FibeAir ® IP-10 E-Series Compact Long Haul Product Description

Copyright © 2011 by Ceragon Networks Ltd. All rights reserved.

FibeAir® IP-10 E-Series

Compact Long Haul

Product Description

Standard Version: ANSI

Software Version: I6.7

Hardware Versions: R2 & R3

Document Revision: 1.0

March 2011

FibeAir® IP-10 E-Series Compact Long Haul ANSI Version Product Description

Ceragon Proprietary and Confidential of 108

Notice This document contains information that is proprietary to Ceragon Networks Ltd. No part of this publication may be reproduced, modified, or distributed without prior written authorization of Ceragon Networks Ltd. This document is provided as is, without warranty of any kind.

Registered TradeMarks Ceragon Networks® is a registered trademark of Ceragon Networks Ltd. FibeAir® is a registered trademark of Ceragon Networks Ltd. CeraView® is a registered trademark of Ceragon Networks Ltd. Other names mentioned in this publication are owned by their respective holders.

TradeMarks CeraMap™, PolyView™, EncryptAir™, ConfigAir™, MicroWave Fiber™, and CeraBuild™ are trademarks of Ceragon Networks Ltd. Other names mentioned in this publication are owned by their respective holders.

Statement of Conditions The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. Ceragon Networks Ltd. shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or consequential damage in connection with the furnishing, performance, or use of this document or equipment supplied with it.

Open Source Statement The Product may use open source software, among them O/S software released under the GPL or GPL alike license ("GPL License"). Inasmuch that such software is being used, it is released under the GPL License, accordingly. Some software might have changed. The complete list of the software being used in this product including their respective license and the aforementioned public available changes is accessible on http://ne-open-source.licensesystem.com/.

Information to User Any changes or modifications of equipment not expressly approved by the manufacturer could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment and the warranty for such equipment.

Revision History

Rev Date Author Description Approved by

1.0 March 2011 Reuven Ginat Describes the FibeAir IP-10E CLH Compact

Long Haul System and its Components

Product Management

http://ne-open-source.licensesystem.com/



Table of Contents

1. About This Guide .............................................................................................. 7

2. What You Should Know ................................................................................... 7

3. Target Audience ............................................................................................... 7

4. Related Documents .......................................................................................... 7

5. Section Summary ............................................................................................. 8

6. Product Overview ............................................................................................. 9

6.1 IP-10E CLH Applications.............................................................................................. 11 6.1.1 Mobile Backhaul ........................................................................................................... 11 6.1.2 Private Networks .......................................................................................................... 11 6.1.3 Converged/Fixed Networks .......................................................................................... 11

6.2 IP-10E CLH Highlights ................................................................................................. 12 6.2.1 Best Utilization of Spectrum Assets ............................................................................. 12 6.2.2 Spectral Efficiency ........................................................................................................ 12 6.2.3 Radio Link .................................................................................................................... 12 6.2.4 Wireless Network ......................................................................................................... 13 6.2.5 Scalability ..................................................................................................................... 13 6.2.6 Availability .................................................................................................................... 13 6.2.7 Network Level Optimization ......................................................................................... 14 6.2.8 Network Management .................................................................................................. 14 6.2.9 Power Saving Mode High Power Radio ....................................................................... 14

6.3 Hardware Description ................................................................................................... 15 6.3.1 Dimensions and Voltage Rating ................................................................................... 15 6.3.2 Front Panel Interfaces .................................................................................................. 16 6.3.3 Available Assembly Options ........................................................................................ 17 6.3.4 RFU .............................................................................................................................. 17

6.4 IP-10E CLH Benefits .................................................................................................... 18

6.5 Licensing ...................................................................................................................... 19

6.6 Radio Configuration Options ........................................................................................ 21

6.7 Feature Overview ......................................................................................................... 22 6.7.1 General Features ......................................................................................................... 22 6.7.2 Capacity-Related Features .......................................................................................... 22 6.7.3 Ethernet Features ........................................................................................................ 23 6.7.4 Synchronization Features ............................................................................................ 23 6.7.5 Security Features ......................................................................................................... 24 6.7.6 Management Features ................................................................................................. 24

7. Functional Description ................................................................................... 26

7.1 Functional Overview ..................................................................................................... 27

7.2 IDU Interfaces .............................................................................................................. 28 7.2.1 Ethernet Interfaces ....................................................................................................... 28 7.2.2 Additional Interfaces ..................................................................................................... 29 7.2.3 Power Options .............................................................................................................. 29



7.3 Nodal Configuration ..................................................................................................... 30 7.3.1 Nodal Configuration Benefits ....................................................................................... 30 7.3.2 IP-10E CLH Nodal Design ........................................................................................... 30 7.3.3 Nodal Enclosure Design............................................................................................... 31 7.3.4 Nodal Management ...................................................................................................... 32 7.3.5 Centralized System Features ....................................................................................... 33 7.3.6 Ethernet Connectivity in Nodal Configurations ............................................................ 33

7.4 Protection Options ........................................................................................................ 34

8. Main Features ................................................................................................. 35

8.1 Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) ...................................................................... 36 8.1.1 Hitless and Errorless Step-by-Step Adjustments ......................................................... 36 8.1.2 ACM Benefits ............................................................................................................... 37 8.1.3 ACM and Built-In Quality of Service ............................................................................. 38 8.1.4 ACM with Adaptive Transmit Power ............................................................................ 38 8.1.5 Multi-Radio with ACM Support ..................................................................................... 39

8.2 XPIC Support ............................................................................................................... 40 8.2.1 XPIC Benefits ............................................................................................................... 40 8.2.2 XPIC Implementation ................................................................................................... 41 8.2.3 XPIC and Multi-Radio ................................................................................................... 42

8.3 Space Diversity ............................................................................................................ 43 8.3.1 Baseband Switching (BBS) .......................................................................................... 44

8.4 LTE-Ready Latency ..................................................................................................... 45 8.4.1 Benefits of IP-10E CLH’s Top-of-the-Line Low Latency .............................................. 45

8.5 Carrier Grade Ethernet................................................................................................. 46 8.5.1 Carrier Ethernet Service Types .................................................................................... 47 8.5.2 Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF) ....................................................................................... 48 8.5.3 Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10E CLH ........................................................ 49 8.5.4 Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10E CLH - Node Failure ................................ 49

8.6 Ethernet Switching ....................................................................................................... 51 8.6.1 Smart Pipe Mode ......................................................................................................... 51 8.6.2 Managed Switch Mode................................................................................................. 52 8.6.3 Metro Switch Mode ...................................................................................................... 52

8.7 Integrated QoS Support ............................................................................................... 53 8.7.1 QoS Overview .............................................................................................................. 53 8.7.2 IP-10E CLH Standard QoS .......................................................................................... 54 8.7.3 QoS Traffic Flow in Smart Pipe Mode .......................................................................... 54 8.7.4 QoS Traffic Flow in Managed Switch and Metro Switch Mode .................................... 55 8.7.5 Enhanced QoS ............................................................................................................. 55 8.7.6 Weighted Random Early Detection .............................................................................. 56 8.7.7 Standard and Enhanced QoS Comparison.................................................................. 58 8.7.8 Enhanced QoS Benefits ............................................................................................... 58

8.8 Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) Support ....................................................................... 59 8.8.1 RSTP ............................................................................................................................ 59 8.8.2 Carrier Ethernet Wireless Ring-Optimized RSTP ........................................................ 59 8.8.3 Ring-Optimized RSTP Limitations ............................................................................... 60 8.8.4 Basic IP-10E CLH Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring Topology Examples ..................... 61

8.8.4.1 IP-10E CLH Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring with Dual-Homing .............................. 61



8.9 Synchronization Support .............................................................................................. 62 8.9.1 Wireless IP Synchronization Challenges ..................................................................... 62 8.9.2 Precision Timing-Protocol (PTP) .................................................................................. 62 8.9.3 Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE) .................................................................................... 63 8.9.4 IP-10E CLH Synchronization Solution ......................................................................... 63 8.9.5 Synchronization Using Precision Timing Protocol (PTP) Optimized Transport ........... 64 8.9.6 Native Sync Distribution Mode ..................................................................................... 65 8.9.7 SyncE “Regenerator” Mode ......................................................................................... 66

9. RFU-A Description .......................................................................................... 67

9.1 RFU-A References & Standards .................................................................................. 67

9.2 RFU-A Overview .......................................................................................................... 68 9.2.1 The Complete Solution................................................................................................. 68 9.2.2 Main Features .............................................................................................................. 69

9.3 Frequency Bands ......................................................................................................... 71

9.4 RFU-A System Components ........................................................................................ 73

9.5 System Configurations ................................................................................................. 76 9.5.1 Space Diversity ............................................................................................................ 76 9.5.2 System Configuration Table ......................................................................................... 77 9.5.3 Basic Configuration Electrical Charts ........................................................................... 80

9.6 RFU-A Upgrading ......................................................................................................... 81

9.7 RFU-A Extension/Expansion ....................................................................................... 81

9.8 RFU-A Mounting .......................................................................................................... 82

9.9 RFU-A Specifications ................................................................................................... 84 9.9.1 Branching Losses ......................................................................................................... 84 9.9.2 Waveguide Flange ....................................................................................................... 84 9.9.3 Physical Dimensions .................................................................................................... 84

10. Typical Configurations ................................................................................... 85

10.1 Configuration Options Table ........................................................................................ 85

10.2 Illustrated Configuration Options .................................................................................. 86

11. Management Overview ................................................................................... 90

11.1 PolyView End-To-End Network Management System ................................................ 91 11.1.1 PolyView Advantages .................................................................................................. 92 11.1.2 PolyView Supported Features ..................................................................................... 92

11.1.2.1 General Features ........................................................................................................................... 92

11.1.2.2 Faults .................................................................................................................................................. 92

11.1.2.3 Configuration .................................................................................................................................. 92

11.1.2.4 Security .............................................................................................................................................. 93

11.1.2.5 Database ............................................................................................................................................ 93

11.1.2.6 Performance .................................................................................................................................... 93

11.1.3 PolyView Functionality ................................................................................................. 93

11.2 Web-Based Element Management System (Web EMS) ............................................. 95



11.3 CeraBuild ..................................................................................................................... 95

11.4 End to End Multi-Layer OAM ....................................................................................... 96 11.4.1 Connectivity Fault Management (CFM) ....................................................................... 96 11.4.2 Ethernet Statistics (RMON) .......................................................................................... 97

11.4.2.1 Ingress Line Receive Statistics ................................................................................................ 97

11.4.2.2 Ingress Radio Transmit Statistics .......................................................................................... 97

11.4.2.3 Egress Radio Receive Statistics ............................................................................................... 98

11.4.2.4 Egress Line Transmit Statistics............................................................................................... 98

12. Specifications ................................................................................................. 99

12.1 General Specifications ................................................................................................. 99

12.2 RFU Support ................................................................................................................ 99

12.3 Radio Capacity ........................................................................................................... 100 12.3.1 10 MHz ....................................................................................................................... 100 12.3.2 30 MHz ....................................................................................................................... 100 12.3.3 40 MHz ....................................................................................................................... 101 12.3.4 Transmit Power

(dBm)................................................................................................ 101

12.4 Ethernet Latency Specifications ................................................................................. 102 12.4.1 Latency - 10 MHz Channel Bandwidth ....................................................................... 102 12.4.2 Latency - 20 MHz Channel Bandwidth ....................................................................... 102 12.4.3 Latency - 30 MHz Channel Bandwidth ....................................................................... 103 12.4.4 Latency - 40 MHz Channel Bandwidth ....................................................................... 103

12.5 Interface Specifications .............................................................................................. 104 12.5.1 Ethernet Interface Specifications ............................................................................... 104

12.6 Carrier Ethernet Functionality .................................................................................... 104

12.7 Network Management, Diagnostics, Status, and Alarms ........................................... 106

12.8 Mechanical Specifications .......................................................................................... 107

12.9 Standard compliance ................................................................................................. 107

12.10 Environmental ............................................................................................................ 107

12.11 Power Input Specifications ......................................................................................... 108

12.12 Power Consumption Specifications ........................................................................... 108



1. About This Guide

This document describes the main features, components, and specifications of the FibeAir IP-10 E-Series Compact Long Haul (IP-10E CLH ) high capacity IP network solution. This document also describes a number of typical IP-10E CLH configuration options. This document applies to hardware version R3 and software version I6.7.

2. What You Should Know

This document is written for users in North America, and describes applicable standards (ANSI, FCC) for North American users. An ETSI version of this document is also available.

3. Target Audience

This manual is intended for use by Ceragon customers, potential customers, and business partners. The purpose of this manual is to provide basic information about the IP-10E CLH for use in system planning, and determining which IP-10E CLH configuration is best suited for a specific network.

4. Related Documents FibeAir IP-10 License Management System, DOC-00019183 Rev a.03

FibeAir IP-10 G-Series Web Based Management User Guide, DOC-00018688 Rev. a.17

FibeAir CeraBuild Commission Reports Guide, DOC-00028133 Rev a.02

FibeAir IP-10 G-Series Compact Long Haul Product Description, ANSI

FibeAir IP-10 G-Series Compact Long Haul Product Description, ETSI

FibeAir IP-10 E-Series Compact Long Haul Product Description, ETSI

FibeAir Compact Long Haul Installation Guide, DOC-00028775 Rev. a.00



5. Section Summary

This Product Description includes the following sections:

Section Summary

Section Summary of Contents

Product Overview Provides an overview of the FibeAir IP-10E CLH, including basic information about IP-

10E CLH and its features, a description of some common applications in which IP-10E

CLH is used, a description of the hardware and interfaces, and an explanation of the

licensing process for certain features.

Functional Description Includes a functional block diagram of IP-10E CLH, and describes the main

components and interfaces, including detailed descriptions of the nodal configuration

option, and protected configuration options.

Main Features Provides detailed descriptions of the IP-10E CLH main features.

RFU-A Description Describes the Radio Frequency Unit (RFU) used in the system.

Typical Configurations Provides diagrams of several typical IP-10E CLH configurations.

Management Overview Provides an overview of the Ceragon applications used to manage the system,

including the PolyView™ Network Management System (NMS), the Web-Based

Element Management System (Web EMS), and the CeraBuild™ maintenance and

provisioning application, and describes the end to end multi-layer OAM functionality.

Specifications Lists the IP-10E CLH specifications, including general specifications, radio capacity,

interface, power, mechanical, and other specifications.



6. Product Overview

FibeAir IP-10E CLH (Compact Long Haul) is a reliable and cost-effective all-indoor wireless Ethernet backhaul product designed for high capacity, long distance applications. IP-10E CLH has a compact design and ultra-low power consumption that makes it an ideal fit for network deployments that require a small footprint.

Designed uniquely for the North American market, IP-10E CLH enables operators to deploy high capacity, long haul microwave systems in locations where rack space and shelter real-estate are limited. With its compact design, a 1+1 Hot Standby (HSB) radio configuration requires only three rack units (RUs), while offering exceptionally high transmit power. IP-10E CLH supports configurations of 1+0, 1+1, 2+0, and 2+2.

Lowering costs further, the system’s ultra-high power transmitter transmits the highest power in the industry, and can reach longer distances using smaller antennas. To ensure that power is not wasted, IP-10E CLH employs an innovative built-in “Power Consumption Saving” (“Green Mode”) mechanism, which results in power savings of up to 30%. Green Mode enables the deployment of smaller antennas, and reduces the need for repeater stations. In addition, installation labor cost and electricity consumption are reduced, achieving an overall diminished carbon footprint.

IP-10E CLH covers the entire licensed frequency spectrum with the addition of the unlicensed 5.8 GHz band, and offers capacity of up to 370 Mbps over a single radio carrier (40 MHz channel, with MAC header compression, up to 740 Mbps with XPIC enabled), using a single Radio Frequency Unit (RFU). By enabling more capacity, at lower latencies, to any location, with proper traffic management mechanisms and an optional downstream boost, IP-10E CLH is built to enhance end user Quality of Experience.

Support for the 5.8 GHz unlicensed band is a special feature of IP-10E CLH. Usage of the unlicensed band enables rapid deployment of radios that can be migrated to the licensed 6 GHz band in the future. The unlicensed band also ensures economically efficient system usage, since common hardware platforms can be shared between the unlicensed and licensed systems. The same antennas can be used after migration from 5.8 GHz to 6.2 GHz.

IP-10E CLH offers advanced Ethernet networking functionality, best-in-class microwave radio performance, and risk-free cost-effective IP/Ethernet network building.

FibeAir IP-10E CLH includes a powerful, integrated Ethernet switch for advanced networking functionality. With advanced service management and Operation Administration & Maintenance (OA&M) tools, IP-10E CLH simplifies network design, reduces CAPEX and OPEX and improves overall network availability and reliability to support services with stringent SLA.



IP-10E CLH is an exceptionally modular, expandable, and flexible system designed for a wide range of capacity, protection, and diversity scenarios. The system easily scales from 1+0 or 1+1 to 2+0, and 2+2 configurations. Additional functionality and capacity can be enabled via license keys while using the same hardware.

Highlights of IP-10E CLH include:

Risk-Free Solution

Energy Efficient

Uniquely small footprint of 2-3 rack increments for 1+0/1+1 configurations

Highest Possible Capacity and Efficiency at any Channel Bandwidth

Can operate in the unlicensed frequency of 5.8 GHz

Robust Redundant Design

Advanced Radio Features

Simplified Network Design and Maintenance, Reducing Capex and Opex

Optimized for Today’s Deployments without Compromising Upgradeability



6.1 IP-10E CLH Applications

This section describes some of the most common applications for which the IP-10E CLH is used.

6.1.1 Mobile Backhaul

For Cellular Networks, IP-10E CLH supports native Ethernet for cellular backhaul networks. IP-10E CLH provides maximum performance and resource utilization via spectrum efficiency, and carrier grade reliability and resiliency through advanced protection schemes.

6.1.2 Private Networks

IP-10E CLH enables government agencies, enterprises and utilities of all kinds to rapidly deploy a cost effective, self-owned private network. Meeting the utmost service availability requirements, IP-10E CLH delivers high capacity wherever it is needed. IP-10E CLH is available in easy split-mount or all-indoor installations.

6.1.3 Converged/Fixed Networks

IP-10E CLH delivers integrated high speed data, video and voice traffic in the most optimum and cost-effective manner. Operators can build an ultra-high capacity converged network to support multiple types of services utilizing IP-10E CLH scalable capacity.



6.2 IP-10E CLH Highlights

The following are just some of the highlights of IP-10E CLH .

6.2.1 Best Utilization of Spectrum Assets

IP-10E CLH provides efficiencies at three levels - spectral efficiency, radio link, and wireless network. By combing superior radio performance, advanced compression, and an end-to-end holistic approach for capacity, operators may effectively provides up to five times more traffic to their users. In other words, IP-10E CLH enables more revenue generating subscribers in a given RAN.

6.2.2 Spectral Efficiency

IP-10E CLH provides unrivaled spectral efficiency in a given spectrum channel by optimizing capacity of a link using adaptive coding and modulation techniques. In addition, IP-10E CLH’s intelligent Ethernet and payload compression mechanisms improves effective Ethernet throughput by up to 5 fold without affecting user traffic.

6.2.3 Radio Link

Latency – IP-10E CLH boasts ultra-low latency features that are essential for 3G and LTE deployments. With low latency, IP-10E CLH enables links to cascade further away from the fiber PoP, allowing wider coverage in a given network cluster. Ultra-low latency also translates into longer radio chains, broader radio rings, and shorter recovery times. Moreover, maintaining low packet delay variation ensures proper synchronization propagation across the network.

System Gain – IP-10E CLH’s unrivalled system gain provides higher link availability, smaller antennas, and longer link spans. IP-10E CLH provides higher overall capacity while maintaining critical and real-time traffic saving both on operational and capital expenditures by using smaller antennas for given link budget.



Power Adaptive ACM – IP-10E CLH sets the industry standard for Advanced Adaptive Code and Modulation (ACM), increasing network capacity over an existing infrastructure while reducing sensitivity to environmental interferences. In addition, IP-10E CLH provides a unique technological combination of ACM with Adaptive Power to ensure high availability and unmatched link utilization.

6.2.4 Wireless Network

Enhanced QoS – IP-10E CLH enables operators to deploy differentiated services with stringent service level agreements while maximizing the utilization of network resources. IP-10E CLH enables granular CoS classification and traffic management, network utilization monitoring, and enables support of EIR traffic without affecting CIR traffic. Enhanced QoS enables traffic shaping per queue and port in order to limit and control packet bursts, and improves the utilization of TCP flows using WRED protocols.

OA&M – With advanced service management and Operation Administration & Maintenance (OA&M) tools, IP-10E CLH simplifies network design, reduces operational and capital expenditures, and improves overall network availability and reliability to support services with stringent SLA.

6.2.5 Scalability

IP-10E CLH is a scalable solution that is based on a common hardware that supports any channel size, modulation scheme, capacity, network topology, and configuration. Scalability and hardware efficiency simplify logistics and allow for commonality of spare parts. A common hardware platform enables customers to upgrade the feature set as the need arises - Pay As You Grow - without requiring hardware replacement.

6.2.6 Availability

MTBF.– IP-10E CLH provides an unrivaled reliability benchmark, with radio MTBF exceeding 112 years, and average annual return rate around 1%. Our radios are designed in-house and employ cutting-edge technology with unmatched production yield, and a mature installed-base exceeding 100,000 radios. In addition, advanced radio features such as multi-radio and cross polarization achieves 100% utilization of radio resources by load balancing based on instantaneous capacity per carrier. Important resulting advantages are reduction in capital expenditures due to less spare parts required for roll-out, and reduction in operating expenditures, as maintenance and troubleshooting occurrence is infrequent.



ACM – Adaptive Modulation has a remarkable synergy with IP-10E CLH’s built-in Layer 2 Quality of Service mechanism. Since QoS provides priority support for different classes of service, according to a wide range of criteria, it is possible to configure the system to discard only low priority packets as conditions deteriorate. Adaptive Power and Adaptive Coding & Modulation provides maximum availability and spectral efficiency in any deployment scenario.

6.2.7 Network Level Optimization

IP-10E CLH optimizes overall network performance, scalability, resilience, and survivability by using hot-standby configuration with no single point of failure. In addition, ring and mesh deployments increase resiliency with standard xSTP as well as with a proprietary enhancement to the industry standard RSTP, resulting in faster recovery time. IP-10E CLH helps create a more robust network, with minimum downtime and maximum service grade, ensuring better user experience, better immunity to failures, lower churn, and reduced expenditures.

6.2.8 Network Management

IP-10E CLH provides state-of-the-art management based on SNMP and HTTP. Ceragon’s network management system offers best-in-class end-to-end Ethernet service management, network monitoring, and NMS survivability by using advanced OAM. PolyView, Ceragon’s network management solution, provides simplified network provisioning, configuration error prevention, monitoring, and troubleshooting tools that ensure better user experience, minimal network downtime and reduced expenditures on network level maintenance.

6.2.9 Power Saving Mode High Power Radio

IP-10E CLH offers an optional ultra-high power radio solution that transmits the highest power in the industry, while employing an innovative "Power Saving Mode" that saves up to 30% power consumption. "Power Saving Mode" enables the deployment of smaller antennas, and reduces the need for repeater stations. Moreover, installation labor cost and electricity consumption are reduced, achieving an overall diminished carbon footprint.



6.3 Hardware Description

FibeAir IP-10E CLH features a compact all-indoor architecture consisting of an Indoor Unit (IDU) and a Radio Frequency Unit (RFU). For more information about the RFU, see RFU-A Description on page 67.

6.3.1 Dimensions and Voltage Rating

This section sets forth basic system specifications. For a more extensive description of IP-10E CLH’s specifications, refer to Mechanical Specifications on page 107 and



Power Input Specifications on page 108.

Dimensions

Height: 1.68" (1RU)

Width: 19"

Depth: 7.4"

DC input voltage nominal rating: -48V

6.3.2 Front Panel Interfaces

This section describes the IP-10E CLH’s main interfaces. For a fuller description of the IP-10E CLH’s interfaces, refer to IDU Interfaces on page 28.

IP-10E CLH Front Panel and Interfaces

IP-10 E-Series Front Panel with Dual Feed Power

Main Interfaces:

5 x 10/100Base-T

2 x GbE combo ports: 10/100/1000Base-T or SFP 1000Base-X

RFU interface: N-type connector

Additional Interfaces:

Terminal console

External alarms (4 inputs & 1 output)



PROT: Ethernet protection control interface (for 1+1 HSB mode support)

In addition, each of the FE interfaces can be configured to support an alternate mode of operation:

MGT: Ethernet out-of-band management (up to 3 interfaces)

WS: Ethernet wayside

6.3.3 Available Assembly Options

With or without XPIC support

With or without dual-feed power option

6.3.4 RFU

IP-10E CLH is based on the latest Ceragon technology, and is installed together with Ceragon’s RFU-A.

The RFU supports multiple capacities, frequencies, modulation schemes, and configurations for various network requirements. It operates in the frequency range of 5.8 GHz (unlicensed) and 6-11 GHz, and supports capacities of from 10 Mbps to 500 Mbps.

For more detailed information about the RFU, refer to RFU-A Description on page 67.



6.4 IP-10E CLH Benefits

IP-10E CLH has many advantages that cover the many aspects of flexible and reliable network building.

Incomparable Economic Value – The IP-10E CLH pay-as-you-grow concept reduces network costs. Each network node is optimized individually, with future capacity growth in mind. Whenever needed, additional functionality is enabled via an upgrade license, using the same hardware. Using this flexible economic approach, a full duplex throughput of more than 400 Mbps over a single channel can be achieved.

Experience Counts – IP-10E CLH was designed with continuity in mind. It is based on Ceragon’s well-established and field-proven IP-MAX Ethernet microwave technology. With Ceragon's large customer base, years of experience in high-capacity IP radios, and seamless integration with all standard IP equipment vendors, IP-10E CLH is poised to be an IP networking standard-bearer.

User-Management Traffic Integration – In-Band Management significantly simplifies backhaul network design and maintenance, reducing both CapEx and OpEx. It also dramatically improves overall network availability and reliability, enabling support for services with stringent SLA.

Unique Full Range Adaptive Modulation – Provides the widest modulation range on the market from QPSK to 256 QAM with multi-level real-time hitless and errorless modulation shifting changing dynamically according to environmental conditions - while ensuring zero-downtime connectivity.

Guaranteed Ultra Low Latency (< 0.15 ms @ 400Mbps) – Suitable for delay-sensitive applications, such as VoIP and Video over IP.

Extended Quality of Service (QoS) Support – Enables smart packet queuing and prioritization.

Fully Integrated L2 Ethernet Switching Functionality – Includes VLAN-based switching, MAC address learning, QinQ and Ring-RSTP support.

Multiple Network Topology Support –Mesh, Ring, Chain, Point-to-Point.

Longer Transmission Distances, Smaller Antennas – Reduces network costs and enables a farther reach to the other end.



6.5 Licensing

This section describes IP-10E CLH’s licensing structure. For more detailed information, refer to FibeAir IP-10 License Management System, DOC-00019183 Rev a.03.

IP-10E CLH offers a pay-as-you-grow concept to reduce network costs. Future capacity growth and additional functionality is enabled with license keys and an innovative stackable nodal solution using the same hardware. License keys are generated per IDU serial number.

Licenses are divided into two categories:

Per Radio – Each IDU (both sides of the link) require a license.

Per Configuration – Only one license is required for the system.

A 1+1 configuration requires the same set of licenses for both the active and the protected IDU.

In nodal configuration for licenses that are not per radio, licenses should be assigned to the main (bottom) IDU in the enclosure.

As your network expands and additional functionality is desired, license keys can be purchased for the following features:

Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM)

Enables the Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) feature. An ACM license is required per radio. If additional IDUs are required for non-radio functionality, no license is required for these units. Refer to Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) on page 36.

L2 Switch

Enables Managed Switch and Metro Switch. A license is required for any IDU that requires the use of two or more Ethernet ports. Refer to Ethernet Switching on page 51.

Capacity Upgrade

Enables you to increase your system’s radio capacity in gradual steps by upgrading your capacity license.



Network Resiliency

Enables Ring RSTP for improving network resiliency. Only one Network Resiliency license is required for an east-west configuration. An L2 Switch license must also be purchased to enable this feature. Refer to Carrier Ethernet Wireless Ring-Optimized RSTP on page 59.

Ethernet Synchronization

Enables configuration of an external source as a clock source for synchronous Ethernet output (if the IDU’s hardware supports synchronization). Without this license, only a local (internal) clock can be used for Ethernet synchronization. Every node that is part of the sync path requires one license for 1+0 configurations or two licenses for 1+1 configurations.

Enhanced QoS

Enables the Enhanced QoS feature, including:

WRED

Eight queues

Shaping per queue

A license is required per radio. Refer to Enhanced QoS on page 55.



6.6 Radio Configuration Options The following are some of the typical configurations supported by the FibeAir IP‐10E CLH .

• 1+0 • 1+1 HSB • 1+1 SD • 1+1 Ring Congfiguration E/W • 1+1 SD Ring Congfiguration E/W • 2+0 SP • 2+2 DP • 2+2 SD • 4+0 SP • 4+0 DP

Where: HSB ‐ Hot Standby SD ‐ Space Diversity E/W ‐ East/West SP ‐ Single Polarization DP ‐ Dual Polarization

For more details about these configuration options, refer to Typical Configurations on page 85.



6.7 Feature Overview

This section provides an overview of IP-10E CLH’s features. The main features are described in more detail in Main Features on page 35.

6.7.1 General Features

Protection – IP-10E CLH offers a number of protection options in both nodal and standalone configurations. For more information, refer to Protection Options on page 34.

Latency – IP-10E CLH provides best-in-class latency for all channels. For more information, refer to LTE-Ready Latency on page 45.

Dual-Feed Power Connection – assembly options include dual-feed power for increased protection against outages. For more information, refer to Power Options on page 29.

6.7.2 Capacity-Related Features

High Spectral Efficiency:

Modulations – QPSK to 256 QAM

Radio capacity (FCC) – Up to 70/140/240/320/450 Mbps over 10/20/30/40 MHz channels

All licensed bands – L6, U6, 7, 8, 11 GHz

Highest scalability – From 10 Mbps to 500 Mbps, using the same hardware, including the same RFU.

Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) – IP-10E CLH employs the most advanced ACM technique for maximization of spectrum utilization and capacity over any given bandwidth and changing environmental conditions. For more information, refer to Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) on page 36.

Cross Polarization Interference Canceller (XPIC) – IP-10E CLH’s implementation of XPIC enables two radio carriers to use the same frequency with a polarity separation between them by adaptively subtracting from each carrier the interfering cross carrier at the proper phase and level, with the ability to detect both streams even under the worst levels of cross polar discrimination interference such as 10 dB. For more information, refer to XPIC Support on page 40.

Space Diversity – IP-10E CLH supports Space Diversity through Baseband Switching (BBS). Space Diversity provides an added level of protection to negate the effects of multipath phenomenon by providing for signal diversity such that if one signal is impaired, the other signal can replace or compensate for the impaired signal. For more information, refer to Space Diversity on page 43.

Intelligent Ethernet Header Compression (patent-pending) – Improves effective throughput by up to 45% without affecting user traffic.



Intelligent Ethernet Header Compression

Ethernet Packet Size (Bytes) Capacity Increase by Compression

64 45%

96 29%

128 22%

256 11%

512 5%

6.7.3 Ethernet Features

MEF-Certified Carry Grade Ethernet – IP-10E CLH is fully MEF-9 and MEF-14 certified for all Carrier Ethernet services (E-Line and E-LAN). For more information, refer to Carrier Grade Ethernet on page 46.

Enhanced Ethernet Switching – IP-10E CLH supports three modes for Ethernet switching:

Smart Pipe – Ethernet switching functionality is disabled and only a single Ethernet interface is enabled for user traffic. The unit effectively operates as a point-to-point Ethernet microwave radio.

Managed Switch – Ethernet switching functionality is enabled based on VLANs.

Metro Switch – Ethernet switching functionality is enabled based on an S-VLAN-aware bridge.

For more information about Ethernet switching in IP-10E CLH , refer to Ethernet

Switching on page 51.

Integrated QoS Support – IP-10E CLH offers integrated QoS functionality in all switching modes. In addition to its standard QoS functionality, IP-10E CLH offers an enhanced QoS feature that includes eight queues instead of four, enhanced classification criteria, and WRED for congestion management. For more information, refer to Integrated QoS Support on page 53.

Spanning Tree Protocol – IP-10E CLH supports Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) to ensure a loop-free topology for any bridged LAN. IP-10E CLH also includes a proprietary implementation of RSTP that is optimized for ring topologies. For more information, refer to Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) Support on page 59.

6.7.4 Synchronization Features

Combinations of the following techniques can be used:

PTP optimized transport

Native sync distribution for nodal configurations

“SyncE regenerator" mode for pipe configurations

For more information about IP-10E CLH synchronization, refer to Synchronization Support on page 62.



6.7.5 Security Features

Timeout – IP-10E CLH includes a configurable inactivity time-out for closing management channels.

Password Security – IP-10E CLH enforces password strength and aging rules.

User Suspension and Expiration – Users can be suspended after a configurable number of unsuccessful login attempts and to expire at a certain, configurable date.

SSH Support – IP-10E CLH supports SHHv1 and SSHv2.

HTTPS Support – IP-10E CLH can be managed using HTTPS protocol.

Secure FTP (SFTP) – IP-10E CLH supports SFTP for certain management operations, such as uploading and downloading configuration files and downloading software updates.

6.7.6 Management Features

Network Management System (NMS) – PolyView provides management functions for IP-10E CLH at the network level, as well as at the individual network element level. Using PolyView, you can perform the following for Ceragon elements in the network:

Performance Reporting

Inventory Reporting

Software Download

Configuration Management

Trail Management

View Current Alarms (with alarm synchronization)

View an Alarm Log

Create Alarm Triggers

For more information about PolyView, refer to PolyView End-To-End Network

Management System on page 91.

Web-Based Element Management –IP-10E CLH web-based element management is used to perform configuration operations and obtain statistical and performance information related to the system. For more information, refer to Web-Based Element Management System (Web EMS) on page 95.

Extensive Radio Capacity/Utilization Statistics:

Statistics are collected at 15-minute and 24-hour intervals.

Historical statistics are stored and made available when needed.

Capacity/ACM statistics include:

Maximum modulation in interval

Minimum modulation in interval

Number of seconds in an interval, during which active modulation was below the user-configured threshold

Utilization statistics include:



Maximal radio link utilization in an interval

Average radio link utilization in an interval

-Number of seconds in an interval, during which radio link utilization was above the user-configured threshold

SNMP Support – IP-10E CLH supports SNMPv1 and SNMPv3.

RMON Support for Ethernet Statistics – IP-10E CLH supports RMON Ethernet statistic counters. For more information, refer to Ethernet Statistics (RMON) on page 97.

In-Band Management – IP-10E CLH can optionally be managed in-band, via its radio and Ethernet interfaces. This method of management eliminates the need for a dedicated interface and network. In-band management uses a dedicated management VLAN, which is user-configurable.

Operations Administration and Maintenance (OAM) – IP-10E CLH supports complete OAM functionality at multiple layers, including:

Alarms and events

Maintenance signaling, including LOS and AIS

Performance monitoring

Maintenance commands, such as Loopbacks and APS commands

For more information about OAM in IP-10, refer to End to End Multi-Layer OAM on

page 96.

Ethernet Connectivity Fault Management (CFM) – IP-10E CLH utilizes IEEE 802.1ag CFM protocols to maintain smooth system operation and non-stop data flow. For more information, refer to Connectivity Fault Management (CFM) on page 96.



7. Functional Description

Featuring an advanced architecture, IP-10E CLH uniquely integrates the latest radio technology with Ethernet networking. The IP-10E CLH radio core engine is designed to support native Ethernet over the air interface enhanced with Adaptive Power and Adaptive Coding & Modulation (ACM) for maximum spectral efficiency in any deployment scenario. The modular design is easily scalable with the addition of units or license keys.

IP-10E CLH supports the following modes for Ethernet switching:

Smart Pipe – Ethernet interface is enabled for user traffic. The unit effectively operates as a point-to-point Ethernet microwave radio.



For more information on IP-10E CLH’s switching options, refer to Ethernet Switching on page 51.

Functional Block Diagram



7.1 Functional Overview

IP-10E CLH can be installed in a standalone or a nodal configuration. The nodal configuration adds a backplane, which is required for certain functionality such as the XPIC, and which enables unified management of the system as a single network element with multiple radio links. For more information on the nodal configuration option and its benefits, refer to Nodal Configuration on page 30.

FibeAir IP-10E CLH Block Diagram

The CPU acts as the IDU’s central controller, and all management frames received from or sent to external management applications must pass through the CPU. In a nodal configuration, the main unit’s CPU serves as the central controller for the entire node.

The Mux assembles the radio frames, and holds the logic for protection and Space Diversity.

The modem represents the physical layer, modulating, transmitting, and receiving the data stream.



7.2 IDU Interfaces

This section describes in detail the IP-10E CLH’s interfaces, including optional interface options.

7.2.1 Ethernet Interfaces

FibeAir IP-10E CLH contains two GbE Ethernet interfaces and six FE interfaces on the front panel. For the GbE interfaces, you can choose between two optical and two electrical physical interfaces. Both pairs of GbE interfaces are labeled Eth1 and Eth2. The optical interfaces are located to the left of the electrical interfaces.

The remaining Ethernet interfaces (Eth3 through Eth7) are FE ports. All except Eth3 are dual function interfaces. They can be configured as traffic ports or functional ports for wayside or management, as shown in the following table.

Ethernet Interface Functionality

Interface Name

Interface Rate Functionality

Smart Pipe Carrier Ethernet Switching

Protection FE 10/100 External protection/disabled External protection/disabled

Eth1 Electrical GbE

10/100/1000 OR

Optical GbE – 1000

Disabled/Traffic Disabled/Traffic

Eth2 Electrical GbE

10/100/1000 OR

Optical GbE – 1000

Disabled Disabled/Traffic

Eth3 FE 10/100 Disabled/Traffic Disabled/Traffic

Eth4 FE 10/100 Disabled/Wayside Disabled/Traffic/Wayside

Eth5 FE 10/100 Disabled/Management Disabled/Traffic/Management



Eth8 According to Radio

script

Disabled/Traffic Disabled/Traffic

IP-10E CLH also includes an FE protection interface (RJ-45) for external protection. The protection interface is located towards the left side of the front panel, and is for use in standalone configurations.

In Smart Pipe mode, only a single Ethernet interface can be used. Options are:

Eth1: Electrical GbE or Optical TGbE

Eth 3: Electrical FE



7.2.2 Additional Interfaces

Terminal Console – A local craft terminal can be connected to the terminal console for local CLI management of the individual IDU. If the IDU is the main unit, access to other units in the configuration is also available through the Terminal Console.

External Alarms – IP-10E CLH supports five external alarms, located towards the left of the front panel. There are five inputs, with configurable triggers, alarm texts, and alarm severity, and one output.

Backplane Connector – IP-10E CLH has an extra connector on the back panel for connection to the backplane used in nodal configurations. Refer to Nodal Configuration on page 30.

7.2.3 Power Options

IP-10E CLH has a DC input voltage nominal rating of -48V.

Some hardware versions include a dual-feed power connection for increased protection. In dual power units, the system will indicate whether received voltage in each connection is above or below the threshold power of approximately 40.5V, as follows:

The LED (and its WEB representation) will only be on if the voltage is above the threshold.

An alarm is raised if voltage is below the threshold.



7.3 Nodal Configuration

IP-10E CLH can be used in two distinct modes of operation:

Standalone configuration – Each IP-10E CLH IDU is managed individually.

Nodal configuration – Up to six IP-10E CLH IDUs are stacked in a dedicated modular shelf, and act as a single network element with multiple radio links.

The following features are centralized in a nodal configuration:

Management

Ethernet Switching

A nodal setup supports any combination of 1+0, 1+1, and 2+0/XPIC configurations.

7.3.1 Nodal Configuration Benefits

The stackable nodal configuration offers many advantages. For new systems, the nodal configuration offers:

Low initial investment without compromising future growth potential

Risk-free deployment in light of unknown future growth patterns:

Additional capacity

Additional sites

Additional redundancy

For migration and replacement scenarios, the nodal configuration offers:

Optimized tail-site solution

Low initial footprint that can be increased gradually as legacy equipment is swapped

7.3.2 IP-10E CLH Nodal Design

Each IP-10E CLH IDU in a nodal configuration operates as either the main unit or an extension unit. The IDU’s role is determined by its position in the nodal enclosure, with the lowest unit in the enclosure (Unit Number 1) always serving as the main unit.

The main unit performs the following functions:

Provides a central controller for management

Provides radio and line interfaces

Extension units provide radio and line interfaces, and are accessed through the main unit.



7.3.3 Nodal Enclosure Design

Two types of shelves are available for a nodal configuration:

Main Nodal Enclosure – Each node must have a main nodal enclosure, which can hold two IP-10E CLH IDUs.

Extension Nodal Enclosure –Up to two extension nodal enclosures can be stacked on top of the main nodal enclosure. Each extension nodal enclosure can contain two IP-10E CLH IDUs.

Main Nodal Enclosure

Extension Nodal Enclosure

Each nodal enclosure includes a backplane. The rear panel of an IP-10E CLH IDU includes an extra connector for connection to the backplane. The following interfaces are implemented through the backplane:

Multi-Radio

Protection

XPIC

IP-10E CLH IDUs are hot-swappable, and additional extension nodal enclosures and IDUs can be added in the field as required, without affecting traffic.



Scalable Nodal Enclosure

Using the stacking method, units in the bottom nodal enclosure act as main units, whereby a mandatory active main unit can be located in either of the two slots, and an optional standby main unit can be installed in the other slot. The switchover time is <50 msecs for all traffic-affecting functions. Units located in nodal enclosures other than the one on the bottom act as expansion units.

Radios in each pair of units can be configured as either dual independent 1+0 links, or single fully-redundant 1+1 HSB links.

7.3.4 Nodal Management

In a nodal configuration, all management is performed through the main unit. The main unit communicates with the extension units through the nodal backplane.

The main unit’s CPU operates as the node’s central controller, and all management frames received from or sent to external management applications must pass through the CPU.

A nodal configuration has a single IP management address, which is the address of the main unit. In a protected 1+1 configuration, the node has two IP addresses, those of each of the main units. The IP address of the active main unit is used to manage the node.

Several methods can be used for IP-10E CLH node management:

Local terminal CLI

CLI via telnet

Web-based management

SNMP



The PolyView NMS represents the node as a single unit.

The Web-Based EMS enables access to all IDUs in the node from its main window.

In addition, the management system provides access to other network equipment through in-band or out-of-band network management.

To ease the reading and analysis of several IDU alarms and logs, the system time should be synchronized to the main unit’s time.

7.3.5 Centralized System Features

The following IP-10E CLH functions are configured centrally through the main unit in a nodal configuration:

IP Communications – All communication channels are opened through the main unit’s IP address.

User Management – Login, adding users, and deleting users are performed centrally.

Nodal Time Synchronization – System time is automatically synchronized for all IDUs in the node.

Nodal Software Version Management – Software can be upgraded or downgraded in all IDUs in the node from the main unit.

Nodal Configuration Backup – Configuration files can be created, downloaded, and uploaded from the main unit.

Nodal Reset – Extension units can be reset individually or collectively both from the main unit and locally.

All other functions are performed for each IDU individually.

7.3.6 Ethernet Connectivity in Nodal Configurations

Ethernet traffic in a nodal configuration is supported by interconnecting IDU switches with external cables. Traffic flow (dropping to local ports, sending to radio) is performed by the switches, in accordance with learning tables.

Each IDU in the stack can be configured individually for Smart Pipe or Carrier Ethernet Switching modes. For more information about Ethernet switching, refer to Ethernet Switching on page 51.



7.4 Protection Options

Equipment protection is possible in both standalone and nodal configurations.

In a 1+1 configuration, the protection options are as follows:

Standalone – The IDUs must be connected by a dedicated Ethernet protection cable. Each IDU has a unique IP address.

Nodal – The IDUs are connected by the backplane of the nodal enclosure. There is one IP address for each of the main units.

A 2+2 protection scheme must be implemented by means of a nodal configuration. A 2+2 configuration consists of two pairs of IP-10E CLH IDUs, each inserted in its own main nodal enclosure, with a protection cable to connect the main IDUs in each node. Protection is performed between the pairs. At any given time, one pair is active and the other is standby.

A 2+2 scheme is only possible between units in the main nodal enclosure. Extension nodal enclosures cannot be used in a 2+2 configuration.



8. Main Features

This section describes some of the most important IP-10E CLH features, including:

Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM)

XPIC Support

Space Diversity

LTE-Ready Latency

Carrier Grade Ethernet

Ethernet Switching

Integrated QoS Support

Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) Support

Synchronization Support



8.1 Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM)

Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) refers to the automatic adjustment that a wireless system can make in order to optimize over-the-air transmission and prevent weather-related fading from causing communication on the link to be disrupted. When extreme weather conditions, such as a storm, affect the transmission and receipt of data and voice over the wireless network, an ACM-enabled radio system automatically changes modulation allowing real-time applications to continue to run uninterrupted. Varying the modulation also varies the number of bits that are transferred per signal, thereby enabling higher throughputs and better spectral efficiencies. For example, a 256 QAM modulation can deliver approximately four times the throughput of 4 QAM (QPSK).

IP-10E CLH employs full-range dynamic ACM. IP-10E CLH’s ACM mechanism copes with 90 dB per second fading in order to ensure high transmission quality. IP-10E CLH’s ACM mechanism is designed to work with IP-10E CLH’s QoS mechanism to ensure that high priority voice and data packets are never dropped, thus maintaining even the most stringent service level agreements (SLAs).

The hitless and errorless functionality of IP-10E CLH’s ACM has another major advantage in that it ensures that TCP/IP sessions do not time-out. Without ACM, even interruptions as short as 50 milliseconds can lead to timeout of TCP/IP sessions, which are followed by a drastic throughout decrease while these sessions recover.

8.1.1 Hitless and Errorless Step-by-Step Adjustments

ACM works as follows. Assuming a system configured for 128 QAM with ~170 Mbps capacity over a 28 MHz channel, when the receive signal Bit Error Ratio (BER) level reaches a predetermined threshold, the system preemptively switches to 64 QAM and the throughput is stepped down to ~140 Mbps. This is an errorless, virtually instantaneous switch. The system continues to operate at 64 QAM until the fading condition either intensifies or disappears. If the fade intensifies, another switch takes the system down to 32 QAM. If, on the other hand, the weather condition improves, the modulation is switched back to the next higher step (e.g., 128 QAM) and so on, step by step .The switching continues automatically and as quickly as needed, and can reach all the way down to QPSK during extreme conditions.



Adaptive Coding and Modulation

8.1.2 ACM Benefits

The advantages of IP-10E CLH’s dynamic ACM include:

Maximized spectrum usage

Increased capacity over a given bandwidth

Eight modulation/coding work points (~3 db system gain for each point change)

Hitless and errorless modulation/coding changes, based on signal quality

Adaptive Radio Tx Power per modulation for maximal system gain per working point

An integrated QoS mechanism enables intelligent congestion management to ensure that high priority traffic is not affected during link fading

Adaptive Coding and Modulation with Eight Working Points

16 QAM

QPSK

99.995 %

200

Unavailability

Rx

level

Capacity

(@ 28 MHz channel)

32 QAM

64 QAM

128 QAM

256 QAM

99.999 %

99.99 %

99.95 %

99.9 %

Mbps170 200 140 100 200 120 200



8.1.3 ACM and Built-In Quality of Service

IP-10E CLH’s ACM mechanism is designed to work with IP-10E CLH’s QoS mechanism to ensure that high priority voice and data packets are never dropped, thus maintaining even the most stringent SLAs. Since QoS provides priority support for different classes of service, according to a wide range of criteria, you can configure IP-10E CLH to discard only low priority packets as conditions deteriorate. For more information on IP-10E CLH’s QoS and Enhanced QoS functionality, refer to Integrated QoS Support on page 52.

If you want to rely on an external switch’s QoS, ACM can work with them via the flow control mechanism supported in the radio.

8.1.4 ACM with Adaptive Transmit Power

When planning ACM-based radio links, the radio planner attempts to apply the lowest transmit power that will perform satisfactorily at the highest level of modulation. During fade conditions requiring a modulation drop, most radio systems cannot increase transmit power to compensate for the signal degradation, resulting in a deeper reduction in capacity. IP-10E CLH is capable of adjusting power on the fly, and optimizing the available capacity at every modulation point, as illustrated in the figure below. This figure shows how operators that want to use ACM to benefit from high levels of modulation (e.g., 256 QAM) must settle for low system gain, in this case, 18 dB, for all the other modulations as well. With IP-10E CLH , operators can automatically adjust power levels, achieving the extra 4 dB system gain that is required to maintain optimal throughput levels under all conditions.

IP-10E CLH ACM with Adaptive Power Contrasted to Other ACM Implementations



8.1.5 Multi-Radio with ACM Support

When operating in a dual-carrier configuration, an IP-10E CLH system can be optionally configured to work in multi-radio mode. In this mode, traffic is divided among the two carriers optimally at the radio frame level without requiring Ethernet Link Aggregation, and is not dependent on the number of MAC addresses, the number of traffic flows, or momentary traffic capacity. During fading events which cause ACM modulation changes, each carrier fluctuates independently with hitless switchovers between modulations, increasing capacity over a given bandwidth and maximizing spectrum utilization.

The result is 100% utilization of radio resources in which traffic load is balanced based on instantaneous radio capacity per carrier and is independent of data/application characteristics, such as the number of flows or capacity per flow.

Typical 2+2 Multi-Radio Terminal Configuration with HSB Protection

Typical 2+0 Multi-Radio Link Configuration



8.2 XPIC Support

Cross Polarization Interference Canceller (XPIC) is one of the best ways to break the barriers of spectral efficiency. Using dual-polarization radio over a single-frequency channel, a dual polarization radio transmits two separate carrier waves over the same frequency, but using alternating polarities. Despite the obvious advantages of dual-polarization, one must also keep in mind that typical antennas cannot completely isolate the two polarizations. In addition, propagation effects such as rain can cause polarization rotation, making cross-polarization interference unavoidable.

Dual Polarization

The relative level of interference is referred to as cross-polarization discrimination (XPD). While lower spectral efficiency systems (with low SNR requirements such as QPSK) can easily tolerate such interference, higher modulation schemes cannot and require XPIC. IP-10E CLH’s XPIC algorithm enables detection of both streams even under the worst levels of XPD such as 10 dB. IP-10E CLH accomplishes this by adaptively subtracting from each carrier the interfering cross carrier, at the right phase and level. For high-modulation schemes such as 256 QAM, an improvement factor of more than 20 dB is required so that cross-interference does not adversely affect performance.

8.2.1 XPIC Benefits

The advantages of IP-10E CLH’s XPIC option include:

BER of 10e-6 at a co-channel sensitivity of 5 dB

Multi-Radio Support



8.2.2 XPIC Implementation

In a single channel application, when an interfering channel is transmitted on the same bandwidth as the desired channel, the interference that results may lead to BER in the desired channel.

IP-10E CLH supports a co-channel sensitivity of 33 dB at a BER of 10e-6. When applying XPIC, IP-10E CLH transmits data using two polarizations: horizontal and vertical. These polarizations, in theory, are orthogonal to each other, as shown in the figure below

XPIC - Orthogonal Polarizations

In a link installation, there is a separation of 30 dB of the antenna between the polarizations, and due to misalignments and/or channel degradation, the polarizations are no longer orthogonal. This is shown in the figure below.

XPIC – Impact of Misalignments and Channel Degradation

Note that on the right side of the figure you can see that CarrierR receives the H+v signal, which is the combination of the desired signal H (horizontal) and the interfering signal V (in lower case, to denote that it is the interfering signal). The same happens in CarrierL = “V+h. The XPIC mechanism takes the data from CarrierR and CarrierL and, using a cost function, produces the desired data.



XPIC – Impact of Misalignments and Channel Degradation

IP-10E CLH’s XPIC reaches a BER of 10e-6 at a co-channel sensitivity of 5 dB! The improvement factor in an XPIC system is defined as the SNR@threshold of 10e-6, with or without the XPIC mechanism.

8.2.3 XPIC and Multi-Radio

XPIC radio may be used to deliver two separate data streams, such as 2xFE. But it can also deliver a single stream of information such as Gigabit Ethernet, or STM-4. The latter requires a de-multiplexer to split the stream into two transmitters, as well as a multiplexer to join it again in the right timing because the different channels may experience a different delay. This feature is called Multi-Radio.



8.3 Space Diversity

In long distance wireless links, multipath phenomena are common. Both direct and reflected signals are received, which can cause distortion of the signal resulting in signal fade. The impact of this distortion can vary over time, space, and frequency. This fading phenomenon depends mainly on the link geometry and is more severe at long distance links and over flat surfaces or water. It is also affected by air turbulence and water vapor, and can vary quickly during temperature changes due to rapid changes in the reflections phase.

Fading can be flat or dispersive. In flat fading, all frequency components of the signal experience the same magnitude of fading. In dispersive, or frequency-selective fading, different frequency components of the signal experience decorrelated fading.

Direct and Reflected Signals

Space Diversity is a common way to negate the effects of fading caused by multipath phenomena. By placing two separate antennas at a sufficient distance from one another, it is statistically likely that if one antenna suffers from fading caused by signal reflection, the other antenna will continue to receive a viable signal.

IP-10E CLH offers the Base Band Switching (BBS) method of Space Diversity. With this method, each IDU receives a separate signal from a separate antenna. Each IDU compares each of the received signals, and enables the bitstream coming from the receiver with the best signal. Switchover is errorless (“hitless switching”).



BBS Space Diversity

8.3.1 Baseband Switching (BBS)

BBS Space Diversity requires two antennas and RFUs. The antennas must be separated by approximately 15 to 20 meters. Any RFU type supported by IP-10E CLH can be used in a BBS Space Diversity configuration.

One RFU sends its signal to the active IDU, while the other RFU sends its signal to the standby IDU. The IDUs share these signals through the nodal backplane, such that each IDU receives data from both RFUs. The diversity mechanism, which is located within the IDU Mux, is active in both IDUs, and selects the better signal based on:

Faulty signal indication – An indication from the Modem to the Mux, signaling that there are more errors in the traffic stream than it can correct. The purpose of this indication is to alert the Mux to the fact that those errors are on their way, requiring a hitless switchover in order to prevent them from entering the data stream from the Mux onward.

OOF (Out-of-Frame) – When the Mux identifies an OOF event, it will initiate a switchover.

BBS Space Diversity requires a 1+1 configuration in which there are two IDUs and two RFUs protecting each other at both ends of the link. In the event of IDU failure, Space Diversity is lost until recovery, but the system remains protected through the ordinary switchover mechanism.



8.4 LTE-Ready Latency

IP-10E CLH provides best-in-class latency (RFC-2544) for all channels, making it LTE (Long-Term Evolution) ready:

<0.21msec for 28 MHz channels (1518 byte frames)

<0.4 msec for 14MHz channels (1518 byte frames)

<0.9 msec for 7MHz channels (1518 byte frames)

For detailed latency specifications, refer to Ethernet Latency Specifications on page 102.

8.4.1 Benefits of IP-10E CLH’s Top-of-the-Line Low Latency

IP-10E CLH’s ability to meet the stringent latency requirements for LTE systems provides the key to expanded broadband wireless services:

Ensures low latency to meet backbone and enterprise/businesses requirements

Longer radio chains

Larger radio rings

Shorter recovery times

More capacity

Easing of Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) limitations



8.5 Carrier Grade Ethernet

IP-10E CLH is fully MEF-9 and MEF-14 certified for all Carrier Ethernet services (E-Line and E-LAN).

Carrier Ethernet is a high speed medium for Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs). It defines native Ethernet packet access to the Internet and is being deployed more and more in wireless networks.

The first native Ethernet services to emerge were point to point-based, followed by emulated LAN (multipoint to multipoint-based). Services were first defined and limited to MANs. They have now been extended across Wide Area Networks (WANs) and are available worldwide from many service providers.

The term Carrier Ethernet implies that Ethernet services are Carrier Grade. The benchmark for Carrier Grade was set by legacy TDM telephony networks to describe services that achieve 99.999% (“five nines”) uptime. Although it is debatable whether Carrier Ethernet will reach that level of reliability, the goal of one particular standards organization is to accelerate the development and deployment of services that live up to the name.

Carrier Ethernet is poised to become the major component of next-generation MANs, which serve as the aggregation layer between customers and core carrier networks. A metro Ethernet network, which uses IP Layer 3 MPLS forwarding, is currently the primary focus of Carrier Ethernet activity.

Carrier Grade Ethernet Feature Summary

Note: IP-10E CLH’s support for advanced Ethernet statistics reporting is described in Ethernet Statistics (RMON) on page 97.



8.5.1 Carrier Ethernet Service Types

The standard service types for Carrier Ethernet include:

E-Line Service – This service is employed for Ethernet private lines, virtual private lines, and Ethernet Internet access.

E-Line Service Type

E-LAN Service – This service is employed for multipoint Layer 2 VPNs, transparent LAN service, foundation for IPTV, and multicast networks.

E-LAN Service Type



8.5.2 Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF)

IP-10E CLH meets all MEF Carrier Ethernet service specifications .The Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF) is a global industry alliance started in 2001. In 2005, the MEF committed to the new Carrier Ethernet standard, and launched a Carrier Ethernet Certification Program to facilitate delivery of services to end users.

The MEF 6 specification defines carrier Ethernet as "a ubiquitous, standardized, carrier-class Service and Network defined by five attributes that distinguish it from familiar LAN based Ethernet." These five attributes include:

Standardized Services

Quality of Service (QoS)

Service Management

Scalability

Reliability

For service providers, the technology convergence of Carrier Ethernet ensures a decrease in CAPEX and OPEX.

Access networks employ Ethernet to provide backhaul for IP DSLAMs, PON, WiMAX, and direct Ethernet over fiber/copper. Flexible Layer 2 VPN services, such as private line, virtual private line, or emulated LAN, offer new revenue streams.

For enterprises, a reduction in cost is achieved through converged networks for VoIP, data, video conferencing, and other services.

In addition, Ethernet standardization reduces network complexity.

The MEF certification program covers the following areas:

MEF-9 – Service certification

MEF-14 – Traffic management and service performance



8.5.3 Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10E CLH

In the following figure, end-to-end connectivity per service is verified using periodic 802.1ag CCm messages between service end points.

Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10E CLH

8.5.4 Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10E CLH - Node Failure

Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10E CLH - Node Failure



Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10E CLH - Node Failure (continued)



8.6 Ethernet Switching

IP-10E CLH supports three modes for Ethernet switching:

Smart Pipe – Ethernet switching functionality is disabled and only a single Ethernet interface is enabled for user traffic. The unit effectively operates as a point-to-point Ethernet microwave radio.



Ethernet Switching

Each switching mode supports QoS. For more information, refer to Integrated QoS Support on page 53.

Smart Pipe is the default mode. Managed Switch and Metro Switch require a license. For more information, refer to Licensing on page 19.

8.6.1 Smart Pipe Mode

Using Smart Pipe mode, only a single Ethernet interface is enabled for user traffic and IP-10E CLH acts as a point-to-point Ethernet microwave radio. In Smart Pipe mode, any of the following ports can be used for Ethernet traffic:

Eth1: GbE interface (Optical GbE-SFP or Electrical GbE – 10/100/1000)

Eth3: Fast Ethernet interface

All traffic entering the IDU is sent directly to the radio, and all traffic from the radio is sent directly to the Ethernet interface.

In Smart Pipe mode, the other Fast Ethernet interfaces can either be configured as management interfaces or they are shut down. In protection mode, only the Optical GbE-SFP port acts as a trigger for switchover.



8.6.2 Managed Switch Mode

Managed Switch mode is an 802.1Q VLAN-aware bridge that enables Layer 2 switching based on VLANs. Each Ethernet port can be configured as an Access port or a Trunk port.

Managed Switch Mode

Type VLANs Allowed Ingress Frames Allowed Egress Frames

Access Specific VLAN should be attached

to an Access port.

Untagged frames only (or

frames tagged with VID=0 –

“Priority Tagged”)

Untagged frames.

Trunk A range of VLANs, or all VLANs

should be attached to a Trunk port.

Only tagged frames. Tagged frames.

All Ethernet ports are enabled for traffic in Managed Switch mode.

8.6.3 Metro Switch Mode

Metro Switch mode is an 802.1AD S-VLAN-aware bridge that enables Layer 2 switching based on S-VLANs. Each Ethernet port can be configured to be a Customer Network port or a Provider network port.

Metro Switch Mode

Type VLANs Allowed Ingress Frames Allowed Egress Frames

Customer

Network

Specific S-VLAN should be

attached to a Customer Network

port.

Untagged frames (or frames

tagged with VID=0 – “Priority

Tagged”) or C-VLAN-tagged

frames.

Untagged frames (or

frames tagged with

VID=0 – “Priority

Tagged”) or C-VLAN-

tagged frames.

Provider

Network

A range of S-VLANs, or all S-

VLANs should be attached to a

Provider Network port.

S-VLAN- tagged frames. S-VLAN-tagged

frames.



8.7 Integrated QoS Support

IP-10E CLH offers integrated QoS functionality in all switching modes. In addition to its standard QoS functionality, IP-10E CLH offers an enhanced QoS feature. Enhanced QoS is license-activated.

IP-10E CLH’s standard QoS provides for four queues and six classification criteria. Ingress traffic is limited per port, Class of Service (CoS), and traffic type. Scheduling is performed according to either Strict Priority (SP), Weighted Round Robin (WRR), or Hybrid WRR/SP scheduling.

IP-10E CLH’s enhanced QoS adds four additional queues for a total of eight. Enhanced QoS also adds an additional two classification criteria. Ingress traffic is limited by DrTCM per VLAN/VLAN+CoS. Enhanced QoS provides hierarchical scheduling, with four scheduling priorities and Weighted Fair Queuing (WFK) between queues in the same priority. Enhanced QoS also offers Weighted Random Early Discard (WRED) for congestion management, in addition to tail-drop, as provided by standard QoS.

For a full comparison between IP-10E CLH’s standard and enhanced QoS features, refer to Standard and Enhanced QoS Comparison on page 58.

8.7.1 QoS Overview

QoS is a method of classification and scheduling employed to ensure that Ethernet packets are forwarded and discarded according to their priority. QoS works by slowing unimportant packets down, or, in cases of extreme network traffic, discarding them entirely. This enables more important packets to reach their destination as quickly as possible. Once the router knows how much data it can queue on the modem at any given time, it can shape traffic by delaying unimportant packets and filling the pipe with important packets first, then using any leftover space to fill the pipe in descending order of importance.

Since QoS cannot speed up packets, it takes the total available upstream bandwidth, calculates the amount of high priority data, places the high priority data in the buffer, and repeats the process with each lower priority class in turn until the buffer is full or there is no further data. Any excess data is held back or "re-queued" at the front of the line, where it will be evaluated in the next pass.

Priority is determined by packet. The number of levels depends on the router. As the names imply, Low/Bulk priority packets are given the lowest priority, while High/Premium packets are given the highest priority.

QoS packets may be prioritized by a number of criteria, including criteria generated by applications themselves. The most common QoS classification techniques are MAC Address, Ethernet Port, and TCP/IP Port.



8.7.2 IP-10E CLH Standard QoS

Using IP-10E CLH’s standard QoS functionality, the system examines the incoming traffic and assigns the desired priority according to the marking of the packets (based on the user port/L2/L3 marking in the packet). In case of congestion in the ingress port, low priority packets are discarded first.

The user has the following classification options:

Source Port

VLAN 802.1p

VLAN ID

MAC SA/DA

IPv4 TOS/DSCP

IPv6 Traffic Class

After classification, traffic policing/rate-limiting can optionally be applied per port/CoS.

IP-10E CLH system has four priority queues that are served according to three types of scheduling, as follows:

Strict Priority – All top priority frames egress towards the radio until the top priority queue is empty. Then, the next lowest priority queue’s frames egress, and so on. This approach ensures that high priority frames are always transmitted as soon as possible.

Weighted Round Robin (WRR) – Each queue can be assigned a user-configurable weight from 1 to 32.

Hybrid – One or two highest priority queues use Strict Priority and the others use WRR.

Shaping is supported per interface on egress.

8.7.3 QoS Traffic Flow in Smart Pipe Mode

The figure below shows the QoS flow of traffic with IP-10E CLH operating in Smart Pipe mode.

Smart Pipe Mode QoS Traffic Flow



8.7.4 QoS Traffic Flow in Managed Switch and Metro Switch Mode

The figure below shows the QoS flow of traffic with IP-10E CLH operating in Managed Switch or Metro Switch mode.

Managed Switch and Metro Switch QoS Traffic Flow

8.7.5 Enhanced QoS

Enhanced QoS provides additional QoS functionality on the egress path towards the radio interface. Enhanced QoS requires an upgrade license. Refer to Licensing on page 19.

The following are the main features of enhanced QoS:

Eight queues instead of four

Enhanced classification:

Classifier assigns each frame a queue and a CIR/EIR designation

Criteria – Same as standard QoS with addition of:

- MPLS EXP bits

- UDP port

Re-marking of 802.1p bit in the frame VLAN header (optional)

Configurable frame buffer size per queue

Congestion management

Tail-drop or WRED

Color awareness (EIR/CIR support)

Transmitted and dropped traffic counters per queue



Hierarchical scheduling scheme

4 scheduling priorities (each queue can be independently configured to any of the 4 priorities)

WFQ between queues in same priority with configurable weights

Shaping per port and per queue

Enhanced QoS enables differentiated services with strict SLA while maximizing network resource utilization.

IP-10E CLH Enhanced QoS

8.7.6 Weighted Random Early Detection

One of the key features of IP-10E CLH’s enhanced QoS is the use of Weighted Random Early Detection (WRED) to manage congestion scenarios. WRED provides several advantages over the standard tail-drop congestion management method.

WRED enables differentiation between higher and lower priority traffic based on CoS.

Moreover, WRED can increase capacity utilization by eliminating the phenomenon of global synchronization, which can occur when TCP flows sharing bottleneck conditions receive loss indications at around the same time. This can result in periods during which link bandwidth utilization can drop to as low as 75%.



Synchronized Packet Loss

In contrast, WRED begins dropping packets randomly when the queue begins to fill up, with increased probability. This increases capacity utilization to almost 100%.

Random Packet Loss with Increased Capacity Utilization Using WRED



8.7.7 Standard and Enhanced QoS Comparison

The following table summarizes the basic features of IP-10E CLH’s standard and enhanced QoS functionality.

IP-10E CLH Standard and Enhanced QoS Features

Feature Standard QoS Enhanced QoS

Number of CoS Queues

Per Port

4 8

CoS Classification Criteria Source Port

VLAN 802.1p VLAN ID

MAC SA/DA

IPv4 DSCP/TOS

IPv6 TC

Source Port

VLAN 802.1p VLAN ID

MAC SA/DA

IPv4 DSCP/TOS

IPv6 TC

UDP Port

MPLS EXP bits

Scheduling Method SP, WRR, or Hybrid Hierarchical Scheduling: Four scheduling

priorities with WFQ between queues in the

same priority

Ethernet Statistics RMON RMON, with statistics per CoS queue

Shaping Per port Per port and per queue

Congestion Management Tail-drop Tail-drop, and Weighted Random Early

Discard (WRED)

CIR/EIR Support (Color-

Awareness)

CIR only Cir and EIR

8.7.8 Enhanced QoS Benefits

The main benefits of enhanced QoS are:

The addition of UDP ports and MPLS EXP bits as classification criteria provides for more granular CoS classification (i.e., for 1588v2 control frames and MPLS PWE3 services).

The use of eight CoS queues with enhanced scheduling schemes support enables highly granular traffic management for differentiated services.

Statistics per CoS queue, including transmitted and dropped frames, enables monitoring network utilization and the detection of “pinch points.”

Shaping per queue as well as per port limits and controls packet bursts, resulting in improved utilization and end-to-end latency.

Weighted Random Early Discard (WRED) improves utilization and behavior of TCP flows.

CIR/EIR-based congestion management support (color-awareness) enables support of EIR traffic without affecting CIR traffic.



8.8 Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) Support

IP-10E CLH supports the following spanning tree Ethernet resiliency protocols:

Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) (802.1w)

Carrier Ethernet Wireless Ring-optimized RSTP

8.8.1 RSTP

RSTP ensures a loop-free topology for any bridged LAN. Spanning tree enables a network design to include spare (redundant) links for automatic backup paths, with no danger of bridge loops, and without the need for manual enabling and disabling of the backup links. Bridge loops must be avoided since they result in network flooding.

In a general topology, there can be more than one loop, and therefore more than one bridge with ports in a blocking state. For this reason, RSTP defines a negotiation protocol between each two bridges, and processing of the BPDU (Bridge Protocol Data Units), before each bridge propagates the information. This serial processing increases the convergence time.

8.8.2 Carrier Ethernet Wireless Ring-Optimized RSTP

IP-10E CLH’s proprietary RSTP implementation is optimized for Carrier Ethernet wireless rings. Ring-optimized RSTP enhances the RSTP algorithm for ring topologies, accelerating the failure propagation relative to ordinary RSTP.

In a ring topology, after the convergence of RSTP, only one port is in a blocking state. RSTP is enhanced for ring topologies by broadcasting the BPDU in order to transmit the notification of the failure to all bridges in the ring.

With IP-10E CLH’s ring-optimized RSTP, failure propagation is much faster than with regular RSTP. Instead of link-by-link serial propagation, the failure is propagated in parallel to all bridges. In this way, the bridges that have ports in alternate states immediately place them in the forwarding state.

The figure below shows an example of a ring topology using ring-optimized RSTP. In this figure, Switch A is the Root bridge. After the protocol converges, a port in Switch C becomes the Alternate Port, and blocks all transmitted and received traffic.



Ring-Optimized RSTP Solution

8.8.3 Ring-Optimized RSTP Limitations

IP-10E CLH’s proprietary ring-optimized RSTP is not interoperable with other ring RSTP implementations from third-party vendors.

Ring RSTP is designed to provide improved performance in ring topologies. For other topologies, the RSTP algorithm will converge but performance may take several seconds. For this reason, there should be only two edge ports in every node, and only one loop.

Ring RSTP can be used in Managed Switch and Metro Switch applications, but not in Smart Pipe applications.

Ring RSTP can be used in a 1+1 protection configuration, but in some cases, the convergence time may be above one second.



8.8.4 Basic IP-10E CLH Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring Topology Examples

The following figure provides a basic example of an IP-10E CLH wireless Carrier Ethernet ring.

Basic IP-10E CLH Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring

8.8.4.1 IP-10E CLH Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring with Dual-Homing

The following figure shows a redundant site connected to a fiber aggregation network.

IP-10E CLH Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring with Dual-Homing



8.9 Synchronization Support

Synchronization is an essential part of any mobile backhaul solution and is sometimes required by other applications as well.

Two unique synchronization issues must be addressed for mobile networks:

Frequency Lock: Applicable to GSM and UMTS-FDD networks.

Limits channel interference between carrier frequency bands.

Typical performance target: frequency accuracy of < 50 ppb.

Sync is the traditional technique used, with traceability to a PRS master clock carried over PDH/SDH networks, or using GPS.

Phase Lock with Latency Correction: Applicable to CDMA, CDMA-2000, UMTS-TDD, and WiMAX networks.

Limits coding time division overlap.

Typical performance target: frequency accuracy of < 20 - 50 ppb, phase difference of < 1-3 msecs.

GPS is the traditional technique used.

8.9.1 Wireless IP Synchronization Challenges

Wireless networks set to deploy over IP networks require a solution for carrying high precision timing to base stations. Two new approaches are being developed in an effort to meet this challenge:

Various Precision Timing Protocol (PTP) techniques

Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE)

8.9.2 Precision Timing-Protocol (PTP)

PTP synchronization refers to the distribution of frequency, phase, and absolute time information across an asynchronous packet switched network. PTP can use a variety of protocols to achieve timing distribution, including:

IEEE-1588

NTP

RTP

Precision Timing Protocol (PTP) Synchronization



8.9.3 Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE)

SyncE is standardized in ITU-T G.8261 and refers to a method whereby the clock is delivered on the physical layer.

The method is based on SDH/TDM timing, with similar performance, and does not change the basic Ethernet standards.

The SyncE technique supports synchronized Ethernet outputs as the timing source to an all-IP BTS/NodeB. This method offers the same synchronization quality provided over DS1 interfaces to legacy BTS/NodeB.

Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE)

8.9.4 IP-10E CLH Synchronization Solution

Ceragon's synchronization solution ensures maximum flexibility by enabling the operator to select any combination of techniques suitable for the operator’s network and migration strategy.

PTP optimized transport:

Supports a variety of protocols, such as IEEE-1588 and NTP

Guaranteed ultra-low PDV (<0.05 msec per hop)

Unique support for ACM and narrow channels

Native Sync Distribution

End-to-End Native Synchronization distribution for nodal configurations

GE input



GE/FE output

Supports any radio link configuration and network topology

SyncE “Regenerator” mode

PRC grade (G.811) performance for pipe (“regenerator”) applications

8.9.5 Synchronization Using Precision Timing Protocol (PTP) Optimized Transport

IP-10E CLH supports the PTP synchronization protocol (IEEE-1588). IP-10E CLH’s PTP Optimized Transport guarantees ultra-low PDV (<0.05 msec), and provides unique support for ACM and narrow channels.

Ceragon's unique PTP Optimized Transport mechanism ensures that PTP control frames (IEEE-1588, NTP, etc.) are transported with maximum reliability and minimum delay variation, to provide the best possible timing accuracy (frequency and phase) meeting the stringent requirement of emerging 4G technologies.

PTP control frames are identified using the advanced integrated QoS classifier.

Frame delay variation of <0.05msec per hop for PTP control frames is supported, even when ACM is enabled, and even when operating with narrow radio channels.

PTP Optimized Transport



8.9.6 Native Sync Distribution Mode

In this mode, targeting nodal configurations, synchronization is distributed natively end-to-end over the radio links in the network.

No TDM trails or DS1 interfaces at the tail sites are required!

Synchronization is typically provided by one or more clock sources (SSU/GPS) at fiber hub sites.

Native Sync Distribution Mode

In native Sync Distribution mode, the following interfaces can be used as the sync references:

GE (SyncE)

Additionally, the following interfaces can be used for sync output:

GE/FE (SyncE)

Native Sync Distribution mode can be used in any link configuration and any network topology.

The figure below illustrates a Native Sync Distribution mode usage example in which synchronization is provided to all-packet Node-Bs using SyncE.



Native Sync Distribution Mode Usage Example

The following figure illustrates the Native Sync Distribution mode.

Native Synch Distribution Mode

8.9.7 SyncE “Regenerator” Mode

When working in “smart pipe” mode it is required to have SyncE pass bi-directionally across the radio link with minimal performance degradation (as close as possible to the performance of a fiber link).

For this application IP-10E CLH has a dedicated mechanism which provides PRC grade (G.811) performance.



9. RFU-A Description

RFU-A is a high transmit power RFU designed for long-haul applications. RFU-A offers a low scale trunk with up to four radio carriers.

Among other features, the traffic capacity throughput and spectral efficiency of RFU-A are optimized with the desired channel bandwidth. For maximum user choice flexibility, channel bandwidths can be selected together with a range of modulations of from QPSK to 256 QAM. RFU-A capacities can be upgraded from 10 Mbps up to more than 2 Gbps, and from one carrier up to four carriers connected to one antenna. Each radio carrier can carry traffic over 5 MHz up to 40 MHz bandwidth.

With the smallest footprint in the market, RFU-A is designed to enable high quality wireless communication in the most cost-effective way, including an ultra-high power transmitter that can reach longer distances using smaller antennas.

9.1 RFU-A References & Standards

FCC CFR 47, Part 101. FCC CFR 47.

FCC 101.147 [6] “Radio-frequency channel arrangements for radio-relay systems operating in the 11 GHz band”.

EN 300 234: “Transmission and Multiplexing (TM); Digital Radio Relay Systems (DRRS); High capacity DRRS carrying 1xSTM-1/OC-3 signals and operating in frequency bands with about 30 MHz channel spacing and alternated arrangements”.

EN 300 385: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Electro Magnetic Compatibility (EMC) standard for fixed radio links and ancillary equipment".

ETS 300 019: "Equipment Engineering (EE); Environmental conditions and environmental tests for telecommunications equipment".

ETS 300 132-2: "Equipment Engineering (EE); Power supply interface at the input to telecommunications equipment; Part 2: Operated by direct current (dc)".

ITU-R Recommendation F.1191: "Bandwidths and unwanted emissions of digital radio-relay systems".

ITU-R Rec. F.383-6: "Radio-frequency channel arrangements for high capacity radio-relay systems operating in the lower 6 GHz band.

ITU-R Rec. F.384-7: “Radio-frequency channel arrangements for medium and high capacity analogue or digital radio-relay systems operating in the upper 6H GHz band.

FCC 101.147 [7] “Radio-frequency channel arrangements for radio-relay systems operating in upper 6H GHz band.

ITU-R Rec. F.385-6: “Radio-frequency channel arrangements for radio-relay systems operating in the 7 GHz band.



ITU-R Rec. F.386-6: “Radio-frequency channel arrangements for medium and high capacity analogue or digital radio-relay systems operating in the 8 GHz band.

ITU-R Rec. F.387-8: “Radio-frequency channel arrangements for radio-relay systems operating in the 11 GHz band.

ITU-T Recommendation G.703 (1991): "Physical/electrical characteristics of hierarchical digital interfaces".

ITU-T Recommendation G.707 (1996): "Network node interface for the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH/SONET)".

CEPT/ERC 14-01E “Radio-frequency channel arrangements for radio-relay systems operating in the 6L GHz band”.

Environmental Conditions Standard Compliance

The system is fully compliant with the following environmental standards:

EMC: FCC CFR 47, Part 15

Operation: EN 300 019, Class 3.1E with operating temapature range -5° to +45°

Storage: EN 300 019-2-2, Class 1.2

Transportation: ETS 300 019-2-2, Class 2.3

Safety: UL 60950-1

NEBS: GR-1089-CORE, GR-63-CORE

9.2 RFU-A Overview

FibeAir RFU-A supports multiple capacities, frequencies, modulation schemes and configurations for various network requirements. The system supports up to four (4) carriers and operates in the frequency range of 5.8 (unlicensed), 6 to 11 GHz (licensed)

FibeAir RFU-A capacities can be upgraded from 10 Mbps up to more than 2 Gbps. RFU-A is also capable of being upgraded from one (1) carrier up to four (4) carriers connected to one (1) antenna. Each radio carrier can carry traffic from 5 MHz up to 40 MHz bandwidth depending on regulatory restrictions for bandwidth and frequency.

For long distance links and multipath environments, FibeAir RFU-A offers Space Diversity functionality.

9.2.1 The Complete Solution

RFU-A units work together with FibeAir IDUs to provide a powerful, reliable and comprehensive solution for a variety of wireless network scenarios and requirements.

The system was designed to support network expansion from one (1) to four (4) radio carriers.

The FibeAir IDUs incorporate a philosophy allowing modular network connectivity and are designed to meet growing market demands for increased spectral-efficient systems.



The system is an all indoor solution with minimal rack space required while being

optimized for quick and easy system installation.

9.2.2 Main Features

Adjustable transmit power with Power Consumption Saving Mode (Green Mode) mechanism.

FibeAir RFU-A’s Power Consumption Saving Mode feature enables power adjustment so that less power is consumed when the link conditions permit.

While transmit power is reduced, consumption is reduced consequently, allowing for major power consumption saving during 99.9% of system operation time.

When path conditions worsen, the system will respond by restoring TX power to maximum at a rate as fast as 100dB/sec, thus maintaining the planned fade margin and availability.

In addition, the transmit power increases as rapidly as 0.1 seconds when fading occurs.

Traffic is not affected by the Green Mode operation.

The following table presents the example of power consumption for the 6 GHz low band.

Bias TX Power Range (dBm)

RFU-A Consumption (Watts)

High 33-26 77

Medium 25-20 53

Low 19-11 43

Mute NA 24

Note that the power consumption values only represent the RFU (without the

IDU).

Operates in the frequency range of 5.8 (unlicensed) to 6-11 GHz (licensed).

Unlicensed operation allows rapid deployment of radios that can be migrated to the licensed 6 GHz band in the future.

Usage of the unlicensed band also ensures economically efficient system usage, since common hardware platforms can be shared between the unlicensed and licensed systems. Additionally, when migrating from the 5.8 GHz band to the 6.2 GHz band, the same RFU and antennas can be used.

The system is scalable from low capacity unlicensed operation using 5 MHz channels delivering 30 Mbps to licensed operation using 30 MHz channels or greater based on regulatory restrictions, delivering more than 200 Mbps.



Both the licensed and unlicensed radios are managed easily across the entire network via SNMP management of common hardware elements.

Installation type: All-Indoor

Ceragon’s All Indoor system enables the installation of both the IDU and the RFU in a single indoor rack. This installation uses minimal rack space.

All Indoor configurations are easier to service due to their location and therefore help reduce operational and maintenance cost.

High transmit power of up to 31 dBm.

Configurable Ethernet capacity: from 10 Mbps to 500 Mbps

Up to 1 Gbps capacity can be achieved in a 2+0 XPIC configuration.

Configurable modulation: QPSK, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 QAM

FibeAir’s unique full range adaptive modulation provides the widest modulation range on the market from QPSK to 256 QAM with multi-level real-time hitless and errorless modulation shifting dynamically according to environmental conditions, while ensuring zero downtime connectivity.

Note that maximum TX power for QPSK is 33 dBm.

Configurable channel bandwidth: 10/30/40 MHz

Interfaces for IP:

* 5 x FE (RJ-45)

* 2 x GE combo (RJ-45/SFP)

Ultra compact design - 1 RU for 1+1 configuration

On-site frequency change, using different branching drawer

Transmission frequency changes can be made on-site via Ceragon’s Web Based Management System. This saves the time and effort spent on adjusting the frequency at the factory.

Built-in XPIC (Cross Polarization Interference Canceller) and Co-Channel Dual Polarized (CCDP) features for double transmission capacity and higher bandwidth efficiency.

Adjustable Transmit Power Control (ATPC) with Power Consumption Saving mode

ATPC adjusts transmitter output power based on the varying signal level at the receiver. It allows the transmitter to operate at less than maximum power for most of the time. When fading conditions occur, transmit power will be increased as needed until the maximum is reached.

The ATPC mechanism has several potential advantages, including less transmitter power consumption and longer amplifier component life, thereby reducing overall system cost.

ATPC is frequently used as a means to mitigate frequency interference issues with the environment, thus allowing new radio links to be easily coordinated in frequency congested areas.



The Power Consumption Saving mode enables the system to adjust the power automatically to reduce the power used, when possible.

Compatible with FibeAir IP-10E, IP-10G, and 1500R IDUs

FibeAir RFU-A works together with FibeAir IP-10E or 1500R IDUs to provide a comprehensive backhaul solution for a variety of network requirements and configurations.

For more information about the IDUs, see the FibeAir IP-10E Product Description and FibeAir 1500R Product Description.

Compliant with the following standards and frequency plans, for worldwide operation:

FCC

SRSP

ITU-R

ETSI

Level 3 NEBS: GR-1089-CORE, GR-63-CORE

9.3 Frequency Bands

The frequency bands for each radio are listed in the following table.

Frequency

Band

Frequency

Range (GHz) Standard

5.8 GHz

(unlicensed) * 5.725-6.425 -

L6 GHz 5.925 to 6.425

ITU-R F.383

FCC Part 101.147 (i) SRSP 306.4

U6 GHz

6.425 to 7.100 ITU-R F.384

6.525 to 6.875 FCC Part 101.147 (k7)

7 GHz

7.425 to 7.900 ITU-R F.385 Annex 4

7.425 to 7.725 ITU-R F.385 Annex 1

7.110 to 7.750 ITU-R F.385 Annex 3

8 GHz

7.725 to 8.275 ITU-R F.386 Annex 1

8.275 to 8.500 ITU-R F.386 Annex 3 SRSP-308.2



Frequency

Band

Frequency

Range (GHz) Standard

7.900 to 8.400 ITU-R F.386 Annex 4

7.125 to 8.500 SRSP 307.1 SRSP 307.7 NTIA Red Book

11 GHz 10.700 to 11.700

ITU-R 387-8 FCC 101.147 [6] SRSP 310.7

* The 5.8 GHz (unlicensed) radio provides fast deployment of microwave radio service with no license requirement and small sized antennas (no FCC minimum diameter requirement) allowing immediate deployment and operation.

Once a license is obtained, the unlicensed radio can easily be migrated into the lower 6 GHz licensed band.



9.4 RFU-A System Components

The RFU-A system is a compact All Indoor platform that is assembled at the site.

The RF modules are swappable, plug and play concept.

The system consists of several modules, as shown in the following illustration.

When ordering an RFU-A system, the following items are to be included in the order:

RFU-A

Chassis

Branching drawer (in accordance with the configuration)

Termination (if required by the configuration)

L bend

Blank panel (if required by the configuration)



RFU-A Component PNs:

RFU-A Unit

RFU-A58-6L RFU-A RF Unit, 58-6L GHz

RFU-A6L RFU-A RF Unit, 6L GHz

RFU-A6H RFU-A RF Unit, 6H GHz

RFU-A7 RFU-A RF Unit, 7 GHz



RFU-A Chassis

CHS-A6 RFU-A 6 GHz 1+0/1+1 Housing

CHS-A7_8 RFU-A 7/8 GHz 1+0/1+1 Housing

CHS-A11 RFU-A 11 GHz 1+0/1+1 Housing

RFU-A Branching Drawer for 1+1

DRW-Af-xxxY-aWb-CPLR Branching Drawer

RFU-A Branching Drawer for 1+0/2+0 DP

DRW-Af-xxxY-aWb Branching Drawer

RFU-A Branching Drawer for 2+0 SP/2+2 SP

DRW-Af-xxxY-a_b Dual Branching Drawer

RFU-A L Bend T1 (short type)

Lbend-A6-T1 RFU-A 6 GHz L-Bend T1

Lbend-A7_8-T1 RFU-A 7/8 GHz L-Bend T1


RFU-A L Bend T2 (long type)


Lbend-A7_8-T2 RFU-A 7/8 GHz L-Bend T2




RFU-A Termination

Term-A6 RFU-A 6 GHz Termination

Term-A7_8 RFU-A 7/8 GHz Termination

Term-A11 RFU-A 11 GHz Termination

RFU-A Blank Panel

RFU-A-blnk RFU-A blank panel

where:

f = 6L,6H,7,8,11 GHz

xxxY = frequency block

a = first center frequency channel

b = last center frequency channel



9.5 System Configurations

RFU-A supports the following configurations:

Unprotected N+0 - From 1+0 to 4+0, whereby data is transmitted through N channels, without redundancy (protection).

Protected - Hot Standby (HSB) 1+1 HSB or 2+2 HSB.

Space Diversity - Standard and Split Transmitter

For 1+1 HSB, two RFUs use the same RF channel, and are connected via a coupler. One channel transmits and the other acts as a backup (Standby).

For 2+2 HSB, two frequencies are used, and one pair of RFUs are chained together via a coupler to the other pair of RFUs.

RFU-A system configurations contain from one to four radio carriers.

Note: The configuration can be protected or may carry several carriers, depending on the type of branching drawer.

9.5.1 Space Diversity

On long distance wireless links, multipath is a common phenomenon, whereby fading occurs over time, space, and frequency.

The space diversity concept utilizes a single transmitter and two (spatially separated) receivers to overcome multipath fading.

The receiving antennas are spaced vertically so that during a fade, at least one of the antennas maintains an above threshold RSL. (In this scheme the system also benefits from hardware protection).

When fast and significant selective fading occurs at one of the antennas, the modem switches to the diversity antenna (fast switching between Mux frames) and returns to the main antenna when the fading subsides. Using this method, the system performs optimum signal reception, always switched to the highest quality signal.



9.5.2 System Configuration Table

All RFU-A configurations assemblies are based on three basic configurations:

1+0

1+1

2+0 SP

1+1

2+0 Single Polarization

1+0

1+0

1+0 1+1



The following table lists the different system configurations.

RFU-A System Configurations

Configuration Rack Space Illustrations

1+0 1RU

1+1 1RU

1+1 Space Diversity (BBS)

2RU

1+1 E/W 2RU



Configuration Rack Space Illustrations


E/W 4RU

2+0 DP 2RU

2+2 2RU


4RU



9.5.3 Basic Configuration Electrical Charts

The following illustrations depict the signal flow within the system for the different configurations.

1+0

1+1

2+0

Dual Circ.

Antenna

Te

rm.

TX1

RX1

RFU-1 (Main)

TX1

RX1

RFU-2 (Sec.)

1+1 BN Drawer

Dual Circ.

Antenna

Te

rm.

TX1

RX1

RFU-1 1+0 BN Drawer

Dual Circ.

AntennaTX1

RX1

RFU-1 2+0 / 2+0 Narrow BN Drawer

U-B

en

d

TX1

RX1

RFU-2

RFU-A Signal Flowcharts



9.6 RFU-A Upgrading

RFU-A systems can easily be upgraded from one configuration to another.

Some configurations are ready for upgrade from day one, while others require replacing the branching drawer.

Flexible built-in branching allows for easy setup and extension of any RFU-A system, as shown in the following illustration.

For detailed upgrade scenarios and limitations, contact your Ceragon representative.

9.7 RFU-A Extension/Expansion

The RFU-A system can be expanded with additional carriers.

Some configurations support connection with other radio vendors through the use of an existing expansion port.

For detailed extension and expansion scenarios and limitations, contact your Ceragon representative.



9.8 RFU-A Mounting

RFU-A can be mounted in the following rack types:

19”open rack

19” 600 mm depth rack

ETSI 600 mm depth rack

The elliptical waveguide connects to the C’ connector in the rear (shown in the illustration below).

RFU-A System Front & Rear Views of the Elliptical Waveguide Connection

C’

RFU-A Front View



The following illustration shows how the RFU-A is mounted in the rack.

RFU-A Mounted in a Rack

The following illustration shows RFU-A mounted in a rack in a 1+1 all-indoor configuration, with a FibeAir IP-10E IDUs.

1+1 Configuration



9.9 RFU-A Specifications

9.9.1 Branching Losses

The following table provides the branching losses for each configuration.

System Branching Losses

6 GHz High/Low 11 GHz High/Low

Insertion Loss (dB) Tolerance (dB) Insertion Loss (dB) Tolerance (dB)

1+1 HSB Main 1.7 ±0.3 1.9 ±0.3

Coupled 6.9 ±1 7.3 ±1

2+0

(~30 MHz

filters)

Main 0.6 ±0.3 TBD TBD

L-bend (T1/2) 0.1 0.1

U-bend (T1/2) 0.1 0.1

9.9.2 Waveguide Flange

The radio output port (C - Carrier) is frequency dependent and is terminated with the waveguide flanges listed in the following table.

Waveguide Flanges

Frequency Band (GHz) Waveguide Flange

5.7–6.4 CPR137

6H CPR137

7 CPR112

8 CPR112

11 CPR90

9.9.3 Physical Dimensions

RFU-A 1+1 System

Height: 1RU, 44 mm

Width: 19 inches (482 mm)

Depth: 13.18 inches (415 mm)

Weight: 26.45 pounds (12 kg)



10. Typical Configurations This section lists and illustrates a number of typical IP‐10E CLH configurations for point‐to‐point and nodal systems.

10.1 Configuration Options Table The following table presents the typical configurations with their associated components.

RFU-A System Link Configurations

Item 1+0 SP 1+1 HSB 2+0 SP

1+0 E/W or 2+0 DP

or 1+1SD

3+0 DP 4+0 SP 4+0 DP 2+0 E/W

or 4+0 DP

1+1 E/W or 2+2 HSB DP

RFU-Af 2 4 4 4 6 8 8 8 8

CHS-Af 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4

DRW-Af-xxxY-aWb-CPLR 2 4

DRW-Af-xxxY-aWb 2 4 2

DRW-Af-xxxY-a_b Dual 2 4 4 4 8

Ubend-Af 1

Lbend-Af-T1 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2

Lbend-Af-T2 2 2 2 2

Term-Af 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4

RFU-A-blnk 2 2



10.2 Illustrated Configuration Options

The CLH configurations are shown in the following illustrations.



11. Management Overview

Ceragon provides state-of-the-art management based on SNMP and HTTP.

Each device includes an HTTP-based element manager that enables the operator to perform element configuration, RF, Ethernet, and PDH performance monitoring, remote diagnostics, alarm reports, and more.

PolyView™ is Ceragon's Network Management System (NMS) that includes CeraMap™ , its friendly and powerful client graphical interface. PolyView can be used to update and monitor network topology status, provide statistical and inventory reports, define end-to-end traffic trails, download software, and configure elements in the network. In addition, it can be integrated with Northbound NMS platforms, to provide enhanced network management. The application is written in Java code and enables management functions at both the element and network levels.

Ceragon’s management suite also includes a web-based element management system (Web EMS), for advanced element management, and CeraBuild™ for specialized maintenance and provisioning.

Management, configuration, and maintenance tasks can be performed directly via the IP-10E CLH Command Line Interface (CLI). The CLI can be used to perform configuration operations for stand-alone IP-10E CLH units or units connected in a stacked configuration, as well as to configure several IP-10E CLH units in a single batch command. In a nodal configuration, all commands are available both in the main and extension units unless otherwise stated.

Integrated IP-10E CLH Management Tools



11.1 PolyView End-To-End Network Management System

PolyView™ is Ceragon’s user friendly, state-of-the-art NMS. PolyView provides a rich set of management functions for FibeAir systems such as IP-10E CLH at a network level and individual network element level. It enables users to manage their network in a very easy and cost-effective manner. PolyView provides functionality for managing faults, configurations, administration, performance, and security.

PolyView’s graphical interface, CeraMap™, is implemented in Java, which enables it to run on different operating systems. Since it supports Microsoft SQL, parts of the database can be exported for use in other applications, such as Microsoft Excel.

The system is security-protected, so that configuration and software download operations can only be performed by authorized system administrators.

CeraMap Main Window



11.1.1 PolyView Advantages

Faster and Easier Network Maintenance:

Automated management processes

Lower Operational Costs:

Mass “configuration broadcast” change

Less operational mistakes

Easier root analysis

Higher Network Availability:

Automatic redundant NMS HW solution

Fast disaster recovery

NE configuration download, NE SW download

Faster, Easier, and More Accurate Network Troubleshooting:

Network reports, current and long history alarm list, inventory, top most alarm

Network view

11.1.2 PolyView Supported Features

11.1.2.1 General Features

Integrates with other NMS platforms and different Operating Systems

Hardware redundancy configuration, disaster recovery feature

Task scheduling: offline reports, database backup, database check, configuration backup, and application execution

Multiple maps, groups, and links

Search for elements and element groups

11.1.2.2 Faults

Active graphic element status indication

Current/historical alarm viewing

Alarm triggers definition

Trap forwarding configuration

Alarm synchronization

11.1.2.3 Configuration

Broadcast configuration to selective network elements

Network element configuration file upload and download

Scheduled network elements SW download

Dynamic server updating

Saving and loading of configuration data

Inter-element graphic connection

Global configuration changes through top-level elements



Automatic detection of network elements

Node discovery and polling

11.1.2.4 Security

Enhanced NMS security solution

Built-in security application

Connected user list viewing

11.1.2.5 Database

MySQL database

SQL database backup

Database check

Send messages to users

User action viewing

11.1.2.6 Performance

Extensive reporting capabilities

Up to 365 days of history

Filters

11.1.3 PolyView Functionality

The PolyView system consists of the following main components:

PolyView framework – The foundation on which all PolyView applications and services run

PolyView database – A centralized SQL-based database

NMS plugable API interface – the connection between PolyView and the NMS

PolyView applications

PolyView integrates with other NMS platforms, and can also operate in systems that do not use an NMS platform.

A set of APIs are used to communicate with the host NMS platform, to provide iconic map functions and alarm browsing.

In host NMS environments, PolyView is launched whenever a Ceragon equipment

element in the map is selected. In systems without an NMS platform, PolyView is

launched independently from a command line.

To obtain up-to-date information about Ceragon elements in the network,

PolyView uses a Data Collector, which polls the elements periodically and updates

the database whenever necessary.

Among other things, PolyView performs the following functions:

Network Element Administration – PolyView enables global network element parameter configuration.



Network Map Design – PolyView’s CeraMap feature provides various design windows that enable you to define, link, and group elements in order to design a network map quickly and easily.

Element Management – PolyView enables you to configure element parameters by invoking PolyView’s CeraView feature for any selected element.

Alarm Control – PolyView provides comprehensive alarm control, including current alarm lists, historical alarm logs, alarm forwarding, and alarm trigger definitions.

Software and Configuration File Download – When updated software and configuration files are available, you can download the files to a single element or a group of elements.

Management Reports – PolyView reports include inventory and performance reports. Inventory reports provide information about interfaces and links in the system. Performance reports provide information about element communication performance.

Scheduled Tasks – PolyView enables you to create recurring tasks, such as database checks and backups and configuration backups.

Redundancy – PolyView has built-in support for a redundant NMS configuration that includes two PolyView servers – a primary server, which is generally active, and a secondary server, which is generally located at a remote site and is in standby mode.

Security – PolyView is a secure system that enables administrators to control who uses the system, and which parts of the system can be accessed.



11.2 Web-Based Element Management System (Web EMS)

The Web EMS is used to perform configuration operations and obtain statistical and performance information related to the system, including:

Configuration Management – Enables you to view and define configuration data for the IP-10E CLH system.

Fault Monitoring – Enables you to view active alarms.

Performance Monitoring – Enables you to view and clear performance monitoring values and counters.

Maintenance Association Identifiers – Enables you to define Maintenance Association Identifiers (MAID) for CFR protection.

Diagnostics and Maintenance – Enables you to define and perform loopback tests, software updates, and IDU-RFU interface monitoring.

Security Configuration – Enables you to configure IP-10E CLH security features.

User Management – Enables you to define users and user groups.

For additional information about the Web EMS, refer to FibeAir IP-10 Web Based Management User Guide, DOC-00018688 Rev. a.17.

11.3 CeraBuild

CeraBuild is an application that enables installation and maintenance personnel to initiate and produce commissioning reports to ensure that an IP-10E CLH system was set up properly and that all components are in order for operation.

You can produce the following reports using CeraBuild:

Site Commission Report

Link Commission Report

PM Commission Report

For additional information about CeraBuild, refer to FibeAir CeraBuild Commission Reports Guide, DOC-00028133 Rev a.02.



11.4 End to End Multi-Layer OAM

IP-10E CLH provides complete Operations Administration and Maintenance (OAM) functionality at multiple layers, including:

Alarms and events

Maintenance signals, such as LOS, AIS, and RDI.

Performance monitoring

Maintenance commands, such as loopbacks and APS commands.

OAM Functionality

11.4.1 Connectivity Fault Management (CFM)

The IEEE 802.1ag standard defines Service Layer OAM (Connectivity Fault Management). The standard facilitates the discovery and verification of a path through 802.1 bridges and local area networks (LANs).

In addition, the standard:

Defines maintenance domains, their constituent maintenance points, and the managed objects required to create and administer them.

Defines the relationship between maintenance domains and the services offered by VLAN-aware bridges and provider bridges.

Describes the protocols and procedures used by maintenance points to maintain and diagnose connectivity faults within a maintenance domain.

Provides means for future expansion of the capabilities of maintenance points and their protocols.

IEEE 802.1ag Ethernet CFM (Connectivity Fault Management) protocols consist of three protocols that operate together to aid in debugging Ethernet networks: continuity check, link trace, and loopback.

IP-10E CLH utilizes these protocols to maintain smooth system operation and non-stop data flow.



11.4.2 Ethernet Statistics (RMON)

The IP-10E CLH platform stores and displays statistics in accordance with RMON and RMON2 standards.

The following groups of statistics can be displayed:

Ingress line receive statistics

Ingress radio transmit statistics

Egress radio receive statistics

Egress line transmit statistics

Notes:

Statistic parameters are polled each second, from system startup.

All counters can be cleared simultaneously.

The following statistics are displayed every 15 minutes (in the Radio performance monitoring window):

Utilization - four utilizations: ingress line receive, ingress radio transmit, egress radio receive, and egress line transmit

Packet error rate - ingress line receive, egress radio receive

Seconds with errors - ingress line receive

11.4.2.1 Ingress Line Receive Statistics

Sum of frames received without error

Sum of octets of all valid received frames

Number of frames received with a CRC error

Number of frames received with alignment errors

Number of valid received unicast frames

Number of valid received multicast frames

Number of valid received broadcast frames

Number of packets received with less than 64 octets

Number of packets received with more than 12000 octets (programmable)

Frames (good and bad) of 64 octets

Frames (good and bad) of 65 to 127 octets






11.4.2.2 Ingress Radio Transmit Statistics

Sum of frames transmitted to radio

Sum of octets transmitted to radio

Number of frames dropped



11.4.2.3 Egress Radio Receive Statistics

Sum of valid frames received by radio

Sum of octets of all valid received frames

Sum of all frames received with errors

11.4.2.4 Egress Line Transmit Statistics

Sum of valid frames transmitted to line

Sum of octets transmitted



12. Specifications

12.1 General Specifications

Specification 5, 6L,6H GHz 7,8 GHz 11 GHz

Standards FCC Part 101, I.C. SRSP 305.9&306.4

FCC Part 101, I.C. SRSP 307.1/7

FCC Part 101, I.C. SRSP 310.7

Operating Frequency Range (GHz)

5.85, 6.45, 6.4-7.1 7.1-7.9, 7.7-8.5 10.7-11.7

Tx/Rx Spacing (MHz) 252.04, 340, 160, 170 154, 161, 168, 182, 196, 245, 300, 119, 311.32 490, 500

Frequency Stability +0.001%

Frequency Source Synthesizer

RF Channel Selection Via EMS/NMS

System Configurations Non-Protected (1+0), Protected (1+1), Space Diversity, 2+0/2+2 XPIC

Tx Range (Manual/ATPC) Up to 20 dB dynamic range

12.2 RFU Support

Installation Type All Indoor Installation

IDU to RFU connection Coaxial cable RG-223 (100 m/300 ft), Belden 9914/RG-8 (300 m/1000 ft) or equivalent, N-type connectors (male)

Antenna Connection Direct or remote mount using the same antenna type. Remote mount: standard flexible waveguide (frequency dependent)



12.3 Radio Capacity

12.3.1 10 MHz

Profile Modulation

Minimum Required Capacity License

Radio Throughput

(Mbps)

Ethernet Capacity

(Mbps)

Min Max

0 QPSK 10 13 12 18

1 8 PSK 25 19 19 27

2 16 QAM 25 29 28 41

3 32 QAM 50 36 35 50

4 64 QAM 50 44 44 63

5 128 QAM 50 51 51 72

6 256 QAM 50 56 56 80

7 256 QAM 50 59 59 85

Note: Ethernet Capacity depends on average packet size.

12.3.2 30 MHz

Profile Modulation Minimum Required Capacity License

Radio Throughput

(Mbps)

Ethernet Capacity

(Mbps)

Min Max

0 QPSK 50 39 39 56

1 8 PSK 50 63 63 90

2 16 QAM 100 92 93 132

3 32 QAM 100 118 119 170

4 64 QAM 150 142 143 205

5 128 QAM 150 162 164 234

6 256 QAM 200 183 185 264

7 256 QAM 200 198 201 287




12.3.3 40 MHz

Profile Modulation

Minimum Required Capacity License

Radio Throughput

(Mbps)

Ethernet Capacity

(Mbps)

Min Max

0 QPSK 50 56 56 80

1 8 PSK 100 83 83 119

2 16 QAM 100 121 122 174

3 32 QAM 150 151 153 218

4 64 QAM 200 189 191 274

5 128 QAM 200 211 214 305

6 256 QAM 300 240 243 347

7 256 QAM 300 255 259 370


12.3.4 Transmit Power1 (dBm)

Modulation 5.8 GHz (unlicensed)

6-8 GHz 11 GHz

QPSK 29 31 28

8 PSK 29 31 28

16 QAM 29 31 28

32 QAM 29 31 28

64 QAM 29 31 28

128 QAM 29 31 28

256 QAM 27 29 26

Note: The transmit power depends on the transmission type. The output transmit power at C’ should reduce the branching loss, depending on the configuration type.

1 Refer to RFU-A roll-out plan for availability of each frequency.



12.4 Ethernet Latency Specifications

12.4.1 Latency - 10 MHz Channel Bandwidth

ACM Working Point

Modulation Latency (usec) with GE Interface Latency (usec) with FE Interface

Frame Size

64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518 64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518

1 QPSK 1269 1310 1396 1567 1911 2083 2243 1274 1319 1414 1604 1985 2175 2352

2 8 PSK 937 966 1023 1141 1376 1494 1603 942 975 1041 1178 1450 1586 1712

3 16 QAM 651 670 709 787 943 1022 1095 656 679 727 824 1017 1114 1204

4 32 QAM 565 581 613 678 809 874 934 570 590 631 715 883 966 1043

5 64 QAM 638 651 677 732 841 895 946 643 660 695 769 915 987 1055

6 128 QAM 626 637 661 708 803 850 894 631 646 679 745 877 942 1003

7 256 QAM 691 702 723 767 854 898 939 696 711 741 804 928 990 1048

8 256 QAM 556 566 586 625 706 746 783 561 575 604 662 780 838 892


ACM Working Point


Frame Size

64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518 64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518

1 QPSK 336 356 396 479 644 726 803 341 365 414 516 718 818 912

2 8 PSK 237 251 279 336 450 506 559 242 260 297 373 524 598 668

3 16 QAM 178 188 209 251 335 377 417 183 197 227 288 409 469 526

4 32 QAM 155 164 182 218 290 327 361 160 173 200 255 364 419 470

5 64 QAM 175 182 197 227 287 317 345 180 191 215 264 361 409 454

6 128 QAM 180 187 200 226 280 306 331 185 196 218 263 354 398 440

7 256 QAM 180 186 198 222 270 294 316 185 195 216 259 344 386 425

8 256 QAM 158 163 175 197 243 265 286 163 172 193 234 317 357 395




ACM Working Point


Frame Size

64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518 64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518

1 QPSK 296 310 339 399 518 578 633 301 319 357 436 592 670 742

2 8 PSK 230 240 260 299 378 417 454 235 249 278 336 452 509 563

3 16 QAM 120 127 141 170 227 256 282 125 136 159 207 301 348 391

4 32 QAM 99 105 116 140 187 211 233 104 114 134 177 261 303 342

5 64 QAM 113 118 128 149 190 211 230 118 127 146 186 264 303 339

6 128 QAM 116 121 130 149 187 205 223 121 130 148 186 261 297 332

7 256 QAM 122 126 135 152 187 204 221 127 135 153 189 261 296 330

8 256 QAM 105 109 117 133 166 183 198 110 118 135 170 240 275 307


ACM Working Point


Frame Size

64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518 64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518

1 QPSK 176 187 208 251 338 382 422 181 196 226 288 412 474 531

2 8 PSK 125 133 148 180 242 273 302 130 142 166 217 316 365 411

3 16 QAM 92 98 110 133 179 202 224 97 107 128 170 253 294 333

4 32 QAM 78 83 93 113 152 172 190 83 92 111 150 226 264 299

5 64 QAM 88 92 100 117 151 168 184 93 101 118 154 225 260 293

6 128 QAM 93 97 105 120 152 168 183 98 106 123 157 226 260 292

7 256 QAM 96 99 107 121 151 165 179 101 108 125 158 225 257 288

8 256 QAM 87 90 97 111 140 154 167 92 99 115 148 214 246 276



12.5 Interface Specifications

12.5.1 Ethernet Interface Specifications

Supported Ethernet Interfaces 5 x 10/100base-T (RJ-45)

2 x 10/100/1000Base-T (RJ-45) or 1000base-X (SFP)

Supported SFP Types Optical 1000Base-LX (1310 nm) or SX (850 nm)

12.6 Carrier Ethernet Functionality

Latency over the radio link < 0.15 mSeconds @ 400 Mbps

"Baby jumbo" Frame Support Up to 1632Bytes

General Enhanced link state propagation

Enhanced MAC header compression

Integrated Carrier Ethernet

Switch

Integrated non-blocking switch with 4K active VLANs

MAC address learning with 8K MAC addresses

802.1ad provider bridges (QinQ)

802.3ad link aggregation

Enhanced link state propagation

Enhanced MAC header compression

Full switch redundancy (hot stand-by)

QoS

Advanced CoS classification and remarking

Advanced traffic policing/rate-limiting

Per interface CoS based packet queuing/buffering (8 queues)

Per queue statistics

Tail-drop and WRED with CIR/EIR support

Flexible scheduling schemes (SP/WFQ/Hierarchical)

Per interface and per queue traffic shaping

Ethernet Service OA&M

802.1ag CFM

Automatic "Link trace" processing for storing of last known working

path

Performance Monitoring

Per port Ethernet counters (RMON/RMON2)

Radio ACM statistics

Enhanced radio Ethernet statistics (Frame Error Rate, Throughput,

Capacity, Utilization)



Carrier Ethernet Functionality (Continued)

Supported Ethernet/IP

Standards

802.3 – 10base-T

802.3u – 100base-T

802.3ab – 1000base-T

802.3z – 1000base-X

802.3ac – Ethernet VLANs

802.1Q – Virtual LAN (VLAN)

802.1p – Class of service

802.1ad – Provider bridges (QinQ)

802.3x – Flow control

802.3ad – Link aggregation

802.1ag – Ethernet service OA&M (CFM)

802.1w – RSTP

RFC 1349 – IPv4 TOS

RFC 2474 – IPv4 DSCP

RFC 2460 – IPv6 Traffic Classes

MEF Certification

MEF-9 & MEF-14 certified for all service types (EPL, EVPL & E-LAN)



12.7 Network Management, Diagnostics, Status, and Alarms

Network Management System

Ceragon PolyView NMS

NMS Interface protocol SNMPv1/v2c/v3

XML over HTTP/HTTPS toward PolyView

Element Management Web based EMS, CLI

Management Channels &

Protocols

HTTP/HTTPS

Telnet/SSH-2

FTP/SFTP

Authentication, Authorization &

Accounting

User access control

X-509 Certificate

Management Interface Dedicated Ethernet interfaces (up to 3) or in-band

Local Configuration and

Monitoring Standard ASCII terminal, serial RS-232

In-Band Management Support dedicated VLAN for management (in "smart pipe" and switch

modes)

TMN Ceragon NMS functions are in accordance with ITU-T

recommendations for TMN

External Alarms 5 Inputs: TTL-level or contact closure to ground.

1 output: Form C contact, software configurable.

RSL Indication Accurate power reading (dBm) available at IDU, RFU2, and NMS

Performance Monitoring Integral with onboard memory per ITU-T G.826/G.828

2 Note that the voltage at the BNC port on the RFUs is not accurate and should be used only as

an aid



12.8 Mechanical Specifications

IDU Dimensions

Height: 1 RU

Width: 19"

Depth: 7.4”

I+ Nodal Enclosure Dimensions

Height: 2RU

Width: 19"

Depth: 8.27”

IDU Weight 6.2 lbs

I+ Nodal Enclosure Weight 3.3 lbs

RFU-A Dimensions (1+1 configuration)

Height: 1RU, 44 mm

Width: 19 inches (482 mm)

Depth: 13.18 inches (415 mm)

Weight: 26.45 pounds (12 kg)

12.9 Standard compliance

Specification IDU RFU

EMC Class B Class B

Safety IEC 60950 IEC 60950

Ingress Protection IEC 60529 IP20 IEC 60529 IP56

Operation Class 3.1 Class 4.1E/ Class 4M5[4]

Storage Class 1.2

Transportation Class 2.3

12.10 Environmental

Specification IDU RFU

Operating Temperature 23°F to 131°F -49°F to 131°F

Relative Humidity 0 to 95%,

Non-condensing 0 to 100%

Altitude 3,000m (10,000ft)



12.11 Power Input Specifications

Standard Input -48 VDC

DC Input range -40.5 to -57

Optional Inputs 110-220 VAC

24 VDC

12.12 Power Consumption Specifications

Max power consumption

IP-10E IDU (basic configuration) 25W

Power consumption for RFU-A, with Power

Consumption Saving mode

High Level: 72W

Medium Level: 48W

Low Level: 38W

FibeAir ® IP-10 E-Series Compact Long Haul Product Description

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Transcript of FibeAir ® IP-10 E-Series Compact Long Haul Product Description