Female Entrepreneurship in Transitional Economies by Ayman & Olaore
-
Upload
rafiu-olaore -
Category
Business
-
view
256 -
download
2
Transcript of Female Entrepreneurship in Transitional Economies by Ayman & Olaore
![Page 1: Female Entrepreneurship in Transitional Economies by Ayman & Olaore](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a648191a28ab432e8b47fe/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Female Entrepreneurship in Transitional
Economies:
an In-depth Comparative Study about Challenges
facing Female Entrepreneurs in Nigeria and Egypt
Dina Ayman, Egypt
Rafiu Akinpelu Olaore, Nigeria
![Page 2: Female Entrepreneurship in Transitional Economies by Ayman & Olaore](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a648191a28ab432e8b47fe/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Why Female Entrepreneurship?
• Women generate income for their families,
but they also create jobs for men and women alike.
• The GEM (2012) , an estimation of 126 million women
were starting and/or running new businesses around
the world, and these women are not only creating jobs for themselves,
employees, suppliers and their co-founders.
• Boutros (2013) mentions in her article that Egypt’s GDP would increase by
34% if Egyptian women’s participation in the labor market was that of
males.
![Page 3: Female Entrepreneurship in Transitional Economies by Ayman & Olaore](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a648191a28ab432e8b47fe/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Why study the Challenges facing Women…?
• Identify the problems they face to overcome them
and pave the way for future females to choose self-
employment as a career path………..
![Page 4: Female Entrepreneurship in Transitional Economies by Ayman & Olaore](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a648191a28ab432e8b47fe/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Research Contribution…..
• This is amongst early researches undertaken as a comparative
mode between Egypt and Nigeria….
• Early papers to Consider Egypt and Nigeria as separate
countries not within MENA/Sub-Saharan Africa context….
• Most papers undertake the quantitative research method not
the in-depth qualitative methodology….
![Page 5: Female Entrepreneurship in Transitional Economies by Ayman & Olaore](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a648191a28ab432e8b47fe/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Research Methodology….
• In-depth Interviewed 20 women; 10 Nigerian vs 10 Egyptian women
• Why Qualitative?
1) Scarcity of the literature reviewed
on topic in Egypt and/or Nigeria….
2) Undertake this “inquisitive”
methodology when dealing with humanities, and social sciences, unlike the sureness of mathematics which require the “descriptive” approach between two ascertained variables….
![Page 6: Female Entrepreneurship in Transitional Economies by Ayman & Olaore](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a648191a28ab432e8b47fe/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Research Findings…….
Challenges facing women entrepreneurs:
Gender-Specificchallenges only confined to
women and not found amongst
male entrepreneurs
Country-Specific challenges that are found in
Nigeria and Egypt and are
applicable to both male and
female entrepreneurs
![Page 7: Female Entrepreneurship in Transitional Economies by Ayman & Olaore](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a648191a28ab432e8b47fe/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Gender-Specific challenges:
1) Psychological pressure: Lack of an
understanding and/or supportive partner…..“does not encourage me at all”
“limits my ambitions”
“yes wish could not have married”
‘”an un-needed emotional burden”
• Lack of freedom of mobility for women
“girls don’t travel alone”
What if I wanted to
travel to
China to get cheap
supplies
![Page 8: Female Entrepreneurship in Transitional Economies by Ayman & Olaore](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a648191a28ab432e8b47fe/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Specific challenges:-Gender
2) Societal pressure: family and friends;
being a housewife is the prime role of women…..• 30% of the random
sample
interviewed
were married while
others singles or divorced…..
• Why? Women should be submissive and
inferior to the man……….and the business woman
is successful so he is afraid of her success
![Page 9: Female Entrepreneurship in Transitional Economies by Ayman & Olaore](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a648191a28ab432e8b47fe/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Gender-Specific challenges:
3) Work-Life Imbalance:
• Lack of concept of co-operation; and prevalence of
role-division in house chores performance…..
Men are “bread-winners” and Women are responsible
domestically………..
![Page 10: Female Entrepreneurship in Transitional Economies by Ayman & Olaore](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a648191a28ab432e8b47fe/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Specific challenges:-Gender
• Absence of widespread child-care nurseries in
both countries….
EX: Poland
2011 law allows greater flexibility
• set up nurseries
• provide a state-funded
insurance program that
pays for baby sitters…..
![Page 11: Female Entrepreneurship in Transitional Economies by Ayman & Olaore](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a648191a28ab432e8b47fe/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Specific challenges:-Gender
Why the culture challenge is mainly African?
• We lag behind westerns in their feminist movements
• Egypt gained freedom 1952….
• Nigeria gained freedom 1960…
• Started in US in 1920s,
we were colonized attempting
to free the whole country not a certain sector of the
society….
![Page 12: Female Entrepreneurship in Transitional Economies by Ayman & Olaore](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a648191a28ab432e8b47fe/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Country-Specific Challenges….
Weak
entrepreneurial
framework
Challenge
of social
capital
prevalence
For women
Difficulty access to
Funding
for women
Lack of
business
incubators
![Page 13: Female Entrepreneurship in Transitional Economies by Ayman & Olaore](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a648191a28ab432e8b47fe/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Country-Specific Challenges….(cont’d)
1) Difficulty of Access to funding:• Cumbersome and lengthy
procedures
“hardly to be met”…….
• High collateral….
EX: banks require 3000 monthly income?
Bank refused her apartment for its size…
Upper Egypt no land ownership for women!.
• Compared to concept of “Grameen
bank”
Micro-credit concept?
![Page 14: Female Entrepreneurship in Transitional Economies by Ayman & Olaore](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a648191a28ab432e8b47fe/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Country-Specific Challenges….(cont’d)
2) Lack of business incubators:
• Provide technical assistance (well trained labor,
suppliers, or business consultancy)
• Create entrepreneurial ecosystem
• A respondent said…”I wish!”
“never heard of such a thing”
• Egypt: Lazy employees &
lack of vocational education
![Page 15: Female Entrepreneurship in Transitional Economies by Ayman & Olaore](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a648191a28ab432e8b47fe/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Country-Specific Challenges….(cont’d)
3) No informal Social Capital:
• No informal relationships allowed outside
business boundaries…..
• Only virtual networks not face-to-face meetings…..
• Absence of Silicon valley girls
who meet weekly for yoga and piano
and sharing personal life…….
• This can nurture
business relationships…..
![Page 16: Female Entrepreneurship in Transitional Economies by Ayman & Olaore](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a648191a28ab432e8b47fe/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Country-Specific Challenges….(cont’d)
4) Weak Entrepreneurial Framework:
• Nigeria: weak transportation
system
• Corruption and bribery is the norm in both countries
• Ex: “have a civil servant back up”
“pay to get basic facilities,
such as water, electricity”
• the absence of industrial zones,
• the absence of enforced legislation to protect competition (IPR)
![Page 17: Female Entrepreneurship in Transitional Economies by Ayman & Olaore](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a648191a28ab432e8b47fe/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Public Policy recommendations…
1) Long-Term solutions:
Change “mind-set” that women are
inferior…
• Entrepreneurship can be a career path by allowing successful women to go to schools as role models to youngsters….
• TV programs & shows present successful women
• Competition among girls best business plan in return for 5000$ as a business star-up….
• Eliminate fairy tale stories that teach girls that she is weak waiting for her prince charming to rescue her….
![Page 18: Female Entrepreneurship in Transitional Economies by Ayman & Olaore](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a648191a28ab432e8b47fe/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Recommendations……
2) Short-Term:• Encourage wide spread nurseries;
land free of charge land for certain period of
time…
• Grameen bank concept of micro-credit
especially in rural areas
• Facilitate bank requirements; collateral
• Social capital online;
a website with names of suppliers in the area
• Business consultancy incubators for women;
land free of charge and tax
![Page 19: Female Entrepreneurship in Transitional Economies by Ayman & Olaore](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032421/55a648191a28ab432e8b47fe/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
• THANK You!