvery below

distinctgap

no gaphere

colour uniformbrownish red

colour adults brownish with irregular lightspots, juveniles light brown with irregular

dark brown markings

spines on snout

9-10 soft rays

colour adults dark brown, juveniles lightbrown with dark brown markings

no spines on snout

7-8 soft rays

Ectreposebastes imus Garman 1899 SCORPAENIDAE

FAO names: En - Midwater scorpionfish;Fr - Rascasse profonde; Sp - Rascacio profundo.Local names:Size: To 17 cm standard length.Fisheries: Bottom trawl.Habitat and biology: Benthopelagic in depthsbetween 500 and 850 m.

Helicolenus dactylopterus (Delaroche, 1809) (plate VI, 48) BRF SCORPAENIDAE

FAO names : En - Blackbelly rosefish;Fr - Sébaste chèvre; Sp - Gallineta.Local names: Jacopever; Jacopewer (Ak);Blaumaul (Gr).Size: To 30 cm.Fisheries: Commonly caught with bottomtrawls as a bycatch of the hake fishery.Habitat and biology: A demersal speciesfound at depths of 50 to 800 m, usually deeperthan 150 m. Feeds on a wide variety of organ-isms, including fishes, crabs, mantis shrimps,krill, and worms.Remarks: The shape of the caudal fin and length of anal-fin base easily distinguish this species from othercommon “redfish” such as Afonsino (Beryx splendens) and Large-eye dentex (Dentex macrophthalmus).

Neomerinthe folgori (Postel and Roux, 1964) SCORPAENIDAE

FAO names: En - Folgor’s scorpionfish;Fr - Rascasse de Folgor; Sp - Rascacio deFolgor.Local names:Size: To 40 cm.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: A demersal species, atdepths of 180 to 310 m.

Pontinus leda Eschmeyer, 1969 SCORPAENIDAE

FAO names: En - Speckled deepwaterscorpionfish; Fr - Rascasse tachetée;Sp - Rascacio rosado.Local names: Gespikkelde diepwater-skerpioenvis(Ak).Size: To about 27 cm.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: A demersal species, atdepths between 100 and 400 m.

162 Bony Fishes

12 spines

12-13 soft rays

lateral line oftubed scales

lower raysfree at tip

lateral line a continuoustrough, covered by thin

scales, not tubed

6 soft rays

base of anal fin shorterthan base of dorsal fin

caudal fintruncate

colour reddish, dorsallyand whitish ventrally

12 spines

11 soft rays lateral line oftubed scales

12 spines

region before pelvic findistinctly scaled

9 soft rays

Scorpaena elongata Cadenat, 1943 SCORPAENIDAE

FAO names: En - Slender rockfish;Fr - Rascasse rose; Sp - Gallineta rosada.Local names:Size: To about 50 cm.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: Demersal in rocky areasat depths between 100 and 600 m. Off northernNamibia.

Setarches guentheri Johnson, 1862 SCORPAENIDAE

FAO names: En - Deepwater scorpionfish;Fr - Rascasse serran; Sp - Rascacio serrano.Local names:Size: To 23 cm.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: A demersal species of theupper continental slope.

Trachyscorpia capensis (Gilchrist and Von Bonde, 1924) SCORPAENIDAE

FAO names: En - Cape rockfish; Fr - Rascassedu Cap; Sp - Rascacio del Cabo.Local names: Cape scorpionfish; Kaapseskerpioenvis (Ak).Size: To about 35 cm.Fisheries: Caught occasionally in bottomtrawls, a bycatch of the deep-water fishery.Habitat and biology: Demersal at depths be-tween 450 and 1 025 m.Remarks: Superficially, this species can be confused with the Jacopever, Helicolenus dactylopterus. How-ever, they can be easily distinguished by shape of caudal fin, number of rays in dorsal fin, and by pectoral-finshape.

Chelidonichthys capensis (Cuvier, 1829) (plate (VII, 49) GUC TRIGLIDAE

FAO names: En - Cape gurnard; Fr - Grondindu Cap; Sp - Rubio del Cabo.Local names: Kaapse knorhaan (Ak);Kap-Knurrhahn (Gr).Size: To 75 cm.Fisheries: Caught mainly in bottom trawls andoccasionally by shore anglers.Habitat and biology: On the continental shelf,from shallow depths to 390 m. Feeds mainly onfishes and crabs.


12 spines

9-10 soft rays

5 soft rays

lateral line a continuous trough, coveredby thin scales, not tubed

12 spines

region before pelvic finappears unscaled

9 soft rays

lateral line of tubed scales

13 spines

8-9 soft rays

lateral line oftubed scales

colour reddish

lower rays onlyslightly

separated at tip

caudal finrounded

length of cleithralspine less than oralmost equal toeye diameter

15-17 soft rays rays

14-16 soft rays rays

blotch with white or bluish spots on pelvic fin

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Chelidonichthys queketti (Regan, 1904) TRIGLIDAE

FAO names: En - Lesser gurnard; Fr - Grondinmineur; Sp - Rubio menor.Local names: Kleiner knorhaan (Ak).Size: To about 35 cm.Fisheries: Caught occasionally in bottomtrawls.Habitat and biology: A demersal species,found in shallow water to depths of 150 m.

Trigla lyra Linnaeus, 1758 TRIGLIDAE

FAO names: En - Piper gurnard; Fr - Grondinlyre; Sp - Garneo.Local names: Lyre gurnard; Lier-knorhaan(Ak); Leierhahn, Leierknurrhahn, Pfeifenfisch(Gr).Size: To 60 cm.Fisheries: Caught occasionally in bottomtrawls.Habitat and biology: On sandy as well as onmuddy bottoms, from depths of 10 to 400 m.Mainly off northern Namibia.

Synagrops microlepis Norman, 1935 (plate VII, 50) ACROPOMATIDAE

FAO names: En - Thinlip splitfin; Fr - Macondelèvre mince; Sp - Dentiño.Local names:Size: To about 16 cm.Fisheries: Commonly caught in bottom trawlsat depths usually greater than 200 m.Habitat and biology: A bathypelagic speciesrecorded from depths of 50 to 450 m. Mainly offnorthern Namibia.

Polyprion americanus (Schneider, 1801) POLYPRIONIDAE

FAO names: En - Wreckfish; Fr - Cerniercommun; Sp - Cherna.Local names: Wrakvis (Ak); AtlantischerWrackbarsch, Wrackbarsch (Gr).Size: Maximum 200 cm, common to 80 cm.Fisheries: Rarely caught in bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: Occurs in depths of 100to 200 m, preferring caves and shipwrecks; ju-veniles congregate below floating objects,adults are mainly demersal. Feeds on bot-tom-living fish, large crustaceans, and cephalo-pods. Only off southern Namibia.Remarks: Formerly included in the family Serranidae and sometimes included in the Acropomatidae.

164 Bony Fishes

length of cleithralspine less than oralmost equal toeye diameter

18-19 soft rays

17-18 soft rays

2 dorsal fins

colour dark brown, paler below

9 spines

1 spine, 9 soft rays

2 spines, 9 soft raysstrong teeth inboth jaws

colour body bluish greyabove, paler below

bony ridge

11-12 spines

11-12 soft rays

lateral line of tubed scales

length of cleithralspine much

longer than eyediameter


Acanthistius sebastoides (Castelnau, 1861) SERRANIDAE

FAO names : En - Koester; Fr - Koester;Sp - Koester.Local names:Size: To 35 cm.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: On rocky bottoms, fromdepths of 1 to 20 m.

Anthias anthias (Linnaeus, 1758) SERRANIDAE

FAO names: En - Swallowtail seaperch;Fr - Barbier hirondelle; Sp - Tres colas.Local names: Roter Fahnenbarsch, Rötling(Gr).Size: To about 27 cm.Fisheries: Rarely in trawls.Habitat and biology: Inhabits rocky areas fromshallow depths to about 300 m. Recorded fromnorthern Namibia, mainly at a depth of 150 m.

Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834) SERRANIDAE

Synonym: Previously referred to as Epinephelusguaza (non Linnaeus, 1758).FAO names: En - Dusky grouper; Fr - Mérounoir; Sp - Mero moreno.Local names: Yellowbelly rockcod;Geelpens-klipkabeljou (Ak); BraunerZachenbarsch, Riesen-Zachenbarsch (Gr).Size: Maximum about 120 cm.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: Prefers mostly rocky bot-toms in shallow water to a depth of 150 m.

Serranus cabrilla (Linnaeus, 1758) SERRANIDAE

FAO names: En - Comber; Fr - Serran chèvre;Sp - Cabrilla.Local names: Kammer (Ak).Size: To 40 cm, common to 25 cm.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: A demersal species onsoft or rocky bottoms, from shallow waters to adepth of 450 m. Feeds on fishes, cephalopods,and crustaceans.


colour yellowish tan with orangespots and brown blotches

11-13 spines

15-17 soft rays

scales larger than many other serranids,50-55 in lateral line

10 spines

15 soft rays

scales larger than many other serranids,36-39 in lateral line

11 spines

15-16 soft rays

margin white

10 spines

13-15 soft rays

brownish orange oblique lines

brownish or blue lines

70-77 scales inlateral line

EPIGONIDAE

Epigonus telescopus (Risso, 1810) (plate XI, 87) EPIGONIDAE

FAO names: En - Telescope cardinal.Local names: Teleskoop-kardinaal (Ak);Teleskop-Kardinalfisch (Gr).Size: 60 cm.Fisheries: Sometimes caught in large quanti-ties by trawl. A bycatch of the deep-water fish-ery.Habitat and biology: Demersal on soft bottomsat depths between 80 and 1 200 m.

166 Bony Fishes


dark ring on caudalpeduncle in

specimens less than11 cm standard

length

Epigonus pandionis (Goode and Bean, 1881)To 16 cm; depth range 200-600 m.

(plate VII, 51)

opercular spinebony and strong

7 spines

1 spine, 9soft rays

17-19 softrays

tooth patches ontongue


Epigonus constanciae (Giglioli, 1880)To 16 cm; depth range 200-600 m.

Epigonus denticulatus Dieuzeide, 1950To 20 cm; depth range 200-800 m, on

soft bottoms.


weak opercularspine

7 spines 1 spine, 10soft rays

no dark ring on caudalpeduncle


7 spines

weak opercularspine

18-20 soft rays

opercular spine bonyand strong

7 spines

1 spine and 9 soft rays

Epigonus robustus (Barnard, 1927)To 20 cm; depth range 800-1 200 m.

no teeth ontongue

19-23 soft rays

weak opercularspine

8 spines


Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766) POMATOMIDAE

FAO names: En - Bluefish; Fr - Tassergal;Sp - Anchova de banco.Local names: Elf; Elf (Ak); Blaubarsch,Blaufisch (Gr).Size: To 110 cm.Fisheries: Caught by shore anglers and gillnets in Lüderitz lagoon. A bycatch of the sword-fish fishery.Habitat and biology: A voracious and swiftpredator, the young hunting in schools.

Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus, 1766) RACHYCENTRIDAE

FAO names: En - Cobia; Fr - Mafou; Sp - Cobia.Local names: Prodigal son; Kobia (Ak);Königsbarsch (Gr).Size: To 200 cm (50 kg).Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: Pelagic, but also found offrocky shores. Feeds on crabs, squids, andfishes.

Chloroscombrus chrysurus (Linnaeus, 1776) CARANGIDAE

FAO names: En - Atlantic bumper; Fr - Sapater;Sp - Casabe.Local names: Atlantiese stamper (Ak);Schwanzfleck-Stachelmakrele (Gr).Size: Maximum: 65 cm but common to 25 cm.Fisheries: Rarely caught in trawls.Habitat and biology: A shoaling pelagic spe-cies occurring in shallow coastal waters, includ-ing lagoons and brackish waters. In Namibia,found only in the north.

Decapterus punctatus (Cuvier, 1829) CARANGIDAE

FAO names: En - Round scad; Fr - Comètequiaquia; Sp - Macarela chuparaco.Local names: Ronde skad (Ak); GefleckteStachelmakrele (Gr).Size: To 25 cm.Fisheries: Caught occasionally in trawls.Habitat and biology: A shoaling species, usuallynear the bottom, to a depth of 100 m. Feeds onsmall pelagic invertebrates.


upper lobe longerthan lower lobe

7- 9 short isolated spines

head large and depressed

strong teethin jaws

7-8 short spines

pectoral fin short

dark spot

weak scutes

body extremely compressed, ventralprofile strongly convex

dark spots along lateral line

1 finlet

distinct scutes

Lichia amia (Linnaeus, 1758) CARANGIDAE

FAO names: En - Leerfish; Fr - Liche;Sp - Palometón.Local names: Garrick; Leervis (Ak); GroßeGabelmakrele (Gr).Size: Attains 1.8 m.Fisheries: Caught by shore anglers and occa-sionally in trawls and purse seines. Esteemedas a game fish in South Africa.Habitat and biology: An inshore or estuarinespecies found from the surface to a depth of50 m. Feeds mainly on bony fishes. Sexual ma-turity is reached at a length of about 60 cm (forklength). Found in northern Namibia; common atKunene River mouth.

Selene dorsalis (Gill, 1863) CARANGIDAE

Synonyms: Vomer setapinnis (Mitchill, 1815).FAO names: En - African moonfish; Fr - Mussoafricain; Sp - Jorobado africano.Local names: Lookdown fish; Afkykvis (Ak);Afrikanischer Pferdekopf (Gr).Size: To 33 cm.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: A coastal species, to adepth of 60 m. Found mainly in the north.

Seriola lalandi Valenciennes, 1833 CARANGIDAE

FAO names: En - Yellowtail amberjack; Fr - Sériolechinchard; Sp - Medregal rabo amarillo.Local names: Giant yellowtail; Reuse geelstert(Ak); Australische, Gelbschwanzmakrele (Gr).Size: To at least 150 cm.Fisheries: Caught in pelagic and bottom trawlsand rarely by shore anglers. Considered as anexcellent sportfish in South Africa.Habitat and biology: Adults are pelagic orepibenthic in coastal waters (to 50 m depth).Feeds on small fish, squids, and crustaceans.

168 Bony Fishes

juvenile, 5.5 cm total length

body silvery, strongly compressed

weak scutes

spines short and disconnected

no scutes in lateral line caudal fin olivaceousyellow

groove

no scutes in lateral line

lateral line very irregular

Trachurus capensis (Linnaeus, 1758) (plate VII, 52) HMC CARANGIDAE

Synonyms: Trachurus trachurus Castelnau, 1861.FAO names: En - Cape horse mackerel;Fr - Chinchard du Cap; Sp - Jurel del Cabo.Local names: Maasbanker (Ak); Bastardmakrele,Kap-Bastardmakrele, Stöcker (Gr).Size: To 60 fork length. Common between 15and 30 cm.Fisheries: Caught with purse seines, and pe-lagic and bottom trawls. An important commer-cial species in both the trawl and purse-seineindustries.Habitat and biology: A schooling speciesmainly over the continental shelf, often oversand bottoms, observed at the surface as wellas down to a depth of 400 m; shoals rise to feedin surface waters at night while they are close tothe bottom during daytime. An opportunistfeeder, copepods are an important prey of juve-niles, while adults feed on a wide range of inver-tebrates and fish (gobies and mesopelagic fish).Sexual maturity attained at 3 years (length ofaround 20 cm).

Trachurus trecae Cadenat, 1949 HMZ CARANGIDAE

FAO names: En - Cunene horse mackerel;Fr - Chinchard cunène; Sp - Jurel cunene.Local names: Cunene-Bastardmakrele (Gr).Size: At least to 35 cm fork length.Fisheries: This horse mackerel rarely occurs infisheries of Namibia as it is only found in the ex-treme north.Habitat and biology: Usually occurs near thebottom at depths between 20 and 100 m, butalso pelagic near the surface. Feeds primarilyon crustaceans. Occasionally found in northernNamibia although it usually only occurs as farsouth as Angola.

Coryphaena equiselis Linnaeus, 1758 CORYPHAENIDAE

FAO names: En - Pompano dolphinfish;Fr - Coryphène dauphin; Sp - Dorado.Local names: Pompano-dorade (Ak).Size: To 75 cm.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: Pelagic, mainly in openwaters, but approaching the coast at times; fol-lows ships and concentrates under floating ob-jects.


dorsal accessory lateral lineends under posterior part of

soft dorsal fin

wide (width of scales about 5% oftotal length), raised scutes alongentire lateral line (less raised in

larger individuals)

raised scutes only along posteriorportion of lateral line, width ofraised scutes less than 2.5% of

total length

dorsal accessory lateral line endsbelow 1st dorsal fin

convex

52-59 soft rays

Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, 1758 CORYPHAENIDAE

FAO names: En - Common dolphinfish;Fr - Coryphène commune; Sp - Dorado común.Local names: Dolphinfish; Dorade (Ak);Gemeine Goldmakrele, Goldmakrele (Gr).Size: Maximum 200 cm, common to 100 cm.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: Pelagic, inhabits openwaters but sometimes approaching the coast;follows ships and forms small concentrationsunder floating objects. Feeds on fishes, crusta-ceans, and squid. Breeds in the open sea.

Brama brama (Bonnaterre, 1788) (plate VII, 53) POA BRAMIDAE

FAO names: En - Atlantic pomfret; Fr - Grandecastagnole; Sp - Japuta.Local names: Angelfish, Pomfret; Angelvis,Pomfret (Ak); Brachsenmakrele (Gr).Size: To 70 cm.Fisheries: Caught as a bycatch of midwatertrawlers south of Walvis Bay, from the surface toa depth of 1 000 m. Rarely caught in bottomtrawls and by the swordfish fishery, and deep-water fishery.Habitat and biology: An oceanic andepipelagic species, also found to depths of1 000 m, moving to shallower waters for repro-duction. Preyed upon by oceanic predatorssuch as tunas and billfishes, and in turn feedson myctophids and other small bony fishes,euphasiids, and cephalopods.

Taractes rubescens (Jordan and Evermann, 1887 BRAMIDAE

FAO names: En - Dark pomfret; Fr - Castagnolesombre; Sp - Palometa negra.Local names:Size: To about 70 cm.Fisheries: Caught occasionally in trawls. Abycatch of the deep-water fishery.Habitat and biology: Mesopelagic from shal-low depths to about 400 m.

170 Bony Fishes

inside of mouthdark

13-18 gill rakers on 1st arch

dorsal profile of headbetween eyes arched

and rounded 35-38 soft rays

dorsal profile of headbetween eyes flat or

slightly convex

prominent keel

concave

58-66 soft rays

Taractichthys longipinnis (Lowe, 1843) BRAMIDAE

FAO names: En - Bigscale pomfret;Fr - Castagnole fauchoir; Sp - Cangullo.Local names: Grootskub-pomfret (Ak).Size: To 100 cm.Fisheries: Caught occasionally with trawls. Abycatch of the deep-water fishery.Habitat and biology: Oceanic and epipelagic.

Emmelichthys nitidus nitidus Richardson, 1845 (plate VII, 54) EMMELICHTHYIDAE

FAO names: En - Cape bonnetmouth;Fr - Andorrève du Cap; Sp - Cardenal.Local names: Southern rover; Suidelikerondloper (Ak).Size: To 50 cm.Fisheries: Taken in bottom trawls between 100and 200 m.Habitat and biology: The young occur near the surface, often with schools of clupeids; adults occur near thebottom between depths of 100 and 450 m, mainly on the deeper part of the continental shelf. Feeds on largezooplankton.

Pomadasys jubelini (Cuvier, 1830) HAEMULIDAE

FAO names: En - Sompat grunt; Fr - Grondeursompat; Sp - Ronco sompat.Local names: Atlantic spotted grunter;Atlantiese gespikkelde knorder (Ak);Sompat-Sußlippe (Gr).Size: To 60 cm.Fisheries: Caught occasionally by shore an-glers. More abundant in the north.Habitat and biology: Inhabits coastal waters toa depth of 100 m, most common between 25and 50 m. Feeds on crustaceans, molluscs, andworms.

Pomadasys olivaceum (Day, 1875) HAEMULIDAE

FAO names: En - Olive grunt; Fr - Goret olive;Sp - Corocoro aceituna.Local names: Piggy; Varkie (Ak).Size: To 31 cm.Fisheries: Caught occasionally by shore an-glers.Habitat and biology: In coastal waters. Feedsmostly on small crustaceans.


inside of mouth withoutpigment


dorsal profile of head betweeneyes arched and rounded

33-38 soft rays

whiteedge

on chin, 2 pores followedby a pit

12 spines

15-17 soft rays

3 spines and 11-13soft rays

at upper angle of opercle alarge dark blotch bordered

by yellow in front body without spots

10 spines, the last 3 isolated

on chin, 2 poresfollowed by a

groove

11-12 spines

15-17 soft rays

2nd spine compressed,longer than1st ray

8-9 soft rays

body with spots on upper sides

10 soft rays

Chrysoblephus laticeps (Valenciennes 1830) SPARIDAE

FAO names: En - Roman seabream; Fr - Spareà selle blanche; Sp - Sargo montura blanca.Local names: Roman; Roman (Ak).Size: To 50 cm.Fisheries: Very rare in Namibia.Habitat and biology: Occurs mostly over rockybottoms in deep water to depths of 100 m.

Dentex barnardi Cadenat, 1970 SPARIDAE

FAO names: En - Barnard’s dentex; Fr - Dentéaustral; Sp - Chacarona sureña.Local names:Size: To 40 cm.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: Benthopelagic on softbottoms in depths between 40 and 100 m. Onlyin northern Namibia.

Dentex macrophthalmus (Bloch, 1791) (plate VII, 55) DEL SPARIDAE

FAO names: En - Large-eye dentex; Fr - Dentéà gros yeux; Sp - Cachucho.Local names: Grootoog-denteks (Ak);Großaugenzahnbrasse (Gr).Size: To 65 cm.Fisheries: Caught occasionally with bottomtrawls as a bycatch of the hake fishery, and as abycatch of midwater trawlers.Habitat and biology: On rocky and sandy bot-toms, from depths of 30 to 500 m. Inshore to off-shore migrations occur seasonally inconnection with spawning. Mainly off northernNamibia, where this species is very abundant.Remarks: The shape of the caudal fin andlength of anal-fin base easily distinguish thisspecies from other common “redfish” such asthe Alfonsino (Beryx splendens) and theJacopever (Helicolenus dactylopterus).

172 Bony Fishes

body colour usually reddish orange,sometimes bluish, blotches whitish

jaws with enlarged caninesin front and molars in sides

58-64 scales in lateral line

14-16 gill rakers on lowerlimb of 1st arch

body colour bright red

jaws with enlarged canines in frontand smaller conical teeth in sides,

no molars

dark red spot

17-20 gill rakers on lowerlimb of 1st arch

body colour redddish

eye verylarge

jaws with enlarged caninesin front, the uppers larger

than the lowers, andsmaller conical teeth in

sides, no molars

caudal finforked

base of anal fin shorterthan base of dorsal fin

Diplodus sargus capensis (Smith, 1844) SWA SPARIDAE

FAO names: En - White seabream; Fr - Sarcommun du Cap; Sp - Sargo del Cabo.Local names: Blacktail; Dassie, Kolstert (Ak);Bindenbrasse, Geißbrasse, Große Geißbrasse(Gr).Size: To over 40 cm.Fisheries: Caught mainly with line gear byshore anglers and commercially from ski-boats.One of 4 most important recreational anglingfishes.Habitat and biology: A coastal species usuallyon rocky grounds to a depth of 50 m. Feeds onseaweeds and benthic invertebrates.

Lithognathus aureti Smith, 1962 SBW SPARIDAE

FAO names: En - West coast seabream;Fr - Marbré de la côte ouest; Sp - Herrera de lacosta oeste.Local names: Westcoast steenbras;Weskus-steenbras (Ak).Size: To 100 cm.Fisheries: Caught commonly by shore anglersand commercially by ski-boats and linefishboats. Occasionally caught in purse seines.One of 4 most important recreational anglingfishes. Most commonly fished between Octoberand March.Habitat and biology: A gregarious coastal spe-cies, usually over sandy seabeds. Feeds onburrowing invertebrates, such as sand mussels,worms, and crabs.

Lithognathus lithognathus (Cuvier, 1830) SPARIDAE

FAO names: En - White steenbras; Fr - Marbrédu Cap; Sp - Herrera del Cabo.Local names: Witsteenbras (Ak);Südafrikanische, Marmorbrasse (Gr).Size: To over 100 cm.Fisheries: Rarely caught by shore anglers inLüderitz and the south.Habitat and biology: Found in shallow coastalwaters and estuaries. Feeds on bottom inverte-brates, including worms, crabs, and shrimps.


body colour silvery greywith dusky bars

9-10 soft rays 7 bars on sides of body,fading with age

8-9 soft rays

jaws with small conicalteeth in front (no

enlarged group), sideswith small molars

head length short, usually shorter thanpectoral fins (about equal in juveniles)

9 soft rays

body colour silvery, whitishbelow, dusky bars

7 bars on sides of body,fading with age

8 soft rays



head alwayslonger thanpectoral fins

body colour silverygrey to darkish

juveniles with 8-10 barsbecoming faint with age

jaws with 8 enlargedincisiform teeth infront and molars in

sides

dark spot

Lithognathus mormyrus (Linnaeus, 1758) SPARIDAE

FAO names: En - Striped seabream; Fr - Marbré;Sp - Herrera.Local names: Sand steenbras; Sandsteenbras(Ak); Marmorbrasse (Gr).Size: To 55 cm.Fisheries: Caught on line gear, and with bottomtrawls. Very rarely caught in Namibia.Habitat and biology: Lives over sandy bottomsand seagrass beds, from shallow coastal watersto a depth of 150 m; sometimes in estuaries.Feeds on small, bottom-living invertebrates(worms, molluscs, and crustaceans).

Pachymetopon blochii (Valenciennes, 1830) SPARIDAE

FAO names: En - Hottentot seabream; Fr - Hot-tentot; Sp - Sargo hotentote.Local names: Hottentot; Hottentot (Ak).Size: To 45 cm.Fisheries: Caught occasionally by shore an-glers and from ski-boats in the Lüderitz area.Rare in the central region.Habitat and biology: Inhabits coastal waters,on rocky bottoms. Feeds on seaweeds, crabs,amphipods, shrimps, and polychaete worms.

Pagrus auriga Valenciennes, 1843 SPARIDAE

FAO names: En - Redbanded seabream;Fr - Pagre rayé; Sp - Pargo sémola.Local names: Rötgebänderte Meerbrasse (Gr).Size: To 60 cm, commonly around 30 cm.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: Found over rocky or rub-ble bottoms in depths down to 170 m. Onlyfound in northern Namibia.

174 Bony Fishes

body colour grey to brownish with bronze sheen, paler below

jaws with 4-5 rows of pointedteeth in each jaw, the outerrow largest, especially in

front, no molars

bases of soft dorsal and analfins inserted in scaly sheath

slight notch between spinousand soft dorsal fins

body colour silvery pink withdark red bars

jaws with enlarged caninesin front and molars in sides


body colour silvery grey,brownish grey bars

more than 10 bars on sides of body

12-13 soft rays



10-11 soft rays

Pterogymnus laniarius (Cuvier, 1830) SPARIDAE

FAO names: En - Panga seabream; Fr - Sparepanga; Sp - Sargo panga.Local names: Panga; Panga (Ak);Panga-Meerbrasse (Gr).Size: To 40 cm, commonly from 25 to 30 cm.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: Benthopelagic over softbottoms in depths between 20 and 150 m.

Rhabdosargus globiceps (Cuvier, 1830) SPARIDAE

FAO names: En - White stumpnose; Fr - Saraustral; Sp - Pargo ñato.Local names: Witstompneus (Ak); WeißeStumpfnase (Gr).Size: To 65 cm.Fisheries: Caught by shore anglers in theLüderitz area.Habitat and biology: Found in inshore watersto a depth of 100 m, mainly on sandy bottoms.Spawns in spring and summer close inshoreand juveniles use estuaries as nurseries.

Sarpa salpa (Linnaeus, 1758) SPARIDAE

FAO names: En - Salema; Fr - Saupe;Sp - Salema.Local names: Strepie; Strepie (Ak);Goldstrieme (Gr).Size: To 45 cm.Fisheries: Caught rarely by shore anglers andoccasionally with bottom trawls in the north.Habitat and biology: On rocky or sandy bot-toms, to a depth of 70 m. Feeds mainly on sea-weeds.


body colour pinkish towhitish, lighter below

56-59 scales inlateral line

lips with smallvilli, appear

furry in adults

jaws with enlargedcanines in front

flaring outwards,and molars in sides

4-6 incisiform teeth in upper jaw and 4-8in lower jaw, molars in sides of each jaw

body colour silverygrey with dark bars

black

10-11 soft rays

body colour bluish grey with10-11 golden orange stripes

blunt

jaws with a singlerow of incisors,

no enlargedgroup of teeth infront, no molars

13-15 soft rays

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Spondyliosoma cantharus (Linnaeus, 1758) SPARIDAE

FAO names: En - Black seabream; Fr - Doradegrise; Sp - Pargo chopa.Local names:Size: To 60 cm.Fisheries: Caught occasionally by shore an-glers. More abundant in the north.Habitat and biology: A demersal species, onrocky and sandy bottoms. Feeds on seaweeds,small crustaceans, and other invertebrates.Found mainly in northern Namibia.

Argyrosomus coronus Griffiths and Heemstra, 1995 SCIAENIDAE

FAO names: En - Corona meagre.Local names: Dusky kob; Kabeljou (Ak).Size: To 200 cm.Fisheries: Caught mostly with handlines infairly low numbers.Habitat and biology: Mostly on the bottom atdepths between 20 and 40 m, but also in shal-low water and down to 100 m. More common innorthern Namibia with large adults found mostlyin Angola.

Argyrosomus inodorus Griffiths and Heemstra, 1995 SCIAENIDAE

FAO names: En - Mild meagre.Local names: Silver kob; Kabeljou (Ak).Size: To 130 cm, commonly to 115 cm.Fisheries: Caught in large numbers byline-boat fishermen and anglers; also caught bytrawls. Most important of the recreational an-gling fishes.Habitat and biology: In Namibia, typicallyclose to shore in depths less than 20 m. Lesscommon in northern Namibia. Feeds mostly onshrimp and small fish.Remarks: Previously reported as Argyrosomushololepidotus.

176 Bony Fishes

bases of softdorsal and

anal fins notinserted in

scaly sheathbody colour silverygrey to bluish with

yellowish stripes

jaws with 4-6 rows ofpointed teeth in each

jaw, the outer rowlargest, especially in

front, no molars

jaws with 4-6 rows ofpointed teeth in each

jaw, the outer rowlargest, especially in

front, no molars

fin with small profile, nonotch between spinous

and soft dorsal fin

body elongate

body colour silvery grey orbrown, darker above withbluish bronze sheen and

lighter below; largeindividuals sometimes

darker brown than others

no barbel on chin7 soft rays

middle rays of caudalfin longer than upper

and lower rays

axil of pectoral fingrey to black

caudal peduncle depth76-94% of caudalpeduncle length

body elongatebody colour silvery and

greenish or brownishabove, whitish below

no barbel on chin7 soft rays

edge of caudal finS-shaped

axil of pectoral finblack with abronze patch

caudal peduncle depth58-74% of caudalpeduncle length


Atractoscion aequidens (Cuvier, 1830) SCIAENIDAE

FAO names: En - African weakfish;Fr - Téraglin; Sp - Corvinata prieta.Local names: Cape salmon, Geelbek;Geelbek (Ak); Afrikanischer Umberfisch (Gr).Size: To 120 cm, common to 50 cm.Fisheries: Caught occasionally with bottomtrawls and by shore anglers, mainly in the north.Habitat and biology: Inhabits mud and sandybottoms in coastal waters, from depths of 15 to200 m, most abundant between 100 and 200 m.Although mainly demersal, feeds also on pe-lagic fish such as mackerel and horse mackerel.

Pteroscion peli (Bleeker, 1863) SCIAENIDAE

FAO names: En - Boe drum; Fr - Courbinepélin; Sp - Bombache boé.Local names: Boe-Umberfisch (Gr).Size: Maximum to 32 cm, commonly to 20 cm.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: In midwater over soft bot-toms in coastal areas down to depths of 200 m.Occurs occasionally off northern Namibia.

Umbrina canariensis Valenciennes, 1843 SCIAENIDAE

FAO names: En - Canary drum; Fr - Ombrinebronze; Sp - Verrugato de Canarias.Local names: Baardman; Baardman (Ak).Size: To 60 cm.Fisheries: Rarely caught with bottom trawls,and by shore anglers.Habitat and biology: Inhabits sand and mudbottoms from depths of 50 to 300 m, most com-mon between 160 and 180 m (14 to 15oC), juve-niles in shallower waters. Feeds on shrimps,worms, and other bottom dwelling inverte-brates.


body shortand robust

no barbelon chin

body colour greyish silver to duskywith dark lines on upper sides

27-31 soft rays

a small barbel

2nd spine more than 4times length of 1st

inside of mouthyellow-orange

body elongatebody colour silvery grey with bluish

or coppery sheen, lighter below

no barbel on chin

8-9 soft rays

edge of caudal finemarginate

Dichistius capensis (Cuvier, 1831) DICHISTIIDAE

FAO names: En - Galjoen; Fr - Galjoin franc;Sp - Damba.Local names: Galjoen (Ak); SüdafrikanischerGaljoen (Gr).Size: To 50 cm.Fisheries: Mainly by shore anglers and rarelyas incidental catch of seines. No trade is al-lowed in this species. Favoured by anglers, thisis one of 4 most important recreational anglingfishes. Most abundant in winter.Habitat and biology: Found among rocks and over sand in shal-low coastal waters; breeding occurs in deeper water. Feedsmainly on ascidians, mussels, barnacles, and to a lesser extenton seaweeds. Once abundant, now becoming scarce because ofoverfishing.

Cheilodactylus fasciatus Lacepède, 1803 CHEILODACTYLIDAE

FAO names: En - Redfingers; Fr - Castanetteléopard; Sp - Pintadilla leopardo.Local names: Rooivingers (Ak).Size: To 30 cm.Fisheries: Caught occasionally by shore an-glers.Habitat and biology: Common in rockytidepools. Feeds on small invertebrates(worms, crabs, and shellfish).

Chirodactylus brachydactylus (Cuvier, 1830) CHEILODACTYLIDAE

FAO names: En - Twotone fingerfin;Fr - Castanette bicolore; Sp - Pintadilla bicolor.Local names: Steenklipvis (Ak).Size: To 40 cm.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: In coastal waters from theshoreline to a depth of 240 m; associated withrocky bottoms. Feeds on various invertebrates.

Chirodactylus grandis (Günther, 1860) CHEILODACTYLIDAE

FAO names: En - Bank steenbras;Fr - Castanette des bancs; Sp - Pintadilla debancs.Local names: Banksteenbras (Ak).Size: To 180 cm.Fisheries: Rare in Namibia.Habitat and biology: Found from the shoreline toa depth of 150 m; primarily an offshore species thatprefers rocky or muddy bottoms. Feeds duringdaytime on bottom-dwelling invertebrates.

178 Bony Fishes

22-24 soft rays


lower rays with elongate, free tips

about 80 scales in lateral linelower rays with elongate, free tips

28-31 soft rays

46-50 scales in lateral linelower rays with elongate, free tips

Liza dumerili (Steindachner, 1870) MUGILIDAE

FAO names: En - Grooved mullet; Fr - Muletbouri; Sp - Liza acanalada.Local names: Groovy mullet; Keep-harder(Ak).Size: To almost 40 cm.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: Shallow coastal waters.

Liza richardsonii (Smith, 1846) MUGILIDAE

FAO names: En - South African mullet; Fr - Muletsudafricain; Sp - Liza sudafricana.Local names: Southern mullet; Suidelikeharder (Ak).Size: To 40 cm.Fisheries: Caught with beach seines.Habitat and biology: Inhabits coastal waters,mainly off rocky points and sandy beaches; mayalso enter estuaries as nursery areas. Feedsmostly on diatoms and detritus, but also onsmall planktonic crustaceans. Sexual maturity isreached at about 20 cm.

Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758 MUGILIDAE

FAO names: En - Flathead grey mullet; Fr - Muletcabot; Sp - Pardete.Local names: Flathead mullet; Platkop-harder(Ak); Gestreifte Meeräsche, GewöhnlicheMeeräsche, Großkopf-Meerüsche.Size: Maximum 120 cm, common to 50 cm.Fisheries: Caught occasionally with beachseines.Habitat and biology: Inhabits coastal marinewaters, estuaries, brackish lagoons, and rivers.Feeds on algae and small benthic organisms.Sexual maturity is reached at the age of 3 to 4years (about 45 cm). Spawning occurs near es-tuaries where juveniles remain for up to 3 years.

Sphyraena afra Peters, 1841 SPHYRAENIDAE

FAO names: En - Guinean barracuda; Fr - Bé -cune guinéenne; Sp - Espetón de Guinea.Local names: Guinese-barrakuda (Ak);Guinea-Barrakuda (Gr).Size: To 205 cm.Fisheries: Rare in Namibia.Habitat and biology: Known to occur on the continental shelf, from the surface to a depth of 75 m.


scales on nape withat most 1 groove

adipose eyelids feebleor absent

scales in lateral series 44-50

3 spines and 9 soft rays

3 spines and 8 soft rays

adipose eyelidswell developed

pattern of chevrons

scales on nape with numerous wavy grooves

adipose eyelids feebleor absent

3 spines and9 soft rays

scales in lateral series 36-39

Gymnammodytes capensis (Barnard, 1927) AMMODYTIDAE

FAO names: En - Cape sandlance; Fr - Cicerellodu Cap; Sp - Barrinaire del Cabo.Local names: Kaapse sanddolk (Ak).Size: To 17 cm.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: In shallow coastal waters,mainly on sandy bottoms.

Paracallionymus costatus (Boulenger, 1899) CALLIONYMIDAE

FAO names: En - Cape dragonet;Fr - Dragonnet-lyre du Cap; Sp - Costurones.Local names: Ladder dragonet; Leer-drakie(Ak).Size: To 15 cm total length.Fisheries: Occasionally caught in trawl fisher-ies in the southern part of Namibia.Habitat and biology: Occurs on the bottom indepths between 55 and 400 m.

Sufflogobius bibarbatus (von Bonde, 1923) (plate VII, 56) GOBIIDAE

FAO names: En - Pelagic goby; Fr - Gobiepélagique; Sp - Cabezudo de barbas.Local names: Pelagiese dikkop (Ak).Size: To 17 cm.Fisheries: Commonly caught in trawls. Occa-sionally targeted by purse seines for use in thefish meal and oil industry. Over 30 000 t waslanded in 1998.Habitat and biology: Occurs in shoals todepths of about 90 m; juveniles (3 to 7 cmlong) are epipelagic while adults (7 to 15 cm)migrate to deeper waters; large adults (12 to 15 cm) are only recorded from demersal trawls; they appear toprefer cooler waters of 11° to 15°C. They reach maturity at 4 years of age. Feeds on phytoplankton and is animportant prey of horse mackerel, hake, penguins, Cape cormorants, fur seals, and snoek. Found south ofCape Cross.

Diplospinus multistriatus Maul, 1948 GEMPYLIDAE

FAO names: En - Striped escolar; Fr - Escolierrayé; Sp - Escolar rayado.Local names:Size: To about 33 cm standard length.Fisheries:Habitat and biology: Mesopelagic and oceanicin depths between 100 and 1 000 m. Migrates toupper water layers (100 to 200 m) at night.Feeds on crustaceans and small fishes. Fe-males mature at about 16 cm.

180 Bony Fishes

scales on body ctenoid

6 spines

1 spine, 12-13 soft rays

pelvic fins fused,forming a disc

body colour silvery with narrowdark dotted lines along body

anterior part of anal finwithout membrane

distance from anus to origin of anal finfairly far, about equal to head length

Gempylus serpens Cuvier, 1829 GEMPYLIDAE

FAO names: En - Snake mackerel; Fr - Escolierserpent; Sp - Escolar de caval.Local names: Slangmakriel (Ak).Size: To 100 cm (standard length).Fisheries: Rarely in bottom trawlsHabitat and biology: Mesopelagic or pelagic and oceanic, from the surface to a depth of 200 m; close to thesurface at night. Feeds on bony fishes (flyingfishes and myctophids), crustaceans, and cephalopods. Malesmature at 43 cm standard length, females at 50 cm.

Lepidocybium flavobrunneum (Smith, 1849) GEMPYLIDAE

FAO names: En - Escolar; Fr - Escolier noir;Sp - Escolar negro.Local names: Skolier (Ak);Escolar-Schlangenmakrele (Gr).Size: To 200 cm (standard length).Fisheries: Caught mainly with longlines asbycatch of hake fisheries off Lüderitz.Habitat and biology: Mesopelagic, to depths of200 m or more. Feeds on a wide variety offishes, crustaceans, and cephalopods. Fleshoily, with purgative properties.

Nealotus tripes Johnson, 1865 GEMPYLIDAE

FAO names: En - Black snake mackerel;Fr - Escolier reptile; Sp - Escolar oscuro.Local names:Size: Maximum to 25 cm, common to 15 cmstandard length.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: Epi- to mesopelagic fromthe surface to a depth of about 600 m. Migratesto surface waters at night. Feeds onmyctophids and other small fishes, squid, andcrustaceans. Matures at 15 cm standard length.

Nesiarchus nasutus Johnson, 1862 GEMPYLIDAE

FAO names: En - Black gemfish; Fr - Escolierlong nez; Sp - Escolar narigudo.Local names:Size: Maximum about 130 cm standard length,commonly 30 to 80 cm.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: Bentho- to mesopelagicin depths between 200 and 1 200 m. Feeds onsquids, shrimps, and crustaceans.


body colour uniformdark brown

8-9 short spines

lateral line very sinuous

4-6 finlets

1 large and 2small keels

pelvic fins reduced

body colour blackish brown

lateral line curvesdown gently 2 finlets

2 free spines behind anus

body colour dark brown with violet tint

lateral line curvesdown gently

dermal processeson jaws

pelvic fins small

body colour uniform dark brownpelvic fins reduced

2 lateral lines5-7 finlets

Paradiplospinus gracilis (Brauer, 1906) GEMPYLIDAE

FAO names: En - Slender escolar; Fr - Escolierélégant; Sp - Escolar magro.Local names:Size: To 52 cm.Fisheries: Caught rarely in deep-water trawls.Habitat and biology: Benthopelagic to uppercontinental slope (depths of 350 to 650 m), juve-niles pelagic. Specimens of 35 to 40 cm stan-dard length collected with ripe gonads.

Promethichthys prometheus (Cuvier, 1832) GEMPYLIDAE

FAO names: En - Roudi escolar; Fr - Escolierclair; Sp - Escolar prometeo.Local names:Size: Maximum to about 100 cm.Fisheries: Rarely caught in bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: Benthopelagic on conti-nental slopes at depths between 100 and750 m. Migrates to midwater at night and feedson fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans.

Ruvettus pretiosus Cocco, 1829 (plate XI, 88) GEMPYLIDAE

FAO names: En - Oilfish; Fr - Rouvet; Sp - Escolarclavo.Local names: Olievis (Ak); Ölfisch,Rizinusöl-Fisch, Shlangenmakrele (Gr).Size: To 200 cm, common to 150 cm.Fisheries: Rarely caught in bottom trawls. Asignificant bycatch of the swordfish fishery.Habitat and biology: Benthopelagic, usuallyover the continental shelf but also recorded todepths of 800 m. Feeds on a wide variety offishes, crustaceans, and cephalopods. Theflesh may cause diarrhea.

182 Bony Fishes

body colour brownish black

anterior part of analfin with membrane

distance from anus to origin of analfin about equal to snout length

2 finlets

body colour greyishto copper brown

lateral line curvesdown abruptly

pelvic fins reduced

body colour uniform brown

2 finlets

keel on belly

13-15 spines

rough, spikey skin (minute scalesinterspersed with sharp bony

tubercles)

Thyrsites atun (Euphrasen, 1791) (plate VIII, 57) SNK GEMPYLIDAE

FAO names: En - Snoek; Fr - Escolier; Sp - Sierra.Local names: Snoek (Ak); Atun (Gr).Size: To 100 cm.Fisheries: Caught commercially by ski-boatsand linefish boats. A bycatch of midwater trawl-ers and occasionally caught in bottom trawls orlongliners.Habitat and biology: Pelagic in coastal waters,preferring temperatures between 13° and 18°C.Feeds on anchovy and pilchard, but when theseresources are less available, also on crusta-ceans, molluscs, and other fishes. Sexual matu-rity is reached at 60 cm.

Aphanopus microphthalmus Norman, 1939 TRICHIURIDAE

FAO names: En - Smalleye scabbardfish;Fr - Poisson sabre petits yeux; Sp - Sable ojito.Local names:Size: To 100 cm.Fisheries: Caught incidentally in trawls.Habitat and biology: Inhabits deeper waters ofthe continental shelf and slope.

Aphanopus mikhailini Parin, 1983 TRICHIURIDAE

FAO names: En - Mikhailin’s scabbardfish;Fr - Poisson sabre jarretière; Sp - Sable deMikhailin.Local names:Size: To 90 cm.Fisheries: Caught incidentally in bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: Caught at depths of 1 035to 2 000 m.

Benthodesmus tenuis (Günther, 1877) TRICHIURIDAE

FAO names: En - Slender frostfish; Fr - Sabrefleuret; Sp - Cintilla.Local names: Slant kalkvis (Ak).Size: To around 72 cm standard length.Fisheries: Caught as bycatch in trawls and onlonglines.Habitat and biology: Benthopelagic, mostlyover the continental slope in depths between200 and 800 m.


a notch separates spinous fromsoft parts of dorsal fin


body colour dark grey toblackish, paler on belly

6-7 finlets1 lateral line

pelvic fin small, with 1spine and 5 soft rays

spinous part of dorsal fin onlyslightly shorter than soft part

anal fin with 2 spines and43-46 soft rays

caudal fin present,small and forked

spinous part of dorsal fin onlyslightly shorter than soft part

anal fin with 2 spines and51-54 soft rays


spinous part of dorsal fin muchshorter than soft part



Lepidopus caudatus (Euphrasen, 1788) SFS TRICHIURIDAE

FAO names: En - Silver scabbardfish; Fr - Sabreargenté; Sp - Pez cinto.Local names: Buttersnoek; Bottersnoek (Ak);Degenfisch, Strumpfbandfisch (Gr).Size: To 210 cm.Fisheries: Commonly caught with bottomtrawls, sometimes on line gear. A bycatch of thedeep-water fishery.Habitat and biology: Benthopelagic, down to600 m or more, usually over sandy bottoms.Found in inshore waters in upwelling areas.Feeds on krill, shrimps, clupeoids, mesopelagicfish, and chub mackerel.

Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus, 1758 TRICHIURIDAE

FAO names: En - Largehead hairtail; Fr - Pois-son sabre commun; Sp - Pez sable.Local names: Cutlassfish; Haarstert (Ak);Degenfisch, Haarschwanz (Gr).Size: To 200 cm.Fisheries: Caught rarely with bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: Benthopelagic on thecontinental shelf and upper slope to at least adepth of 350 m; often in shallow coastal waters,on muddy bottoms. Feeds mainly on fishes, butoccasionally on crustaceans and cephalopods.

Allothunnus fallai Serventy, 1948 SCOMBRIDAE

FAO names: En - Slender tuna; Fr - Thonélégant; Sp - Atún lanzón.Local names: Slank tuna (Ak); Schlankthun(Gr).Size: To 96 cm (fork length), typically muchsmaller.Fisheries: Caught incidentally with longlines.Habitat and biology: Epipelagic. Feeds onkrill, squid, and small fishes.

184 Bony Fishes

upper surfaceof tonguewithout

cartilaginousridges

2 small keels and alarge median keel

no dark lines or patterns on sides

prominent sagittalcrest

no notch between spinous andsoft parts of dorsal fin

pelvic fins small,scale-like

caudal fin present,forked

prominent sagittalcrest

no notch between spinous andsoft parts of dorsal fin

pelvic fins absent

caudal fin absent, bodytapers to point

Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus, 1758) SKJ SCOMBRIDAE

FAO names: En - Skipjack tuna; Fr - Bonite àventre rayé (Listao); Sp - Listado.Local names: Pensstreep-tuna (Ak);Bauchstreifiger Bonito, Bonito, Echter Bonito,Gestreifter Thunfisch (Gr).Size: To 108 cm (fork length).Fisheries: Targeted by pole-and-line vesselsand caught with longlines.Habitat and biology: Epipelagic and oceanic,widely distributed in all oceans within the 15°Cisotherm; usually concentrated in the more pro-ductive upwelling or discontinuity areas, rangesfrom the surface, during nighttime, to about adepth of 250 m during daytime. Feeds on fishes,crustaceans, and molluscs; cannibalism is alsocommon.

Sarda sarda (Bloch, 1793) SCOMBRIDAE

FAO names: En - Atlantic bonito; Fr - Bonite àdos rayé; Sp - Bonito atlantico.Local names: Atlantiese bonito (Ak); Bonito,Pelamide (Gr).Size: To 90 cm (fork length).Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: An epipelagic neriticschooling species, able to adapt to differenttemperatures (12° to 27°C) and salinities (14‰to 39‰). Feeds on fishes, squids, and shrimps.Both juveniles and adults are known to be can-nibalistic.

Scomber japonicus Houttuyn, 1782 MAS SCOMBRIDAE

FAO names: En - Chub mackerel; Fr - Maquereauespagnol; Sp - Estornino.Local names: Mackerel; Makriel (Ak); Caballa(Sp).Size: To 50 cm (fork length).Fisheries: Caught occasionally as a bycatch ofmidwater trawls but also in bottom trawls andoccasionally targeted by purse seines.Habitat and biology: A coastal pelagic species,occurring from the surface to 300 m depth. Anopportunistic, non-selective feeder, its prey in-cludes krill, mantis shrimps, megalops crab lar-vae, and small fish. Its predators include tunas,billfishes, sharks, sea lions, and pelicans.


a series of dark lines on back

dorsal fins well separated

reticulated pattern on back

only 2 small keels

a series of dark lines on belly

Thunnus alalunga (Bonnaterre, 1788) ALB SCOMBRIDAE

FAO names: En - Albacore; Fr - Germon; Sp - Atúnblanco.Local names: Albakoor (Ak); Germon,Langflossenthun, Weißer Thun, WießerThunfisch (Gr).Size: To 130 cm (fork length).Fisheries: Caught with longlines, pole-and-line,trolling, and live-bait fishing. A bycatch of theswordfish fishery.Habitat and biology: Epi- and mesopelagic,oceanic species, concentrating along thermaldiscontinuities with oxygen content higher thanabout 2 ml/l. Feeds on a wide variety oforganisms but preferred items comprise an-chovy, pilchard, and lanternfishes; feeding mayoccur at the surface as well as in deep watersbelow the thermocline. Sexual maturity isreached at about 90 cm.

Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre, 1788) YFT SCOMBRIDAE

FAO names: En - Yellowfin tuna; Fr - Albacore;Sp - Rabil.Local names: Geelvin-tuna (Ak); Albacore,Gelbflossenthun (Gr).Size: To over 200 cm (fork length).Fisheries: Caught mainly with longlines. An oc-casional bycatch of midwater trawlers.Habitat and biology: An oceanic species,found above and below the thermocline, at tem-peratures between 18° and 31°C and oxygenlevels more than 2 ml/l. An opportunistic feeder,preys on almost any small pelagic organismsuch as fish, mantis shrimp, and squid.

Thunnus obesus (Lowe, 1839) BET SCOMBRIDAE

FAO names: En - Bigeye tuna; Fr - Thonobèse; Sp - Patudo.Local names: Grootoog-tuna (Ak); DickleibigerThun, Großaugenthun Großaugiger, Thun (Gr).Size: To 200 cm (fork length).Fisheries: Caught mainly with longlines. A sig-nificant bycatch of the swordfish fishery.Habitat and biology: A pelagic, oceanic spe-cies, caught from the surface to 250 m depth, atwater temperatures ranging from 13° to 29°C.Feeds on a wide variety of fish species, cepha-lopods, and crustaceans, and is preyed upon bylarge billfishes and toothed whales.

186 Bony Fishes

finlets bright yellow, their tips black

belly with about 20 interrupted lines

pectoral fin very long, reaching to past base of 2nd dorsal fin

marginwhite

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Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758 SWO XIPHIIDAE

FAO names: En - Swordfish; Fr - Espadon;Sp - Pez espada.Local names: Swaardvis (Ak); Schwertfisch (Gr).Size: Maximum: 445 cm (total length) and540 kg.Fisheries: Caught as bycatch in the tuna longline fishery. A single ves-sel targetting this species in the mid-1990’s on an experimental basis.Habitat and biology: Mainly oceanic. Feeds on surface or near-surface fishes (for example flyingfish, tunas,oilfishes, dolphinfishes, and mackerel), but also on bottom organisms (for example hakes and trichiurids)when in waters less than 800 m deep. It is likely that this species uses its sword to kill some of its prey, particu-larly squids and cuttlefishes, as shown by the slashes on the bodies found in swordfish stomachs.

Istiophorus platypterus (Shaw and Nodder, 1791) ISTIOPHORIDAE

FAO names: En - Sailfish; Fr - Voilier; Sp - Pezvela.Local names: Seilvis (Ak); IndopazifischerSegelfisch, Pazifischer Facherfisch, PazifischerSegelfisch (Gr)Size: To 3 m (total length).Fisheries: Rare in Namibia.Habitat and biology: A primarily oceanic spe-cies, usually above the thermocline, but morecoastal than other billfishes. Feeds on a widevariety of fishes, crustaceans, and cephalopods. Growth is rapid, at the age of 3 years fish are mature andhave already reached 1.5 m.

Makaira nigricans Lacepède, 1802 BUM ISTIOPHORIDAE

FAO names: En - Blue marlin; Fr - Makairebleu; Sp - Aguja azul.Local names: Blou marlyn (Ak); Blauer Marlin(Gr).Size: To 4 m.Fisheries: Caught mainly with longlines and bytrolling. Rarely caught by the swordfish fishery.Habitat and biology: Oceanic, highly migratory, usually found above the thermocline. Feeds on a wide vari-ety of fishes, crustaceans, and cephalopods; feeding takes place during daytime. Maturity is reached at about80 cm in males (about 40 kg) and at 50 cm in females (about 55 kg).

Tetrapterus albidus Poey, 1860 ISTIOPHORIDAE

FAO names: En - White marlin; Fr - Makaireblanc; Sp - Aguja blanca.Local names: Wit marlyn (Ak); Weißer Marlin(Gr).Size: Maximum 3 m, common to 2 m.Fisheries: Caught on surface longlines, troll-ing.Habitat and biology: Pelagic, above thethermocline.


dorsal finsail-like

height of front dorsal-fin lobeshorter than body depth

light blue spots

front dorsal-fin lobe higherthan body depth

dorsal-fin height graduallydecreases


Tetrapturus pfluegeri Robins and de Sylva, 1963 ISTIOPHORIDAE

FAO names: En - Longbill spearfish; Fr - Makairebécune; Sp - Aguja picuda.Local names: Langbek-speervis (Ak);Langschnauziger Speerfisch (Gr).Size: To 2 m (standard length) and 30 kg bodyweight.Fisheries: Caught with longlines as bycatch oftuna longline fisheries.Habitat and biology: Epipelagic and oceanic,usually found above the thermocline. Feeds onbony fishes, crustaceans, and cephalopods.

Centrolophus niger (Gmelin, 1789) (plate VIII, 58 and 59) CENTROLOPHIDAE

FAO names: En - Black fish; Fr - Centrolophenoir; Sp - Romerillo.Local names: Black ruff; Swartroef (Ak);Schwarzfisch (Gr).Size: To 1.2 m.Fisheries: Taken occasionally as bycatch intrawls.Habitat and biology: Occurs on the upper con-tinental slope to depths of about 250 to 650 m.

Hyperoglyphe moselii (Cunningham, 1910) CENTROLOPHIDAE

Synonyms: Hyperoglyphe matthewsi (Smith,1960).FAO names: En - African barrelfish; Fr - Rouffeafricain; Sp - Rufo africano.Local names: Black butterfish; Swart bottervis(Ak).Size: To 100 cm.Fisheries: Occasionally caught in bottomtrawls.Habitat and biology: Found on the upper conti-nental slope, from depths of 200 to 500 m.

188 Bony Fishes

colour dark brown to black;juveniles with 2-4 dark bars

head naked, withprominent pores

origin of dorsal fin behind pectoral-finbase (over insertion in small

specimens) 37-41 total rays

3 spines and 20-24 soft rays

colour grey to black;juveniles with

irregular stripes onsides

snout rounded

origin of dorsal fin in front ofpectoral-fin base (over base

in large adults)

8 spines

23-26 soft rays

3 spines and 18-20soft rays

front dorsal-fin lobe higherthan body depth dorsal fin elevated

posteriorly

Schedophilus huttoni (Waite, 1910) (plate VIII, 60) CENTROLOPHIDAE

FAO names: En - Rag ruff; Fr - Rouffe chiffon;Sp - Rufino pelado.Local names:Size: To 90 cm.Fisheries: Caught in bottom trawls. A bycatchof the deep-water fishery.Habitat and biology: Found on the upper conti-nental slope, from depths of 270 to 500 m.

Schedophilus velani Sauvage, 1879 CENTROLOPHIDAE

FAO names: En - Southern imperial blackfish.Local names: Oval driftfish; Ovale dryfvis (Ak).Size: To 100 cm.Fisheries: Rarely caught in bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: Found along the edge ofcontinental shelves commonly in depths be-tween 80 and 240 m; the young are epipelagic,associated with medusae and siphonophores.

Schedophilus pemarco (Poll, 1959) CENTROLOPHIDAE

FAO names: En - Pemarco blackfish; Fr - Roufferayé; Sp - Rufo pemarco.Local names:Size: To 30 cm.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: Found on the deeper con-tinental shelf and upper slope, from depths of100 to 500 m.


colour uniform blackish grey to brown,inside mouth and opercles black

55-65 total rays

33-41 total rays

origin of dorsal fin in front ofpectoral-fin base (over base

in large adults)

colour dark green onback, silvery on sides

and belly

origin of dorsal fin in frontof pectoral-fin base (over

base in large adults)

6-8 spines

26-29 soft rays

19-21 soft rays

23-25 soft rays

origin of dorsal fin in frontof pectoral-fin base (over

base in large adults)

5-7 spines

16-19 soft rays

colour dark grey-blue tobrownish; juveniles withirregular stripes on sides

All species of NOMEIDAE reported from Namibia NOMEIDAE

190 Bony Fishes

teeth on roofof mouth insingle row

Psenes arafurensis Günther, 1889

To 25 cm.

Psenes pellucidus Lütken, 1880

To 80 cm.

3 spines, 21-23 soft rays


teeth on roof ofmouth in single

row

Cubiceps capensis (Smith, 1849) (plate VIII, 61)

To 90 cm.

Cubiceps pauciradiatus Günther, 1872

To 20 cm.

teeth on roof of mouthin knobby patches

body very soft, bases of medianfins translucent

origin of dorsal fin behind pectoral-finbase (above in small specimens)


origin of dorsal fin before pectoral-finbase (above in large specimens)

origin of dorsal fin before pectoral-finbase (above in large specimens)

Cubiceps baxteri McCulloch, 1923

To over 100 cm.

teeth on roof of mouthin knobby patches

Cubiceps caeruleus Regan, 1914

To 25 cm.

1 spine, 23-27 soft rays

origin of dorsal fin behind pectoral-fin base (above in small specimens)

52-66 lateral-line scales

origin of dorsal fin behind pectoral-finbase (above in small specimens)

3 spines, 19-24 soft raysorigin of dorsal fin behind pectoral-finbase (above in small specimens)

66-67 lateral-line scales

Stromateus fiatola Linnaeus, 1758 STROMATEIDAE

FAO names: En - Butterfish; Fr - Fiatole; Sp- Palometa fiátola.Local names: Blue butterfish; Blou bottervis(Ak); Deckfisch, Gemeine Pampel, Pampelfisch(Gr); Pompano (Sp).Size: To 50 cm.Fisheries: Caught rarely with trawls.Habitat and biology: A pelagic species, form-ing large shoals from depths of 10 to 70 m.Feeds on zooplankton and small fishes. Mainlyoff northern Namibia.

Tetragonurus atlanticus Lowe, 1839 TETRAGONURIDAE

FAO names: En - Bigeye squaretail;Fr - Tétra-gonure atlantique;Sp - Escolar-de-natura atlántico.Local names: Grootoog-stompstert (Ak).Size: To 50 cm.Fisheries: Caught rarely in trawls.Habitat and biology: A pelagic species. Feedson soft-bodied invertebrates. The flesh may bepoisonous. It is preyed upon by tunas and otherlarge predators.

Tetragonurus cuvieri Risso, 1810 TETRAGONURIDAE

FAO names: En - Smalleye squaretail;Fr - Tétra-gonure de Cuvier; Sp - Pez lima.Local names: Kleinoog-stompstert (Ak).Size: To 70 cm.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: An epi- and mesopelagicspecies, sometimes abundant offshore. May bepoisonous. Feeds on soft-bodied invertebratesand it is preyed upon by tunas and other largepredators.

Arnoglossus capensis Boulenger, 1898 BOTHIDAE

FAO names: En - Cape scaldfish;Fr - Arnoglosse du Cap; Sp - Peludilla del Cabo.Local names: Cape flounder; Kaapse botvis(Ak).Size: To 18 cm.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: From shallow inshore wa-ters to depths over 100 m; mainly on sand andshell bottoms.


mouthsmall

pelvic fins absent

14-17 spines

pelvic-fin base justbehind or underpectoral-fin base

83-95 scales in lateral line (to caudal keels)

15-21 spines

pelvic-fin base well behindpectoral-fin base

97-114 scales in lateralline (to caudal keels)

lateral line curvedabove pectoral fin

distinct pectoral fin on blind side

eyes separated byscaled concave

space

Arnoglossus imperialis (Rafinesque, 1810) BOTHIDAE

Synonyms: Arnoglossus blachei Stauch,1965.FAO names: En - Imperial scaldfish;Fr - Arnoglosse impérial; Sp - Serrandel impe-rial.Local names:Size: To 25 cm.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: Found on mud, sand,shell, and corals, in depths between 40 and200 m.

Chascanopsetta lugubris Alcock, 1894 BOTHIDAE

FAO names: En - Pelican flounder; Fr - Perpeirepélican; Sp - Lenguado pelícano.Local names: Pelikaan-botvis (Ak).Size: To 38 cm.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: Demersal, from thedeeper continental shelf to depths of almost1 000 m, on sand, mud, and clay bottoms.

Monolene microstoma (Cadenat, 1937) BOTHIDAE

FAO names: En - Small mouth moonflounder;Fr - Monolène à petite bouche; Sp - Monolenabocachica.Local names:Size: To 20 cm.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: Found on muddy bot-toms from depths between 25 and 400 m.

Syacium micrurum Ranzani, 1840 BOTHIDAE

FAO names: En - Channel flounder; Fr - Fausselimande paté; Sp - Lenguado paté.Local names:Size: To 40 cm.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: On mud, sand, and gravelbottoms, from depths of 15 to 200 m.

192 Bony Fishes

pectoral fin absent or rudimentary on blind side

lateral line curved above pectoral fin

male female

lateral line almost straight above pectoral fins


lateral line curved above pectoral fin

mouth verylarge


male

lateral line curvedabove pectoral fin

eyes separated bybony ridge

female

Austroglossus microlepis (Bleeker, 1863) (plate VIII, 62) SOW SOLEIDAE

FAO names: En - West coast sole; Fr - Soleaustrale occidentale; Sp - Lenguado del sur.Local names: Weskus-tongvis (Ak);Westküsten-Seezunge (Gr).Size: To 75 cm (4 kg).Fisheries: Caught with bottom trawls. Was im-portant commercially, but was heavilyoverfished and catches now only amount to afew hundred tonnes per year. The only flatfishimportant commercially.Habitat and biology: Found at depths of 100 to300 m; larvae are pelagic while adults live closeto the sea bed. Adults prey on worms, crusta-ceans, molluscs, and fish (gobies and ladderdragonets).

Austroglossus pectoralis (Kaup, 1858) SOLEIDAE

FAO names: En - Mud sole; Fr - Sole de vase;Sp - Lenguado de aleta.Local names: East coast sole; Ooskus-tongvis(Ak); Ostküsten-Seezunge (Gr).Size: To 60 cm.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: Found on mud bottoms,between depths of 10 and 100 m. Feeds onsmall benthic invertebrates and small fish.There is some doubt if this species occurs inNamibia

Dicologoglossa cuneata (de la Pylaie in Moreau, 1881) SOLEIDAE

FAO names: En - Wedge sole; Fr - Céteau;Sp - Acedia.Local names: Keil-tongvis (Ak).Size: To 30 cm.Fisheries: Occasionally taken in bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: Inhabits sand or muddysand bottoms, from depths of 10 to about450 m. Feeds mainly on crustaceans, worms,and snails.


lateral line S-shapedon head

snout truncate

pectoral fins present on both sides

dorsal and analfins separated

from caudal fin

a small dark spot atbase of each scale

dorsal and analfins continuouswith caudal fin

right pectoral fin longer than headlength; left pectoral fin present

dorsal and analfins continuouswith caudal fin

right pectoral fin more than half of, but shorterthan head length; left pectoral fin present

Heteromycteris capensis Kaup, 1858 SOLEIDAE

FAO names: En - Cape sole; Fr - Sole du Cap;Sp - Lenguado del Cabo.Local names: Kaapse-tongvis (Ak).Size: To 15 cm.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: Shallow waters fromdepths of 1 to 25 m.

Heteromycteris proboscideus (Chabanaud, 1926) SOLEIDAE

FAO names: En - True sole; Fr - Céteautrompue; Sp - Acedia trompuda.Local names:Size: To 10 cm.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: A littoral species, alsofound in brackish waters.

Monochirus luteus (Risso, 1810) SOLEIDAE

FAO names: En - Yellow sole; Fr - Sole jaune;Sp - Lenguado amarillo.Local names: Geel tongvis (Ak).Size: To 10 cm.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: Demersal in depths be-tween 10 and 80 m.

Cynoglossus capensis (Kaup, 1858) (plate VIII, 63) CYNOGLOSSIDAE

FAO names: En - Sand tonguefish;Fr - Sole-langue du Cap; Sp - Lengua de perro.Local names: Sand-tongvis (Ak).Size: 31 cm.Fisheries: Caught occasionally as bycatch inbottom trawls.Habitat and biology: A shallow-water speciesusually found at depths less than about 100 mbut also recorded on the continental slope, be-tween 350 and 450 m.

194 Bony Fishes

pectoral fin absenton both sides

snout distinctlyhook-shaped

dorsal and anal finsseparate from

caudal fin

pectoral fin absent or rudimentaryon left side, present on right side

103-110 rays

mouth inferior, snout hookedover lower jaw

81-88 rays

snout distinctlyhook-shaped

pectoral fins absenton both sides

Cynoglossus zanzibariensis Norman, 1939 (plate VIII, 64) CYNOGLOSSIDAE

FAO names: En - Zanzibar tonguesole;Fr - Langue de Zanzibar; Sp - Lengua de Zanzi-bar.Local names: Redspotted tonguefish;Rooigespikkelde tongvis (Ak).Size: To 32 cm.Fisheries: Caught incidentally in bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: A shallow-water species,mainly on sandy bottoms.

Symphurus normani Chabanaud, 1950 CYNOGLOSSIDAE

FAO names: En - Norman’s tonguesole;Fr - Plagusie de Norman; Sp - Pelada deNorman.Local names:Size: To 70 cm.Fisheries: None at present.Habitat and biology: Found on mud and sandbottoms from depths of 50 to 100 m. Mainly inthe northern part of the area.

Lagocephalus laevigatus Linnaeus, 1766 TETRAODONTIDAE

FAO names: En - Smooth puffer; Fr - Compèrelisse; Sp - Tamboril mondeque.Local names: Blaasop (Ak).Size: To 100 cm.Fisheries: Poisonous, should not be eaten.Caught incidentally in bottom trawls.Habitat and biology: Found mainly in coastalwaters, to a depth of 180 m.

Lagocephalus lagocephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) TETRAODONTIDAE

FAO names: En - Rabbit puffer; Fr - Compèrelièvre; Sp - Tamboril liebre.Local names: Oceanic blaasop;Opesee-blaasop (Ak).Size: To 60 cm.Fisheries: Poisonous, should not be eaten.Caught incidentally in trawls.Habitat and biology: A primarily pelagic spe-cies, occasionally entering estuaries.


mouth terminal, snout nothooked over lower jaw

pectoral fins pale, exceptlower rays blackish

spotspectoral fins dark, except

lower rays white

116-124 rays

mouth inferior, snout hookedover lower jaw 92-103 rays

click for next page

SEA TURTLES

Of the 8 species of sea turtles worldwide, 5 occur in Namibia. Most sea turtle species are consideredendangered and are protected under an international agreement. All turtles receive total protection in

Namibia. In the past they were incidentally exploited for their fresh meat, their eggs, for ornamental craftsmade from their shell, and for leather from their skin. Today they are inadvertently caught in some fisheries.This guide is intended as an aid for conservationists in the management of this endangered group.


196 Sea Turtles

intergular scute

ventral view of a juvenile sea turtle

(Family Chelonidae)

gular scute

pectoral scute

abdominal scute

femoral scute

anal scute

mandibular scute

inframarginalscutes

head width

prefrontalscales

lateral (orcoastal) scutes

total length

carapace width

postcentral scutes

headlength

precentralscute

marginalscutes

dorsal view of a juvenile sea turtle

(Family Chelonidae)

claws

humeral scute

carapacelength

central (orneural) scutes


Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758) CHELONIIDAE

FAO names: En - Loggerhead turtle; Fr - Tortuecaouanne; Sp - Caguama.Local names:Size: Mean straight carapace length of maturefemales between 80 and 105 cm.Fisheries: Caught accidentally by trawlers.Habitat and biology: Primarily in shallow wa-ters of the continental shelf. Feeds on a widevariety of invertebrates as well as on bonyfishes. It is preyed upon by sharks, at all ageclasses.

Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758) CHELONIIDAE

FAO names: En - Green sea turtle; Fr - Tortueverte; Sp - Tortuga blanca.Local names:Size: To 140 cm curved carapace length.Fisheries: Caught inadvertently in trawls.Habitat and biology: A solitary, nektonic spe-cies, sometimes forming feeding aggregationsin shallow waters. Feeds, during daytime, on al-gae and sea grass. High predation on this spe-cies occurs at all its life stages, sharks being itsworse enemies.

Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766) CHELONIIDAE

FAO names: En - Hawksbill sea turtle;Fr - Tortue caret; Sp - Tortuga de carey.Local names:Size: Adult females measure from 50 to 115 cmstraight carapace length.Fisheries: Elsewhere caught by turning the fe-males while crawling on the beach, by spearing,entangling nets, and incidentally in trawls. Thisspecies is particularly valuable because of thescutes covering its carapace which are used insome countries in jewelry (tortoise shell),though not in Namibia.Habitat and biology: Occur in clear littoral wa-ters. Carnivorous, feeds on a wide variety of inver-tebrates. It is heavily preyed upon at all lifestages.


1 claw

4 lateral scutes

carapace oblong, lengthgreater than width

dorsal view ventral view

5 lateralscutes 3 inframarginal scales

(poreless)2 claws

2 claws

4 lateral scutes

scutes overlapping (exceptin very old specimens)

Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz, 1829) CHELONIIDAE

FAO names: En - Olive ridley turtle; Fr - Tortueolivâtre; Sp - Tortuga golfina.Local names:Size: Mature specimens between 50 and 75 cmstraight carapace length.Fisheries: Caught inadvertently in some fisher-ies.Habitat and biology: Occurs in shallow coastalwaters and offshore. Feeds on a wide variety offishes and invertebrates. Juveniles and adultsare preyed upon by sharks.

Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli, 1761) DERMOCHELYIDAE

FAO names: En - Leatherback turtle;Fr - Tortue luth; Sp - Tortuga laud.Local names:Size: Maximum about 270 cm carapace length.Fisheries: Caught accidentally with drift nets,longines, and in trawls.Habitat and biology: Pelagic species, ap-proaching the coast for spawning. It feeds onjellyfish, tunicates, and other soft-bodied inver-tebrates with highest concentrations in theupwelling regions. Preyed upon by sharks andkiller whales. Adults are able to stand tempera-tures as low as 10oC.

198 Sea Turtles

body covered by smoothleathery skin

longitudinal ridges on carapace

flippers withoutclaws

carapace nearly round, lengthnearly equal to width

often more than5 lateral scutes

dorsal view ventral view

1-3 claws 4 inframarginal scutes,with pores

SEABIRDS

Approximately 62 species of seabirds have been recorded in Namibian waters, 20 of which are only rarevagrants. Twelve species of seabirds breed along the Namibian coast. These are: the jackass penguin,

Spheniscus demersus; the white pelican, Pelecanus onocrotalus; the Cape gannet, Morus capensis; thewhite-breasted cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo; the Cape cormorant, P. capensis; the bank cormorant, P.neglectus; the crowned cormorant, P. coronatus; the kelp gull, Larus dominicanus; hartlaub’s gull, L.hartlaubii; the greyheaded gull, L. cirrocephalus; the swift tern, Sterna bergii; and the damara tern, S.balaenarum. The first 7 of these are significant guano producers and included in this guide. Also includedhere are 11 species of pelagic seabirds commonly encountered by fishermen at sea.

Seabirds were first exploited in Namibia for ship provisions by European sailors during the 15th century. Ex-ploitation was intensified during the 18th century by sealers and whalers but it was only after 1840 that thecommercial value of seabird colonies as guano producers was fully realized. A guano rush followed in1843-1845 during which hundred of ships called at the islands along the Namibian coast and stripped the ac-cumulated deposits of guano for use as an agricultural fertilizer, mostly in Europe. Seabird breeding wascompletely disrupted for several years, at least on the main islands (Mercury, Ichaboe, Possession, andSinclair Islands), and breeding habitats were severely altered during this period. However, soon after theguano rush, seabirds were protected and the islands were managed in order to maximize guano production.In addition, new breeding sites were created with the erection of guano platforms. Guano scraping is still aprofitable industry today, yielding more than 2 000 t annually. The populations of guano producing seabirdshave fluctuated greatly. The causes for these changes probably include direct disturbance and exploitationby man as well as habitat destruction, fishery induced mortality, and depletion of fish stocks (particularly pil-chard). On some islands the recovery of the fur seal population has displaced some seabird colonies.

The non-guano producing pelagic seabirds listed here are non-breeding migrants to the Namibian region.Many disperse from the breeding colonies on the islands of the southern oceans in late summer and follow thecold Benguela current northwards along the southwestern coast of Africa into Namibian waters during thewinter months. Therefore, these species tend to be more common during the winter months, although somefew individuals may remain throughout the year. A few species arrive during the summer months from thenorth, while others occur throughout the year. Virtually all pelagic seabirds follow fishing vessels and scav-enge offal and discarded fish. Otherwise, their diet consists of krill, fish, salps, squid, and virtually anythingelse that is available.

All seabirds are protected in Namibian waters. Therefore, this guide is intended to help study and monitor thisvaluable marine resource in order to manage it wisely.

TECHNICAL TERMS USED FOR SEABIRDS


crown

back

rump

foreheadiris

chin

nape

breast

flank/side

secondaries

primaries

belly

tail

Spheniscus demersus (Linnaeus, 1758) SPHENISCIDAE

FAO names: En - Jackass penguin; Fr - Manchot du cap.Local names: African penguin; Pikkewyn (Ak).Size: Length from 60 to 70 cm; weight, 2.4 to 3.5 kg.Utilization: Guano producer, although penguin guano is of poorquality. Today, the penguin colonies are not exploited due to de-creasing numbers.Habitat and biology: The only penguin in the area. Endemic tosouthern Africa. Breeds on islands off South Africa and Namibia,non-breeders and juvenile occasionally disperse as far as Angola.Common around the breeding colonies and in coastal waters,rarely seen further than 10 to 15 km offshore. The jackass penguinfeeds predominantly on pilchard (Sardinops ocellatus) but sincethe collapse of the pilchard stocks, penguins feed mainly on pe-lagic (bearded) goby (Sufflogobius bibarbatus) and cephalopods.Penguins are preyed upon by sharks, fur seals, and killer whales,and kelp gulls prey upon chicks and eggs at the colonies. Breedsthroughout the year off Namibia.

Diomedea cauta Gould, 1840 DIOMEDEIDAE

FAO names: En - Shy albatross.Local names: Whitecapped albatross; Bloubekmalmok(Ak).Size: Length to 99 cm.Utilization: None.Habitat and biology: The shy albatross occurs through-out the southern oceans and is found in Namibian watersat all times of the year. It is the least common of the 3 alba-trosses reported in this guide and is more frequent on theouter part of the continental shelf. This species is normallysolitary in Namibia, although several shy albatrosses mayconverge on fishing boats to feed on discarded fish and of-fal. Otherwise feeds on krill, fish, salps, and squid.

Diomedea melanophris Temmick, 1828 DIOMEDEIDAE

FAO names: En - Black-browed albatross.Local names: Swartrugmalmok (Ak).Size: Length from 83 to 95 cm.Utilization: None.Habitat and biology: Circumpolar in the southern oceansthe black-browed albatross occurs in Namibian watersthroughout the year. Found throughout the shelf area, butoccasionally moving close inshore in rough weather.Readily follows fishing vessels to feed on offal and dis-cards, sometimes forming fairly large groups.

200 Seabirds

adults have a narrow black edge aroundthe entire underwing, with a diagnosticblack “thumb-print” under the armpit

the dark eye-brow givesthe bird a “menacing”

appearance

medium-sized albatross, adults have a variable, butthick black edge around the entire underwing

immature: blackish brown without theconspicuous head pattern of the adult

bluishblackupper-parts

face separated fromthe crown by a

broad white band

black chin

a few blackspots on the

belly

white under-partswith an encirclingblack line runningalong the flanksand across the

chest

Diomedea chlororhynchos Gmelin, 1789 DIOMEDEIDAE

FAO names: En - Yellow-nosed albatross.Local names: Geelneusmalmok (Ak).Size: Length from 71 to 81 cm.Utilization: None.Habitat and biology: This is the most common albatrossin Namibian waters, it occurs throughout the southern At-lantic and Indian Ocean. Found across the continentalshelf, but more common closer inshore than other alba-trosses. Frequently congregates around fishing vessels.

Procellaria aequinoctialis, Linnaeus, 1758 PROCELLARIIDAE

FAO names: En - White-chinned petrel.Local names: Cape hen; Witkenpylstormvoël (Ak).Size: Length from 51 to 58 cm.Utilization: None.Habitat and biology: This is the commonest ofNamibia’s pelagic seabirds and can be seen throughoutthe year. May occur in large numbers, especially whenresting at sea, otherwise dispersed throughout the conti-nental shelf region. This species is frequently seen fromthe coast. The white-chinned petrel is bolder than otherbirds closely approaching fishing boats to scavenge ondiscards and offal.

Daption capense (Linnaeus, 1758) PROCELLARIIDAE

FAO names: En - Cape petrel.Local names: Pintado petrel, Cape pigeon;Seedulfstormvoël (Ak).Size: Length from 38 to 40 cm.Utilization: None.Habitat and biology: Pintado petrels migrate intoNamibian waters during the winter months, and are rarelyseen during the summer. This petrel tends to be more gre-garious than other common Namibian pelagic seabirdsand can form large flocks, although it is usually sparselydistributed across the continental shelf. Readily followsfishing vessels to feed on offal and discards.


medium-sized black bird with diagnosticwhite chin and pale bill

striking black and whitemedium-sized bird

a small albatross, the upper and loweredges of the bill are bright yellow,

although not easily seen

Calonectris diomedea (Scopoli, 1769) PROCELLARIIDAE

FAO names: En - Cory’s shearwater.Local names: Geelbekpylstormvoël (Ak).Size: Length from 46 to 53 cm.Utilization: None.Habitat and biology: Cory’s shearwaters mi-grate from the Red Sea and Mediterranean re-gion southwards into Namibian waters andhence occur mostly during the summer months.Some few individuals may remain throughoutthe year. Found throughout the continental shelfthis species often occurs in large concentrationseither when resting or at a suitable food source,such as fishing vessels.

Puffinus griseus Gmelin, 1789 PROCELLARIIDAE

FAO names: En - Sooty shearwater.Local names: Malbaatjie, Grysvlerk-pylstormvoël (Ak).Size: Length from 40 to 46 cm.Utilization: None.Habitat and biology: The sooty shearwater occurs world-wide and is an abundant all-year visitor to Namibia. Whilethis species follows fishing vessels, it is often less tena-cious than many of its larger competitors.

Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl, 1820) PROCELLARIIDAE

FAO names: En - Wilson’s storm-petrel.Local names: Geelpootstormswael (Ak).Size: Length from 15 to 19 cm.Utilization: None.Habitat and biology: This small dark seabird is a com-mon all-year visitor to Namibia and migrates between thesouthern and northern hemisphere. It is found throughoutNamibian continental shelf waters feeding in a character-istic manner of pattering its feet on the water surface whilehovering. Not as strongly attracted to ships as other sea-birds.

202 Seabirds

small dashing narrow-wingedblack bird

underside of wing has faint, but distinctivepale silver colour in contrast to otherall-black birds in Namibian waters

very small swallow-like bird

black cap

Pelecanus onocrotalus Linnaeus, 1758 PELECANIDAE

FAO names: En - White pelican; Fr - Pelican blanc.Local names: Pelican.Size: Length from 140 to 178 cm; weight from 9 to 15 kg.Utilization: Guano producer.Habitat and biology: Rare at sea, usually confined to shel-tered bays and inland waters. On the coast the white peli-can breeds on guano platforms near Walvis Bay and feedson fish and crustaceans.Other similar species occurring in the area: The vagrantpinkbacked pelican Pelecanus rufescens is smaller withgrey wings, pale yellow bill, and grey pouch.

Morus capensis (Lichtenstein, 1823) SULIDAE

FAO names: En - Cape gannet; Fr - Fou du cap.Local names: Gannet; Malgas (Ak).Size: Length to about 90 cm; weight to 2.6 kg.Utilization: One of the main guano producers in the area.Habitat and biology: Endemic to southern Africa. Breedson islands off South Africa and Namibia and disperses toMozambique in the Indian Ocean and to the gulf of Guineain the Atlantic. Feeds predominantly on anchovy (Engrauliscapensis) since the collapse of the pilchard stocks. Scav-enges behind fishing vessels. Nests in summer in densecolonies on Mercury, Ichaboe, and Possession Islands.Offshore found mainly in vicinity of pilchard stocks. Popula-tion of dark juveniles increase to the north further away frombreeding islands.

Phalacrocorax capensis (Sparrman, 1788) PHALACROCORACIDAE

FAO names: En - Cape cormorant;Fr - Cormoran du cap.Local names: Cormorant; Duiker (Ak).Size: Length to 64 cm; weight from 1.1 to 1.3 kg.Utilization: One of the main guano producers in the area.Habitat and biology: The Cape cormorant is the mostabundant cormorant in Namibian waters. Endemic tosouthern Africa, but disperses as far as Zaire. Feedsmainly on pelagic goby and anchovy but also pilchard whenavailable. Highly gregarious, flying in longlines over thesea. Nests in large numbers on islands and guano plat-forms, mainly in spring and summer. Rarely found morethan about 10 km from land.


mostlywhite

immature: all dark and speckled,becoming lighter with age

immature: brownish withdark wings and tail

yellow headand nape

black wing-tips, secondariesand tail

entirely black with nakedgolden yellow lores

when breeding

immature individuals andnon-breeding adults have

a dull blackish brownplumage with greyish

brown chin and neck anddull brown lores

iris turquoise

black bill, plumagewith metallic green

iridescence

huge white bird with a pale pinktinge when breeding and ayellow patch on the breast

bill pink with ayellow pouchunderneath

primaries andsecondaries

black

Phalacrocorax carbo (Linnaeus, 1758) PHALACROCORACIDAE

FAO names: En - White-breasted cormorant; Fr - Grandcormoran.Local names:Size: Length to 90 cm; weight from 1.0 to 2.2 kg.Utilization: Guano producer.Habitat and biology: Nests on rocky islands guano plat-forms and other man-made structures. Feeds on largerfish than other cormorants in the area. Rarely found farfrom the coast.

Phalacrocorax coronatus (Wahlberg, 1855) PHALACROCORACIDAE

FAO names: En - Crowned cormorant.Local names:Size: Length from 54 cm; weight to 0.8 kg.Utilization: Guano producer.Habitat and biology: Restricted to the Benguela system,nests on rocky islands and cliffs. Feeds inshore, often inkelp beds, mainly on small bottom dwelling fish and crus-taceans.

Phalacrocorax neglectus (Wahlberg, 1855) PHALACROCORACIDAE

FAO names: En - Bank cormorant.Local names:Size: Length to 75 cm; weight to 1.8 kg.Utilization: Guano producer.Habitat and biology: Distribution restricted to theBenguela system. Nests on rocky islands, mainly in win-ter. Feeds on pelagic shoaling fish, mainly pelagic goby.Rarely found far from the coast.

204 Seabirds

entirely black plumage withconspicuous crest, more

prominent than that of thebank cormorant;

orange-yellow bill andyellow naked lores when

breeding

red iris

smallest cormorantin the area

larger than the capecormorant with noyellow on the face

completelyblack, with

a whiterump when

breeding

iris orange above,green below

short crest whenbreeding

largest cormorantin the area

immature: dark brown above andentirely off-white underparts

black plumage withgreenish iridescenceabove, white fromchin to below the

chest

Stercorarius parasiticus (Linnaeus, 1758) LARIDAE

FAO names: En - Arctic skua.Local names: Arctic skua; Arktiese roofmeeu (Ak).Size: Length from 46 to 67 cm.Utilization: None.Habitat and biology: This migrant from arctic andsub-arctic regions is a fairly common summer visitor oc-curring more frequently in the north of the country thanfurther south. Some few birds may remain during thewinter months. This skua occurs closer inshore thanothers, often resting on land. This species readily mobsand steals from gulls and particularly terns, often sev-eral birds hunting together. Frequents fishing boats foroffal and discarded fish.

Stercorarius pomarinus (Temminck, 1815) LARIDAE

FAO names: En - Pomarine skua.Local names: Pomarine skua; Knopstertroofmeeu (Ak).Size: Length from 65 to 78 cm.Utilization: None.Habitat and biology: This is the least common of the 3skuas in this guide. It occurs throughout the region, butnormally only in summer. Normally found farther fromshore than the Arctic skua, but still essentially a coastalbird. Mobs gulls and terns and visits fishing vessels.

Catharacta antarctica (Brunnich, 1764) LARIDAE

FAO names: En - Subantarctic skua.Local names: Subantarctic skua; Bruinroofmeeu (Ak).Size: Length from 61 to 66 cm.Utilization: None.Habitat and biology: The subantarctic skua is a com-mon all-year visitor, although more frequently seen inwinter. This skua tends to occur farther from shore thanthe previous 2 species. More solitary than other skuas,but still an aggressive scavenger.

Larus sabini Sabine, 1818 LARIDAE

FAO names: En - Sabine’s gull.Local names: Sabine’s gull; Mikstertmeeu(Ak).Size: Length from 30 to 36 cm; weight from 1.6 to 1.8 kg.Utilization: None.Habitat and biology: This species is an uncommon vis-itor from polar regions to Namibia, although large num-bers may be seen close to shore in the south. Feedsmainly on marine invertebrates.


2 central tailfeathers,

whenpresent,

twisted, androunded at

end

cap

large all-brownskua with white

“window” atbase of

primaries

cap

centraltail

feathersstraight

andpointed

small gullwith

forked tailand dark

“V”marking

on back ofwings

distinctive

MARINE MAMMALS

Order CETACEA - Whales and Dolphins

Stranded cetaceans have been used by Khoikhoi people along the Namibian coast for millennia. Theyprovided these nomadic groups with food and even building materials as the bones of large whales were

used to build huts on this treeless desert coast. It is only after the arrival of Europeans that the first attempts tocatch cetaceans were made. Whaling developed quickly during the second half of the 18th century with thearrival of American and European whalers in search of right whales. By the middle of the 19th century, thesouthern right whale was driven to virtual extinction in the area and whalers turned their attention to thehumpback whale whose populations also soon began to decline. The end of the 19th century marks thebeginning of modern industrial whaling using steam boats and cannon harpoons. The intensive exploitation ofall species of large whales throughout their range began, and Namibian waters were no exception. During thefirst 30 years of this century sperm whales, humpback whales, fin whales, blue whales, and other specieswere caught and processed at whaling stations along the Namibian coast. The local populations soondeclined dramatically and shore-based whaling was abandoned in favour of large whale factory ships. Theworldwide over-exploitation of most stocks followed, leading to the global downfall of the whaling industry.Today, most species once exploited in Namibian waters are still very rare and all cetaceans are fully protectedin the area.

The order Cetacea is subdivided into 2 groups: the Mysticeti (baleen whales) and the Odontoceti (toothedwhales, dolphins, and porpoises). The suborder Mysticeti comprises 4 families and 11 species, 8 of whichcan be found in Namibian waters. The suborder Odontoceti comprises 9 families and about 65 species, 23 ofwhich have been recorded in Namibian waters.

TECHNICAL TERMS

MYSTICETI

ODONTOCETI

206 Marine Mammals

flukebelly

finblowhole

eye

beak

lower jaw

ear

flipper

fluke

rostrum blowhole eyeear

lower jawbaleens

ventral groovesflipper

dorsal fin

anus

notch

Suborder MYSTICETI - Baleen Whales

Eubalaena australis Desmoulin, 1822 BALAENIDAE

FAO names: En - Southern right whale;Fr - Baleine australe; Sp - Ballena franca austral.Local names:Size: Average length 15 m (up to 18 m) andweight up to 96 t.Utilization: Southern right whales were ex-ploited in the area by American and Europeanwhalers since the 18th century until virtual ex-termination. Legally protected since 1935, theyare recovering in southern Africa, but are stillrare in Namibia.Habitat and biology: Circumpolar between20° S and 55° S, the southern right whale con-gregates in shallow coastal waters and bays forcalving and probably mating. Calving interval isabout 3 years. This species feeds on smallplanktonic crustaceans, mainly copepods.

Caperea marginata (Gray, 1846) NEOBALAENIDAE

FAO names: En - Pygmy right whale; Fr - Baleinepygmée; Sp - Ballena franca pigmea.Local names:Size: Length about 5 m (up to 6.4 m) and weightabout 4.5 t.Utilization: None.Habitat and biology: Rarely seen, this speciesis nevertheless widespread in temperate watersof the Southern Hemisphere but never abun-dant. In the area it may be found inshore, some-times in sheltered shallow bays. It is poorlyknown and in Namibia reported only from a fewstrandings in scattered bays.

Balaenoptera physalus (Linnaeus,1758) BALAENOPTERIDAE

FAO names: En - Fin whale; Fr - Rorqualcommun; Sp - Rorcual común.Local names:Size: Length over 20 m (up to 27 m) weightaround 40 t (up to 69 t).Utilization: Extensively hunted, it was caughtregularly in Namibian waters together with theblue whale at the beginning of the century.Habitat and biology: The fin whale has aworldwide distribution, migrating to low latitudesin winter when calving and mating occurs. Theyfeed on euphausiids, small shoaling fish, andsquid. Recent records in Namibia have beenbetween November and March.Remarks: The sei whale may also occur in Namibia but since it is difficult to distinguish it from the fin whale,reports of the fin whale may have been sei whales.


a small whale

dorsal fin usually not visiblewhen whale blows

grey dorsally and lightgrey to white ventrallybaleens small,

yellowish,with a dark

edgecould be confused with

the minke whale

rostrum archedand lower jaw

stronglyarched blow inconspicuous falcate dorsal fin flukes broad

with amediannotch

the blue whale, Balaenoptera musculuslarger, with a much smaller fin, and

lighter in coloration: grey to bluish greyand usually mottled

dark brown or dark grey above and white underneath withasymmetric coloration of jaws: white lower jaw and some

white baleens on right hand side, but dark on other side

the blow straight and up to 6 mhigh; usually does not show

the flukes

often a V-shaped whitishchevron at back of head

falcate dorsal fin

blow holes are divergent, producing abushy V-shaped spout up to 5 m high

large size witha stocky body

some individuals bear irregular whitepatches on the upper parts and belly

mostly black, but sometimesappears dark brown

baleens very longand dark

callosities prominent on rostrum,near blow holes, on chin, and

lower lips

very large head witharched upper jaws no dorsal fin

flippers broad andflukes deeplynotched; oftenlifted above the

surface

Balaenoptera acutorostrata Lacépede, 1804 BALAENOPTERIDAE

FAO names: En - Minke whale; Fr - Petitrorqual; Sp - Rorcual enana.Local names:Size: Length 8 to 10 m, weight 6 to 7 t.Utilization: None in the area.Habitat and biology: Very wide distributionfrom the tropics to polar waters of both hemi-spheres. It often comes close inshore and inbays. Not shy, the minke whale often ap-proaches boats. Feeds on euphausiids andsmall fish.

Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski, 1781) BALAENOPTERIDAE

FAO names: En - Humpback whale; Fr - Baleineá bosse; Sp - Rorcual jorobada.Local names:Size: Length about 15 m (up to 18 m), averageweight 35 t (up to 48 t).Utilization: Namibian waters were a wellknown hunting ground for this whale since the19th century. They were extensively exploitedby European and American whalers at the be-ginning of this century from shore-based whal-ing stations. It has been protected since 1964.Habitat and biology: Has a very wide distribu-tion in all oceans and undertakes extensive sea-sonal migrations wintering in the tropics. It feedson krill (euphausiids) and small shoaling fish.

Suborder ODONTOCETI - Toothed Whales and Dolphins

Physeter catodon Linnaeus, 1758 PHYSETERIDAE

FAO names: En - Sperm whale; Fr - Cachalot;Sp - Cachalote.Local names:Size: Males around 15 m (up to 18 m), femalesaround 11 m.Utilization: Has been hunted in all oceans.Habitat and biology: Widely distributed, malesand females show a different migratory pattern.When not breeding males are solitary or in smallgroups while females and juveniles form mixedschools. The sperm whale is a deep diver feed-ing primarily on squid.

208 Marine Mammals

blow hole situated in frontof the “forehead”

a huge head (upto a 3rd of thetotal length)with a bluntsquare snout

uniformly dark grey to dark brown and often wrinkled

blow is bushy at an angleforward and to left

side view of head dorsal view of head

no dorsal fin but a triangularhump followed by a series of

irregular protuberances onlower back

flukes triangular with a straightdeeply notched trailing edge

long, narrow underslung jawbears 18-25 pairs of teeth

large size with robust blackor dark grey body

top of head, lower jaw,and leading edge of

flippers with numerousknobs and

protuberances

when whale dives, the backarches at a sharp angle and

flukes are raised steeplyabove the surface; blowbushy and up to 3 m tall

side view of head dorsal view of head

throat and belly with avery irregular whiteregion, variable inshape and extent

extremely long, whiteor partly white

flippers (up to a thirdof body length)

dorsal fin variablein shape, often on

a hump

flukes butterfly-shaped with a

concave trailingedge and often

whiteunderneath

dorsal view of head

underside light grey or white

rostrum a singleprominent ridge

side view of head

a very narrow andpointed rostrum;

head a sharpV-shape

body is black to dark grey above withsometimes a lighter chevron at back

of head

fin tall andfalcate

and showswhenwhaleblows

white band on flippers not constantin Southern Hemisphere

Orcinus orca (Linnaeus, 1758) DELPHINIDAE

FAO names: En - Killer whale; Fr - Orque;Sp - Orca.Local names:Size: To almost 10 m in length and 10 t.Utilization: None in the area.Habitat and biology: This species is wide-spread throughout the world and most commonin nearshore waters. They are very fast swim-mers and feed on fish, cephalopods, andwarm-blooded prey such as seals, whales, anddolphins; they also occasionally eat seabirds,penguins, and turtles. In relation to other largemarine mammals, they are fairly common inNamibia. Killer whales have a very distinctivecolour pattern and dorsal-fin shape and there-fore are easily identified.

Globicephala melas (Traill, 1809) DELPHINIDAE

FAO names: En - Longfinned pilot whale;Fr - Globicéphale noir; Sp - Calderón comun.Local names:Size: 5 to 8 m in length and weight up to 3.5 t.Utilization: None in the area.Habitat and biology: The longfinned pilotwhale is widely distributed in temperate watersand in the area often seen at the shelf margin.Most of the time it forms fairly large schools. Itfeeds primarily on squid. Group size normally20 to 50 individuals.

Lagenorhynchus obscurus (Gray, 1828) DELPHINIDAE

FAO names: En - Dusky dolphin; Fr - Dauphinsombre; Sp - Delfín obscuro.Local names:Size: Average length 1.4 to 1.8 m (up to 2.1 m);Weight around 120 kg and up to 140 kg.Utilization: None in the area.Habitat and biology: The dusky dolphin iswidely distributed in temperate waters of theSouthern Hemisphere, particularly along thecoasts. It is the most abundant cetacean inNamibian waters and occurs mostly over theshelf and inshore. The group size usually is 2 to8 individuals but this varies up to several hun-dred. It occasionally associates with other ceta-ceans. It feeds on fish and cephalopods.


medium-sized dolphin

throat and belly white; flanks show a complexpattern of light grey areas encroaching on the

dark coloration of the back in 2 linesposterior to dorsal fin

a very short indistinctbeak

upper side blacktall erect dorsal fin

fin dark in front and lightgrey at the back

black-and-white pattern very distinctive, with a white oval patch aboveand behind eye, and white area on underside of flukes, head, and belly

with a broad white lobe reaching up and back; a light grey patch onback behind dorsal fin

female

male

dorsal fin prominent, straight,tall, and erect

snout blunt

large, ovalflippers

dorsal finrecurved

long black cigar-shapedbody with a prominent

rounded forehead

both jaws bear 8-12pairs of teeth

a white patch present under throatextending beyond flippers

fin situated forward, large,falcate, and elongated

sometimes a greysaddle-shapedpatch behind

dorsal fin

flippers long andpointed insertedjust behind head

Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, 1821) DELPHINIDAE

FAO names: En - Bottlenose dolphin; Fr - Granddauphin; Sp - Tursion.Local names:Size: Length about 3 m (up to 4 m); weightabout 200 kg.Utilization: None in the area.Habitat and biology: Widespread in temperatewaters of both hemispheres. This species is notshy and is usually seen in small groups, some-times associated with other species. InNamibian waters the bottlenose dolphin hasbeen seen offshore and there is a resident pop-ulation inshore between Walvis Bay and CapeCross. Bottlenose dolphins feed on a variety ofprey including fish and squid.

Lissodelphis peronii (Lacepède, 1804) DELPHINIDAE

FAO names: En - Southern right whale dol-phin; Fr - Dauphin aptere austral; Sp - Delfínliso austral.Local names:Size: Length 1.8 to 2.4 m, weight 60 to 80 kg.Utilization: None in the area.Habitat and biology: The southern right whaledolphin has a circumpolar distribution in temper-ate cool waters of the Southern Hemisphere. Itforms large schools, sometimes more than1 000 animals. In Namibian waters it occasion-ally associates with the dusky dolphin. It feedson fish (Myctophidae) and squid.

Cephalorhynchus heavisidii (Gray, 1828) DELPHINIDAE

FAO names: En - Heaviside’s dolphin;Fr - Dauphin d’ Heaviside; Sp - Delfín deHeaviside.Local names:Size: Average length around 1.3 m, weightabout 40 kg.Utilization: None in the area. The heaviside’sdolphin is susceptible to entanglement in netsand possibly incidental catch in the purse-seinefishery.Habitat and biology: Endemic to the Benguelasystem, the Heaviside’s dolphin is fairly com-mon in southern Namibian waters. It is seenmostly within 5 miles from the shore and in bays,in small groups, usually of 2 to 7 individuals. Itfeeds on small fish and cephalopods.

210 Marine Mammals

18-26 pairs of teethin both jaws

dorsal fin talland falcate

body robust, dark grey above, lighter on flanksand light grey to white underneath

beak short butwell defined

absence of dorsal fin and contrasting black and whitecoloration make this species unmistakablebeak short but

prominent

forehead, flippers, belly,and flanks pure white

the smallest cetaceanin the area

on underside, a white area extendingfrom around insertion of the flippersto the anus with branches reaching

flanks

a darker line joining theblow hole and dark areaon back in front of fin

dorsal fin triangular withbroad base and blunt tip

no visible beak

dark grey to black above with a prominent lightgrey area anterior to dorsal fin and extending to

flanks and to sides and front of head

Order PINNIPEDIA - Seals

The South African fur seal, Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus, was extremely abundant along the Namibiancoast when the first Europeans visited the area. The coastal Khoikhoi people relied on the seals as a

source of food and pelts. During the 18th century, sealing developed into the first large scale “fishery” in theregion, with the arrival of American and European sealers. The South African fur seal was hunted for itsvaluable pelt which were traded in China and later on the European and North American markets.Indiscriminate and uncontrolled exploitation soon brought the species to the brink of extinction. In the 19thcentury, at least 23 island colonies had been eradicated along the Namibian and South African coast. At thattime, interest in guano exploitation prevented the seal population from recovering significantly despite areduction in exploitation. It is only during the 20th century that control on the exploitation permitted the sealpopulation to recover and the sealing industry to flourish again. About 2 million seals have been exploited inNamibia since the beginning of the century while the population was allowed to increase from very lownumbers to about 750 000. Since 1984, with the collapse of the world market for furs, sealing has become amarginal activity. Apart from furs, seal products include leather, oil, meat, and carcass-meal. In addition,there is a profitable market in the Far East for male genitalia as a supposed aphrodisiac. The recent decreasein seal exploitation has revived the concern about the potential impact of the seal population on commercialfish stocks.

The Order Pinnipedia (seals) is represented in the area by members of 2 families: the Otariidae which includefur seals and sea lions, and the Phocidae which include true seals (including elephant seals). Only 1 seal, theSouth African fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus breeds on the Namibian coast. The subantarctic furseal Arctocephalus tropicalis is a very rare vagrant and not included in the guide. The southern elephant sealMirounga leonina is also a rare vagrant but occurs more regularly and is included in this guide. In addition,the skull of a leopard seal was discovered in the sand at Sandwich Harbour.

TECHNICAL TERMS


whiskers(vibrissae)

eye

fore flipper

tail

hind flipper

snoutear

Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus (Schreber, 1776) OTARIIDAE

FAO names: En - South African fur seal;Fr - Otarie du cap; Sp - Lobo marino de dospelos de Sudafrica.Local names: Seal, sea dog; Rob (Ak).Size: Length: males up to 2.2 m, femalesaround 1.6 m. Weight: males around 200 kg (upto 300 kg), females 60 to 70 kg.Utilization: This species has been harvestedfor more than 2 centuries, primarily for pelts; themost valuable being 8 to 10 months-old juve-niles.Habitat and biology: Common in theBenguela system, the South African fur seal canbe seen up to 200 km offshore but is mostly con-centrated over the shelf and inshore areas. Itbreeds in dense colonies on rocky islands andon the mainland between mid November andthe beginning of January. The pups are weanedat about 10 months of age. It is preyed upon bysharks and killer whales at sea and by jackalsand brown hyenas on the mainland. The diet in-cludes at least 11 species of fish, some crusta-ceans, and squids. Some individual seals preyon sea birds (particularly jackass penguins).Other similar species occurring in the area:The rare vagrant subantarctic fur sealArctocephalus tropicalis is smaller, usuallydarker on the back and has a light brown yellowface fore-neck and upper-chest. In addition,adult males have a short black crest on top ofthe head.

Mirounga leonina (Linnaeus, 1758) PHOCIDAE

FAO names: En - Southern elephant seal;Fr - Elephant de mer; Sp - Foca elephante delsur.Local names:Size: Length: males 4.5 to 6.5 m; females 3 to 4m. Weight: males up to 3 500 kg; females up to800 kg.Utilization: None in the area, but have beenused by Khoikhoi tribes. Has been heavily ex-ploited on the breeding grounds, mainly for oil.Habitat and biology: When not breeding thisseal disperses over a large oceanic area in thecold waters of the Southern Hemisphere. It is arare but regular vagrant along the Namibiancoast. It breeds in dense colonies onsubantarctic islands. This seal is rarely seen atsea as it spends very little time on the surface. Itis a very deep diver feeding mainly on squid, butsome fish is also taken. Elephant seals arepreyed upon by killer whales and great whitesharks.

212 Marine Mammals

brown to dark brown

large males sometimesappear grizzled on the

neck and chest

pups entirely black until4-5 months of age

small pointed externalears on side of head

thick fur with lightbrown underfur

black fore andhind flippers

adult males are heavily scarred on the neckand chest and have a prominent proboscis

which hangs over the mouth at rest

huge size

no external ears

fur very short and coarsegreyish brown toyellowish brown

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REFERENCES

The following list of references includes specific papers cited in the Introduction and remarks on major re-source groups, and other general references that pertain to marine resources of Namibia.

Anon. 1990-1993. Surveys of the fish resources of Namibia. Cruise reports ‘Dr. Fridtjof Nansen’. Ministryof Fisheries and Marine Resources, Swakopmund, Republic of Namibia; Institute of MarineResearch Bergen, Norway.

Anon. 1991. Towards responsible development of the fisheries sector. Ministry of Fisheries and MarineResources, Republic of Namibia.

Anon. 1998. The Commercial Sampling Programme. Grade One Observer Manual. Ministry of Fisheriesand Marine Resources. Walvis Bay, Republic of Namibia.

Chapman, P. and L.V. Shannon. 1985. The Benguela ecosystem. Part II. Chemistry and related processes.Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 23: 183-251.

Cohen, D. M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto, and N. Scialabba. 1990. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 10. Gadiformfishes of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods, hakes, grenadiers and othergadiform fishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. (125) Vol.10: 1-442.

Compagno, L.J.V. 1984a. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustratedcatalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1. Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. FAO Fish.Synop. (125) Vol. 4, Pt. 1: 249 p.

Compagno, L.J.V. 1984b. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustratedcatalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2. Carcharhiniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. (125) Vol.4, Pt. 2: 251-655.

Compagno, L.J.V., D.E. Ebert, and M.J.Smale. 1989. Guide to the Sharks and Rays of Southern Africa.Struik Pub., Capetown, 160 p.

Compagno, L.J.V., D.E. Ebert, and P.D. Cowley. 1991. Distribution of offshore demersal cartilaginous fish(Class Chondrichthyes) off the west coast of southern Africa, with notes on their systematics. S. Afr.J. Mar. Sci. 11: 43-139.

Cowley, P.D. and L.J.V. Compagno. 1993. A taxonomic re-evaluation of the blue stingray from southernAfrica (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae). S. Afr. J. Mar.Sci.

Crawford, R.J.M., L.V. Shannon, and D.E. Pollock. 1987. The Benguela ecosystem. Part IV. The major fishand invertebrate resources. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev., 25: 353-505.

Fischer, W., G. Bianchi, and W.B. Scott. 1981. FAO Species Identification Sheets for Fishery Purposes.Eastern Central Atlantic; Fishing areas 34, 47 (in part). FAO, Rome, 7 vols.

Griffiths, M.H. and P.C. Heemstra. 1995. A contribution to the taxonomy of the marine fish genusArgyrosomus (Perciformes: Sciaenidae), with descriptions of two new species from southern Africa.Ichthyological Bull. 65: 1-40.

Heemstra, P.C. 1993. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world. An annotated and illustratedcatalogue of grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. FAO Fish.Synop. (125) Vol.16: 1-382.

Holthuis, L.B. 1991. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 13. Marine lobsters of the world. An annotated andillustrated catalogue of species of interest known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. (125) Vol.13: 1-292.

Iwamoto, T. and M.E. Anderson. 1994. Review of the grenadiers (Teleostei: Gadiformes) of southern Africa,with descriptions of four new species. Ichthyological Bull. 61: 1-28.

Leslie, R.W. and W.S. Grant. 1991. Redescription of the southern African anglerfish Lophius vomeriunusValenciennes, 1837 (Lophiiformes: Lophiidae). Copeia 1991(3): 787-800.

Lloris, D. 1986. Ictiofauna demersal y aspectos biogeográficos de la costa sudoccidental de África(SWA/Namibia). Monogr. Zool. Mar. 1: 9-432.

Lossius, L.L. 1998. Shrimp Resources of Namibia (internal MFMR report). Results from Icelandic tralwersgiven exploratory fishing right in 1997. Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Lüderitz,Republic of Namibia.

Macpherson, E. 1983. Crustáceos decápodos capturados en las costas de Namibia. Res. Exp. Cient. 11:3-79.



Macpherson, E. 1984. Crustáceos decápodos del Banco Valdivia (Atlántico sudoriental). Res. Exp. Cient.12: 39-105.

Macpherson, E. 1988. New records of Decopods Crustaceans from the coast off Namibia/South West Africa,with the descriptions of two new species. Inv. Pesq.: 51-66.

Macpherson, E. 1991. Biogeography and community structure of the Decapod Crustacean fauna offNambiia (Southeast Atlantic). J. Crust. Biol. 11(3): 401-415.

Mas-Riera, J., A. Lombarte, A. Gordoa, and E. Macpherson. 1990. Influence of Benguela upwelling on thestructure of demersal fish populations off Namibia. Mar. Biol. 104: 175-182.

Molloy, F.J. and J.J. Bolton. 1996. The effect of season and depth on the growth of Gracilaria gracilis atLuderitz, Namibia. Botanica marina 39: 407-413

Molloy, F.J. 1990. Utilized and potentially utilizable seaweeds on the Namibian coast: biogeography andaccessability. Proc. 13th International Seaweed Symp. Hydrobiologia 204-205: 293-299.

Muñoz-Chápuli, R. and F. Ramos. 1989. Morphological comparison of Squalus blainvillei and S. megalops inthe eastern Atlantic, with notes on the genus. Japan. J. Ichth. 36(1): 6-21.

Nesis, K. N. 1991. Cephalopods of the Benguela upwelling off Namibia. Bull. Mar. Sci. 49(1-2): 199-215.Payne, A.I.L. and R.J.M. Crawford (eds). 1989. Oceans of life off southern Africa. Vaeberg Publishers,

Cape Town, South Africa, 380 p.Payne, A.I.L., J.A. Gulland, and K.H. Brink (eds.). The Benguela and comparable systems. S. Afr. J. Mar.

Sci. 5: 1-957.Payne, A.I.L., K.H. Brink, K.H. Mann, and R. Hilborn. (eds.). Benguela trophic functioning. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci.

12: 1-1108.Quéro, J. C., J. C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post, and L. Saldanha (eds.). Check-list of the Fishes of the Eastern

Tropical Atlantic. 3 vols. UNESCO, Paris.Roeleveld, M.A. 1998. The status and importance of cephalopod systematics in southern Africa. S. Afr. J.

Mar. Sci. 20: 1-16.Sánchez, P. 1988. Systematics and distribution of the cephalopods of Namibia. Monog. Zool. Mar. 3:

205-266.Shannon, L.V. 1985. The Benguela ecosystem. Part I. Evolution of the Benguela, physical features and

processes. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 23: 105-182.Smith, M.M. and P.C. Heemstra (eds). 1986. Smiths’ Sea Fishes. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology,

Grahamstown, 1047 p., 144 pls.Tarr, J. and M. Lastrico-Schneider. 1998. Guide to the Names of Marine Fish and Crustaceans in Namibia.

GOPA-Consultants Report. Bad Homburg, Germany. 48 p.Villanueva, R., P. Sánchez, and M.A. Compagno Roeleveld. 1991. Octopus magnificus (Cephalopoda:

Octopodidae), A new species of large octopod from the southeastern Atlantic. Bull. Mar. Sci.49(1-2): 39-56.

Whitehead, P.J.P. and T. Wongratana. 1986. Engraulidae. In Smith, M. M. and P. C. Heemstra (eds).Smiths’ Sea Fishes. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, 1047 p., 144 pls.

Whitehead, P.J.P., G. J. Nelson, and T. Wongratana. 1988. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishesof the world (Suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of herring, sardines,pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. Part 2. FAO Fish. Synop. (125) Vol. 4, Pt. 2Engraulididae: 251-655.

Wysokinski, A. 1986. The living marine resources of the Southeast Atlantic. FAO, Rome. 120 p.

214 References

CHECKLIST OF FISHES AND MARINE MAMMALS

The composition of the fauna of Namibia is influenced by a variety of factors. The strong upwellingcharacteristic of the coast of Namibia makes the area highly productive but limits the fauna in some areas

to cold-water species. The northern part of Namibia borders the rich tropical and subtropical fauna of theeastern central Atlantic and some of the species of this tropical fauna extend into the northern area ofNamibia. The southern part of Namibia borders the rich fauna characteristic of the southern Cape of Africa.The Cape nominally separates the very rich Indo-Pacific fauna from the Atlantic fauna. This area ofconfluence has representatives from both faunas and the fauna of southern Namibia is primarily influenced bythis Cape fauna and prevailing northern currents.

Similar to the fauna itself, much of the literature covering fishes of Namibia is influenced by worksdesigned to cover the Cape region or by works covering the warmer waters to the north. The result is thatNamibia tends to be only partially covered in each of the major works of the region. This checklist is intendedto bridge this literature gap by summarizing the distribution findings of the literature to cover all of Namibia. Italso draws upon information collected by fisheries research vessels and a valuable collection of fisheshoused in the Namibian Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources in Swakopmund, Namibia.Bibliographic Abbreviations: FAO Sp. Cat.: FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 4, Part 1 and Part 2, Sharks ofthe World (Compagno, 1984a, b); FAO ECA: FAO Species Identification Sheets for Fishery Purposes, East-ern Central Atlantic (Fischer et al., 1981); CLOFETA: Checklist of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic(Quero et al., 1990); Smith’s: Smith’s Sea Fishes (Smith and Heemstra, 1986); Compagno et al.: Guide tothe Sharks and Rays of Southern Africa (Compagno et al., 1989); MFMR: A collection of fishes at the Ministryof Fisheries and Marine Resources in Swakopmund, Namibia; MZM: Monografias de Zoologia Marina(Lloris, 1986); Nansen: Cruise Reports in Namibia of the R/V DR FRIDTJOF NANSEN.Distribution Abbreviations (boldface abbreviations generally indicate a record in Namibia): ● = not listed; ✓= listed but not reported from Namibia; - = listed but no distribution mentioned; ✗ = Not included in species ac-counts; An = Angola; EA= eastern Atlantic and perhaps elsewhere, this includes species reported ascircumglobal or widespread in all oceans and therefore expected in Namibia; ETA = throughout CLOFETAarea and therefore at least northern Namibia; ETA-s = southern eastern tropical Atlantic but not specifiedfrom Namibia; Lu = Lüderitz; (N) = reported as probably from Namibia; N = recorded from Namibia, localitynot specified; N-c = Namibia, central part; N-n = Namibia, northern part; N-s = Namibia, southern part; N-t =throughout Namibia; N* = collected on board R/V Nansen during 1998 orange roughy survey, specimens de-posited in the South African museum or the United States Natural History Museum; SA = Southern Africa(Namibia not specified); SA-w = western SA; WB = reported from Walvis Bay.Habitat Abbreviations: s = shallow; AB = Archibenthic; B = Benthic or demersal; BP = Benthopelagic; D= Demersal; E = Epipelagic; l = Littoral; M = Mesopelagic; n = Neritic; P = Pelagic; PB = BathyPelagic.

Cartilaginous Fishes

TAXAFAO

CLOFETA Smith’sCompagno

et al.MFMR MZM Nansen Habitat Notes

Sp.Cat. ECA

MYXINIFORMES

Myxinidae

Eptatretus hexatrema ● WB 20-400 m

Myxine capensis ● SA-w N N-c 200-460 m

HEXANCHIFORMES

Hexanchidae

Heptranchias perlo An An An N N N-c N D, 50-1 000 m

Hexanchus griseus N N ✓ N N N-n,c N D, s-100 m

Notorynchus cepedianus N ● WB N N s-80 m

Chlamydoselachidae

Chlamydoselachus anguineus N N N N N N-n M,E,120-1280m


TAXAFAO



Sp.Cat. ECA

LAMNIFORMES

Odontaspididae

Carcharias taurus ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ N s-100 m

Lamnidae

Carcharodon carcharias SA-w (N) N ✓ N s-1 280m

Isurus oxyrinchus N ✓ ETA ✓ N N E, M, s -152 m

Cetorhinidae

✗Cetorhinus maximus SA-w ✓ ✓ SA-w SA-w E

Alopiidae

✗Alopias superciliosus1/

N An An ✓ ✓ M, s-500 m

A. vulpinus (N) (N) ETA ✓ N E

CARCHARINIFORMES

Scyliorhinidae

✗Apristurus spp. (N) ● ● ✓ N-s N-t B, 200-720 m

Galeus polli N - An N-n N N N-c N B, 200-720 m

Haploblepharus pictus N ● N N N-c, s B

Holohalaelurus regani SA-w ● ● ✓ N-s N N-s N 160-740 m

Scyliorhinus capensis ✓ ● ● SA-w N-s N-s N 26-495 m

Triakidae

Galeorhinus galeus N N N ✓ N N l,E,s-300m

Mustelus mustelus N ✓ ✓ N N N-s N s-350 m

M. palumbes N ● ● N-c, s N N2/

N s-443 m

Triakis megalopterus SA-w ● ● N-c, s N s-50 m

Hemigaleidae

Paragaleus pectoralis An An ✓ (N-n) N-c, n s-100 m

Carcharhinidae

Carcharhinus brachyurus N N N N N s-100 m

C. signatus An An An ● N-n B, 200-500 m

Prionace glauca N N ETA SA-w N N-n N E, s-152 m

Sphyrnidae

✗Sphyrna leweni ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ N-n3/ E

SQUALIFORMES

Squalidae14/

Centrophorus granulosus ✓ An ✓ WB ● N-n N B,M,275-800m

C. squamosus N N ETA WB N N-c N B,M,370-2400m

✗C. uyato4/

(=C. granulosus) N An N-n ● N N-n B,M,250-400m

Centroscyllium fabricii N - ETA-s WB N N-c N B,230-1500m

Centroscymnus coelolepis N ✓ ETA ● N N-c 300-2 718 m

C. crepidater N N N WB N N-t N B,300-1000m

Deania calcea N ✓ (N) ✓ N N-c, s N B,400-1400m

216 Checklist of Cartilaginous Fishes

TAXAFAO



Sp.Cat. ECA

D. profundorum N - ✓ N N N B, 275-608 m

D. quadrispinosum N ● WB N-n N N 275-640 m

Etomopterus cf. brachyurus5/ 15/

✓ ● ● SA-w N N 420-900 m

E. “gracilispinis” = E. compagnoi SA-w ● ● ● (N) B, 479-923 m

✗E. granulosus6/

SA-w ● (N) ✓ SA-w M, 220-640 m

✗E.“lucifer”7/

(=E. cf. brachyurus)15/

(N) ● (N)An ✓ ● N-c, s N B, 180-800 m

E. pusillus N - ✓ ✓ N N N-n, c N B,M,274-708m

✗E. spinax6/

✓ N ✓ ● ● N B, 75-2 000 m

✗Scymnodon obscurus6/

✓ - ✓ ● ● N-n B,M,550-1450m

S. squamulosus ✓ ● l ● N of WB B, 430-900 m

Squalus acanthias SA-w ✓ N SA-w SA-w N-s N B, 10-515 m

S. blainvillei N (N) ETA ● ● N-c N B, >100 m

S. megalops N N N N N N B, 50-450 m

S. mitsukurii An ● ● ✓ N-c, s N B, 159-552 m

Oxynotidae

Oxynotus centrina16/

(N) N ETA N-c, s N N-n N B, 60-660 m

Echinorhinidae

Echinorhinus brucus N N N N N N-s N B, 10-900 m

SQUATINIFORMES

Squatinidae

Squatina aculeata N-n An An ● ● 50-500 m

S. oculata N-n N N ● ● s-300 m

TORPEDINIFORMES

Torpedinidae

Torpedo nobiliana - SA-w EA N-c, s N N-c N B, 10-450 m

Narkidae

Narke capensis ● - ✓ ✓ N

RAJIFORMES

Rhinobatidae

Rhinobatos annulatus ● ● ✓ N s-70 m

R. blochii - N N-c, s N-c, s B, s

Rajidae

Bathyraja smithii - ●

8/✓ N-c, s N-c N 440-1 020 m

Cruriraja parcomaculata ✓ ● N-s N-s 195-620 m

Raja alba - SA N N B, s-350 m

R. caudaspinosa - ● N-s N-s ● N B, 310-718 m

R. clavata9/

- ETA N-c,s ● N-c N B, s-300 m

R. confundens17/

- ETA N-c,s N N N-n N B, 200-1 700 m

✗R. dissimilis10/

- N ✓ SA-w B, 925-1 620 m

R. doutrei - N N-s N N-c B, 450-1 000 m

R. leopardus - ETA N N N N-c N B, 170-1 920 m


TAXAFAO



Sp.Cat. ECA

R. miraletus - ETA An N N-n N B, s-690 m

R. pullopunctata ● ● N-s N-s B, 50-457 m

R. ravidula ● ● ✓ N-s B, 496-1 016 m

R. spinacidermis - ✓ SA-w N-s B, 450-1 500+ m

R. springeri - ● ✓ N-s B, 88-740 m

✗R. stenorhynchus11/

● ● ✓ ✓ N B, 624-741 m

R. straeleni9/

- N N N N-c N B, 100-800 m

R. wallacei ● ● ✓ N-s N B, 95-432 m

MYLIOBATIFORMES

Dasyatidae

Dasyatis crysonata18/

- An ● N,, n, 12-109 m

✗D. pastinaca (=D. crysonota)18/

✓ SA, An (N) ● n, B, 20-35 m

D. violacea - ● EA, SA ✓ N P

Gymnuridae

✗Gymnura altavela ✓ An l ● N B, 10-70 m

G. natalensis ● ● ✓ N-c,s B, s-75 m

Myliobatidae

Myliobatis aquila N WB N N N-n,c N BP, s-100 m

Pteromylaeus bovinus N An, SA N ✓ BP

CHIMAERIFORMES

Callorhinchidae

Callorhinchus capensis ● N N N N-n,c N B, 10-200 m

Chimaeridae

Chimaera sp. ● ● ● N N B, 680-1 016 m

Hydrolagus sp.19/

- N12/

● ● N N-c13/N AB,400-1200m

Rhinochimaeridae

Harriotta raleighana - ✓(SA) ✓ N-s B, 600-2 150 m

Neoharriotta pinnata - WB N-c,n N-c,n N-n,c N B, 150-500 m

Rhinochimaera atlantica - N N-s N N-n,c B, 500-1 500 m

Species Notes:1/ = Compagno et al. (1989) indicates not in Namibia while Compagno (1984) indicates it is in Nambia.2/ = Identified as M. asteria, a similar species not occurring in this area.3/ = Sighting only, from near border with Angola - no specimen.4/ = Probably an invalid name (Muñoz-Chápuli and Ramos, 1989), reporting of this species in Namibia areprobably attributable to C. granulosus (Compagno, pers.comm.).5/ = L. Compagno (pers. comm.) thinks this may be a new species.6/ = Report from Namibia probably mistaken.7/ = Records of this species probably attributable to E. cf. brachyurus8/ = Bathyraja sp. noted but not specified from Namibia.9/ = Reports of R. clavata and R. straeleni probably represent a single species of an uncertain name (L.S.V.Compagno, pers.comm.).10/ = According to Compagno et al. (1989), found south of the Orange River.11/ = Reports of this species from the F. Nansen is probably a misidentification, this species is only knownfrom a few specimens found off the southern east coast of Africa.12/ = Reported as H. mirabilis.

218 Checklist of Cartilaginous Fishes

13/ = As H. Africanus.14/ = Some authors include certain genera in the families Centrophoridae (Centrophorus and Deania),Etmopteridae (Centrosyllium and Etmopterus), and Somniosidae (Scymnodon).15/ = Reports of E. lucifer refer to this species since E. lucifer probably does not occur in Southern Africa.16/ = Formerly referred to as O. shubnikovi.17/ = Considered a junior synonym of R. barnardi by some authors.18/ = Previously confused with D. marmorata and D. pastinaca which do not occur in Namibia.19/ = Probably H. africanis.


Bony Fishes

TAXA FAO ECA CLOFETA Smith’s MFMR MZM Nansen Habitat Notes

ALBULIFORMES

Albulidae

Pterothrissus belloci N-n N-c, n N N-c N 20-500 m

NOTOCANTHIFORMES

✗Halosauridae

✗Halosaurus ovenii N N-c, s N-n N BP, 440-1700 m

Notacanthidae

Notacanthus sexspinis ● ● N-c, s N N-c, s N B, 360-1100 m

ANGUILLIFORMES

✗Synaphobranchidae

✗Synaphobranchus kaupi ● ✓ ✓ N-n N-n B, 236-3200 m

✗Simenchelys parasiticus N* B, 900-1500

Ophichthidae

✗Echelus pachyrhynchus - An ● N-n B, 200-500 m

✗Myrophis plumbeus - ✓ ● N-c B, s

Mystriophis rostellatus An An N-c, s N N-n1/ B, s-40 m

✗Ophichthus karreri - N ● N B, 390 m

Ophisurus serpens An N N N N B

✗Colocongridae

✗Coloconger cadenati - An ● N-n B, 270-600 m

Congridae

Bassanago albescens ● ● ✓ N B

Bathyuroconger vicinus - ✓ ✓ N N-c N B, 329-1318 m

✗Conger conger ✓ ✓ ● N B, s-500 m

✗Japonoconger africanus - ✓ ● N-t B, 250-650 m

✗Nettastomatidae

✗Venefica proboscidea ● N EA N B

✗Derichthyidae

✗Nessorhaphus ingolfianus N* P, >500 m

✗Nemichthyidae

✗Avocettina acuticeps ● N ✓ N P, s-2000 m

✗Nemichthys curvirostris ● ETA EA N P, s-2000 m

✗N. scolopaceus ● N ✓ N N-nc N P, s-2000 m

CLUPEIFORMES

Clupeidae

Etrumeus whiteheadi ● N WB N-t N P, s- 200 m

Sardinella aurita An N-n WB N P, s - 350 m

S. maderensis An WB WB N N P, s - 50 m

220 Checklist of Bony Fishes


✗S. rouxi ✓ N(?) ● P

Sardinops ocellatus N N N N N P

Engraulidae

✗Engraulis japonicus - ● N-c, s2/

E. capensis2/ N

N ● N N P, s-350 m

SILURIFORMES

Ariidae

Arius latiscutatus An An ● N-n B, s- 70 m

Galeichthys feliceps N N N-c, s N N-n N B, s

✗SALMONIFORMES

✗Alepocephalidae

✗Alepocephalus australis - N ✓ N-n BP, 1000-2600 m

✗A. rostratus ● N ✓ N-n BP, 300-1600 m

✗Asquamiceps caeruleus - N-n ● BP

✗A. hjorti - N-n ● BP

Bajacalifornia megalops - N-c, n ✓ BP, 700-3200 m

✗Bathylaco nigricans - N ✓ M, BP

✗Bathyprion danae - N EA BP, 1100-2100 m

✗Herwigia kreffti - N EA BP, 1000-3200 m

✗Leptoderma macrops - N-n N N-n BP, 500-2000 m

✗Talismania bifurcata ● ● ● N-t BP, 500-2 000 m

✗Xenodermichthys copei - ✓ EA N M, BP, 100-2650 m

✗Bathylagidae

✗Bathylagus glacialis ● ✓ ● N-c BP, 540-630 m

✗Microstomatidae

✗Nansenia problematica ● ● ● N-s

✗N. tenera ● ● ● N-s

✗Platyroctidae

✗Maulisia microlepis ● N N N BP, 500- 2000 m

✗STOMIIFORMES

✗Sternoptychidae

✗Argyropelecus aculeatus ● ✓ ✓ N-s M, 150-500 m

✗A. gigas ● ETA EA M, 400-650 m

✗A. sladeni ● ETA EA N-n N-n3/ M, 100-600 m

✗Maurolicus muelleri ● ETA EA N N M, 100-400 m

✗Polyipnus polli ● N EA BP, 250-600 m

✗Gonostomatidae



✗Cyclothone microdon - ETA EA BP, 50-2000

✗Diplophos sp. ● N

✗Gonostoma bathyphilum - ETA EA BP, 800-3000m

✗G. denudatum - ✓ ✓ N-s M, 100-700 m

✗Triplophos hemingi - N EA N N-n M,BP, 200-2 000 m

✗Phosichthyidae

✗Ichthyococcus ovatus ● ETA-s ✓ M, 200-600

✗Phosichthys argenteus - An ✓ N N-s N M, 300-1050 m

✗Polymetme corythaeola ● ✓ ✓ N-s M, 300-800 m

✗Yarrella blackfordi ● AN AN N N-N M

✗Chauliodontidae

✗Chauliodus schmidti ● N ● M

✗C. sloani ● ETA EA N-c M

✗Stomiidae

✗Stomias boa boa ● EA EA N N-n N M

✗Astronesthidae

✗Astronesthes caulophorus ● ETA ETA-s M

✗A. leucopogon ● ETA-s ● M

✗A. niger ● ETA ✓ M

✗A. richardsoni ● ✓ ● N-c4/ M

✗Heterophotus ophistoma ● ETA-s ● N M

✗Neonesthes capensis ● ETA EA M

✗N. microcephalus ● ETA-s ✓ M

✗Melanostomiidae

✗Bathophilus ater ● EA-s EA-s M

✗B. brevis ● EA-s ● M

✗B. irregularis ● EA-s ● M

✗B. longipinnis ● ETA-s EA-s M

✗Melanostomias bartonbeani ● EA-s EA M

✗M. niger ● ETA-s EA-s N-t M

✗Odontostomias micropogon ● N ● N-n M

✗Opostomias micripnus ● ● ✓ N-s5/ M

✗Photonectes braueri ● EA-s EA N N M

✗P. margarita ● ETA-s ● M

✗Photonectes sp. ● ● ● N

✗Malacosteidae

✗Photostomias n.sp. ● ETA-s ● M



✗Idiacanthidae

✗Idiacanthus atlanticus N* M, 300-500 m

AULOPIFORMES

Chlorophthalmidae

✗Chlorophthalmus agassizi ● N6/

● N-c6/N

6/ B

C. atlanticus ● ✓6/● N-c N B

C. punctatus ● ● ✓7/N N B

✗Ipnops agassizii ● N N N B

✗Parasudis fraserbrunneri ● ✓ ● N B

Synodontidae

Trachinocephalus myops N N-n N-c, n B

✗Notosudidae

✗Ahliesaurus berryi ● ETA EA M

✗Scopelosaurus meadi ● EA-s N N N-s N BP

✗Paralepididae

✗Lestidium atlanticum - ✓ ✓ N N E

✗Lestrolepis intermedia - ✓ ✓ N P, 10-900 m

✗Macroparalepis affinis - EA-s EA-s N N-s8/ M

✗Sudis hyalina9/

- EA-s EA-s M, 200-2000 m

✗Alepisauridae

✗Alepisaurus ferox - ETA WB P

✗Evermannellidae

✗Evermannella indica ● N EA M, 500-800 m

✗Odontostomops normalops ● ETA ● M, 400-1000 m

✗Scopelarchidae

✗Benthalbella infans ● ETA ✓ M

✗Scopelarchus analis ● ETA ✓ N-s M

✗S. guentheri ● ETA ✓ M

MYCTOPHIFORM

✗Neoscopelidae

✗Neoscopelus macrolepidotus - N ✓ N N-c BP, 300-800 m

Myctophidae

✗Benthosema suborbitale - EA-s EA M

✗Bolinichthys indicus - EA-s EA-s M

✗Ceratoscopelus wormingi29/

M

✗Diaphus anderseni - EA-s ✓ M

✗D. diadematus - EA-s ✓ M

✗D. dumerilii - EA-s EA-s N-c M



✗D. effulgens - EA-s EA-s M

✗D. fragilis - EA-s ✓ M

D. hudsoni - N N N-c M

D. meadi - N N M

✗D. mollis - ETA EA M

✗D. ostenfeldi - N N M

✗D. parri N* M

✗D. taaningi - ETA-s N M

✗Diogenichthys atlanticus - ETA EA-s M

✗Electrona risso - EA-s N M

✗Gonichthys cocco - EA-s ✓ M

✗Gymnoscopelus piabilis N* M

✗Hygophum hygomii - EA-s EA-s M

✗H. reinhardtii - EA-s ✓ M

✗H. taaningi - ETA ● M

✗Lampadena chavesi - EA-s EA-s M

✗L. dea ● EA-s ✓ M

✗L. pontifex - N N N-n P, 90-750 m

Lampanyctodes hectoris - N N N-c P

✗Lampanyctus alatus - ETA N M

✗L. ater - EA-s N M

L. australis - N N N-n

✗L. cuprarius - EA-s ● M

✗L. festivus - EA-s N M

✗L. intricarius - EA-s EA-s M

✗L. lepidolychnus - ● EA-s M

✗L. lineatus - EA-s ✓ M

✗L. photonotus29/

M

✗L. pusillus - EA-s N M

✗Lepidophanes gaussi - EA-s ● M

✗L. guentheri - EA-s ✓ M

✗Lobianchia dofleini - EA-s N N-c M

✗L. gemellarii - EA-s N M

✗Metelectrona ventralis N* M

✗Myctophum nitidulum - ETA EA-s M

✗M. phengodes ● EA-s N M

✗Notolychnus valdiviae - ETA N M

✗Notoscopelus caudispinosus - ETA EA-s M



✗N. resplendens - ETA N M

✗Scopelopsis multipunctatus - EA-s EA-s M

Symbolophorus boops - N N N N-t M

✗Taaningichthys bathyphilus - EA-s EA-s PB

✗T. minimus - EA-s EA-s M

GADIFORMES

Merluciidae

Merluccius capensis N N N N N-t N BP, 50-500 m

M. paradoxus ● N N N N-c N BP, 200-900 m

M. polli An N ● N N-n N BP, 50-550 m

Moridae

Antimora rostrata N* BP, 500-2 800 m

Gadella imberbis10/

- ✓ ● N-n, c BP

Laemonema laureysi - N N N N-t N BP

Lepidion capensis ● ● ✓ N-s

Physiculus capensis ● ● ✓ N N BP

Tripterophycis gilchristi ● ● ✓ N N-s N BP

Macrouridae

✗Bathygadus favosus - ✓ EA BP, 770-2745 m

B. melanobranchus N11/ EA ✓ BP, 450-2600 m

Caelorinchus acanthiger ● ● N N BP

C. braueri ● ● N N-c, s N BP, 400-620 m

C. karrerae ● ● ● N-c12/ BP

C. matamua ● ● ✓13/N N-s13/ BP, 450-1 000 m

C. coelorhincus polli N N N N N BP, 155-274 m

C. simorynchus30/

- ● ✓ N N-c N BP, 73-1 086 m

Cetonurus globiceps31/

BP, 860-4 621 m

Coryphaenoides mamillani31/

BP, 950-1 400 m

Hymenocephalus italicus - An ● N-n N BP, 500-1 150 m

Kuronezumia leonis ● ● N N BP, 161-631 m

Lucigadius ori31/

BP, 120-1 153

Malacocephalus laevis N EA EA N N-s N BP, 200-1 000 m

M. occidentalis An ● ● N-n N BP, 200-600 m

✗Nezumia aequalis An An ● N-n BP, 200-1 000 m

✗N. africana - An14/● N-s14/ BP, 600-700 m

✗N. brevibarbatus ● ● ✓ N-t BP, 549- 1 737 m

N. micronychodon - An N N BP, 366-1400 m

N. milleri - N N N N BP, 366-412

Trachyrincus scabrus15/

✓ ● ✓ N N-c N BP, 395-1 495 m



OPHIDIIFORMES

Ophidiidae

✗Brotula barbata An An N16/ B

Dicrolene intronigra ● EA N N-c B, 200-1 800 m

✗D. pallidus ● N N B, 2772-2992 m

Genypterus capensis ● N WB N-c N B, 200-800 m

Lamprogrammus exutus ● N-n WB N N-nc N B, 260-700 m

✗Porogadus miles ● ● EA B, 1000-2000 m

Selachophidium guentheri ● N N N N-c N B, 350-655

Spectrunculus grandis ● N N B, 800-4255 m

BATRACHOIDIFORMES

Batrachoididae

Chatrabus melanurus N-n17/WB

17/N N N-t17/

N B, 120-250 m

Perulibatrachus elminensis N WB N-c, n B

P. rossignoli An An N N B

LOPHIIFORMES

Lophiidae

✗Lophius budegassa ✓ ✓ ● N-n B, s-650 m

L. vaillanti32/ ✓ ✓ ● N-n B, 200-700 m

L. vomerinus - ● EA N N B, 170-310 m

✗Ogcocephalidae

✗Dibranchus atlanticus - N ● N N-n B, 300-1100 m

✗Halieuteus hirsuta ● ● ● N-s B

✗Antennariidae

✗ Antennarius striatus - ETA EA B, 25-50 m

✗Histrio histrio - ETA EA-s P

✗Chaunacidae

✗Chaunax pictus ● ETA EA N N-s B

✗Melanocetidae

✗Melanocetus johnsoni ● ✓ EA N N-n M, 500-1500 m

✗Himantolophidae

✗Himantolophus groenlandicus ● ✓ ✓ N-s M

✗Diceratiidae

✗Phrynichthys wedli ● N N-c, n N N-t N M, BP

✗Ceratiidae

✗Ceratias holboelli ● ✓ ✓ N M

✗Cryptopsaras couesii ● ✓ ✓ N-s M, PB

✗Caulophrynidae



✗Caulophryne polynema ● ✓ ● N-s PB

✗GOBIESOCIFORMES

✗Gobiesocidae

✗Chorisochismus dentex ● ✓ N B

ATHERINIFORMES

Atherinidae

Atherina breviceps ● ● N-s N n

BELONIFORMES

Exocoetidae

Exocoetus volitans ✓ ETA ✓ E

Hirundichthys rondeletii ✓ ETA-s ✓ E

Scomberesocidae

Nanichthys simulans N ETA-s ✓ E

Scomberesox saurus scombroides N ETA-s ✓ N N-c N E

LAMPRIFORMES

Lampridae

Lampris guttatus N N ✓ M, 100-400 m

Ateleopodidae

Guentherus altivela - ETA N N-c N B, 200-700 m

Ijimaia loppei - ETA N-n N-n N B, 200-700 m

Trachipteridae

Trachipterus trachypterus ● ETA EA N N-c18/N M

Zu cristatus ● ● ✓ N M

✗Regalecidae

✗Regalecus glesne ● ETA ✓ M

BERYCIFORMES

Berycidae

Beryx splendens ✓ ✓ ✓ N N-t N B, 200-600 m

Diretmidae

Diretmoides parini - EA-s EA-s P, s-2000 m

Trachichthyidae

Gephyroberyx darwini (N) ✓ ✓ P, 50-500 m

Hoplostethus atlanticus ● N-c, s N-c, s N-c, s P, 180-1500 m

H. cadenati ✓ ✓ EA N-n, c N P, 200-800 m

H. mediterraneus N ✓ N N N N P, 200-1000 m

H. melanopus ● ● N N N P, 400-900 m

✗Anoplogasteridae

✗Anoplogaster cornuta ● ETA EA M, PB, 50-2000 m

✗Melamphaidae

✗Melamphaes eulepis ● ✓ EA-s PB



✗M. Hubbsi ● EA-s ● PB

✗M. simus ● EA-s EA PB

CETOMIMIFORMES

✗Barbourisiidae

✗Barbourisia rufa ● ✓ EA N N-s N M,PB,BP, 300-2000 m

ZEIFORMES

Zeidae

✗Cyttopsis roseus - ETA An M

✗Cyttus traversi ● ● ✓ N-s B, 360-460 m

Zenopsis conchifer N ETA N-c, s N-n N M

Zeus capensis ● ● ✓ N N-s N B, 35-200 m

Z. faber N ETA EA N N N M

✗Grammicolepididae

✗Xenolepidichthys dalgleishi ● ✓ N-c, s BP, 200-400 m

Oreosomatidae

Allocyttus verrucosus ● EA-s N-c, s N N-t N BP, 500-1628 m

Neocyttus rhomboidalis ● WB WB N-c BP, 400-900 m

Pseudocyttus maculatus WB WB BP, 400-1158 m

✗Caproidae

✗Antigonia capros ● ETA ● B, 50-400 m

SYNGNATHIFORMES

✗Syngnathidae

✗Syngnathus acus ● EA-s N N n

✗Fistulariidae

✗Fistularia petimba ✓ An WB n

Macroramphosidae

Macroramphosus scolopax N ✓ ✓ B

Notopogon macrosolen ● ● ✓ N N-s N B

SCORPAENIFORMES

Congiopodidae

Congiopodus spinifer ● ● WB N N B

C. torvus ● ● N N-s B

Scorpaenidae

Ectreposebastes imus - ✓ - N N BP, 500-850 m

Helicolenus dactylopterus - ✓ WB N N-c N B

Neomerinthe folgori - ✓ N B

Pontinus leda - N N N-n B, 100-400 m

Scorpaena elongata - N ● N-n B, 100-600 m

Setarches guentheri - EA-s ✓ B, 200-700 m



Trachyscorpia capensis ● ● ✓ N-s B, 450-1025 m

Triglidae

Chelidonichthys capensis N WB N N-c N B

✗C. lastoviza N ETA ● B, 25-150 m

C. queketti - ● ✓ N N B, s-150 m

Trigla lyra N ETA WB N N-n, c N B, 30-400 m

✗Peristediidae

✗Peristedium cataphractum ● An ● N B, 70-600 m

✗Psychrolutidae

✗Ebinania costaecanarie ● EA-s N N N-c B, 318-600 m

✗Liparididae

✗Careproctus griseldea ● ● N-s N-c, s B, 600-615

✗Paraliparis australis ● ● WB B, 300-570 m

✗P. wilsoni ● ✓ N B, 900-1134 m

PERCIFORMES

✗Howellidae19/

✗Howella sherboni ● N ✓ N-s 500-900 m

Acropomatidae

Synagrops microlepis ● An WB N N-c N PB, 50-450 m

Polyprionidae

Polyprion americanus An An EA N N B, 40-350 m

Serranidae

Acanthistius sebastoides - ● N B, 1-20 m

Anthias anthias ✓ ETA ● N N-n B, s -300 m

Epinephelus marginatus ●

20/● ● B, s-50 m

Serranus cabrilla An An EA N-n Β, s-160 m

✗Callanthidae

✗Callanthias legras ● ● ✓ N N B

Epigonidae

Epigonus constanciae ● ✓ N N-n B, 200-600 m

E. denticulatus ● EA WB N-c N B, 200-830 m

E. pandionis ● N, n EA-s N N BP, 260-450 m

E. robustus ● ● ✓(SA-w) B, 800-1200 m

E. telescopus ● ✓ WB N N-c BP, 75-1200 m

Pomatomidae

Pomatomus saltatrix N EA EA N N P, 2-200 m

Rachycentridae

Rachycentron canadum N ETA EA P

✗Echeneidae

✗Remora brachyptera - EA EA N



Carangidae

Chloroscombrus chrysurus N An WB P

Decapterus punctatus N ETA-s WB P, BP, s-100 m

✗D. rhonchus An ● ● N

Lichia amia N EA EA P, s-50 m

✗Naucrates ductor An An ✓ N-n P

✗Pseudocaranx dentex ✓ EA-s EA BP

Selene dorsalis N-n EA N-n BP, s-60 m

Seriola lalandi SA EA-s ✓ BP

Trachurus capensis N EA-s ● N N P

✗T. trachurus21/

✓ ✓ EA N-c P

T. trecae ✓ An ● N BP

Coryphaenidae

Coryphaena equiselis N ✓ ✓ E

C. hippurus N EA EA-s E

Bramidae

Brama brama N✓ EA N-s N-s N M, s-400

✗Brama dussumieri - EA-s ● P

Taractes rubescens - EA ● N N-n, c N M, s-300 m

Taractichthys longipinnis N N N-n,c N P

✗Caristiidae

✗Caristius groenlandicus ● ✓ N-s N-s22/ P, 100-200 m

Emmelichthyidae

Emmelichthys nitidus nitidus - ● ✓(SA-n) N N-s N BP, 100-500 m

Haemulidae

✗Plectorhinchus mediterraneus An An ● N B, s-100 m

Pomadasys jubelini An An N-n N N, s-100 m

P. olivaceum ● ● ✓ N n

✗Lobotidae

✗Lobotes surinamensis ✓ ✓ ✓ n

Sparidae

Chrysoblephus laticeps ● ● ✓ N N B, s-100 m

Dentex barnardi An An An N BP, 40-100 m

D. macrophthalmus N N WB N N-n N BP, 30 -500 m

✗Diplodus cervinus cervinus N EA-s ● BP, 30-300 m

D. sargus capensis N EA-s N N N BP, s-50 m

✗D. vulgaris N EA-s ● BP, s-160 m

Lithognathus aureti - N N N N BP

L. lithognathus N

L. mormyrus N ETA-s N N N BP, s-150 m



✗L. olivieri - N ●

Pachymetopon blochii N N N N B, s

Pagrus auriga An An ● N BP, s-170 m

Pterogymnus laniarius ● ● ✓ N BP, 20-140 m

Rhabdosargus globiceps N N N N BP, s-100 m

Sarpa salpa N N N BP, s-70 m

Spondyliosoma cantharus An An ● N N BP, s-300 m

Sciaenidae

Argyrosomus coronus33/

A. inodorus33/

N N N N N-n N B, 15-150 m

Atractoscion aequidens N ETA-s An N N P, 15-200 m

Pteroscion peli An An ● N BP, s-200 m

Umbrina canariensis An An EA-s N N B, s-300 m

✗ U. ronchus An An EA-s B, 20-200 m

Dichistiidae

Dichistius capensis ● ● N B

✗Chaetodontidae

✗Chaetodon hoefleri An An ●

Cheilodactylidae

Cheilodactylus fasciatus ● ● N N B, s-25 m

Chirodactylus brachydactylus ● ● N, c-s B, s-240 m

C. grandis ● ● N, c-s B, 20-150 m

Mugilidae

Liza dumerili N EA-s N n

L. richardsonii N ● N N n

Mugil cephalus N EA EA n

Sphyraenidae

Sphyraena afra N N N P, s-75 m

✗Zoarcidae

✗Lycodes atlanticus34/

● N ✓ N N-c B, 630-1 920 m

✗Chiasmodontidae

✗Kali macrodon ● EA-s ✓ PB, >1500 m

✗K. inidica ● EA-s ✓ PB, >1500 m

✗K. parri ● EA-s ✓ PB, >1500 m

✗Uranoscopidae

✗Pleuroscopus pseudodorsalis ● ● ✓ N-s B

✗Percophididae

✗Bembrops heterurus An An ● N B, 50-400 m

✗Blenniidae



✗Parablennius cornutus ● ● N N B

✗P. pilicornis - N N B, 0,5-25 m

✗Scartella emarginata - ● N B

Ammodytidae

Gymnammodytes capensis ● ✓ N B

Callionymidae

Paracallionymus costatus ● N-s N-s N N-s N B

Gobiidae

✗Caffrogobius nudiceps - N N-c, s B

✗C. saldanha - N ✓ B, s-7 m

✗Lesuerigobius koumansi - N ● B, 50-135 m

✗L. sanzoi - N ● N-n B, 47-117 m

Sufflogobius bibarbatus - N ✓ N N-c23/N B, s-340 m

✗Clinidae

✗Blennioclinus brachycephalus ● ● N-s B, s

✗Blennophis anguillaris ● ● N-s N B, s

✗Clinus acuminatus ● ● N-s N B, s

✗C. agilis ● ● N-c, s N B, s

✗C. heterodon ● ● N-c B, s

✗C. rotundifrons ● ● N, s B, s

✗C. superciliosus ● ● N N B, s

✗C. taurus ● ● N N B, s

✗C. venustris ● ● B, s

✗Muraenoclinus dorsalis ● ● N-s B, s

✗Pavoclinus pavo ● ● N-s B, s

✗Luvaridae

✗Luvarus imperialis ● EA EA E

✗Scombrolabracidae

✗Scombrolabrax heterolepis ● EA ✓ M, 100-900 m

Gempylidae

Diplospinus multistriatus - ETA N M, 100-1000 m

Gempylus serpens - ETA EA E, M, s-200 m

Lepidocybium flavobrunneum N An EA P, s-200 m

Nealotus tripes - ETA ● E, M, s-600 m

Nesiarchus nasutus - ETA ● BP, 200-1200 m

Paradiplospinus gracilis - N N N N-t N BP, 368-626 m

Promethichthys prometheus N ETA-s ● BP, 100-750 m

Ruvettus pretiosus N ETA-s ● N-s N BP, 100-700 m



Thyrsites atun N An EA-s N-s N BP, n

Trichiuridae

Aphanopus microphthalmus - ● ✓ BP, 810-1020 m

A. mikhailini - N N BP, 1035-2000 m

Benthodesmus tenuis - An ● BP, 200-850 m

Lepidopus caudatus N EA-s EA N-n, c N BP, s-400 m

Trichiurus lepturus N EA EA N-n N BP, s-350 m

Scombridae

Allothunnus fallai ● ● WB E

Katsuwonus pelamis N ETA EA E

Sarda sarda N N N, n N E, n

Scomber japonicus An ✓ EA N N-t N E, BP, 250-300 m

Thunnus alalunga N ETA EA E

T. albacares N ETA EA N E

T. obesus N ETA EA E

Xiphiidae

Xiphias gladius N ETA N E

Istiophoridae

Istiophorus platypterus24/

N ETA EA E

Makaira nigricans N ETA EA E

Tetrapturus albidus N ETA EA E

T. pfluegeri N ETA EA E

Centrolophidae

Centrolophus niger ✓ EA EA N N-c N E, M

Hyperoglyphe moselii N EA-s EA-s N-t25/N M, >270 m

Schedophilus huttoni - EA N N N-s N M

S. pemarco An An EA-s BP, 100-500 m

S. velaini (=S. ovalis) ✓ EA ✓ N-s, c26/ E

Nomeidae

Cubiceps baxteri - EA EA E, M

C. caeruleus ● ● EA-s N-s27/N

C. capensis - ✓ EA E, M

C. pauciradiatus - EA EA P

Psenes arafurensis - EA EA P

P. pellucidus - N ✓ N-c P, M, B

✗Ariommidae

✗Ariomma melanum An An An BP, 200-600 m

Stromateidae

Stromateus fiatola N EA EA N N-n P, n, 10-70 m

Tetragonuridae

Tetragonurus atlanticus - EA EA N P, s-800 m



T. cuvieri - EA EA N N-s, c N P, s-800 m

PLEURONECTIFORMES

✗Citharidae

✗Citharus linguatula An ETA ● B

Bothidae

Arnoglossus capensis An An N N-n B, s-200 m

A. imperialis N An ● N B, 15-350 m

Chascanopsetta lugubris N An ✓ N-n M, 200-400 m

Monolene microstoma ✓ ✓ ● N M, 235-650 m

Syacium micrurum An An WB E, n 25-200 m

Soleidae

Austroglossus microlepis ● N-c, n N N N-c N M, 100-400 m

A. pectoralis ● N-c n ● N-n M, 100-400 m

Dicologoglossa cuneata N An N N N-n N B, n, 30-460 m

Heteromycteris capensis ● ● N, c-s B, 1-25 m

H. proboscideus - N-n ● n, 5-37 m

Monochirus luteus - ● N N-n28/ B, 10-80 m

Cynoglossidae

Cynoglossus capensis ● ● N N-s N B

C. zanzibarensis ● ● SA-w N B

Symphurus normani - N ● N-n B, 55-80 m

TETRAODONTIFORMES

✗Balistidae

✗Rhinecanthus aculeatus ● EA ✓ B, s-50 m

✗Ostraciidae

✗Lactoria diaphana ● ● ✓ N P

Tetraodontidae

Lagocephalus lagocephalus - EA WB P

L. laevigatus An An ● P

✗Sphoeroides pachygaster - EA EA P, 100-400 m

✗Diodontidae

✗Chilomycterus reticulatus - ETA EA N n, s-60 m

✗Diodon holocanthus - ETA EA E

✗D. hystrix - ETA EA E

✗Molidae

✗Mola mola - EA EA N E

1/ Listed as Mystrophis crosnieri.2/ Whitehead and Wongratana (1986) report this species from Namibia, but later, Whitehead, Nelsen andWongratana (1988) list this species from only the western Pacific; this species is also sometimes listed fromNamibia as Engraulis encrasicolus.3/ Listed as Argyropelecus lynchus lynchus.


4/ Listed as Astronosthes filiter.5/ Listed as Opostomias gibsonpacei.6/ Chlorophthalmus atlanticus is a junior synonym of C. agassizi.7/ Listed as part of the species complex of C. Agassizi.8/ Listed as Macroparalepis macrogelium.9/ Sometimes listed in family Sudidae.10/ Listed as Brosmiculus imberbis.11/ Reported from Namibia in Cohen et al., 1990.12/ Listed as Coelorhynchus areu.13/ Listed as Mahia matamua.14/ Listed as Ventrifossa africana.15/ According to Cohen et al. (1990) this species does not occur in Namibia although other sources report itdoes; further study is needed.16/ Not treated but states that Karrer, 1973 reports specimens of this species from Namibia.18/ Listed as Trachipterus jacksonensis.17/ Listed as Chatrabus melanurus.19/ The genus Howella is sometimes listed in the Percichthyidae and Acropomatidae and its family place-ment is uncertain.20/ Heemstra and Randall (1993) list this species from the coast of Namibia.21/ Smith-Vaniz (1992, personal communication) does not believe Trachurus capensis is a valid species butadmits that an adequate series of this species along the coast of Africa are not available.22/ Listed as Platyberyx groenlandicus.23/ Listed as Nematogobius bibarbatus.24/ Listed as Istiophorus albicans.25/ Listed as Hyperoglyphe mathewesi.26/ Listed as Schedophilus medusophagus.27/ Listed as Cubiceps gracilis which is not supposed to occur south of about 20oN.28/ Listed as Buglossidium luteum.29/ Record based on personal communication from P.A. Hulley.30/ Previously listed as Coelorinchus fasciatus.31/ Record from Iwamoto and Anderson, 1994.32/ Leslie and Grant, 1991.33/ Griffiths and Heemstra (1995). Argyrosomus inodrus previously reported as A. hololepidotus.34/ Previously reported as Lycodes agulhensis.


Marine Mammals

TAXA Strandings SightingsAccidental

catch

Previous

Whaling

CETACEA

MYSTICETI

Balaenidae

Eubalaena australis N N N

Neobalaenidae

Caperea marginata N

Balaenopteridae

Balaenoptera acutorostrata N N

B. borealis (N)

B. edeni (N)

B. musculus N

B. physalus N

Megaptera novaeangliae N N N

ODONTOCETI

Physeteridae

Physeter catodon N N

Kogiidae

Kogia breviceps N

K.simus (N)

Hyperodon planifrons (N)

Ziphiidae

Berardius arnuxii (N)

Ziphius cavirostris N

Mesoplodon grayi N

M. layardii N

M. hectori (N)

M. densirostris N

Delphinidae

Orcinus orca N

Globicephala melas N

Pseudorca crassidens N

Feresa attenuata N

Peponocephala electra N

Steno bredanensis N

Lagenorhynchus obscurus N N

Grampus griseus N

Tursiops truncatus N N

Stenella coeruleoalba (N)

Delphinus delphis N N

236 Checklist of Marine Mammals

TAXA Strandings SightingsAccidental

catch

Previous

Whaling

Lissodelphis peronii N

Cephalorhynchus heavisidii N N N

PINNIPEDIA

Otariidae

Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus N N

A. tropicales N

Phocidae

Mirounga leonina N

M. leonina N

Hydrurga leptonyx N


INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC AND VERNACULAR NAMES

Explanation of the System

Italics : Valid scientific names (genera and species) of species in the area.

Italics : Synonyms (genera and species) and valid species outside the area.

ROMAN : Family names.

ROMAN : Names of groups, classes, orders, suborders, and subfamilies.

Roman : FAO and vernacular names.

Note: The “Checklist of Fishes and Marine Mammals” is not indexed

238 Field Guide to the Living Marine Resources of Namibia

A

Abadèche boulotte. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Abadèche de Günther . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Abadèche doigts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Abadèche du Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Abadèche sans jambes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Abraliopsis atlantica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Abraliopsis gilchristi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Abraliopsis hoylei pfefferi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Abuete cajeta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Abuete negro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46abyssicola, Bathyteuthis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Acanthephyra acanthitelsonis . . . . . . . . . . . . 32acanthias, Squalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86acanthiger, Caelorinchus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149Acanthistius sebastoides . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165acanthitelsonis, Acanthephyra . . . . . . . . . . 32Acanthocarpus brevispinis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42acanthonotus, Plesionika. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Acedia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Acedia trompuda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194ACROPOMATIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 128, 164aculeata, Squatina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88acus, Syngnathus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126acutorostrata, Balaenoptera . . . . . . . . . . . 208Adlerrochen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Aeodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Aeodes orbitosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24aequidens, Atractoscion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177aequinoctialis, Procellaria . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Afkykvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168afra, Sphyraena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179African barrelfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188African matchbox crab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46African moonfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168African mud shrimp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 30African penguin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200African sawtail catshark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78African sawtail catshark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3African softnose skate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93African spider shrimp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32African spoon-nose eel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141African weakfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177africana, Alepheopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29africana, Macropetasma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31africana, Paralomis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40africana, Solenocera . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 27, 30africanus, Hydrolagus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101africanus, Nematocarcinus . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Afrikanische Languste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Afrikanischer Adlerrochen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Afrikanischer Pferdekopf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168Afrikanischer Umberfisch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177agassizi, Chlorophthalmus . . . . . . . . . . . . 145agassizi, Opisthoteuthis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57agax, Sardinops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Aguila marina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Aguja azul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Aguja blanca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Aguja picuda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188agulhasensis, Merhippolyte . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Aigle commun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Aigle vachette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Aiguillat commun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Aiguillat coq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Aiguillat épinette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Aiguillat noir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Aiguiullat nez court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87alalunga, Thunnus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186ALARIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25alba, Raja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94albacares, Thunus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186Albacore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186Albakoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186albescens, Bassanago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142albidus, Tetrapterus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187ALBULIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 110, 141ALBULIFORMES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110ALEPISAURIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 116Alepisaurus ferox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116ALEPOCEPHALIDAE. . . . . . . . . . . 14, 113, 144Alepocephalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113alessandrinii, Ancistrocheirus . . . . . . . . . . . 52Alfonsino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162, 172Alfonsino besugo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Alfonsinos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124Alistado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Alitán de manchas amarillas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Alitán obscuro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Allacha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Allache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Alligatorhai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Allocyttus verrucosus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160Alloposid Squids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58ALLOPOSIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 12, 58Allothunnus fallai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184Alopias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Alopias superciliosus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73, 78Alopias vulpinus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78ALOPIIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 73, 78ALPHEIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 29Alpheopsis africana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Alpheus macrocheles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29altavela, Gymnura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91, 99altivela, Guentherus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Amberjacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130americanus, Polyprion . . . . . . . . . . . 128, 164Amerikanischer Petersfisch . . . . . . . . . . . . 159amia, Lichia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168AMMODYTIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 135, 180Ancestro negro. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Anchoa de Africa austral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Anchois de l’Afrique australe . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Anchova de banco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Anchovie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112Ancistrocheirus alessandrinii . . . . . . . . . . . 52ancistrota, Merhippolyte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Andorrève du Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171andresi, Periclimenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Ange de mer epineux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Ange de mer ocellé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Angel sharks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Angelfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170Angelote espinudo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Angelvis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170Anglerfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119, 128Anglette africaine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Index of Scientific and Vernacular Names 239

INDEX

Anglette commune . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Angola flying squid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66angolensis, Inachus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41angolensis, Todarodes sagittatus . . . . . . . 49, 66ANGUILLIFORMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111anguineus, Chlamydoselachus . . . . . . . . . . 77annulatus, Rhinobatos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Anoli serpent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145ANOMURA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Anoplogaster cornuta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124ANOPLOGASTERIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 124antarctica, Catharacta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206ANTENNARIIDAE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 120Antennarius striatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120Anthias anthias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165anthias, Anthias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Antigonia capros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126Antimora rostrata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148Aphanopus microphthalmus . . . . . . . . . . . 183Aphanopus mikhailini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183Apristurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73aquila, Myliobatis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99arafurensis, Psenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190Araignée européenne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45ARCHITEUTHIDAE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 53Architeuthis (dux) sanctipauli . . . . . . . . . . . 53Arctic skua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206arcticus, Sergestes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus . . . . . . 211 - 212Arctocephalus tropicalis . . . . . . . . . . 211 - 212Arendrog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99argenteus, Phosichthys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114ARGENTINIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Argenvill’s limpet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48argenvillei, Patella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Argonauta nodosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Argonauta sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58ARGONAUTIDAE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 58Argonauts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Argyropelecus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114Argyrosomus coronus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176Argyrosomus hololepidotus . . . . . . . . . . . . 176Argyrosomus inodorus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176ARIIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 112, 144Ariomma melanum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138ARIOMMATIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 138Ariommatids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138Aristeid shrimps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27ARISTEIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 27, 30 - 31Aristeomorpha foliacea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Aristeus varidens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 30Arius latiscutatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112, 144Arktiese roofmeeu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205armata, Galiteuthis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56armatus, Sergestes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Armoured searobins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Armoured shrimps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Arms Squids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Arnoglosse du Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Arnoglosse impérial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192Arnoglossus blachei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192Arnoglossus capensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192Arnoglossus imperialis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192arrosor, Dardanus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Arrowhead dogfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84asperrimus, Neolithodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Astronesthes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115ASTRONESTHIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 115Atéleopode de Loppe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Atéleopode grande negeoire . . . . . . . . . . . . 157ATELEOPODIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 123, 157Ateleopodids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Atherina breviceps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122, 154Athérine du Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154ATHERINIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122, 154ATHERINIFORMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122Atlantic bonito . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Atlantic bumper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Atlantic electric ray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Atlantic pomfret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170Atlantic saury. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Atlantic spotted grunter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Atlantic weasel shark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81atlantica, Abraliopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52atlantica, Leachia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56atlantica, Nephropsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38atlantica, Rhinochimaera . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102atlanticus, Chlorophthalmus . . . . . . . . . . . 145atlanticus, Hoplostethus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158atlanticus, Lycodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134atlanticus, Tetragonurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Atlantiese bonito . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Atlantiese drilvis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Atlantiese gespikkelde knorder . . . . . . . . . . 171Atlantiese stamper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Atlantiese weselhaai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Atlantische rote Riesengarnele . . . . . . . . . . . 31Atlantischer Makrelenhecht. . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Atlantischer Sägebauch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158Atlantischer Wrackbarsch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Atractoscion aequidens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177Atun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183Atún blanco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186Atún lanzón. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184atun, Thyrsites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 183AULOPIFORMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116aureti, Lithognathus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173auriga, Pagrus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174aurita, Sardinella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142australis, Callianassa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36australis, Lampanyctus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146australis, Macropipus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43australis, Sepia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 59Australis, Eubalaena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208Australische . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168Austroglossus microlepis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Austroglossus pectoralis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Austrorossia enigmatica, Rossia . . . . . . . . . 51Axiid lobsters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36AXIIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

B

Baardman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177Backwater butterflyray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Bagre barba blanca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144Bagre de Gambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144Bajacalifornia megalops . . . . . . . . . . 113, 144balaenarum, Sterna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199


BALAENIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Balaenoptera acutorostrata. . . . . . . . . . . . 208Balaenoptera physalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207BALAENOPTERIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 - 208Balaou atlantique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Balaou nain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Baleen whales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206, 207Baleine á bosse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208Baleine australe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Baleine pygmée . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207BALISTIDAE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 140Ballena franca austral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Ballena franca pigmea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Bambou de mer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Bambú de mar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Banane gisu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Bandrochen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94BANGIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Bank cormorant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199, 204Bank steenbras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Banksteenbras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178banski, Onychoteuthis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Barbel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144Barbier hirondelle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Barbillon blanc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144Barbourisia rufa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125BARBOURISIIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 125Barnard’s dentex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172barnardi, Calocaris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36barnardi, Dentex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172barnardi, Raja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Barracudas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133Barracudinas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116Barrelfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138Barrinaire del Cabo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180bartrami, Ommastrephes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65basi, Dorynchus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Basking sharks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Bassanago albescens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Bastardmakrele . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Batfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120Bathygadus melanobranchus . . . . . . . . . . . 149BATHYLAGIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 113Bathylagus glacialis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Bathynectes piperitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43, 46Bathypolypus valdiviae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Bathyraja smithii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93BATHYTEUTHIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 54Bathyteuthis abyssicola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Bathyuroconger vicinus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142BATOID FISHES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89BATRACHOIDIDAE. . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 119, 153BATRACHOIDIFORMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128Bauchstreifiger Bonito . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Baudroie africaine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Baudroie du Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Bearded goby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200Bécasse de mer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Bécasse de mer tacheté . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Bécune guinéenne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179bellmarleyi, Metacrangon jacqueti . . . . . . . . 29belloci, Pterothrissus . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 110, 141BELONIFORMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122Bembrops heterurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Benguela hake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 147benguela, Munida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Benguela-Seehecht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Benthoctopus sp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58bergii, Sterna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199BERYCIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 124, 157BERYCIFORMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124Béryx long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Beryx splendens . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157, 162, 172Beskilderde-akkedisvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Beukelaar dorie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159bibarbatus, Sufflogobius . . . . . . . . . 2, 180, 200bicornis, Exodromidia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Biethai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Bigeye slickhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144Bigeye squaretail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Bigeye tuna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186Bigscale pomfret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Bigscales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124Bigthorn skate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Bindenbrasse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Birdbeak dogfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Biscuit skate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97BIVALVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47BIVALVES AND GASTROPODS . . . . . . . . . . 10Blaasop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195blachei, Arnoglossus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192Black butterfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188Black dogfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Black fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188Black gemfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Black mackerel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136Black Mussel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Black octopus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Black oreo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160Black ruff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188Black seabream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176Black slimehead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158Black snake mackerel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Blackbelly rosefish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 162Black-browed albatross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200Blackchins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Blackfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138Blacktail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Blackwing flyingfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155blainvillei, Squalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Blainvilles Dornhai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Blancmange skate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Blaubarsch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Blauer Marlin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Blaufisch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Blauhai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Blaumaul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162BLENNIIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 135Blennies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135blochii, Pachymetopon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174blochii, Rhinobatos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Blou bottervis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Blou marlyn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Blou pylstert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Bloubekmalmok . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200Blouhaai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Blue butterfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Blue marlin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187


INDEX

Blue shark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Blue stingray. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Blue whale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Bluefish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129, 167Bluntnose guitarfish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Bluntnose lizardfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Bluntnose sixgill shark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Bluntnose spiny dogfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87boa boa, Stomias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115boa, Stomias boa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Boarfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126Bobtailed Squids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Boe drum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177Boe-Umberfisch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177Boggel-platannavis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Bogue lanternfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146Bombache boé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177Bonefishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110Bonite à dos rayé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Bonite à ventre rayé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Bonito . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Bonito atlantico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Bonitos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137BONY FISHES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13boops, Symbolophorus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146BOTHIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 139, 191 - 192Bottersnoek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184Bottlenose dolphin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210Bouquet flàque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33bouvieri, Parapagurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40bovinus, Pteromylaeus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Box crabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Braamhaai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88BRACHIOTEUTHIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 55, 64Brachioteuthis picta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55, 64Brachsenmakrele . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170brachydactylus, Chirodactylus . . . . . . . . . . 178brachyptera, Remora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129BRACHYURA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41brachyurus, Carcharhinus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81brachyurus, Etmopterus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Brama brama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170brama, Brama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170Bramble shark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Bramble sharks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75BRAMIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 130, 170 - 171Braquiluria moteada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64braueri, Caelorinchus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149Brauner Zachenbarsch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165breviceps, Atherina . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122, 154brevirostris, Gennadas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27brevispinis, Acanthocarpus . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Bristlemouths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114Broadbanded lanternshark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Broadnose sevengill shark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Broadtail shortfin squid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Brotulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119Brown chimaera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Brown mussel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Brown ray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96brucus, Echinorhinus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75, 88Bruinroofmeeu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205Bruja terciopelo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Buckler dory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

budegassa, Lophius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Bull ray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Bullet cuttlefish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Bulrog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Butterfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Butterfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138Butterflyfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133Butterflyrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Buttersnoek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

C

Caballa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Cabellera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Cabezudo de barbas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Cabrilla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165cabrilla, Serranus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Cachalot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208Cachalote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208Cachucho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172Cacique erizado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Cacique hérisson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Cacique liso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Cacique lisse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161cadenati, Coloconger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111cadenti, Hoplostethus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158caelorhincus, Caelorhincus polli . . . . . . . . 149Caelorinchus acanthiger . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149Caelorinchus braueri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149Caelorinchus caelorhincus polli . . . . . . . . . 149Caelorinchus karrerae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149Caelorinchus matamua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150Caelorinchus simorhynchus . . . . . . . . . . . 150caeruleus, Cubiceps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190Caguama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Calamar dedal de Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Calamar del Cabo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Calapa espinuda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Calappa pelii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45CALAPPIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 42, 45calcea, Deania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 84Calderón comun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209CALLANTHIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 129Callianassa australis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36CALLIANASSIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 36CALLIONYMIDAE. . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 135, 180CALLORHINCHIDAE . . . . . . . . . . 13, 100 - 101Callorhinchus capensis . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 101Calmar doigtier de Guinée . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Calmar du Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Calocaris barnardi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Calonectris diomedea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202Calostacus longispinis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Camarón araña africano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Camarón de altura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Camarón de oro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Camarón nadador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Camarón rayado menor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Camerón canguro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Camerón de casco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Camerón verde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Camrón de poza. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Cañabota bocadulce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Cañabota gata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Cañabota gris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76


canadum, Rachycentron . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167canariensis, Umbrina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177Canary drum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177Cangullo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171cantharus, Spondyliosoma . . . . . . . . . . . . 176Cape anchovy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 143Cape bonnetmouth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Cape chimaera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Cape cormorant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199, 203Cape dory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 159Cape dragonet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Cape elephantfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Cape flounder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191cape fur seal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212Cape gannet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199, 203Cape gannets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Cape gurnard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 163Cape hagfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Cape hake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 3, 147Cape hen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Cape Hope squid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Cape horse mackerel. . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 145, 169Cape jagged lobster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Cape John dory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159Cape laver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Cape monk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Cape numbfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Cape petrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Cape pigeon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Cape rock lobster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35, 37Cape rockfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Cape salmon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177Cape sandlance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Cape scaldfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Cape scorpionfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Cape silverside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Cape sole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194capense, Daption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201capensis, Arnoglossus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191capensis, Callorhinchus . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 101capensis, Chelidonichthys . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 163capensis, Cubiceps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190capensis, Cynoglossus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194capensis, Dichistius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178capensis, Diplodus sargus . . . . . . . . . . . . 173capensis, Engraulis . . . . . . . . . 3, 112, 143, 203capensis, Gamnammodytes . . . . . . . . . . . . 135capensis, Genypterus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 152capensis, Gymnammodytes . . . . . . . . . . . . 180capensis, Heteromycteris . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194capensis, Lepidion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148capensis, Merluccius . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 5, 7, 147capensis, Morus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199, 203capensis, Myxine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69capensis, Narke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92capensis, Phalacrocorax . . . . . . . . . . 199, 203capensis, Physiculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148capensis, Porphyra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24capensis, Scyliorhinus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79capensis, Trachurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 169capensis, Trachyscorpia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163capensis, Xiphiurus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152capensis, Zeus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 159Caperea marginata. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

CAPROIDAE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 126capros, Antigonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126CARANGIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 130, 167 - 169carbo, Phalacrocorax . . . . . . . . . . . . 199, 204CARCHARHINIDAE . . . . . . . . . . 12, 74, 81 - 82CARCHARHINIFORMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Carcharhinus brachyurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Carcharhinus signatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Carcharias taurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72, 77carcharias, Carcharodon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Carcharodon carcharias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Cardenal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Caretta caretta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197caretta, Caretta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197CARIDEA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Caridean Shrimps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28carinata, Plesionika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29CARISTIIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 131Caristius groenlandicus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131caroli, Neorissa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Casabe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Cáscara amarilla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Castagnole fauchoir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Castagnole sombre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170Castanette bicolore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Castanette des bancs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Castanette léopard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Catfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112Catharacta antarctica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205catodon, Physeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208Catsharks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73caudaspinosa, Raja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94caudatus, Lepidopus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 184Caulophryne polynema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121CAULOPHRYNIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 121Caulophrynids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121cauta, Diomedea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200Cazón. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Centolla áspera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Centolla europea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Centolla feroz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44centrina, Oxynotus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75, 88Centrine du Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Centrolophe noir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188CENTROLOPHIDAE . . . . . . . . 19, 138, 188 - 189Centrolophus niger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188CENTROPHORIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . 75, 82-85Centrophorus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Centrophorus granulosus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Centrophorus squamosus . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 83Centrophorus uyato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Centroscyllium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Centroscyllium fabricii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Centroscymnus coelolepis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Centroscymnus crepidater . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84cepedianus, Notorynchus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76CEPHALOPODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 49Cephalorhynchus heavisidii . . . . . . . . . . . 211cephalus, Mugil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Ceratias holboelli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121CERATIIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 121Cerdo marino del Cabo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Cernier commun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Cetacea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206


INDEX

Céteau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Céteau trompue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194CETOMIMIFORMES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125CETORHINIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 73Cetorhinus maximus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Chacarona sureña . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172chacei, Hymenopenaeus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Chaceon chuni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Chaceon maritae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 45Chaetodon hoefleri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133CHAETODONTIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 133, 178Channel flounder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192Chascanopsetta lugubris . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192Chatabrus damaranus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Chatrabus melanurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153CHAULIODONTIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 115Chauliodus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115CHAUNACIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 120Chaunax pictus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120CHEILODACTYLIDAE . . . . . . . . . . 19, 133, 178Cheilodactylus fasciatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Chelidonichthys capensis . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 163Chelidonichthys queketti . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Chelonia mydas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197CHELONIIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 - 198Cherna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164CHIASMODONTIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 134Chien rape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Chimaera sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101CHIMAERAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 100CHIMAERIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 100 - 101CHIMAERIFORMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100Chimère brunette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Chimère de Raleigh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102Chimère du Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Chimère faucillée . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102Chimère nez lance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102Chinchard cunène . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Chinchard du Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Chipiloua commun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Chipirón volantín . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Chirodactylus brachydactylus . . . . . . . . . . 178Chirodactylus grandis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Chirostylid crabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40CHIROSTYLIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 40CHIROTEUTHIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 56Chiroteuthis veranyi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56CHLAMYDOSELACHIDAE . . . . . . . . . 12, 72,77Chlamydoselachus anguineus . . . . . . . . . 72, 77CHLOROPHTHALMIDAE . . . . . . . . 15, 116, 145Chlorophthalmus atlanticus . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Chlorophthalmus punctatus . . . . . . . . . . . 145CHLOROPHYTA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 25chlororhynchos, Diomedea . . . . . . . . . . . . 202Chloroscombrus chrysurus . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Chlorotocus crassicornis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Choquito sin punta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Chorisochismus dentex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122Choromytilus meridionalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Chrysoblephus laticeps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172chrysurus, Chloroscombrus . . . . . . . . . . . 167Chub mackerel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185chuni, Chaceon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

chuni, Munidopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Chuucho vaca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Cicerello du Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Cigale rouge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Cigalo escarlata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Cigarra roja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Cintas rojas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Cintilla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183cirrocephalus, Larus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199CITHARIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 139Citharids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139clavata, Raja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94, 97clavicarpus, Gennadas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Clingfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122CLINIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 136Clinids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136CLUPEIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 112, 142 - 143CLUPEIFORMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112Cobia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Cobias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129Cock shrimps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Cods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 118coelolepis, Centroscymnus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Coelorinchus fasciatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150coindetii, Illex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Coloconger cadenati . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111Coloconger eels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111COLOCONGRIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 111Comber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Combfin Squids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Comète quiaquia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Common clubhook squid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Common dolphinfish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170Common eagle ray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Common octopus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Common vermiculate cuttlefish . . . . . . . . . . . 60Comorant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203compagnoi, Etmopterus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Compère lièvre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Compère lisse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195compressa, Patella. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24conchifer, Zenopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159confundens, Raja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Conger eels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111CONGIOPODIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 127, 161Congiopodus spinifer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Congiopodus torvus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Congre crin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Congre denté. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142CONGRIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 111, 142Congrio crin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Congrio dentudo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Congriperla gruesa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153constanciae, Epigonus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166Copper shark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81CORACINIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132coriacea, Dermochelys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198Cormoran du cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204Cornet crochu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Cornet rugueux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Cornetfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126cornuta, Anoplogaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124cornutus, Parablennius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135


Corocoro aceituna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Corona meagre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176coronatus, Phalacrocorax. . . . . . . . . . 199, 204coronus, Argyrosomus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176Corvinata prieta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177Cory’s shearwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202Coryphaena equiselis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Coryphaena hippurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170CORYPHAENIDAE . . . . . . . . . 18, 130, 169 - 170Coryphène commune . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170Coryphène dauphin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Corysitid crabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42CORYSITIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 42costatus, Paracallionymus . . . . . . . . . 135, 180Costurones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Courbine pélin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177Cow sharks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Cowfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140Crabe royale féroce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Crabe royale grêle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44CRABS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 39Cranch Squids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Cranchia scabra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56CRANCHIIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 56Crangonid shrimps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29CRANGONIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 29, 34Crapaud angolais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Crapaud de Rossignol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Crapaud guinéen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153crassicornis, Chlorotocus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Crayfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37crepidater, Centroscymnus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Crevette araignée . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Crevette crâne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Crevette dorée. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Crevette nageuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Crevette naine rayée . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Crevette rose du large . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Crevette verte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33cristatus, Zu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156cristimanus, Mursia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42cristulatus, Monodaeus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Crowned cormorant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199, 204Cruriraja parcomaculata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93CRYPTONEMIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24ctenifer, Eulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29CTENOPTERYGIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 54Ctenopteryx sicula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Cubiceps caeruleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190Cubiceps capensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190cuneata, Dicologoglossa . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Cunene horse mackerel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 169Cunene-Bastardmakrele . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Cusk eels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119Cutlassfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137, 184Cutthroat eels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111Cuttlefish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51cuvieri, Paromola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44cuvieri, Tetragonurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Cyclothone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114CYNOGLOSSIDAE . . . . . . . . . 20, 139, 194 - 195Cynoglossus capensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194Cynoglossus zanzibariensis . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

D

dactylopterus, Helicolenus . . 3, 157, 162, 163, 172dalgleishi, Xenolepidichthys . . . . . . . . . . . 125Damara tern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199damaranus, Chatabrus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Damba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Daption capense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Dardanus arrosor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Dark pomfret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170Dark shyshark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Darwin’s slimehead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158Darwini, Gephyroberyx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158Dassie. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173DASYATIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 91, 98Dasyatis marmorata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Dasyatis pastinaca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91, 98Dasyatis violacea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Dauphin aptere austral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210Dauphin d’ Heaviside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210Dauphin sombre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209Deania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75, 85Deania calcea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 84Deania profundorum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Deania quadrispinosum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Decapterus punctatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Deckfisch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Deepsea crabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Deepsea red crab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Deepsea shrimps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Deepsea smelts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Deepsea Squids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Deepwater Cape hake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 147Deepwater cardinalfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129Deepwater hake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Deepwater hermit crabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Deepwater rose shrimp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Deepwater scorpionfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Degenfisch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184Delfín de heaviside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210Delfín liso austral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210Delfín obscuro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209DELPHINIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 - 210demersus, Spheniscus . . . . . . . . . . . 199 - 200Denté à gros yeux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172Dente austral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172Dentex barnardi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172Dentex macrophthalmus . . . . . . 3, 157, 162, 172dentex, Chorisochismus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122denticulatus, Epigonus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166Dentiño . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164DERICHTHYIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 111DERMOCHELYIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198Dermochelys coriacea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198Devil anglers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120diadema, Lycotheuthis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Diamond dories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125Diamondback squid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67diaphana, Lactoria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140Diaphus hudsoni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Diaphus meadi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146diapontius, Sergestes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Dibranchus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120


INDEX

DICERATIIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 121DICHISTIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 178Dichistius capensis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Dickleibiger Thun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186Dicologoglossa cuneata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Dicrolene intronigra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Dicrolene pallidus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Diepwater-stokvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Digitate cusk eel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152dimorphus, Sympagrus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40DIODONTIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 140DIOGENIDAE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 40Diomedea cauta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200Diomedea chlororhynchos . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Diomedea melanophris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200diomedea, Calonectris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202DIOMEDEIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 200 - 201Diplodus sargus capensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Diplospinus multistriatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180DIRETMIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 124, 157Diretmoides parini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Dirette de Parin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Dogfish Sharks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Dogfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Dolphinfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130, 170Dolphins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 - 210dominicanus, Larus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199Donker skaamoog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Dorade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170Dorade grise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176Dorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Dorado comun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170Dories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125Doringrug-rog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94dorsalis, Selene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168Dorynchus basi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41doutrei, Raja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Dragonets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Dragonnet-lyre du Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Drescher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Drescherhai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Driftfishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138DROMIIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 41Drums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132Duckbill eels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111Duckbills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134Duiker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203dumerili, Liza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Dusky dolphin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209Dusky grouper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Dusky kob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176Düsterer Dornhai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83(dux) sanctipauli, Architeuthis . . . . . . . . . . 53Dwarf saury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Dwerg-saurie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

E

Eagle ray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91, 99East coast sole. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Ebalia scandens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41eblanae, Todaropsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 49, 66ECHENEIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 129ECHINORHINIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 75, 88Echinorhinus brucus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75, 88

Echinoteuthis sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Echter Bonito. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Ecklonia maxima. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 - 25Ectreposebastes imus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162edwardsi, Sergestes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27edwardsianus, Plesiopenaeus . . . . . . . . . . . 31Eelpouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134Eenvin-drilvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Electric rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90, 92Eledone thysanophora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58elegans, Palaemon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33elegans, Sepia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Elegant cuttlefish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Elephant de mer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212Elephant seal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211Elephantfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 100 - 101Elf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167elminensis, Perulibatrachus . . . . . . . . . . . 153elongata, Scorpaena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Emissole lisse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Emissole palombe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80EMMELICHTHYIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 131, 171Emmelichthys nitidus nitidus . . . . . . . . . 2, 171Encornet bras courts orné . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Encornet dos orange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Encornet volant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Encoronet rouge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64encrasicolus, Engraulis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Engelhaai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88ENGRAULIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 112, 143Engraulis capensis . . . . . . . . . 3, 112, 143, 203Engraulis encrasicolus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Engraulis japonicus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143enigmatica, Rossia (Austrorossia) . . . . . . . . 51Enope squids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52ENOPLOTEUTHIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 52Eperlan du large . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Eperlan du large tacheté . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145EPIGONIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 129, 166Epigonus constanciae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166Epigonus denticulatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166Epigonus pandionis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166Epigonus robustus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166Epigonus telescopus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166Epinephelus guaza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Epinephelus marginatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Eptatretus hexatrema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69equiselis, Coryphaena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Eretmochelys imbricata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Escolar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Escolar clavo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182Escolar de caval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Escolar magro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182Escolar narigudo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Escolar negro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Escolar oscuro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Escolar prometeo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182Escolar rayado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Escolar-de-natura atlántico . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Escolar-Schlangenmakrele . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Escolier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183Escolier clair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182Escolier élégant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182Escolier long nez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181


Escolier noir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Escolier rayé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Escolier reptile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Escolier serpent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Espadon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Espetón de Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Espinudo del Cabo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Estornino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185ETMOPTERIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75, 83-86Etmopterus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Etmopterus brachyurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Etmopterus compagnoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Etmopterus “gracilispinis” . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Etmopterus lucifer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Etmopterus pusillus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Etrille menthe poivrée . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Etrumeus teres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Etrumeus whiteheadi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Eubalaena australis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Euchirograpsus liguricus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Eugomphodus taurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Eulas ctenifer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Eumunidae squamifera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Evermannella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117EVERMANNELLIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 117Exocet aile noire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Exocet volant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155EXOCOETIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 122, 155Exocoetus volitans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Exodromidia bicornis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Exodromidia spinosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41exutus, Lampogrammus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

F

faber, Zeus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159fabricii, Centroscyllium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83fallai, Allothunnus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184False thornback skate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Fangtooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124fasciatus, Cheilodactylus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178fasciatus, Coelorinchus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150Fatheads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Fausse limande paté . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192faxoni, Lucifer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27feliceps, Galeichthys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144Felsengarnele . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33ferox, Alepisaurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116ferox, Lithodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44fiatola, Stromateus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Fiatole. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Fierce king crab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Fin whale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206, 207Fingerfins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133Fistularia petimba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126FISTULARIIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 126Flathead grey mullet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Flathead mullet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Flatiron shark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88flavobrunneum, Lepidocybium . . . . . . . . . . 181Fleshy moss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Fliegender Fisch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Flugfisch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155flying squid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Flying squids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Flyingfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122Foca elephante del sur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212Folger’s scorpionfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162folgori, Neomerinthe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162foliacea, Aristeomorpha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Football fishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Fou du cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203Frill sharks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72, 77Frilled shark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Frilletjieshaai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Frogfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120Fuchshai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Funchalia woodwardi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Fynstert-sambokhaai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

G

GADIFORMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 118GALATHEIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 40Galeichthys feliceps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144Galeorhinus galeus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Galeus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Galeus polli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3galeus, Galeorhinus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Galiteuthis armata. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Galiteuthis suhmi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Galjoen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Galjoens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132Galjoin franc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Gallineta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162Gallineta rosada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Galludo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Galludo espinilla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Galludo ñato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Gamba carabinero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Gamba de fango. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Gamba española . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Gambon écarlat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Gambon rayé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Gambon rouge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Ganner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203Garneo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Garrick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168GASTROPODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Geel tongvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194Geelbek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177Geelbekpylstormvoel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202Geelneusmalmok . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Geelpens-klipkabeljou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Geelpootstormswael. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202Geelspikkel-kathaai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Geelvin-tuna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186Gefleckte Stachelmakrele . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Geißbrasse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Gelbflossenthun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186Gelbschwanzmakrele . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168GELIDIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Gemeine Goldmakrele . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170Gemeine Pampel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191gemmata, Pterygioteuthis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52GEMPYLIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 136, 180 - 183Gempylus serpens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Gennadas brevirostris. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Gennadas clavicarpus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Genypterus capensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 152


INDEX

Gephyroberyx darwini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158Gerión de Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Gérion west-africain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Germon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186GERYONIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 45Gespikkelde diepwater-skerpioenvis . . . . . . . 162Gespikkelde opah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156Gespikkelde sloothaai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Gestreifte Meeräsche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Gestreifter Thunfisch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Gewöhnliche Meeräsche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Gewöhnlicher Adlerrochen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Ghost crabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Ghost shrimps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Giant red shrimp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Giant Squids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Giant yellowtail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168Gigartina radula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Gigartina stiriata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23GIGARTINACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23gilchristi, Abraliopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52gilchristi, Tripterophycis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148glacialis, Bathylagus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Gladde perdvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161gladius, Xiphias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Glass shrimps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28glauca, Prionace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82glesne, Regalecus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Globicephala melas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209Globicéphale noir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209globiceps, Rhabdosargus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175Glyphocrangon longirostris . . . . . . . . . . . . 29GLYPHOCRANGONIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 29Glyphus marsupialis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Gobie pélagique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Gobies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135GOBIESOCIDAE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122GOBIESOCIFORMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122GOBIIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 135, 180Goby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Golden shrimp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Goldies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129Goldmakrele . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170Goldstrieme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175Goneplacid crabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42GONEPLACIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 42Goneplax rhomboides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Gonostoma bathyphilum . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114Gonostoma denudatum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114GONOSTOMATIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 114Goret olive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Gotteslachs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156Goue sardinelle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Gracilaire commune . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Gracilaria común . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Gracilaria verrucosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23GRACILARIACEAE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Gracilariopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23gracilis, Paradiplospinus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182gracilis, Pontophilus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29gracilispinis, Etmopterus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85grallator, Inachus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41GRAMMICOLEPIDIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 125Grand cormoran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

Grand dauphin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211Grand requin blanc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Grande allache. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Grande castagnole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170grandis, Chirodactylus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178grandis, Sergia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27grandis, Spectrunculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Graneledone sp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Granite limpet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48granitina, Patella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Granular limpet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48granularis, Patella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48granulosus, Centrophorus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82GRAPSIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 10, 43, 46Grapsus grapsus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46grapsus, Grapsus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Grauhai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Great white shark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Green sea turtle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Green shrimp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Greeneyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116Grenadiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118, 149Greyheaded gull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199Grimald’s nylon shrimp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34grimaldi, Heterocarpus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34grimaldi, Stereomastis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36grimaldii, Mastigoteuthis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56griseus, Hexanchus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76griseus, Puffinus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202groenlandicus, Caristius . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131groenlandicus, Himantolophus . . . . . . . . . 121groenlandicus, Himantolophus . . . . . . . . . 121Grondeur sompat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Grondin du Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Grondin lyre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Grondin mineur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Grootoog-denteks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172Grootoog-stompstert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Grootoog-tuna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186Grootskub-pomfret. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Grooved mullet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Groovy mullet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Großaugenthun Großaugiger . . . . . . . . . . . . 186Großaugenzahnbrasse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172Große Gabelmakrele . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168Große Geißbrasse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Große Seespinne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Großer Blauhai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Großflossen-Grätenfisch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Großkopf-Meerüsche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Ground Sharks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Groupers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129Grundhai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Grunts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131Grysvlerk-pylstormvoël . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202guaza, Epinephelus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165guentheri, Selachophidium . . . . . . . . . . . . 152guentheri, Setarches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Guentherus altivela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Guinea-Barrakuda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Guinean barracuda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Guinean thumbstall squid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Guinean toadfish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Guinese-barrakuda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179


Guinese-platannavis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153GUITARFISHES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89, 90Guitarra del Cabo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Guitarra embotada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Gulper shark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Gunther’s cuskeel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Gurnards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127guttatus, Lampris. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123, 156Gymnammodytes capensis . . . . . . . . . 135, 180Gymnura altavela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Gymnura natalensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99GYMNURIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 91, 99

H

Haarschwanz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184Haarstert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184HAEMULIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 131, 171Hagfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Hairy conger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Hairy octopus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Hakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 118, 145HALOSAURIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 110Halosaurs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110Halosaurus ovenii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110Hammerhead sharks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Haploblepharus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Haploblepharus pictus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Hardshell shrimp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Harige seepaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Harriotta raleighana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102Hartlaub’s gull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199hartlaubii, Larus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199Hawksbill sea turtle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Heaviside’s dolphin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210heavisidii, Cephalorhynchus . . . . . . . . . . . 210Hector’s lanternfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146hectoris, Lampanyctodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146Helicocranchia pfefferi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Helicolenus dactylopterus . . 3, 157, 162, 163, 172HEMIGALEIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 74, 81hemingi, Triplophus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114Heptranchias perlo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Heringskönig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159herklotsii, Scyllarides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Hermit Crabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Herrera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174Herrera de la costa oeste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Herrera del Cabo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Herrings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112hertwigi, Rochinia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Heterocarpus grimaldi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34heterocarpus, Plesionika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29heterochir, Neopilumnoplax . . . . . . . . . . . 42heterolepis, Scombrolabrax. . . . . . . . . . . . 136Heteromycteris capensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194Heteromycteris proboscideus . . . . . . . . . . . 194heterurus, Bembrops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134HEXANCHIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 72, 76HEXANCHIFORMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Hexanchus griseus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76hexatrema, Eptatretus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69hieronis, Sepia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Highfin tadpole fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157HIMANTOLOPHIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 121

Himantolophus groenlandicus . . . . . . . . . . 121HIPPOLYTIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 29hippurus, Coryphaena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170Hirundichthys rondeletii . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155HISTIOTEUTHIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 54, 63Histioteuthis reversa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Histioteuthus macrohista . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Histioteuthus meleagroteuthis . . . . . . . . . . . 54Histioteuthus reversa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Histrio histrio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120histrio, Histrio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120hoefleri, Chaetodon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133Holbiche isard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79holboelli, Ceratias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Hollow oar weed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Holohalaelurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Holohalaelurus regani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79hololepidotus, Argyrosomus . . . . . . . . . . . 176Homolid crabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41HOMOLIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 41, 44Hondhaai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Hooked Squids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Hoplostète argenté . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158Hoplostète de darwin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158Hoplostète noir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158Hoplostète orange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158Hoplostète scutelle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159Hoplostethus atlanticus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158Hoplostethus cadenati . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158Hoplostethus mediterraneus . . . . . . . . . . . 158Hoplostethus melanopus . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 159Horned anglers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Horse mackerels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 130Horsefishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Hottentot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174Hottentot seabream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174Hound sharks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Howella sherboni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128Howellas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128HOWELLIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 128hoylei pfefferi, Abraliopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Hudson’s lanternfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145hudsoni, Diaphus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Humpback toadfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Humpback whale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206, 208Hundshai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80huttoni, Schedophilus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Hydrolagus africanus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Hydrolagus sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Hymenocephalus italicus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150Hymenopenaeus chacei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Hyperoglyphe matthewsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188Hyperoglyphe moselii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

I

Icthyococcus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114IDIACANTHIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 115Ijimaia loppei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Illex coindetii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64imberbis, Gadella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148imbricata, Eretmochelys . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Imperial scaldfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192imperialis, Arnoglossus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192imperialis, Luvarus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136


INDEX

imus, Ectreposebastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162Inachus angolensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Inachus grallator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Indopazifischer Segelfisch . . . . . . . . . . . . 187inermis, Pseudodromia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41infernalis, Vampyoteuthis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57infirma, Psatyrocaris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28inodorus, Argyrosomus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176inshore squids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52intronigra, Dicrolene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152ISTIOPHORIDAE . . . . . . . . . . 19, 137, 187 - 188Istiophorus platypterus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Isurus oxyrinchus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78italicus, Hymenocephalus. . . . . . . . . . . . . 150Izak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Izak catshark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

J

Jackass penguin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 - 200Jacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130Jacopever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157, 162, 163, 172Jacopewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162jacqueti bellmarleyi, Metacrangon . . . . . . . . 29Jandorie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159japonicus, Engraulis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143japonicus, Scomber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Japuta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170Jaquetón blanco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Jasus lalandii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Javelin skate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95JAWLESS FISHES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 69Jewell Squids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Jibia arrogada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Jibia bala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60John dory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159johnsoni, Melanocetus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120Jorobado africano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168Josef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Joye luria invertida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63jubelini, Pomadasys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Juibe menta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Jurel cunene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Jurel del Cabo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

K

Kaapse ansjovis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Kaapse botvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Kaapse chimaera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Kaapse dorie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159Kaapse knorhaan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Kaapse skerpioenvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Kaapse spierinkie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Kaapse-tongvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194Kabeljou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176Kali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134Kangaroo shrimp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Kap-Bastardmakrele. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Kap-Hecht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Kap-Knurrhahn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Kap-Languste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37karrerae, Caelorinchus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149Katsuwonus pelamis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Katzen-Kreuzwels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

kaupi, Synaphobranchus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111Keep-harder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Keil-tongvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Kelp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Kelp gull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199Keulenrochen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Killer whale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210King Crabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Kingklip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 145, 152kingsleyi, Mierstograpsus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Kleiner knorhaan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Kleiner sandkruiper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Kleinoog-stompstert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Knopstertroofmeeu (Af) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205Kobia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Koester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Kolstert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Kombu de Benguela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Königsbarsch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Königslanguste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Koningklip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Koperhaai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Kortvin-mako . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Kragenhai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Krausenhai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Kreef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Kupferhai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Kuronezumia leonis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

L

lacazei, Pontocaris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Lactoria diaphana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140Ladder dragonet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Laemonema laureysi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148laevigatus, Lagocephalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195laevis, Malacocephalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151Lagarto ñato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Lagenorhynchus obscurus . . . . . . . . . . . . 210Lagocephalus laevigatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Lagocephalus lagocephalus . . . . . . . . . . . 195lagocephalus, Lagocephalus . . . . . . . . . . . 195Laitue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25lalandi, Seriola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168lalandii, Jasus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Laminaire du Benguela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Laminaria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Laminaria schinzii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 - 25LAMINARIACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25LAMNIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 72, 77 - 78LAMNIFORMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Lampanyctodes hectoris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146Lampanyctus australis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146Lampogrammus exutus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Lamprey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69LAMPRIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 123, 156LAMPRIFORMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Lampris guttatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123, 156Lancetfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116Langbek-speervis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188Langflossenthun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186Langneus-penhaai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Langosta del Cabo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Langosta dentada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Langosta real . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37


Langouste dentelé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Langouste du Cap. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Langouste royale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Langoustine écarlate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Langschnauziger Speerfisch . . . . . . . . . . . . 188Langsnoet-blaasbalkvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Langue de Zanzibar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Langue verruqueuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Langvin-beenvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141laniarius, Pterogymnus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175Lanternbellies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128Lanternfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 117Lanternules de Bogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146Lanternules de Hector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146Lanternules de Hudson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Lanternules de Mead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146Lanternules du Sud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146Large-eye dentex . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 157, 162, 172Largehead hairtail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184Large-toothed conger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142LARIDAE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 205Larus cirrocephalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199Larus dominicanus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199Larus hartlaubii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199Larus sabini. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205laticeps, Chrysoblephus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172latiscutatus, Arius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112, 144laureysi, Laemonema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148Leachia atlantica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Leachia pacifica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Leafscale gulper shark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Leatherback turtle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198leda, Pontinus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162Leer-drakie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Leerfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168Leervis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168Lefteye flounders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139Left-handed hermit crabs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Legless cuskeel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Leierhahn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Leierknurrhahn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Lengua de lagarto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Lengua de perro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194Lengua de Zanzibar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Lengua verrucosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Lenguado amarillo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194Lenguado de aleta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Lenguado del Cabo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194Lenguado del sur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Lenguado paté . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192Lenguado pelícano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192leonina, Mirounga . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 - 212leonis, Kuronezumia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150Leopard skate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95leopardus, Raja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Lepidochelys olivacea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198Lepidocybium flavobrunneum . . . . . . . . . . 181Lepidopus caudatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 184Leptocephalus larvae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Leptoderma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113lepturus, Trichiurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184Lesser flying squid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Lesser guitarfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Lesser gurnard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

Lesser striped shrimp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34leucoptera, Stoloteuthis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51LEUCOSIDAE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 41Liche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168Lichia amia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168Lier-knorhaan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Lightfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114Lightfoot crab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Lightfoot crabs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43liguricus, Euchirograpsus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Linternillas de Bogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146Linternillas de Hector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146Linternillas de Hudson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Linternillas de Mead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146Linternillas del Sur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146Liocranchia reinhardti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56LIPARIDIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 128Lissodelphis peronii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211Listado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Listao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Lithodes ferox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44LITHODIDAE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 40, 44Lithognathus aureti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Lithognathus lithognathus . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Lithognathus mormyrus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174lithognathus, Lithognathus . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Liza acanalada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Liza dumerili . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Liza richardsonii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Liza sudafricana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Lizardfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116Lobo marino de dos pelos de Sudafrica . . . . . 212Lobotes surinamensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131LOBOTIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 131LOBSTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 35Loggerhead turtle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197LOLIGINIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 52, 61 - 62Loligo vulgaris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 61Loligo vulgaris reynaudi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Lolliguncula mercatoris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Long neck eels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111Longbill spearfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188Longfin bonefish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 141Longfinned pilot whale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209Longhand Squids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56longipinnis, Taractichthys . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171longirostris, Glyphocrangon . . . . . . . . . . . . 29longirostris, Munidopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40longirostris, Parapenaeus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32longispinis, Calostacus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Longnose chimaeras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100Longnose spiny dogfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Longnose spurdog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Longnose velvet dogfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Longsnout bellowsfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Longsnout dogfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Longspine bellowfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Longspine snipefish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Lookdown fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168Loosejaws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115LOPHIIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 119, 154LOPHIIFORMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119, 128Lophius budegassa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Lophius upsicephalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 154


INDEX

Lophius vaillanti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Lophius vomerinus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Loppe’s tadpole fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157loppei, Ijimaia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Loutène retournée . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Louvar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136Lucifer faxoni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27lucifer, Etmopterus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Luciferid shrimps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27LUCIFERIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 27lugubris, Chascanopsetta . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192Luria ganchuda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Lurión rugoso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62luteus, Monochirus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194LUVARIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 136Luvarus imperialis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136Lyco squids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Lycodes atlanticus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134LYCOTEUTHIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 52Lycotheuthis diadema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52lyra, Trigla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Lyre gurnard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

M

Maasbanker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Macabí badejo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Macarela chuparaco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Mâchoiron de Gambie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144Machuelo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Mackerel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Mackerel sharks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Mackerels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137Maconde lèvre mince . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164macrocerus, Sympagrus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40macrocheles, Alpheus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29macrocheles, Macropodia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41macrohista, Histioteuthus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Macrolepidotus, Neoscopelus . . . . . . . . . . 117Macroparalepis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116macrolepidotus, Neoscopelus . . . . . . . . . . . 117Macropetasma africana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31macrophthalmus, Dentex. . . . . . 3, 157, 162, 172Macropipus australis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Macropodia macrocheles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41MACRORAMPHOSIDAE . . . . . . . . . 17, 126, 161Macroramphosus scolopax . . . . . . . . . . . . 161macrosolen, Notopogon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161MACROURIDAE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 118, 149maculata, Teuthowenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56maculatus, Pseudocyttus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160Madeiran sardine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Madeiran sardinelle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Madeira-sardinelle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Madeira-Sardinelle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143maderensis, Sardinella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Mafou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Magnificent octopus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67magnificus, Octopus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 67Maja squinado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45MAJIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 41, 45Makaira nigricans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Makaire bécune . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188Makaire blanc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Makaire bleu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Mako . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Makrelenhai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Makrelenhecht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Makriel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Malacocephalus laevis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151Malacocephalus occidentalis . . . . . . . . . . . 151MALACOSTEIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 115Malbaatjie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202Malcarado de Parin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Malgas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203Manchot du cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200Manefishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131Mantilla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Maquereau espagnol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Marbré . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174Marbré de la côte ouest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Marbré du Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173marginata, Caperea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207marginatus, Epinephelus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Marine hatchetfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114MARINE MAMMALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206maritae, Chaceon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 45marlins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137marmorata, Dasyatis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Marmorbrasse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 - 174Marrajo dientuso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78marsh crabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43marsupialis, Glyphus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33martia, Plesionika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Masca du Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101MASTIGOTEUTHIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 56Mastigoteuthis grimaldii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56matamua, Caelorinchus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150matchbox crabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43matthewsi, Hyperoglyphe . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188Maulisia microlepis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Maurolicus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114maxima, Ecklonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 - 25maximus, Cetorhinus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Mead’s lanternfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146meadi, Diaphus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146Mediterranean slimehead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158mediterraneus, Hoplostethus . . . . . . . . . . . 158Medregal rabo amarillo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168Meersau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Megalocranchia oceanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56megalops, Bajacalifornia . . . . . . . . . . 113, 144megalops, Squalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87megalopterus, Triakis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Megaptera novaeangliae . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208Melamphaes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124MELAMPHAIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 124melanobranchus, Bathygadus . . . . . . . . . . 149MELANOCETIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 120Melanocetus johnsoni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120melanophris, Diomedea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200melanopus, Hoplostethus . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 159MELANOSTOMIIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 115melanum, Ariomma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138melanurus, Chatrabus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153melas, Globicephala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209meleagroteuthis, Histioteuthus . . . . . . . . . . 54Menschenhai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77mercatoris, Lolliguncula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62


Merhippolyte agulhasensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Merhippolyte ancistrota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29meridionalis, Choromytilus . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Merlu d’Afrique tropical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Merlu d’afrique tropicale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Merlu du Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Merlu profond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 147MERLUCCIIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 15, 118, 147Merluccius capensis . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 5, 7, 147Merluccius paradoxus . . . . . . . . 2 - 3, 5, 7, 147Merluccius polli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 118Merluza de Benguela. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 147Merluza de cantil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 147Merluza del Cabo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Mero moreno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Mérou noir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Metacrangon jacqueti bellmarleyi . . . . . . . . 29microlepis, Austroglossus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193microlepis, Maulisia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113microlepis, Synagrops . . . . . . . . . . 3, 128, 164micronychodon, Nezumia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151microphthalmus, Aphanopus . . . . . . . . . . . 183Microsomatid smelts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113microstoma, Monolene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192MICROSTOMATIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 113micrurum, Syacium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192Midwater scorpionfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162Mielga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Mierstograpsus kingsleyi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Migraine épineuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Mikhailin’s scabbardfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183mikhailini, Aphanopus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183Mikstertmeeu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205Milandre jaune. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Mild meagre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176milleri, Nezumia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151Minke whale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208minor, Rondeletiola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51miraletus, Raja. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Mirounga leonina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 - 212mitsukurii, Squalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Mittelmeer-Glatthai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Mittelmeer-Kaiserbarsch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158Mittelmeer-Schlangenaai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141modesta, Pandalina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Mola mola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140mola, Mola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140Molas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140MOLIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 140Monk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Monkfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119Monnik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Monochirus luteus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194Monodaeus cristulatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Monolena bocachica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192Monolène à petite bouche . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192Monolene microstoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192Moonfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130Moras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118MORIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 118, 148mormyrus, Lithognathus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174MORONIDAE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128Moroteuthis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Moroteuthis robsoni. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Morus capensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199, 203moselii, Hyperoglyphe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188Mousse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Mud crabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Mud sole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Mugil cephalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179MUGILIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 133, 179Mulet bouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Mulet cabot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Mulet sudafricain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Mullets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133multistriatus, Diplospinus . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Munchkin skate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Munida benguela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Munida speciosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Munidopsis chuni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Munidopsis longirostris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Mursia cristimanus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Musgo carnoso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Musola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Musola paloma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Musso africain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168Mustelus mustelus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Mustelus palumbeus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80mustelus, Mustelus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80MYCTOPHIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 15, 117, 146MYCTOPHIFORMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Myctophum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117mydas, Chelonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197MYLIOBATIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 91, 99MYLIOBATIFORMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Myliobatis aquila . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99myops, Trachinocephalus . . . . . . . . . . 116, 145MYSTICETI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 206 - 207Mystriophis rostellatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141MYTILIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 47Myxine à six trous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Myxine capensis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Myxine du Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69MYXINIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 69MYXINIFORMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

N

Nagelhai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Nagelrochen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94namibiensis, Processa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Nanichthys simulans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Nansenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Narigón aletas de haz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102Narigón sierra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102Narke capensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92NARKIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 90, 92Narrownose chimaera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102nasutus Nesiarchus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181natalensis, Gymnura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Nautilocorystes ocellatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Nealotus tripes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181neglectus, Phalacrocorax . . . . . . . . . . 199, 204NEMATOCARCINIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 28, 32Nematocarcinus africanus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Nematocarcinus sigmoideus . . . . . . . . . . . . 28NEMICHTHYIDAE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 112Nemichthys scolopaceus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112NEOBALAENIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207


INDEX

Neocyttus rhomboidalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160Neoharriotta pinnata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102Neolithodes asperrimus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Neomerinthe folgori . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162Neon flying squid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Neopilumnoplax heterochir . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Neorissa caroli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51NEOSCOPELIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 117Neoscopelus macrolepidotus . . . . . . . . . . . 117NEPHROPIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 36, 38Nephropsis atlantica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Nesiarchus nasutus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181NETTASTOMATIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 111Nezumia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Nezumia micronychodon . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151Nezumia milleri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151niger, Centrolophus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188Night shark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Night shrimps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29nigricans, Makaira. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187nitidus nitidus, Emmelichthys. . . . . . . . . 2, 171nitidus, Emmelichthys nitidus. . . . . . . . . 2, 171nobiliana, Torpedo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92nodosa Argonauta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58NOMEIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 138, 190Nori del Cabo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Nori du Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Norman’s tonguesole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195normani, Symphurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195NOTACANTHIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 110, 141NOTACANTHIFORMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110Notacanthus sexspinis . . . . . . . . . . . . 110, 141Notopogon macrosolen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Notorynchus cepedianus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Notorynchus pectorosus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76NOTOSUDIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 116novaeangliae, Megaptera . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208Numbfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

O

Oarfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123obesus, Thunnus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186obscurus, Lagenorhynchus . . . . . . . . . . . . 209occidentalis, Malacocephalus . . . . . . . . . . 151Ocean sunfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140Oceanic blaasop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Oceanic squids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52oceanica, Megalocranchia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56oceanicus, Oceanites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202Oceanites oceanicus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202ocellatus, Nautilocorystes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42ocellatus, Sardinops . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 143, 200OCTOPODA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57OCTOPODIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 58OCTOPOTEUTHIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 53Octopoteuthis sicula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Octopus magnificus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 67Octopus Squids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Octopus vulgaris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 68Octopuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 - 58oculata, Squatina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88OCYPODIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 10, 43Ocythoe tuberculata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58OCYTHOIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 58

Ocythoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58ODONTASPIDIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 72, 77ODONTOCETI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 206, 208officinalis, Sepia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60OGCOCEPHALIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 120Ohrensardine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Oilfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182Ojiverde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Ojiverde manchado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Ölfisch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182Olievis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182olivacea, Lepidochelys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198olivaceum, Pomadasys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Olive grunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Olive ridley turtle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198Ombrine bronze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177Ommastrephes bartrami . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Ommastrephes pteropus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65OMMASTREPHIDAE . . . . . . . . . . 11, 55, 64 - 66Onefin electric ray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92onocrotalus, Pelecanus . . . . . . . . . . . 199, 203ONYCHOTEUTHIDAE . . . . . . . . . 11, 53, 62 - 63Onychoteuthis banski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Ooskus-tongvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Opa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156Opahs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123, 156Opesee-blaasop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195OPHICHTHIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 111, 141OPHIDIIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 119, 152 - 153OPHIDIIFORMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119Ophisurus serpeens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141OPISTHOTEUTHIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 57Opisthoteuthis agassizi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57OPLOPHORIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 28, 32Orange roughy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158Orangeback flying squid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65orbignyana, Sepia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51orbitosa, Aeodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Orca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209orca, Orcinus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209Orcinus orca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209Oreos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126OREOSOMATIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 126, 160ornata, Sepiella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Ornate arm squid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Ornithoteuthis volatilis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Orque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209Ostküsten-Seezunge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193OSTRACIIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 140Otarie du cap. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212OTARIIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212Oval driftfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Ovale dryfvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189ovenii, Halosaurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110OXYNOTIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 75, 88Oxynotus centrina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75, 88Oxynotus shubnikovi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88oxyrinchus, Isurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

P

Pachygrapsus transversus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Pachymetopon blochii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174pacifica, Leachia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Pagador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152


Pagre rayé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174Pagrus auriga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174Pailona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Pailona à long nez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Pailona commun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Painted lizardfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Palaemon elegans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Palaemonid shrimps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28PALAEMONIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 28, 33Paling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142PALINURIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 35, 37, 38pallidus, Dicrolene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Palometa fiátola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Palometa negra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170Palometón . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168palumbeus, Mustelus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Pampelfisch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Pandalid shrimps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29PANDALIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 29, 33 - 34Pandalina modesta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Pandalina profunda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29pandionis, Epigonus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166Panga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175Panga seabream. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175Panga-Meerbrasse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175Panulirus regius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Paparda del Atlantico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Paparda enana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155papillata, Sepia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51, 61Parablennius cornutus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Paracallionymus costatus . . . . . . . . . . 135, 180Paradiplospinus gracilis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182paradoxus, Merluccius . . . . . . . . . . 2, 5, 7, 147Paragaleus pectoralis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74, 81PARALEPIDIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 116Paralomis africana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40PARAPAGURIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 40Parapagurus bouvieri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Parapenaeus longirostris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32parasiticus, Stercorarius . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205parcomaculata, Cruriraja . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Pardete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Pargo chopa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176Pargo ñato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175Pargo sémola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174Parin’s spiny fin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157parini, Diretmoides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157parkeri, Projasus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Paromola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Paromola cuvieri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Paromole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Pasiphaea semispinosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Pasiphaea tarda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28PASIPHAEIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 28, 33Pastenague violette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98pastinaca, Dasyatis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91, 98Pata de pulpo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Patella argenvillei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Patella compressa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Patella granitina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Patella granularis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48PATELLIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 48Patudo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186pauciradiatus, Cubiceps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

Pazifischer Facherfisch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Pazifischer Segelfisch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Pearleyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Peau bleue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Peau jaune . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24pectoralis, Austroglossus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193pectoralis, Paragaleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74, 81pectorosus, Notorynchus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76pediformis, Sergestes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Pejegallo del Cabo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Pejegato reticulado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Pejerrey del Cabo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Pelada de Norman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Pelagic goby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Pelagic stingray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Pelagiese dikkop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Pelagiese pylstert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Pelamide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185pelamis, Katsuwonus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185PELECANIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 203Pelecanus onocrotalus . . . . . . . . . . . 199, 203Pelecanus rufescens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203Pelican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203Pelican blanc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203Pelican flounder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192peli, Pteroscion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177pelii, Calappa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Pelikaan-botvis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192pellucidus, Psenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190Peluda del Cabo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Pemarco blackfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189pemarco, Schedophilus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Penaeid shrimps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Penaeid Shrimps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27PENAEIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 27, 31 - 32PENAEIDEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Pensstreep-tuna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Peppermint swimcrab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Perch-like Fishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128PERCICHTHYIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128PERCIFORMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126, 128PERCOPHIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 134Peregrine ribbonfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156Periclimenes andresi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28PERISTEDIIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 127perlo, Heptranchias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Perlon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Perna mussel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Perna perna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47perna, Perna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47peronii, Lissodelphis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211Perpeire pélican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192Perulibatrachus elminensis . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Perulibatrachus rossignoli . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Petersfisch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159petimba, Fistularia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126Petit rorqual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209Pez ángel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Pez cinto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184Pez de San Pedro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159Pez espada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Pez lima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Pez moco de seis agallas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Pez moco del Cabo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69


INDEX

Pez sable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184Pez temblador del Cabo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Pez vela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187pfefferi, Abraliopsis hoylei . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52pfefferi, Helicocranchia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Pfeifenfisch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164pfluegeri, Tetrapturus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188PHAEOPHYTA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 25PHALACROCORACIDAE . . . . . . . . 21, 203 - 204Phalacrocorax capensis . . . . . . . . . . . 199, 203Phalacrocorax carbo. . . . . . . . . . . . . 199, 204Phalacrocorax coronatus . . . . . . . . . . 199, 204Phalacrocorax neglectus . . . . . . . . . . 199, 204PHOCIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212PHOSICHTHYIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 14, 114PHOTICHTHYIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114Phosichthys argenteus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114Phrynichthys wedli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121physalus, Balaenoptera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Physeter catodon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208PHYSETERIDAE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208Physiculus capensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148picta, Brachioteuthis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55, 64pictus, Chaunax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120pictus, Haploblepharus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Pieuvre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Piggy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Pikkewyn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200pilchards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112Pinkbacked pelican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203pinnata, Neoharriotta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102PINNIPEDIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 211Pintadilla bicolor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Pintadilla de bancs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Pintadilla leopardo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Pintado petrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Pintarroja africana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Pipefishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126Piper gurnard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164piperitus, Bathynectes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43, 46Plagusie de Norman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Platkop-harder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Platneus-sewekiefhaai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Platnez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76platypterus, Istiophorus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187PLATYROCTIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 113Plesionika acanthonotus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Plesionika carinata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Plesionika heterocarpus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Plesionika martia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34PLEURONECTIFORMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139Pleuroscopus pseudodorsalis . . . . . . . . . . . 134Poisson engourdeur du Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Poisson guitare épointé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Poisson sabre commun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184Poisson sabre jarretière . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183Poisson sabre petits yeux . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183Poisson-guitare du Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92polli, Caelorinchus caelorinchus . . . . . . . . 149polli, Galeus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 78polli, Merluccius . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 118, 147POLYCHELIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 36polynema, Caulophryne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Polyprion americanus . . . . . . . . . . . . 128, 164

POLYPRIONIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 128, 164Pomadasys jubelini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Pomadasys olivaceum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Pomarine skua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205pomarinus, Stercorarius . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205POMATOMIDAE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 129, 167Pomatomus saltatrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Pomfrets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130, 170Pompano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Pompano dolphinfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Pompano-dorade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Pontinus leda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162Pontocaris lacazei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Pontophilus gracilis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Porcupinefishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140Porgies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132Porphyra capensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Porpoises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206Portuguese dogfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83PORTUNIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 43, 46Pota angolense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Pota costera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Pota naranja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Pota saltadora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Pota voladora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64potens, Sergia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27PRAWNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8pretiosus, Ruvettus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182Prionace glauca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82proboscidea, Venefica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111proboscideus, Heteromycteris . . . . . . . . . . 194Procellaria aequinoctialis . . . . . . . . . . . . 202PROCELLARIIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 202 - 203Processa namibiensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29PROCESSIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 29Prodigal son . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167profunda, Pandalina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29profundorum, Deania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Projasus parkeri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38prometheus, Promethichthys . . . . . . . . . . . 182Promethichthys prometheus . . . . . . . . . . . 182Psatyrocaris infirma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Psenes arafurensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190Psenes pellucidus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190Pseudocyttus maculatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160pseudodorsalis, Pleuroscopus . . . . . . . . . . 134Pseudodromia inermis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41PSYCHROLUTIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 127Pterogymnus laniarius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175Pteromylaeus bovinus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Pteroplatytrygon violacea . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98pteropus, Ommastrephes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Pteroscion peli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177PTEROTHRISSIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110Pterothrissus belloci . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 110, 141Pterygioteuthis gemmata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Pudgy cuskeel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Puffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140Puffinus griseus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202pullopunctata, Raja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Pulpo común . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68puncatatus, Decapterus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Punctatus, Chlorophthalmus . . . . . . . . . . . 145Purse crabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41


pusillus pusillus, Arctocephalus . . . . . 211 - 212pusillus, Arctocephalus pusillus . . . . . 211 - 212pusillus, Etmopterus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Pygmy right whale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

Q

quadrispinosum, Deania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85queketti, Chelidonichthys . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Quelvacho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Quelvacho negro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Quimera castaña. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Quimera de Raleigh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102Quimera del Cabo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

R

Rabbit puffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Rabil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186RACHYCENTRIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 129, 167Rachycentron canadum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167radula, Gigartina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Rag ruff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Ragged-tooth sharks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Raia á nez hérissé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Raia-papillon de Natal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Raie á queue épineuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Raie baveuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Raie blanche. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Raie bouclée. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Raie de Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Raie de Springer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Raie de Wallace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Raie grand épine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Raie léopard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Raie lisse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Raie miroir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Raie peau hérissée . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Raie tachetée . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Raie violette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Raja alba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Raja barnardi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Raja caudaspinosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Raja clavata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94, 97Raja confundens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Raja doutrei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Raja leopardus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Raja miraletus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Raja pullopunctata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Raja ravidula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Raja spinacidermis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Raja springeri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Raja straeleni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94, 97Raja wallacei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98RAJIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 91, 93 - 98RAJIFORMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90raleighana, Harriotta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102Ram’s Horn Squids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Rape africano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Rape del Cabo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Rascacio de Folgor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162Rascacio del Cabo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Rascacio profundo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162Rascacio rosado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162Rascacio serrano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Rascasse de Folgor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162Rascasse du Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Rascasse profonde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162Rascasse rose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Rascasse serran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Rascasse tachetée . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162Rattails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118, 149Rauher Dornhai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82ravidula, Raja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Raya bramante . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Raya cola espinosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Raya de clavos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Raya de espejos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Raya de grande espina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Raya de Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Raya de Springer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Raya de Wallace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Raya látigo violeta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Raya leopardo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Raya limosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Raya manchada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Raya mariposa de Natal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Raya nariz áspera. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Raya piel áspera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Raya suave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Raya violeta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95RAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Red Algae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Red ribbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Red slipper lobster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Redbanded seabream. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174Redeye roundherring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Redfingers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Redspotted tonguefish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195REGALECIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 123Regalecus glesne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123regani, Holohalaelurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79regius, Panulirus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37reinhardti, Liocranchia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Reloj anaranjado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158Reloj de Darwin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158Reloj escama pequeña . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159Reloj mediterráneo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158Reloj negro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158Remora brachyptera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129Remoras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129Rem-vinderrog. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Renard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Requiem sharks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Requin cuivre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Requin de nuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Requin griset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Requin lezard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Requin perlon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Requin taureau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Requin-hâ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Reuse geelstert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168reversa, Histioteuthis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54, 63Reverse jewel squid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63reynaudi, Loligo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 61reynaudi, Loligo vulgaris. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Rhabdosargus globiceps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175RHINOBATIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 90, 92 - 93Rhinobatos annulatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92


INDEX

Rhinobatos blochii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Rhinochimaera atlantica . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102RHINOCHIMAERIDAE . . . . . . . . . . 13, 100, 102RHODOPHYTA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 23Rhomboid squids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55rhomboidalis, Neocyttus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160rhomboides, Goneplax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42rhombus, Thysanoteuthis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Ribbonfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123richardi, Stylopandalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29richardi, Vitreledonella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57richardsonii, Liza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Riesen-Zachenbarsch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Rizinusöl-Fisch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182Rob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213robsoni, Moroteuthis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62robusta, Sergia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27robustus, Epigonus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166Rochinia hertwigi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Rockpool prawn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Rog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94, 96Roman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172Roman seabream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172Romerillo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188Ronco sompat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Ronde skad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167rondeletii, Hirundichthys . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Rondeletiola minor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Rondswerwer-lintvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156Rooigespikkelde tongvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Rooi-oog-rondeharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Rooivingers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Rorcual común . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Rorcual enana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208Rorcual jorobada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208Rorqual commun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Rosa Geißelgarnele. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Rosada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Rossia (Austrorossia) enigmatica . . . . . . . . . 51Rossignol toadfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153rossignoli, Perulibatrachus . . . . . . . . . . . . 153rostata, Antimora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148rostellatus, Mystriophis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Rote Languste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Roter Fahnenbarsch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Rötgebänderte Meerbrasse. . . . . . . . . . . . . 174Rötling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Roudi escolar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182Rouffe africain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188Rouffe chiffon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Rouffe rayé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Rough king crab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Rough sharks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Roughbelly skate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Roughhead seacatfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144Roughnose legskate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Roughskin skate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Roughsnout grenadier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Round sardinella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Round scad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Roussette à taches jaunes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Roussette sombre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Rouvet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182Rovers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Royal spiny lobster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Rubans rouges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24rubescens, Taractes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170Rubio del Cabo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Rubio menor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164rufa, Barbourisia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125rufescens, Pelecanus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203Ruffs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138Rufino pelado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Rufo africano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188Rufo pemarco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Rugose hooked squid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Ruvettus pretiosus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182Ruwevel-rog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

S

Sabertooth fishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Sabine’s gull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205sabini, Larus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205Sable de Mikhailin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183Sable ojito . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183Sabre argenté . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184Sabre fleuret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183sagittatus angolensis, Todarodes . . . . . . . . . 49sagittatus, Todarodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Sagre nain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Sagre porte-fey à queue courte . . . . . . . . . . . 85Sagre rubane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Sailfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137Sailfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Saint Pierre. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159Saint Pierre argenté . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159Saint Pierre du Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159Salema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175SALMONIFORMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113salpa, Sarpa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175saltatrix, Pomatomus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167San Pedro del Cabo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159San Pedro plateado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159sanctipauli, Architeuthis (dux) . . . . . . . . . . 53Sand snake-eel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Sand steenbras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174Sand tonguefish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194Sandlances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Sandslangetjie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Sandsteenbras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174Sandtiger shark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Sand-tongvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194Sanmartin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159Sapata negra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Sapater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Sapo chasquilla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Sapo de Rossignol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Sapo guineano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Sar austral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175Sar commun du Cap. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Sarda sarda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185sarda, Sarda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Sardina angoleña . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Sardina sudafricana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Sardine de Whitehead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Sardinella aurita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Sardinella maderensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Sardinelle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142


Sardines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112Sardinops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Sardinops agax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Sardinops d’Afrique du Sud . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Sardinops ocellatus . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 143, 200Sardyn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Sargo del Cabo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Sargo hotentote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174Sargo montura blanca. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172Sargo panga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175sargus capensis, Diplodus . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Sarpa salpa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175Saupe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175Saurie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Sauries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122saurus scomberoides, Scomberesox . . . . . . . 155Saury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Sawback angelshark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Sawtailfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115scabra, Cranchia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56scabrus, Trachyrinchus . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 151Scads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130Scaleless black dragonfishes . . . . . . . . . . . 115Scalloped ribbonfish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156Scaly dragonfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115scandens, Ebalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Scarlet lobsterette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Scarlet shrimp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Schedophilus huttoni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Schedophilus pemarco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189schinzii, Laminaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 - 25Schlankthun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184Schnepfenfisch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Schwanzfleck-Stachelmakrele . . . . . . . . . . . 167Schwarzer Zitterrochen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Schwarzfisch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188Schweinhai. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Schwertfisch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187SCIAENIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 132, 176 - 177scolopaceus, Nemichthys . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112scolopax, Macroramphosus. . . . . . . . . . . . 161Scomber japonicus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185SCOMBERESOCIDAE . . . . . . . . . . 16, 122, 155Scomberesox saurus scomberoides . . . . . . . 155scomberoides, Scomberesox saurus . . . . . . . 155SCOMBRIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 137, 184 - 186SCOMBROLABRACIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 136Scombrolabrax heterolepis . . . . . . . . . . . . 136SCOPELARCHIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 117Scopelarchus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Scorpaena elongata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163SCORPAENIDAE. . . . . . . . . . 17, 127, 162 - 163SCORPAENIFORMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Scorpionfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127SCYLIORHINIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 78 - 79Scyliorhinus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Scyliorhinus capensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79SCYLLARIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 38Scyllarides herklotsii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Scymnodon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Scymnodon squamulosus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Sea bamboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Sea catfishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112sea dog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Sea grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Sea lettuce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Sea toads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120SEA TURTLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196Seabasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129SEABIRDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 199Seabreams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132Seadevils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Seals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211, 212Searobins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Seaspider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45SEAWEEDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Sébaste chèvre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162sebastoides, Acanthistius . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Sechskiemer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Seedulfstormvoel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Seiche australe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Seiche balle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Seiche élégante . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Seiche ridée . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Seilvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Selachophidium guentheri . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Selene dorsalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168semispinosa, Pasiphaea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Sepia austral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Sepia australis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 59Sepia elegans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Sepia hieronis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Sepia officinalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Sepia orbignyana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Sepia papillata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51, 61Sepia vermiculata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Sepiella ornata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51SEPIIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 51, 59 - 61SEPIOIDEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51SEPIOLIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 51Sergestes arcticus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Sergestes armatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Sergestes diapontius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Sergestes edwardsi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Sergestes pediformis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Sergestid shrimps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27SERGESTIDAE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 27Sergia grandis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Sergia potens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Sergia robusta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Seriola lalandi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168Sériole chinchard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168serpens, Gempylus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181serpens, Ophisurus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Serpent eel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Serpenton à nez long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Serpenton gris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Serran chèvre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Serrandel imperial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192SERRANIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 129, 164, 165Serranus cabrilla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Seskiefhaai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Seskief-slymslang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69setapinnis, Vomer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168Setarches guentheri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163sexspinis, Notacanthus . . . . . . . . . . . 110, 141Shallow-water hake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147SHARKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 70


INDEX

Sharpnose sevengill shark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Sharptooth houndshark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81sherboni, Howella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128Shlangenmakrele . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182Shore crabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Shortfin mako . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Shortnose chimaeras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100Shortnose greeneye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Shortnose spurdog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Shortspine African angler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Shortspine spurdog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Shorttail lantern shark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 26shubnikovi, Oxynotus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Shy albatross. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200Sicklefin chimaera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102sicula, Ctenopteryx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54sicula, Octopoteuthis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Sierra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183sigmoideus, Nematocarcinus. . . . . . . . . . . . 28signatus, Carcharhinus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82SILURIFORMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112Silver kob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176Silver scabbardfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 184Silversides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122Silvery John dory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159simorhynchus, Caelorinchus . . . . . . . . . . . 150simulans, Nanichthys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Sivade kangourou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Sixgill hagfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Sixgill shark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Skates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 - 91Skerpneus-sewekiefhaai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Skipjack tuna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Skolier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Skulprand-lintvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156Slangmakriel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Slank beryx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Slank snipvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Slank tuna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184Slant kalkvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183Slender beryx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Slender escolar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182Slender frostfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183Slender rockfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Slender snipefish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Slender tuna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184Slickheads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Slime skate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Slimeheads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124Slipper lobsters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 - 36Small mouth moonflounder . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192Smalleye scabbardfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183Smalleye squaretail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Smallscale slimehead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 159smithii, Bathyraja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Smooth horsefish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Smooth lanternshark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Smooth oreo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160Smooth puffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Smoothback angelshark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Smoothback skate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Smooth-hound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Snaggletooths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Snailfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128Snake eels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111Snake mackerel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Snake mackerels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136Snapping shrimps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Snipe eels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112Snipefishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126Snoek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 183Sole australe occidentale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Sole de vase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Sole du Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194Sole jaune . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194SOLEIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 139, 193 - 194Sole-langue du Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194Solenocera africana . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 27, 30Solenocère d’Afrique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Solenocerid shrimps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27SOLENOCERIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 27, 30Soles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139Sompat grunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Sompat-Sußlippe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171SOMNIOSIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75, 83, 84, 86Sonnenfisch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159Sopvinhaai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Soupfin shark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80South African blue stingray . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98South African fur seal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211, 212South African mullet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Southern African anchovy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Southern African pilchard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Southern cuttlefish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Southern elephant seal . . . . . . . . . . . . 211, 212Southern imperial blackfish. . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Southern lanternfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146Southern mullet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Southern right whale . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206, 207Southern right whale dolphin . . . . . . . . . . . . 210Southern rover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 171Spare à selle blanche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172Spare panga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175SPARIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 132, 172 - 176Spearfishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137Spearnose chimaera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102Spearnose skate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94speciosa, Munida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Speckled deepwater scorpionfish . . . . . . . . . 162Spectrunculus grandis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Sperm whale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206, 208SPHENISCIDAE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 200Spheniscus demersus . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 - 200SPHRYRAENIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Sphyraena afra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179SPHYRAENIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133, 179Sphyrna lewini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74SPHYRNIDAE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 74Spider crabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41, 44, 45Spider shrimps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Spiesneus rog (Ak) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Spikey oreo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160Spikkel-penhaai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86spinacidermis, Raja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Spinenose horsefish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161spinifer, Congiopodus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161spinosa, Exodromidia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41


Spinous spider crab. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Spiny box crab. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Spiny eels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110Spiny lobsters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Spiny puffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140Spiny-back eel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Spinycrab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Spinyfins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124Spinytailed deepsea pelagic shrimp . . . . . . . . 32Spirula spirula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51spirula, Spirula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51SPIRULIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 51Spitzkopfsiebenkiemer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Spitzrochen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94splendens, Beryx . . . . . . . . . . . . 157, 162, 172Splendid alfonsino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Spondyliosoma cantharus. . . . . . . . . . . . . 176Sponge crabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Spotted greeneye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Spotted gullyshark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Spotted opah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156Spotted spiny dogfish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86spp, Ulva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25springeri, Raja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Squale bouclé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Squale savate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Squale savate lutin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Squalechagrin commun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Squale-chagrin de l’Atlantique. . . . . . . . . . . . 83Squale-grogneur veloute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Squale-savate à long nez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Squalid sharks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3SQUALIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 82 - 87SQUALIFORMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Squalus acanthias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Squalus blainvillei. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Squalus megalops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Squalus mitsukurii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87squamifera, Eumunidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40squamosus, Centrophorus . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 83squamulosus, Scymnodon . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Squaretails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139Squat lobsters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Squatina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Squatina aculeata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Squatina oculata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88SQUATINIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 88SQUATINIFORMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75squinado, Maja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Stachelhai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Stargazers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134Steenklipvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Steinrochen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Stekelneus-perdvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Stercorarius parasiticus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205Stercorarius pomarinus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205Stereomastis grimaldi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Stereomastis submi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Stereomastis talismani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Sterna balaenarum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199Sterna bergii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199STERNOPTYCHIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 114Stingrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91stiriata, Gigartina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Stöcker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Stokvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Stoloteuthis leucoptera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Stomias boa boa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115STOMIIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 115STOMIIFORMES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114Stompneus-penhaai. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Stompneus-sandkruiper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Stone crabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 44straeleni, Raja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94, 97Strepie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175striatus, Antennarius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120Striped escolar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Striped red shrimp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 30Striped seabream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174STROMATEIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 138, 191Stromateus fiatola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Strumpfbandfisch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184Strykysterhaai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Stylopandalus richardi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Subantarctic fur seal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211Subantarctic skua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205submi, Steromastis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Subtropical flying fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Subtropies vliëende vis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Südafrikanische . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Südafrikanische Sardelle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Südafrikanische Sardine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Südafrikanischer Galjoen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Südafrikanischer Kingklip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Südlicher Glatthai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Sufflogobius bibarbatus . . . . . . . . . 2, 180, 200suhmi, Galiteuthis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Suhria vittata. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Suid-Afrikaanse pelser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Suidelike harder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Suidelike rondloper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171SULIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 203superciliosus, Alopias . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73, 78Surf shrimp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Süßwassergarnele . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Swaardvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Swallowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134Swallowtail seaperch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Swart bottervis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188Swart slymkop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158Swartroef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188Swartrugmalmok . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200Swift tern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199Swimming crabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Swimming shrimp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Swordfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137, 187Syacium micrurum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192Symbolophorus boops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146Sympagrus dimorphus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Sympagrus macrocerus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Symphurus normani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Synagrops microlepis . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 128, 164SYNAPHOBRANCHIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 111Synaphobranchus kaupi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111SYNGNATHIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 126SYNGNATHIFORMES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126Syngnathus acus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126SYNODONTIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 116, 145


INDEX

T

talismani, Stereomastis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Tamboril liebre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Tamboril mondeque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Tapir du Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Taractes rubescens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170Taractichthys longipinnis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171tarda, Pasiphaea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Tassergal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Taupe bleu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78taurus, Carcharias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72, 77taurus, Eugomphodus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Telescope cardinal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166telescopus, Epigonus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166Teleskoop-kardinaal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166Teleskop-Kardinalfisch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166tenuis, Benthodesmus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183Téraglin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177teres, Etrumeus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Tetradontiform fishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140Tétra-gonure atlantique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Tétragonure de Cuvier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191TETRAGONURIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 139, 191Tetragonurus atlanticus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Tetragonurus cuvieri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191TETRAODONTIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 140, 195TETRAODONTIFORMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140Tetrapterus albidus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Tetrapturus pfluegeri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188TEUTHOIDEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Teuthowenia maculata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Thinlip splitfin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 164Thintail thresher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Thon élégant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184Thon obèse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186Thornback ray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Thornback skate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Thresher shark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Thresher sharks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Thun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186Thunnus alalunga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186Thunnus albacares. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186Thunnus obesus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186Thyrsites atun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 183thysanophora, Eledone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58THYSANOTEUTHIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 55, 67Thysanoteuthis rhombus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Tiburón anguila . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Tiburon azul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Tiburón cobrizo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Tiburón comadiza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Tiburón de clavos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Tiburón nocturno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Tiefenwasser-Kapseechecht . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Tiefseegarnele . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 34Tieso gris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Tieso trompudo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Toadfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119, 128Todarodes angolensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Todarodes sagittatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Todarodes sagittatus angolensis. . . . . . . . . . 49Todaropsis eblanae . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 49, 66Tollo dentudo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Tollo flecha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Tollo lucero bandoneado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Tollo lucero liso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Tollo lucero mocho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Tollo negro merga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Tollo pajarito . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Tollo trompalarga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Tongue weed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Tonguefishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139Toothed whales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206, 208Tope shark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Toro bacota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77TORPEDINIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 90, 92TORPEDINIFORMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90Torpedo nobiliana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Torpille noire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Tortue caouanne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Tortue caret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Tortue luth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198Tortue olivâtre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198Tortue verte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Tortuga blanca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Tortuga de carey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Tortuga golfina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198Tortuga laud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198torvus, Congiopodus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Totenkopfchimäre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Toutenon angolais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Toutenon souffleur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66TRACHICHTHYIDAE . . . . . . . 16, 124, 158 - 159Trachinocephalus myops . . . . . . . . . . 116, 145TRACHIPTERIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 123, 156Trachipterus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Trachipterus trachypterus . . . . . . . . . . . . 156Trachurus capensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 169Trachurus trachurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Trachurus trecae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 169trachurus, Trachurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169trachypterus, Trachipterus . . . . . . . . . . . . 156Trachyrinchus scabrus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 151Trachyscorpia capensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Transparent octopus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57transversus, Pachygrapsus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46trecae, Trachurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 169Tremolina negra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Tres colas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165TRIAKIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 74, 80 - 81Triakis megalopterus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81TRICHIURIDAE. . . . . . . . . . . 19, 137, 183 - 184Trichiurus lepturus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184Triggerfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140Trigla lyra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164TRIGLIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 127, 163 - 164tripes, Nealotus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Tripletails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131Triplophus hemingi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114Trompetero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Trompetero manchado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Tropical two-wing flyingfish. . . . . . . . . . . . . 155tropicalis, Arctocephalus. . . . . . . . . . 211 - 212Tropiese tweevlerk-vliëende vis . . . . . . . . . . 155True crabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41True lobsters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36True sole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194


truncatus, Tursiops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210Tube shoulders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113tuberculata, Ocythoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Tunas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137Tursion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210Tursiops truncatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210Tweeoog-rog. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Twineye skate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Twotone fingerfin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

U

Ulva spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25ULVACEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Umbrella squids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Umbrina canariensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177upsicephalus, Lophius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 154URANOSCOPIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 134uyato, Centrophorus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

V

vaillanti, Lophius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154valdiviae, Bathypolypus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Vals doringrug-rog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Vampyoteuthis infernalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57VAMPYROMORPHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57VAMPYROTEUTHIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 57varidens, Aristeus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 30Varkie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171velani, Schedophilus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Velvet dogfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Velvet whalefishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125Venefica proboscidea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111veranyi, Chiroteuthis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56vermiculata, Sepia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60verrucosa, Gracilaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23verrucosus, Allocyttus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160Verrugato de Canarias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177vicinus, Bathyuroconger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Vieräugiger Spiegelrochen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96violacea, Dasyatis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98violacea, Pteroplatytrygon . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Violetter Stechrochen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Viperfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Virli dentu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Vitreledonella richardi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57VITRELEDONELLIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 57vittata, Suhria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Vlakwater-stokvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Voilier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Volador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Volador aleta negra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155volatilis, Ornithoteuthis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Volitans, Exocoetus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Vomer setapinnis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168vomerinus, Lophius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154vulgaris reynaudi, Loligo . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61vulgaris, Loligo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 61vulgaris, Octopus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 68vulpinus, Alopias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

W

wallacei, Raja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Warty gracilaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Warty oreo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160Wavyfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116Weasel sharks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Wedge sole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193wedli, Phrynichthys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Weiße Stumpfnase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175Weißer Marlin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Weißer Thun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186Weißhai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Weskus-platannavis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Weskus-slangpaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Weskus-steenbras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Weskus-tongvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193West African geryon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 45West African geryon crab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5West coast rock lobster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37West coast seabream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173West coast snake-eel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141West coast sole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193West coast steenbras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Westafrikanischer Anglerfisch . . . . . . . . . . . 154Westcoast toadfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Westküsten-Seezunge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Whalefishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125Whip squids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56White barbel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144White marlin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187White pelican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199, 203White seabream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173White seacatfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144White skate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94White steenbrass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173White stumpnose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175White-breasted cormorant . . . . . . . . . . 199, 204Whitecapped albatross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200White-chinned petrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Whitehead’s round herring . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142whiteheadi, Etrumeus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Whitespotted smooth-hound . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Wießer Thunfisch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186Wilson’s storm-petrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202Wit marlyn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Wit seebaber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144Witdoodshaai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Witkenpylstormvoel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Witkol-houndhaai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Witpoeding-rog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Witsteenbras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Witstompneus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175Woodward’s pelagic shrimp . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31woodwardi, Funchalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Wrackbarsch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Wrakvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Wreckfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Wreckfishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128Wrinkled cuttlefish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

X

XANTHIDAE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 10, 43Xenolepidichthys dalgleishi . . . . . . . . . . . 125Xiphias gladius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187XIPHIIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 137, 187Xiphiurus capensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152


INDEX

Y

Yellow skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Yellow sole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194Yellow spotted skate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Yellowbelly rockcod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Yellowfin tuna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155, 186Yellow-nosed albatross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Yellowspotted catshark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Yellowtail amberjack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Z

Zanzibar tonguesole. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195zanzibariensis, Cynnnoglossus . . . . . . . . . . 195ZEIDAE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 125, 159ZEIFORMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125, 134Zenopsis conchifer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159Zeus capensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 159Zeus faber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159ZOARCIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 134ZOARCHIFORMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134Zorro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Zu cristatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156


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COLOUR PLATES

Photo credits:

Jeppe KoldingPlate I: Figs. 1-8Plate II: Figs. 9-11, 14-16Plate III: Figs. 17, 19-24Plate IV: Figs. 26-32Plate V: Figs. 33, 35, 37, 38, 40Plate VI: Figs. 41, 42, 46, 48Plate VII: Figs 50-54Plate VIII: Figs. 57-64

Kent CarpenterPlate II: Figs. 12, 13Plate III: Fig. 18Plate IV: Fig. 25Plate V: Figs. 34, 36, 39Plate VI: Figs. 43-45, 47Plate VII: Figs 49, 56Plate X: Figs. 74Plate XI: Figs. 83-85

Gabriella BianchiPlate VII: Fig. 55

Oddgeir AlvheimPlate IX: Figs. 65-71Plate X: Figs. 72-73, 75-79Plate XI: Figs. 80-82, 87

Colour Plates 265


PLATE I

1. SOLENOCERIDAE : Solenocera africana 2. ARISTEIDAE: Aristeus varidens

3. PENAEIDAE: Parapenaeus longirostris 4. PASIPHAEIDAE: Glyphus marsupialis

5. PALINURIDAE: Jasus lalandii 6. NEPHROPIDAE: Nephropsis atlantica

7. LITHODIDAE: Uthodesferox 8. GERYONIDAE: Chaceon maritae

PLATE II

9. HEXANCHIDAE: Hexanchus griseus 10. LAMNIDAE: Isurus oxyrinchus

11. SCYLIORHINIDAE: Galeus polli 12. SCYLIORHINIDAE: Holohalaelurus regani

13. TRIAKIDAE: Mustelus palumbes 14. CARCHARHINIDAE: Prionace glauca

15. SQUALIDAE: Centrophorus granulosus 16. SQUALIDAE: Centrophorus squamosus

PLATE III

17. SQUALIDAE: Deania calcea 18. SQUALIDAE: Squalus megalops

19. ECHINORHINIDAE: Echinorhinus brucus 20. TORPEDINIDAE: Torpedo nobiliana

23. CALLORHINCHIDAE: Callorhinchus capensis 24. RHINOCHIMAERIDAE: Neoharriotta pinnata

22. RAJIDAE: Raja doutrei21. RAJIDAE: Raja clavata

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PLATE IV

25. BARBOURISIIDAE: Barbourisia rufa 26. PSYCHROLUTIDAE: Ebinania costaecanarie

27. ALBULIDAE: Pterothrissus bellori 28. NOTACANTHIDAE: Notacanthus sexspinis

29. CONGRIDAE: Bassanago albescem 30. CONGRIDAE: Bathyuroconger vicinus

31. CLUP EIDAE: Sardinella aurita 32. CLUPEIDAE: Etrumeus whiteheadi


PLATE V

33. ENGRAULIDAE: Engraulis capensis 34. CHLOROPHTHALMIDAE: Chlorophthalmus punctatus

35. MERLUCCIIDAE: Merluccius capensis 36. MERLUCCIIDAE: Merluccius paradoxus

37. MORIDAE: Physiculus capensis 38. MACROURIDAE: Trachyrincus scabrus

39. OPHIDIIDAE: Genypterus capensis 40. OPHIDIIDAE: Selachophidium guentheri

PLATE VI

41. LOPHIIDAE: Lophius vomerinus 42. SCOMBERESOCIDAE: Scomberesoxsaurus scomberoides

43. BERYCIDAE: Beryx spkndens 44. TRACHICHTHYIDAE: Hoplostethus melanopus

46. MACRORAMPHOSIDAE: Macroramphosus scolopax

47. CONGIOPODIDAE: Congiopodus spinifer 48. SCORPAENIDAE: Helicolenus dactylopterus

45. ZEIDAE: Zeus capensis

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PLATE VII

49. TRIGLIDAE: Chelidonichthys capensis 50. ACROPOMATIDAE: Synagrops microlepis

51. APOGONIDAE: Epigommpandionis 52. CARANGIDAE: Trachurus capensis

53. BRAMIDAE: Brama brama 54. EMMELICHTHYIDAE: Emmelichthys nitidus nitidus

55. SPARIDAE: Dentex macrophthalmus 56. GOBIIDAE: Sufflogobius bibarbatus


PLATE VIII

57. GEMPYLIDAE: Thyrsites atun 58. CENTROLOPHIDAE: Centrolophus niger

59. CENTROLOPHIDAE: Centrolophus niger 60. CENTROLOPHIDAE: Schedophilus huttoni

61. NOMEIDAE: Cubiceps capensis 62. SOLEIDAE: Austroglossus microlepis

63. CYNOGLOSSIDAE: Cynoglossus capensis 64. CYNOGLOSSIDAE: Cynoglossus zanzibarieiisis

PLATE IX

65. PENAEIDAE: Funchalia woodwardi

34 mm carapace length

66. PANDALIDAE: Heterocarpus grimaldi

41 mm carapace length

68. LOLIGINIDAE: Loligo vulgaris reynaudi

290 mm mangle length

71. SQUALIDAE Etmopterus cf. Brachyurus

23 cm total length

72. RAJIDAE Bathyraja smithii

98 cm total length

67. SEPIIDAE: Sepia australis

55 mm mantle length

69. HEXANCHIDAE: Heptranchias perlo

101 cm total length

70. CHLAMYDOSELACHIDAE: Chlamydoselachus anguineus125 cm total length

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PLATE X

73. RAJIDAE Raja confundens

55 cm total length

74. CLUPEIDAE Sardinops ocellatus

21 cm total length

76. MYCTOPHIDAE Symbolophorus boops

12 cm total length

75. ALEPOCEPHALIDAE Bajacalifornia megalops

38 cm standard length

77. PHOSICHTHYIDAE Phosichthys argenteus

18 cm total length

78. MORIDAE Laemonema laureysi

23 cm total length

79. MACROURIDAE Caelorinchus braueri

24 cm total length

80. MACROURIDAE Caelorinchus matamua

36 cm total length


PLATE XI

81. MACROURIDAE Caelorinchus simorhynchus

27 cm total length

82. MACROURIDAE Nezumia micronychodon

19 cm total length

84. TRACHICHTHYIDAE Hoplostethus atlanticus

27 cm standard length (35 cm total length)

83. TRACHICHTHYIDAE Hoplostethus atlanticus

23 cm total length

85. OREOSOMATIDAE Allocyttus verrucosus

13.5 cm standard length

86. OREOSOMATIDAE Neocyttus rhomboidalis

23.5 cm standard length

87. EPIGONIDAE Epigonus telescopus

29 cm standard length

88. GEMPYLIDAE Ruvettus pretiosus

68 cm total length

Field Guide to The Living Marine Resources of

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