February 4, 2014 (Tuesday)

LEARNING TARGETS – I can explain about the struggles both foreign and domestic that caused the U. S. major challenges during Washington’s administration.

WARM-UP – Explain the differences between a loose constructionists and a strict constructionists. Which one would you be and why?

HOMEWORK – 1) Do Chapter 7 – Section 3 on Study Island due Thursday.

2) Read Chapter 7 – Section 4

3) Study for a quiz on Chapter 7–Section 2 and Chapter 7–Section 3.

SECTION THREE – CHALLENGES FOR THE NEW NATION

REMAINING NEUTRAL● Problems began in France when citizens of Paris attacked and captured a fortress/prison on July 14, 1789 called the Bastille.● It stood as a strong symbol of royal power.● Reasons for the people’s revolt

■ Poverty and Hunger ■ Low wages and fear of

unemployment ■ Strong dislike for and

distrust of the wealthy● This was the beginning of the French Revolution.

● French citizens were inspired by the American Revolution● King Louis XVI fled from Versailles to the Tuileries Palace in Paris on October 6 to get away● Many Americans supported the French citizens in overthrowing the French monarchy.● Americans were excited because they believed France was starting the same kind of democracy as us.● The rebellion spread throughout all of France into the countryside● As it continued to grow it grew more violent.

• Adopted by the National Assembly on August 26, 1789

• Based upon Enlightenment ideals

• Outlined basic freedoms held by all people

• Asserted the sovereignty of the people

The Declaration of the The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Rights of Man and

CitizenCitizen

On June 19, 1790, said that hereditary titles of nobility were officially abolished in France.

Abolition of Abolition of NobilityNobility

• Louis XVI and his family attempted to flee France, June 21, 1791, but got caught.

• Louis XVI was brought trial on December 26,1792

• On January 15,1793, a majority of deputies at the Convention voted to execute Louis.

• One of the main leaders was Maximilien de Robespierre

• Louis XVI was to be executed by guillotine.

The Trial of King Louis The Trial of King Louis XVIXVI

• Executed on January 21, 1793 – his wife Marie Antoinette was executed separately October 16, 1793.

• During Robespierre’s “Reign of Terror” the Execution of 40,000 “Enemies of the Nation” occurred.

The Execution of King The Execution of King Louis XVILouis XVI

• In 1799, the French Republic ended when Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the Directory and then in 1804 when he named himself emperor and began his first empire.

Napoleon BonaparteNapoleon Bonaparte

Decision TimeDecision Time• The violent revolution

concerned many Americans because of the riots and attacks on traditional authority.

• They were shocked by the executions of the former King and Queen of France.

• Other European monarchs believed the revolution threatened their own thrones.

• France declared war on Britain, Spain and Holland

• The war placed the U.S. in an awkward position, because we had signed a treaty with France during our revolution.

● Some Americans supported the French, while others supported the English.

● Congress and Washington’s cabinet were divided on who to support.

● Washington decided to issue the Neutrality Proclamation in April 1793.

● It stated that the United States would not take sides with any European nations that were at war.

● We would remain friendly with both Britain and France.

● Washington thought it was best, but many people disagreed.

● Members of Congress, such as James Madison did not like Washington passing it without Congressional approval.

The Neutrality The Neutrality ProclamationProclamation

● In April 1793, Edmond Genet, a French representative to the U.S. asked American sailors to help in their fight by commanding privateers.

● Privateers were private ships hired by a country to attack its enemies.

● Washington told France this violated our neutrality.

● Jefferson who wanted France to win the war with England thought using privateers was a bad idea.

● Jefferson was very upset that America was not helping France though, because France helped us during our Revolution

The French QuestionThe French Question

● But, Hamilton was pro-British,

● Trade was very important to him and Britain was the world’s leading trade nation.

● He wanted to improve our trade with Britain.

● Jefferson believed Hamilton had too much influence on Washington foreign policy and in 1793 resigned from his job as Secretary of State.

The French QuestionThe French Question

● Late in 1793, Britain began seizing American ships that were taking food and supplies to the French West Indies

● Britain was also helping Native Americans defeat American settlers in the west.

● Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to compromise with Britain to prevent a war with them.

● Britain knew that America relied on British trade and we didn’t have a very strong navy.

● But, Britain did not want to fight another war with the U.S. either.

Jay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty

● Jay’s Treaty was signed in November 1794.

● It was designed to settle the disputes that had arisen between the United States and Great Britain during the early 1790s.

■ the British would pay for damages they had done to seized American ships

■ the British would abandon their forts in the northwestern frontier

■ The U.S. agreed to pay debts it owed to the British.

● This treaty was not well liked by either American citizens or Congressional leaders.

● They thought it hurt trade and did not punish Britain for its actions.

Jay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty

● Especially unpopular in the South - it did not require Britain to repay owners for the slaves they let go during the Revolutionary War.

● Even though Washington didn’t really like the treaty, with the Senate’s urging he approved the treaty.

● There were protest everywhere about this treaty.

Jay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty

● U. S. businesses also had trouble.

● Spain disputed the border between Spanish Florida and the U. S.

● Spain decided to close the port of New Orleans to U. S. trade in 1784.

● The U.S. economy was really damaged because they could not send goods down the Mississippi River to port.

● Normally goods were then shipped to the East or to overseas ports.

● President Washington sent Ambassador Thomas Pinckney to negotiate with Spain.

Pinckney’s TreatyPinckney’s Treaty

Ambassador Thomas Pinckney

● Pinckney requested that Spain re-open New Orleans to U. S. trade with the right of deposit.

● Right of deposit meant merchants could ship goods to New Orleans and transfer them to other ships without paying cargo fees.

● Spain tried to delay the deal hoping Pinckney would become impatient and sign a deal favoring Spain.

● Spain’s minister Manuel de Godoy was worried that the U.S. and Britain might unite together after Jay’s Treaty had been signed.

Pinckney’s TreatyPinckney’s Treaty

Spain’s minister Manuel de Godoy

● Pinckney was patient and in October 1795, Pinckney’s Treaty was signed.■ Spain agreed to recognize the U. S. southern border at 31ºN latitude.■ Spain re-opened the port of New Orleans and allowed the right of deposit.

● This treaty was viewed as a successful compromise, but troubles were still ahead.

Pinckney’s TreatyPinckney’s Treaty

● Native Americans did not like American settlers moving into the Northwest Territory

● British soldiers were still in local-area forts and were supplying the Native Americans with weapons.

● This Northwest Territory was bordered by the Ohio River in the south and Canada to the north.

● In 1790 President Washington sent troops to control this area.

● A Miami chief “Little Turtle” and a Shawnee chief “Blue Jacket” led an alliance of Native American troops in two victories in 1790 and 1791,

Conflict in the Northwest Conflict in the Northwest TerritoryTerritory

● President Washington put a General Anthony Wayne in charge in 1792.

● He had reckless courage and his nickname was “Mad Anthony”.

● General Wayne didn’t arrive in Ohio until 1793, but the men were too ill to fight from smallpox and influenza (flu).

● Wayne built Fort Greenville where they stayed the winter, gathered supplies and became more healthy.

● Little Turtle led an attack on a supply train near the fort as the summer of 1794 drew near.

● Wayne responded by attacking Native American villages and burning crops.

General Wayne Takes General Wayne Takes CommandCommand

● Without the British aid - they had been receiving, Little Turtle pled to the chiefs to negotiate, but they ignored his advice and replaced him.

● On August 20, 1794 about 2,000 Native Americans met at Fort Miami where they fought General Anthony and his troops.

● It was called the Battle of Fallen Timbers.

● It received this name, because many trees had been knocked down by a storm or tornado.

● Mad Anthony’s victories broke the Native American spirit in the Northwest.

● The Treaty of Greenville was signed by Native American leaders in 1795 and it gave the United States the claim to most Indian lands in the Northwest Territory.

● The treaty guaranteed safety to all citizens moving into the area and the Native Americans got $20,000 of goods.

The End of ConflictThe End of Conflict

● Hamilton wanted to put a tax on American-made whiskey to raise money to pay off the war debt in the 1790s.

● Congress voted to apply this tax in March 1791.

● This would also test the power of the federal government to control the states’ actions.

REACTION IN THE WEST

● There were very bitter farmers from Pennsylvania down Georgia and many farmers refused to pay the tax.

● Farmers often made their grain(corn, rye, wheat, barley, etc.) into whiskey which was easier to take to market, because it was more condensed.

The Whiskey RebellionThe Whiskey Rebellion

● To put this into perspective – a farmer could carry TWO BUSHELS of rye or corn to market or TWO BARRELS of whiskey made from this grain.

● The amount of grain used in the two barrels of whiskey was 24 bushels.

● This meant whiskey was much more valuable than the grain.

● This whiskey was used as money, because cash was in short supply and it was often used to trade for multiple types of supplies.

● The farmers who were making the whiskey felt they should be able keep the money on the whiskey that they made themselves.

The Whiskey RebellionThe Whiskey Rebellion

WHISKEY REBELLION IS CRUSHED

● Washington issued a proclamation in 1792 ordering all people to follow the law.

● Farmers in western Pennsylvania began protesting peacefully, but by the summer of 1794 things turned violent.

● Farmers refused to pay the tax, tarring and feathering tax collectors, etc.

● Washington and Hamilton decided something must be done as the violence spread to other states.

● Washington feared that these rebels threatened the federal governments authority.

The Whiskey RebellionThe Whiskey Rebellion

John Neville's(tax collector) House Was Burned Down

Whiskey Rebellion Flag in Whiskey Rebellion Flag in

PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

● Washington said the people needed understand that Congress had the authority to pass and enforce the tax because the Constitution gave it permission to do so.

● On August 7, 1794, he called for the farmers to put down their weapons and disperse also calling for an army of 13,000.

● On September 19, 1794 Washington personally led them into battle against the rebellion with Hamilton by his side.

● This is the first and only time that an active President has led troops in battle.

● By the time the troops arrived most of the rebels had disbursed and no fighting was needed

● The rebellion was put down.

Not an entirely accurate sign.

● Washington announced in 1796 that he would not run for a third term as president.

● He said that the people were the true leaders of the country.

● Washington, Hamilton and Madison all wrote what is today known as the Farewell Address.

● The following were the things he viewed as America’s biggest dangers.a) the dangers of foreign ties or relations.b) political conflicts at homec) warned against forming permanent ties to other countries because choosing sides could draw us into war.

d) he felt that the fighting between political groups was weakening the government saying that unity was the key national success.

e) he warned against too much public debt and said that the government should avoid borrowing money and passing on debt to future generations.

-In the end he praised his country, but said he was really looking forward to his retirement.