Ferry Landings at Ocean Sites

Malcolm G. McLaren, PE

McLaren Engineering Group

Commuter Options Long Branch, NJ to

Manhattan

Car – 54 miles 1.25 to 2 hrsTolls Parking

Train – 85-100 minutesFare - $30 rt

Bus – 85-100 min to PA125 min. to Wall StFare - $32 rt

Ferry – 25 NM, 65 min.

Ferry Terminals in NY Harbor

Core Requirements – Ferry Operations

Harbor TypesNatural Harbors Manmade Harbors

New York Harbor

Port of Long Beach, California

Assignment – Create a Harbor

• Evaluate Site History• Consider Extreme Wave Forces• Determine Design Limits & Forces• Design must meet permit requirements of State &

USACOE• Environmentally sensitive design• Passenger Safety• On vessel• Transfer to vessel • ADA Compliance• Economics

Harbor Design Considerations

History of Long Branch Piers

Long Branch Pier

1828 First pier constructed: Bath House Pier

Uses: Transportation

1830 Steamboat service to New York started

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Long Branch Pier

1828 First pier constructed: Bath House Pier

Uses: Transportation

1830 Steamboat service to New York started

1854 Pier destroyed by nor’easter after 24 years of service

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Long Branch Pier

1875 Second pier constructed: East End Excursion Pavilion

Uses: Docking

1875 Destroyed by storm after only one week

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Long Branch Pier

1879 Third pier constructed of tubular steel: Ocean Pier

Uses: Pier: Docking, Restaurant, Promenade Underneath Pier: 600 Bath-houses

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“The Great Iron and Tubular Pier at Long Branch” 1879

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2010Image: www.HistoricLongBranch.org

The Plymouth Rock about to dock at the Ocean Pier 1879

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2010Image: “Jersey Shore” by Emil Salvini, Author's

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“Bathing in the shade beneath the pier”,

Ocean Pier 1879

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2010Image: Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, August

23,1879

The Steamer City of Richmond launched 1880

Image: HistoricLongBranch.com

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Long Branch Pier

1881 Pier destroyed by winter storm after two years of service

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Long Branch Pier

1881 Fourth pier constructed: Ocean Pier / Iron Pier Entrance through a pavilion at the foot of South

BroadwayUses: Pier Entrance - Bar, Drugstore, Express Office,

Film Theater Pier - Docking, Restaurant, Promenade, Orchestra Stand, Fishing, Benches & Rocking Chairs

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“Iron Pier and Surf Bathing, Long Branch” 1890

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2010Image: www.HistoricLongBranch.org

“Bathing Scene at Long Branch, NJ” 1906

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2010Image: www.HistoricLongBranch.org

Long Branch Pier

1889 Pier severely damaged by high tides; repaired with wooden piling

1893 Pier cut in two by tugboat; outer portion rebuilt

1908 Remains of pier torn down

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Long Branch Pier

1912 Fifth pier constructed of concrete: Amusement Pier / Fishing Pier

Uses: Dance hall, Theater, Amusement Rides, Restaurants, Bars, Haunted Mansion, Concession Stands, Gift Shop, Games of Chance & Skill, Fishing (no docking)

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Long Branch Pier 1921

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2010Image: www.HistoricLongBranch.org

Long Branch Pier ca. 1924

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“Bathing scene from Boardwalk” 1924

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Pier Scene Showing 40’ Tall Airplane Swing Ride ca. 1924

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Long Branch Pier

1944 Pier severely damaged by hurricane

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Carousel Wrecked by Hurricane, 1944

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2010Image: “Jersey Shore” by Emil Salvini, Author’s

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Image: Eddy and Gloria Bruno via www.HistoricLongBranch.org

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Long Branch Fishing Pier, ca. 1958

Long Branch Fishing Pier, ca. 1958

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2010Image: Eddy and Gloria Bruno via

www.HistoricLongBranch.org

Kid’s World, Long Branch Pier 1985

Image: Bill and Seph Cherkasky via DarkInThePark.com

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Fire, Long Branch Pier 1987

Image: Press File Photo via APP.com

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1987 Pier destroyed by fire

Long Branch Pier

2001 Pier remnant torn down

2005 Pier Village opened

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Local Conditions

Prevailing Wind

Prevailing Current

Prevailing Waves

Permitting by NJDEP and Army Corps

• NJDEP• CAFRA (Coastal lands)• Land Use (Waterfront Dev.)• Tidelands (Land ownership)

• USACE• Section 10 (Nav. Waterways)• Section 404 (Water Quality)

Environmental Considerations• Impeding Natural Sediment Transport• Aquatic Biota

• Temporary or Permanent Loss of Bottom Habitat• Threatened & Endangered Species• Opportunity for New Aquaculture

• Stormwater Runoff• NEPA Compliance (Air, Noise, Traffic, Historic Resources)• Re-Suspension of Contaminants and Turbidity• Shading Effects • Fish Abundance, Reproduction and Migration

Operating Vessels

Monohull Fast Ferry

Catamaran Fast Ferry

Fast Ferry

• Construction Type Welded Aluminum Catamaran• Length 141 Feet• Beam 34 Feet• Speed 30 Knots• Engine Type Diesel• Horsepower 4800• Propulsion Propeller • Capacity 399 Enclosed Seats• Maximum Service Wave 8 Feet

Waves in the Open Ocean 19 Miles Offshore

Operating Days per year

S e rie s 1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

61 182 245 292 325 341 350

Wav

e H

eig

ht

Days per Year Wave Height Not Exceeded

Wave Frequency Analysis

8 ft

HV1(Vessel 1: 78 ft Length x 28 ft Beam)

HV3(Vessel 3: 141 ft Length x 34 ft Beam)

HV2(Vessel 2: 125 ft Length x 40 ft Beam)

Design parameters – Pier and Breakwater

• Setting the Height of the Structure• Design Wave Height• Design Flood Level / Storm Surge• Considerations for Sea Level Rise• Accessibility to the Ferry• Upland Viewsheds

• Picking the Structure Type• Integrated Wave Attenuation

• High Wave/Water Loading• Detached Wave Attenuation

• Sediment Transport Disruption

Breakwater Options• Integrated Breakwater

• Wave screens• Caisson walls

• Detached Breakwater• Rubblemound structure• Pile/Crib system

Integrated Breakwater - Piles & Wall

Integrated Breakwater - Cellular Cofferdams

Integrated Breakwater - Caissons

Pier Elevation• Design Wave Height• Design Flood Level / Storm Surge• Considerations for Sea Level Rise• Accessibility to the Ferry• Upland ViewshedsTOP OF PIER +26.0’

12.3’ MSL + 100 YEAR STORM SURGE

3.0’ MHWS + SEA LEVEL RISE

-0.3’ MSL

-32.5’ BOTTOM OF WAVE SCREEN -34.5’ SEAFLOOR

24.3’ WAVE CREST

Design Wave on Breakwater• Design Wave Height

• 20-yr WIS (Wave Indormation Study) hindcast wave data

• Extreme Value Analysis (EVA)

• Wave Forces• Non-breaking wave

24’ wave ≈ 50kips/ft

Transmitted Wave to HarborWave energy balancing act: reflection, absorption and transmission

TOP OF PIER +26.0’

7.0’ WAVE CREST

3.0’ MHWS

-0.3’ MSL

-32.5’ BOTTOM OF WAVE SCREEN -34.5’

SEAFLOOR

12.0’ TOP OF WAVE SCREEN

2 FT. WAVE TRANSMITTED

Transmitted Wave to HarborEffects of Wave Diffraction

• Need Large, Calm Area Inside Breakwater for Ferry Maneuvers

• Entrance & Exit Wave Conditions to Avoid Broadside Waves on Ferry

Breakwater Considerations

• Withstand large forces• Allow flow to avoid sedimentation• Support Pedestrians and Buildings

ADA Compliance

• Exempt from 30’ max. run• Max. 1V:12H slope between Mean High Water and

Mean Low Water• Runs over 80’ exempt from 1V:12H slope

Floating Landing – Design Parameters

• Acceleration (SNAME & ITTC 1999)Description Max.g Max.g-rate

Comfort standing person:•99% will keep balance without a need of holding 0.07 g 0.03 g/s

Comfort seated person:•Typical bus stop and up/down gear shifts 0.20 g 0.20 g/s

Safety standing person:•Elderly person will keep balance when holding•Mean person will keep balance when holding•Mean person max. load keeping balance when holding

0.08 g0.15 g0.25 g

0.20 g/s0.20 g/s1.00 g/s

Safety seated person (no or 2-point seat-belt):•Nervous person will start holding (X and Y load)•Persons will fall out of seat (no seat belt)

0.15 g0.45 g

0.80 g/s3.00 g/s

Safety seated person (3-point seat-belt):•Low tolerance for injury (car industry) 40 g (Z)

10 g (X&Y)

Passenger TransferGantry Bridge

Passenger TransferFloating Landing

Long Branch Pier Schemes

Alternative A - ConventionalAlternative B - Shaped

Alternative C – Pod and Pathway

The New Long Branch Pier

Core Requirements – Ferry Operations

E N G I N E E R I N G D I V I S I O N S

Structural • Site/Civil, Geotechnical and Survey

Bridge, Highway and Rail • Forensics Marine • Waterborne Transportation

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2012

“Applied Ingenuity”