Why do we need to estimate age ? Criminal claims – as in sexual assault Civil conditions as in

▪ Improper birth registration: for marriage, work, military recruitment

▪ Amnesia ▪ Refugees

3 Bs: Belongings: IDs, birth certificate Behavioral markers:

▪ Mentality and behavior: infant developmental milestones: motor, cognitive, language, social

▪ Education▪ Voice and language

Biological markers:▪ Non-skeletal▪ Skeletal

Biological: Non-skeletal:

▪ General appearance: e.g. height, weight

▪ Development :▪ Infant developmental milestones: physical▪ Sexual development: Primary sex characters Secondary sex characters

▪ Aging: skin wrinkles, hair color

Biological: Skeletal:

▪ Teeth examination▪ Dentition▪ Attrition

▪ Ossification centers▪ Closure of epiphysial plates▪ Skull:

▪ Dimensions▪ Closure of fontanels▪ Closure of sutures

Most important methods:1. General development in children2. Secondary sexual characters 3. Teeth examination4. Ossification centers5. Obliteration of growth plates

I. Age during intrauterine life: In claims of criminal abortion, maternal

deaths, and rape. Estimated during pregnancy by

ultrasonography and date of the last menstrual period

II. Age from birth up to 18 years

III. Age after 18 years

From 0-15 days (neonatal period) By umbilical stump examination

From 15 days - 2 years(Infancy period) By primary dentition

From 2- 6 years Closure of metopic suture Appearance of ossific centers

From 6-12 years Secondary dentition

Childhood period:rapid dental and bony growth and development

From 12- 18 (Adolescence period). Closure of epiphysial plates

Adulthood Early stage: bone remodeling and maintenance Late stage: bone wear and tear

Milky PermanentCharacters Smaller, weaker & darker Larger, stronger & whiterNumber 20 32Start age 6m 6yTiming Every 2m Every 1y

Sequence

6m Lower central incisors Mama 6y 1st Molar

8m Upper central incisors Is 7y Central Incisors

10m Lateral incisors In 8y Lateral Incisors

12m 1st molar Pain 9y 1st Premolar18m Canines Papa 10y 2nd Premolar24m 2nd molar Can 11y Canines

Make 12y 2nd Molar

Medicine 18-25y 3rd Molar (wisdom)

1 year: head of humerus ,femur, tibia2 years: lower radius3 years: patella4 years: upper fibula, greater

trochanter5 years: lower fibula6 years: upper radius, calcaneus

Below1 year as ossific center of the head of femur not appeared.

> 1 year (ossific center at head of femur)

Below 2 years (no ossific centre in the wrist)

Above 2 years: ossific center of lower radius

<19 (not united head of humerus with the body)

>19 years (united head of humerus)

>17 y (completely developed elbow)

< 19 ( non united lower ends of radius and ulna)

> 19 years ( closed lower ends of radius and ulna)

< 15 y (non-united segments)

Two pubic rami of the hip (6y) Suture at the acetabulum (15) Ischeal tuberosity with the ischium

(21y) Iliac crest with the ilium (23y)

> 1 y (ossific center at femoral head)

<4 y (ossific center at greater trochanter)

>4 y (ossific center at greater trochanter)

<15 y (triradiate suture is

opened)

>4 y (ossific center at greater trochanter)

<15 y (opened triradiate suture)

<23 y (iliac crest)

>23 y (iliac crest)

6 years Age of education (1st molar and pubic ramus)

7 years Age of discrimination : committing

crime below this age is the responsibility of guardian, above this age child will have trial in front of Child Court but will not be punished (until age of 12).

(Central incisors)

12 years Under this age, the child training for work is

illegal Above this age, the child is partly responsible,

i.e. punished but not imprisoned (until age of 15).

(2nd molar)

14 years: Under this age

▪ The child cannot commit the crime of rape ▪ Child work is illegal

(Union of the trochlea and capitulum, calcaneus body and epiphysis)

15 years The custody of the mother ends for both son

and daughter and they are allowed to choose their custodian till age of 21 for son or marriage for daughter

Above this age he is sentenced as adults but by reduced sanctions (no execution, life sentence, hard labor or aggravated prison).

(Union of trochlea and capitulum with lower end of humerus.+ acetabular suture union)

16years Identity card (Metecarpals in females)

18 years: Legal marriage Legal age for consent Governmental employment Driving license Full criminal responsibility: trial in front of adult

court Voting Military recruitment ( Metacarpals)

21 years Civil rights (X - ray knee)

30 years Member of people assembly (Sagittal suture)

35 years Legal age of the president of the public

60 years Pension (Union of body and manubrium of sternum)

Ques. 1Write the estimated age for the

following:Pic.1

Pic 2

Pic 3

Pic 4

pic5

Pic 6

a b

For more precise age estimation for the pic a I need to ask for x ray:

a) Knee b) Anklec) Elbowd) pelvis

For more precise age estimation for the pic b I need to ask for x ray:

a) Sternumb) Kneec) Shoulderd) hip

a b