Fetal Testing: What Do I Order and...
Transcript of Fetal Testing: What Do I Order and...
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Fetal Testing:
What Do I Order and When?
Genevieve Campbell, RDMS
Texas Fetal Center
UT Health
Children’s Memorial Hermann Hospital
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Objectives
• What are the indications for testing?
• What tests are out there?
• When to test?
• Which test is predictive of outcome?
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Why Test?
Prevent perinatal morbidity and mortality
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Background Risks
Low-risk
pregnancies
4.0 – 5.5/1000
ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 102, March 2009: Management of Stillbirth
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Background Risks
Maternal Illness
Hypertension:
• Chronic hypertension: 1.5 – 2.7 X
• Pregnancy-induced hypertension
–Mild: 1.2 – 4 X
–Severe: 1.8 – 4.4 X
ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 102, March 2009: Management of Stillbirth
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Background Risks
Maternal Illness
Diabetes:
• Gestational: 1.2 – 2.0 X
• Pre-gestational: 1.7 – 7.0 X
Obesity (pregnancy weight): 1.8 – 2.9 X
ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 102, March 2009: Management of Stillbirth
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Background Risks
Maternal Illness
• SLE: 6 – 20 X
• Renal disease: 2.2 – 30 X
• Thyroid disorders: 2.2 – 3.0 X
• Thrombophilia: 2.8 – 5.0 X
• Cholestasis of pregnancy: 1.8 – 4.4 X
ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 102, March 2009: Management of Stillbirth
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Background Risks
Pregnancy Related Conditions
• IUGR : 1.7 X
• Previous stillbirth: 1.4 – 3.2 X
• Fluid abnormalities
- Oligohydramnios: 2.4 X
- Polyhydramnios: 2.1 X
ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 102, March 2009: Management of Stillbirth
Chamberlain et al. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984; 150:250-4
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Indications - ACOG
Maternal
• Type I Diabetes
• Hypertensive Disorders
• Chronic Renal Disease
• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• Antiphospholipid syndrome
• Hyperthyroidism (poorly controlled)
• Hemoglobinopathies
• Cyanotic heart disease
Pregnancy Related
• Decreased fetal movement
• Fluid abnormalities
• IUGR
• Post-term Pregnancy
• Isoimmunization (moderate to severe
• Previous fetal demise (unexplained or recurrent risk)
• Multiple gestation (with significant growth discrepancy)
ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 9, 1999 – Antepartum Fetal Surveillance
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Severity of Disease
Hypertension:
“The most significant perinatal outcomes were
observed in patients with severe gestational
hypertension and preeclampsia with a stillbirth
rate of 52/1000.”
Simpson and Coletta. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2010; 53: 607-616
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Severity of Disease
Diabetes:
• 3% of all stillbirths
• poor glycemic control
• complications of:
• Macrosomia
• Polyhydramnios
• IUGR
• Preeclampsia
Simpson and Coletta. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2010; 53: 607-616
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Severity of Disease
Lupus
• 10 studies of 500 patients
• Fetal prognosis = maternal disease activity
– Fetal demise more common with
antiphospholipid antibodies
– 38 – 59% VS 16 – 20%
Simpson and Coletta. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2010; 53: 607-616
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Severity of Disease
Renal:
• Severe = perinatal mortality 4X >
mild or moderate
• Dialysis = live birth rate of only 52%
Simpson and Coletta. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2010; 53: 607-616
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Severity of Disease
IUGR:
“Fifty-two percent of sudden intrauterine
unexplained death (SIUD) cases were affected by
IUGR (birth weight below their 10th percentile)
…..”
Froen JF, Gardosi JO, Thurman A, Fancis A, Stray-Pedersen B. Restricted fetal growth in sudden intrauterine
unexplained death. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2004; 83:801-807.
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NST
BPP
Doppler
Fluid
Assessment
Tools of the Trade
Modified BPP
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NST
Reactive (normal):
• two or more fetal heart rate accelerations
15 beats acceleration above the base line
15 sec duration
20 minute period
ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 9, 1999 – Antepartum Fetal Surveillance.
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NST
Nonreactive:
< 2 heart rate accelerations within 20-minutes
over a 40-minute testing period
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BPP
• Tone – extension or flexion of limbs or trunk
(1 episode)
• Gross Body Movements - (3 episodes)
• Breathing - 30 seconds
• Fluid - Maximum vertical pocket of at least 2cm
• NST - Excluded if all other parameters are met
ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 9, 1999 – Antepartum Fetal Surveillance.
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BPP - Scoring
• 10/10 (with NST) or 8/8 (without NST) = perfect
score
• 6/8 is equivocal
• NST should be performed
• if NST reactive, a passing score of 8/10 may
be given
• 4/8 is a failing score and further action should be
considered ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 9, 1999 – Antepartum Fetal Surveillance.
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Modified BPP
NST + AFI
–Reactive NST + AFI > 5cm = a normal
test result
ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 9, 1999 – Antepartum Fetal Surveillance.
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Fluid Assessment
AFI MVP
• 90º to the surface
• AFI = all four quadrants
• MVP = largest quadrant
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Fluid Assessment
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Fluid Assessment
Oligohydramnios
• Oligohydramnios - < 2 cm pocket or AFI < 5cm
• Study of perinatal mortality by Chamberlin (1984)
> 2 and < 8 cm: 1.97/1000
< 2 cm: 37.7/1000
< 1 cm: corrected perinatal mortality: 109.4/1000
ACOG, 1999; reaffirmed 2012
Chamberlin et al. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984;150:245-9
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Fluid Assessment
Polyhydramnios
• Corrected perinatal mortality: 4.12/1000
• AFI > 24cm
• MVP of > 8cm
“was arbitrary and based upon clinical impression
gained while performing the biophysical profile
scoring”
Chamberlain et al. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984;150:250-4
Carlson et al. Obstet Gynecol 1990;75:989-93
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Umbilical Artery Doppler
• Measures the resistance to flow in the umbilical
cord
• Measurement should be taken in a free loop of
the cord
• Risk increases as resistance increases
• Measured as S/D, RI or pulsatility index
• Findings are significant when the diastolic
flow is absent or reversed
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Umbilical Artery Doppler
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Are the Tools Effective?
“There is a dearth of evidence from randomized
controlled trails that antepartum fetal
surveillance decreases the risk of fetal death”
“In the absence of a definitive, relevant
randomized clinical trial, evidence for the value
of antepartum fetal surveillance will remain
circumstantial” ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 9, 1999 – Antepartum Fetal Surveillance.
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Are the Tools Effective? NST – Uncompromised Fetus
• 24 – 28 wks is frequently non-reactive
• 28 - 32 wks may be non-reactive 50% of the time
• 15% of all NSTs are non-reactive
• Variable decelerations may be observed in up to
50% of NST (only concerning if > 1 min)
ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 9, 1999 – Antepartum Fetal Surveillance.
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4 studies with 1636 high risk pregnancies (did not specify singleton or multiple)
NST vs. No NST
Perinatal Mortality No significant difference
Cesarean Section No significant difference
Apgar < 7 in 5 min No significant difference
NICU No significant difference
Gestational Age at Birth No significant difference
Neonatal Seizures No significant difference
NST vs. No NST
Cochrane Review #1
Grivell, Alfirevic, Gyte, and Devan. 2010: Issue 1.
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So are we really going to stop doing antenatal testing????
NOT LIKELY!!!
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NST vs. BPP or Modified BPP
Cochrane Review #2 • 4 studies with 2829 high risk pregnancies >24 wks EGA
• No difference:
Perinatal deaths
Cesarean Section
Apgar scores < 7 in 5min
Admission to the NICU
Birth weight < 10th percentile
Presence of meconium at birth
• Induction more likely for an abnormal BPP
Lalor, Fawole, Alfievic, Devane. 2012: Issue 4
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NST vs. BPP
• Both
– Negative predictive value: > 90%
– False positive rate ~ 60%
– Better at ruling out than predicting fetal
compromise
Graves CR. Antepartum Fetal Surveillance and Timing of Delivery in the Pregnancy complicated by Diabetes Mellitus.
Clinical Obstet Gynecol. Volume 50, Number 4, 1007-1013. 2007.
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So how often should I test?
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Frequency of Testing
Cochrane Review #3
Twice Weekly Testing Every Two Weeks
No fetal deaths No fetal deaths
25% more likely to have induced labor More likely to go into spontaneous labor
(near term)
Mean GA at birth was 4 days earlier Mean GA at birth was 4 days later
Two infants required ventilation (at 30 and
32 weeks)
No infants required ventilation
167 SGA and IUGR fetuses (normal fluid and normal Dopplers)
Grivell, Wong, Bhatia. 2012: Issue 6.
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Umbilical Artery Doppler
A light in the dark?
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UA Doppler vs. No Doppler
Cochrane Review #4
18 studies which evaluated 10,000+ high-risk pregnancies
Perinatal Death Perinatal Morbidity
SGA/IUGR
HTN No change No change
Diabetes Not estimable
Previous Loss Not estimable
Post Dates Not estimable
Alfirevic, Stamplija, Gyte. 2010: Issue 1.
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UA Doppler vs. No Doppler
Cochran Review #4
Pregnancy Intervention
Emergent C-Section Singleton
Emergent C-Section Multiples
Emergent Induction Singleton
Emergent Induction Multiples
Alfirevic, Stamplija, Gyte. 2010: Issue 1.
18 studies which evaluated 10,000 high-risk pregnancies.
No change
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UA Doppler vs. NST
Cochran Review #4
Perinatal Death Perinatal Mortality
SGA/IUGR Not estimable
HTN Not estimable
Diabetes Not estimable
Pervious Loss Not estimable
Post Dates Not estimable
18 studies which evaluated 10,000+ high-risk pregnancies
Alfirevic, Stamplija, Gyte. 2010: Issue 1.
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Key Points
There are many conditions that raise the risk of
perinatal mortality and morbidity
Hypertension, diabetes, IUGR, fluid
abnormalities
Methods of fetal surveillance:
NST, BPP, Modified BPP, Fluid Assessment, &
Doppler
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Key Points
NST, BPP, and Modified BPP are all equally
predictive of outcome
High false positive rates
Umbilical Artery Doppler has been shown to
improve outcomes in SGA and IUGR pregnancies
only
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BPP (32 weeks)
Non-reactive
8/8 6/8 4/8
NST
Reactive
To hospital Repeat in
one week
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Umbilical Artery Doppler
• Effective in reducing the risk of perinatal
death and mortality in SGA and IUGR
fetuses
• No benefit for evaluating pregnancies
complicated by maternal disease
• Repeat weekly at time of BPP
ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 9, 1999 – Antepartum Fetal Surveillance.
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