FEBRUARY 2014 - SCAA · you unparalleled knowledge, service Brenntag Coatings Australia offers and...

18 – 19 September 2014 Novotel Melbourne St Kilda

www.scaa.asn.au

FEB

RU

AR

Y 2

014

you unparalleled knowledge, service

Brenntag Coatings Australia offers

and solutions in the adhesives,

coatings, elastomers, sealants (ACES)

and construction industries.

A Global Search for the

Best Ingredients

The Brenntag Australia Coatings team

and competitive edge to make you

a leader in the industry. To provide

our customers with timely, innovative

solutions, we search the globe for the

best new products before bringing

them together with the relevant

producers. Given our international

network of partnerships, we can

bring you a comprehensive portfolio

of industrial and specialty products

to answer your formulating needs.

Our extensive industry experience

and technical application capabilities

perspectives to solve formulating

challenges by recommending the

right products and how to use them.

Our highly skilled sales teams are

technologies. More importantly, they

make sure their knowledge and

expertise contribute to the individual

success of each supplier and customer.

Building a Brighter World

Brenntag Australia Pty. Ltd.

262 Highett Road, Highett

PO Box 84, Highett 3190

Victoria, Australia

Phone: +61 3 9559 8333

Fax: +61 3 9532 0802

[email protected]

www.brenntag-asia.com

1

FEBRUARY2014

Journal of Surface Coatings Australia

Vol. 51 No. 1 – February 2014

JOURNAL OF SURFACE COATINGS AUSTRALIA is the official publication of the Surface Coatings Association Australia Inc. The aims are to report the proceedings of the five Australian Sections together with the activities of Council and to report news and technical papers of interest and relevance to the Surface Coatings Industry in Australia.

Views expressed by contributors are not necessarily endorsed by Surface Coatings Association Australia Inc. and no responsibility is accepted by the Association, or the Editor of this Journal for the accuracy of the information provided by contributors.

The Association is not responsible for individual opinions expressed in Journal of Surface Coatings Australia, and Editorials do not necessarily express the views of the Council of the Association.

The Association accepts no responsibility for any loss or damage arising from inaccurate or misleading information contained in any article or advertisement, or for any material supplied by contributors to this Journal which may contain information which the author had a duty to retain as confidential or which is subject to patents or copyright.

SECRETARIATSurface Coatings Association Australia Inc.,PO Box 3141, Wheelers Hill, Victoria 3150, AustraliaTelephone: 1800 803 378 • Fax: (03) 9561 1559Email: [email protected]: www.scaa.asn.au

President of the Association: Ken Lofhelm, FTSCImmediate Past President: Paul Hughes, ATSCPublic Officer: Alan Feder, FTSC

COUNCIL The President Hon. Secretary: Adrian Thomas, FTSC Hon. Treasurer: Maree Griffiths, ATSC Hon. Membership Secretary: Colin Shilkin, ATSC Hon. Editor: Ian Ahon, FTSC NSW Delegates: S. Owen, FTSC, S. Bartlett, FTSC VIC Delegates: R. Lee, ATSC, P. Funnell, LTSC QLD Delegates: E. Burgaty, D. Pilkington, ATSC SA Delegates: J. Brooking, FTSC, A. Feder, FTSCWA Delegates: M. Greaves, N. Burns

SECRETARIESCouncil: Adrian Thomas, FTSCc/- Chemicalia Pty LtdPO Box 23, Mount Waverley BC, Victoria 3149, AustraliaPh: (03) 9543 1587 • Email: [email protected]

MEMBERSHIP Surface Coatings Association Australia Inc.PO Box 3141, Wheelers Hill, Victoria 3150, AustraliaTelephone: 1800 803 378 • Fax: (03) 9561 1559Email: [email protected]

PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEEChairman: A. Martini, FTSCHon. Editor: I. Ahon, FTSCBook Reviews: L.A. Hill, FTSCAsst. Editor – Conference News: M. Smith, ATSCNSW – Grant Powles, LTSC • Email: [email protected] – Mike Smith, ATSC • Email: [email protected] – Saeed Farrokhpay, ATSC • Email: [email protected] – Lisa Bateson, ATSC • Email: [email protected] – Bernie Rodda, ATSC • Email: [email protected]

ADVERTISING ENQUIRIES AND BOOKINGSAll advertisement and insert booking enquiries can be directed to:Gypsy Media Services • Marc Wilson, DirectorTelephone: 0419 107 143 • E: [email protected]

PRINTINGDAI Rubicon • Website: www.dairubicon.com

DESIGN, LAYOUT & PRODUCTIONCollis Design Pty LtdTelephone: (02) 6056 9534 • Email: [email protected]

JOURNAL SUBSCRIPTIONSAnnual Subscription: Australia $198 (inc. GST) • Overseas $A250Single copies $16 (plus GST if applicable) Applications for subscriptions to SCAA Secretariat

SCAA TEXTBOOKS “Surface Coatings” Vols 1 & 2 andTHE RAW MATERIALS INDEX, all enquiries to SCAA Secretariat

Regular FEATURESEditorial 3

Abstracts of Papers 3

Council Report 4

Membership Renewal 5

Professional Grading News 5

CSI Report 6

Conferences & Exhibitions 8

Publications “Road map” 9

Technical Education News 11

Call for Papers – 2014 11

Standards News 34

Product News 35

SPECIAL FeaturesNew highly chemical 12 resistant epoxy curing agents Yun mi Kim, Guo Ming, Jinbao He, Donald Lawson, Matthias Chua

The future of alkyd resins 16 according to WorléeDr.ir. T. Biemans and Adrian Thomas FTSC

2013 Annual Index 41

COVER PHOTO: Cashew Nutshell Liquid technology (CNSL), a bio-renewable, non-food chain material found in the honeycomb structure of the cashew nutshell, provides yet another leading edge epoxy curing agent with unique chemical resistance properties. Refer Matthias Chua paper on page 12.

you unparalleled knowledge, service

Brenntag Coatings Australia offers

and solutions in the adhesives,

coatings, elastomers, sealants (ACES)

and construction industries.

A Global Search for the

Best Ingredients

The Brenntag Australia Coatings team

and competitive edge to make you

a leader in the industry. To provide

our customers with timely, innovative

solutions, we search the globe for the

best new products before bringing

them together with the relevant

producers. Given our international

network of partnerships, we can

bring you a comprehensive portfolio

of industrial and specialty products

to answer your formulating needs.

Our extensive industry experience

and technical application capabilities

perspectives to solve formulating

challenges by recommending the

right products and how to use them.

Our highly skilled sales teams are

technologies. More importantly, they

make sure their knowledge and

expertise contribute to the individual

success of each supplier and customer.

Building a Brighter World

Brenntag Australia Pty. Ltd.

262 Highett Road, Highett

PO Box 84, Highett 3190

Victoria, Australia

Phone: +61 3 9559 8333

Fax: +61 3 9532 0802

[email protected]

www.brenntag-asia.com

3

FEBRUARY2014


After more than 12 months of evaluation and planning for our publications and communication platform for the future, it is very pleasing to unveil the second element of our new program.

Our members and friends should have received our “teaser” email about two weeks ago which linked them to the first edition of our “eNews of Surface Coatings Australia” publication. If you did not receive the email, there are a few actions which should be taken, one important item being to contact the secretariat [email protected] to ensure that we have your email address correctly recorded. Others include checking your spam filter, and also contacting your company IT department to ensure that our mail is not being filtered. Our own processes have been designed to minimise the potential for filtering as “spam” however, as transmission systems become progressively more efficient, so too do the detection and protection mechanisms.

In our printed “Journal of Surface Coatings Australia”, you will find many familiar features, with some emphasis on those items where we have perceived a benefit for you in providing a hard copy delivery. This is especially so in our publication of papers presented at recent conferences and Section technical meetings. Our objective is to bring you the substantial technical content of our activities in a permanent record for easy future reference , while using the modern electronic communications format of our eNews to bring news items to you in a more timely manner than is readily achievable with printed media.

Page 9 of this journal carries a list or “road map” showing the planned future location for the regular features of “Surface Coatings Australia”. It will be an interesting exercise to examine how this list compares with the actual distribution in use in perhaps 4 or 5 years’ time, and the extent to which our formats might alter to make future use of electronic publication through systems such as Kindle or similar eBook formats.

Please remember that our publications are designed and produced for the benefit of you…

our members, and while our eNews is also distributed to many friends from the coatings and related industries, the Journal is produced exclusively for our valued members, just as the recently unveiled eRMI is accessible only by our members.

Please note that the theme for our 2014 Conference has been announced as “Innovate to Survive”, and we can be assured that the Conference Committee, headed by Sue Bartlett, will develop a high impact technical program based on this theme. The date for the conference has been changed to September 18th and 19th, not the dates announced in December. The venue has been confirmed as Novotel St Kilda, just a few Km. from the Melbourne CBD. Mark or amend the dates in your diary or other planning device to ensure your participation. n

Ian R Ahon FTSC, Honorary Editor

EDITORIALWelcome

The future of alkyd resins according to WorléeDr.ir. T. Biemans, Worlée-Chemie GmbH, Germany & Adrian Thomas FTSC, Chemicalia P/L, Australia

There are many external factors challenging the alkyd resin business especially in Europe. National Directives and regulations are very stringent. Also petrochemical raw material availability can come

under pressure. Worlée Chemie as a resin producer outlines a sustainable solution and an economically and qualitatively attractive option in protecting and decorating a wide variety of surfaces. n

AbSTRACTS Technical PapersNew highly chemical resistant epoxy curing agents Yun mi Kim, Guo Ming, Jinbao He, Donald Lawson, Matthias Chua, Cardolite Corporation, Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA

New multifunctional phenalkamines based on renewable Cashew Nutshell Liquid technology allow the tank lining industry to overcome many recent challenges. These phenalkamines are designed to withstand some of the most aggressive

environments found in the petrochemical industry. This paper will review their performance results including cure and mechanical properties, corrosion protection, and chemical immersion resistance at extreme conditions. n

p16

p12

4 Journal of Surface Coatings Australia • February 2014

We recently held the 109th meeting of Council and I would like to brief the Membership about some of the key issues that were discussed and the decisions reached.

eSCAAThe eRMI is currently being populated by suppliers and a formal release date has been set for Monday 13 January 2014. I encourage all suppliers to join their competitors in getting product data into the database. If you have any queries on how to do this, contact the eSCAA Chairman, Steve Owen, on [email protected]

TextbookInvestigative work continues to develop an eTextbook. We are in discussions with a number of external ‘experts’ on what delivers the best format and IP security.

Journal reviewYou will by now be aware of our decision to change the journal to 6 issues per year in a printed format, complemented by a monthly eNewsletter, the first edition of which has already been issued. Let us know what you think of the new format.

Technical EducationMicrocraft are a specialist eLearning provider who have been working with SCAA for many years now, and they are currently assisting us with transforming the Graduate course to a web delivery format. They displayed a beta-version of the course for Council’s information and it was approved.

SecretariatWe have registered our Leonardo logo with IP Australia so this is now secure as a Trademark. We are proceeding next with SCAA eRMI and other similar unique SCAA trademarks.

CSIAs an outcome of the last CSI meeting in Tokyo, SCAA has been selected to host the Secretariat for the next 4 years. With this comes a new role as President of CSI. New Statutes were accepted and it is hoped that this will lead to a revitalization of CSI and the involvement of more international member organizations. n

Ken Lofhelm FTSC, President

Notes from the PRESIDENT

Turn Coatings into a Dazzling Experience - with Effect Pigments from Merck

With its numerous effect pigments, Merck offers you a maximum in design freedom. Automotive coatings, for example, get enriched by the outstanding colour saturation of Meoxal® metal effect pigments or by Xirallic® living sparkle. Building surfaces with character arise through the interplay of transparency, light refraction and multiple reflection. With Colorstream® even angle-dependant colour design is possible. Outstanding visual and innumerable technical advantages make effect pigments from Merck the first choice for sophisticated tasks in all Coatings applications.

Contact Merck: 1800 335 571www.effects-for-coatings.com

109th meeting of Council held in Melbourne 23rd November, 2013

SCAA SECRETARIAT hAS MOvED

Effective from January 1st 2014, the contact details for the Secretariat and membership enquiries are:

Postal Address: PO Box 3141, Wheelers Hill, Victoria 3150

Telephone: 1800 803 378 (this number is applicable for calls from all states)

Fax: (03) 9561 1559

Email: [email protected]

5

FEBRUARY2014


As reported elsewhere, the new eRMI is now available to members via the web site, you are reading the first issue of our new format Journal, and you have already received the first monthly eNewsletter. Our web site is undergoing a rebuild and our member database has been redeveloped. Our graduate eLearning system has been enhanced and moved to on-line operation, and work has commenced on developing a new on-line basic training program.

Our world renowned text book is currently undergoing revision and it is anticipated that it too will become an on-line resource. We held a successful Conference at the Gold Coast in 2013, and our 2014 Conference at the Novotel St. Kilda will be just as great.

For any membership based organisation, these are great achievements. For a relatively small organisation totally reliant on a volunteer workforce,

these are outstanding achievements. None of it could be done without the support of our membership, and all of it is aimed to benefit our members.

Consequently, much of what we do will be available only to members, and most of the rest is available to members at a considerably reduced cost. It is therefore important that you promptly renew your membership so that you do not lose access to these resources. Payments were due on 31 January 2014, and if you have not yet paid, you may be risking loss of your benefits. If your fees remain unpaid at 31 March, 2014, your name will

be removed from the Journal mailing list and your access to the “Members Only” section of the web site (where many of the goodies mentioned above are stored) will be terminated. n

Colin Shilkin ATSCHonorary Federal Membership Secretary

MEMbERShIP Renewal2014 promises to be an outstanding year of development for SCAA

PROFESSIONAL GradingVictorian member, Teresa Echave, has been awarded the grade of Associate in the Technology of Surface Coatings (ATSC), in recognition of her professional standing in the industry and the Association.

Born and bred in Peru and Venezuela, Teresa has a degree in Chemical Engineering (recognition from the AOQU, Australian Overseas Qualification Unit).

On migration to Australia, Teresa worked for 8 years in the 1990’s as a technical officer in the laboratories of Bristol Paints. Since 1998, she has worked for Rhodia Australia (formerly Rhone-Poulenc), in various positions such as Technical Manager, Technical Service Manager, specialist in product development and product modification processes of Rhodia’s additives business for the coatings, construction, food processing, pharmaceutical, and

paper industries. Most recently, she was the Technical Manager in Singapore in charge of the technology transfer of defoamers from New Zealand to China, as well as being the Regional Technical Service Manager, Singapore arm, of Rhodia’s global R&D network.

She is currently handling all aspects of independent consulting for DEBUBBLE Company, and has signed a contract for a 2014 job that will take her to work based in Barcelona, Spain.

Teresa has continued her education in Australia, including

completing a course in sales and marketing and doing short courses at the Melbourne College of Decoration and RMIT. She has presented papers on silicone resin emulsions, foam control additives and water repellents for the coatings and building industries to SCAA monthly meetings, and to the annual SCAA Conference. n

“MEMbER GET MEMbER” INCENTIvEAny SCAA member who proposes a new member will receive a $50 voucher when that application is accepted, and on receipt of the necessary fees. For further details visit the website at www.scaa.asn.au


CSI Council

AttendancePresent at the meeting were the Presidents of the following Associations;• FATIPEC – (Europe)

• JSCM – (Japan)

• OCCA – (UK)

• SCAA – (Australia)

• SCANZ – (New Zealand)

• SLF – (Scandinavia)

Not represented were USA, Argentina & Chile.

Member ReportsJSCM• 1200 individual members but dropping

• 200 corporate members

• Corporate fees are dependent on company size

• JSCM offices in Nagoya and Osaka as well as Tokyo

• 2014 (national, in Japanese) conference will be in Nagoya

• Currently JSCM does not have a national Association for technical chemists

• Undertake technical education for Member employees

• Monthly magazine published.

SLF• Deeply regrets the poor performance of the

General Secretariat under SLF

• Four member organisations; 1400 individual members, many retired. Consolidation of paint company ownership has meant R&D and labs are moving out of Scandinavia. Denmark and Sweden are Akzo Nobel dominated; Norway is mostly Jotun; Finland has two local producers

• Achieved 60 years in 2013 but with no celebration

• Conferences are held every three years rotating among the members countries. Next one will be held from 16-18 September 2015 in Gothenburg Sweden

• SLF produces a journal, five issues per year, although this is about to be reduced to four pa.

• Managed by a Board

• Web site is to be shut down, a new domain name will be registered with a new web site.

• Using centralised email for officers

• Unlikely to attend future CSI meetings due to reluctance by employers to support.

SCANZ• 150 individual members and growing

• Focusing on young members

• Lots of activities including site visits

• 79 delegates at the last conference

• Still experiencing difficulties getting speakers to NZ

• Next conference July 2014 in Tauranga (east coast).

OCCA• 1500 members and growing

• Includes South Africa and Malaysia

• Past President, Brenda Peters, will become Honorary Secretary

• Investigating concept of corporate memberships. There appears to be significant interest

• Next President will be Jim Barry of Crown Paints (now Hempel owned)

• Next conference will be Surfex in May 2014. Exhibition, symposium and “Skills Centre” (displays of ‘how to’ topics)

• 2016 will be joint ETCC3 with FATIPEC.

FATIPEC• 12 Member National Associations from 11

countries (2 from Germany) including Russia

• Each FATIPEC Member holds their own conference/congress, with FATIPEC Congress being held every 2nd year. Next will 3-5/9/2014 in Cologne Germany

• Congress includes an exhibition

• President holds office for 4 years with organisation based in Paris

• New web site launched with news from each Member country

• New focus on younger persons. FATIPEC fully pay Congress fees for one young chemist who agrees to present a paper at the Congress

• There is a pre-Congress Summer School for younger members with a specific topic related to coatings

• FATIPEC have been collecting information from members on education related to coatings to identify ‘black holes’ in education, e.g. some universities or technical colleges run specific coating-related courses but many do not

• Poland has no university course for coatings so the national Association is investigating, together with a university, a post-graduate course.

• Member activities are promoted via a regular journal

• Moved to a centralised email distribution system

• Considering Associate Membership for non-EU countries, e.g. there has been a request from Iran. Probationary membership rules apply

• FATIPEC attempted to get broad EU collaboration on Congresses. OCCA agreed and is co-hosting the European Technical Coatings Congress (ETCC) in 2016

• Within the EU, there are many national congresses and only limited support from employers to send delegates.

Summary of CSI Council meeting held 25 November 2013 in Tokyo, Japan, as part of JSCM 85

7

FEBRUARY2014


SCAA• Five State sections, some small (approx. 50

individual members) and others large (approx. 300)

• Decline in total numbers has been reversed, due to young, enthusiastic Chairmen in key large sections

• Young Coating Chemists Group has been established to attract younger members

• Full-time Secretariat looks after all administrative functions.

• Letterheads etc have been standardised, logo registered, member database improved to provide better member information. Centralised email for all officers

• Journal changing from 11 per year to 6, electronic newsletter being introduced as a monthly publication compatible with all platforms – iPhone, Android, PC, Tablet etc.

• Conference app used for first time at 2013 conference – again multi-platform compatible

• Investigating changing technical textbook to a secure electronic version

• Electronic version of the Raw Materials Index being launched at the end of the year

• Technical education courses (basic level for factory staff, retail and sales staff etc, and Graduate level for chemistry graduates) being converted to eLearning on-line courses with student forums, on-line tutorials, exams etc. Multi-platform compatibility and secure Learning Management System

• Professional Gradings certificates upgraded to reflect status of the award. For joint OCCA, SCANZ and SCAA use, but potentially expandable to other CSI members. Central register kept in London UK.

• 2014 Conference will be a CSI meeting and held in Melbourne Australia

• SCAA is deeply disillusioned by CSI as it currently operates. If nothing is done to change this, CSI should become a ‘virtual organisation’ with no fees, no meetings, and no benefits except use of an international logo.

Finance ReportUnanimous concern was expressed over the quality and content of finance reporting from the General Secretary. It was agreed that members had a right to better information about how their funds are managed. A standard format for finance reporting will be adopted in future.

Member Associations/Federations have not been invoiced for 2012 or 2013 subscriptions

The 2014 Budget was discussed. It was agreed that the CSI bank account be held in US$ and Finance Reports be in US$.

CSI WebsiteControl over the CSI website, and its content, has to be regained. The requested updates have not been uploaded and urgent action is required to ensure the web site is meaningful and current.

Changes to MembershipSeveral Member Associations/Federations stated that they support the concept of CSI but not the

execution. They queried the relevance, as generally there is a move from national standards to more ISO/IEC standards. It was also queried whether a General Secretary was required for CSI.

CSI have received requests for contact from Brazil, China, Bangladesh, India, Laos, Nepal and Pakistan and last year from Mexico, but there has been no follow up on any of these – an opportunity lost. All these enquiries will now be followed up, hopefully with the result of an increased membership base.

The Future of CSIStatutesFATIPEC tabled a draft document detailing CSI aims, objectives and procedures. For the first time, CSI will have a clear definition of why it exists and what the benefits are to member organisations. Each clause was gone through to ensure it correctly reflected member feelings. The revised draft document has now been submitted to members for a vote of acceptance.

General SecretaryThere was some discussion about the difficulties member Associations/Federations experienced in getting information and assistance from the General Secretary. It was decided that this position is no longer required. Instead, the Secretariat (responsibility for CSI administrative functions) will be moved every four years to a new Member Association/Federation with the capability and capacity to undertake the Secretariat functions.

It was agreed that the next Member Association/Federation to host the Secretariat will be SCAA (Australia).

President CSIWith the deletion of the role of General Secretary, the single point of contact for all CSI-related matters will be the President of the hosting Member Association/Federation, and hence this role becomes the nominal head or President of CSI for a similar four year period. Consequently, the new President of CSI will be the President of SCAA, Mr Kenneth KJ Lofhelm.

continued next page


General businessMember FeesIn light of the limited 2014 expenses expected, no major change to membership fees is required (at this stage). Hence it has been agreed that Member subscriptions remain at the current level of US$500 for 2014.

CSI Council Conference/Congress datesOne of the agreed roles of CSI is to coordinate congresses/conferences in order to avoid clashes in dates that may lead to fewer numbers of delegates attending. Declining support of employers, increasing costs of attendance, and a diminishing market, mean that there needs to be greater cooperation between Member Associations/Federations so that Congress/Conference clashes are avoided, e.g. ETCC3 and SCAA 2014 (CSI meeting) both occur in September.

Tabled are currently known dates.

Member Associations/Federations have been asked to advise the CSI Secretariat early about dates, so that the table can be kept up to date. All Members are requested to begin setting dates now.

The next meeting of CSI Council will be held during the Australian SCAA Conference September 2014 in Melbourne, Australia. n

Conferences & Exhibitions 2014Middle East Coatings Show

Dubai International Convention Center Dubai, UAE10 – 12 March 2014 The Middle East Coatings Show is the largest dedicated coatings event in the Middle East and Gulf Region for raw materials suppliers and equipment manufacturers for the coatings industry.

The Middle East is one of the fastest growing markets for the global paints and coatings industry. This is largely attributed to the promising construction and industrial growth.

For further details contact: Jeff Montgomery T: +44 (0) 1737 855 078E: [email protected]

American Coatings Show & Conference

Georgia World Congress CenterAtlanta, Georgia USA7 – 10 April 2014 This biennial event, held for only the fourth time, has gained a reputation for being the premier Coatings Show held in the USA. The 2012 event attracted over 700 visitors and some 328 exhibitors, and these numbers are set to be eclipsed by the 2014 Exhibition and Conference. As always, the 2014 American Coatings Conference will begin a day before the show on April 7th, and end on April 9th. The American Coatings Show will run from April 8th to 10th 2014. “The combination of trade show and conference in one place lets visitors see products, gather information, and make business contacts, which makes this event a valuable experience for our industry,” said J. Andrew Doyle, President and CEO of the American Coatings Association.

For further details contact: Douglas Lugo T: 0011 1 770-618-5836 or visit the websitewww.american-coatings-show.com

SCAA 2014 Conference

IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT: The date for our 2014 conference has been changed.Now 18 – 19 September 2014 The conference theme will be “INNOVATE TO SURVIVE”. The venue is Novotel St Kilda, as previously announced, and there is a probability that the call for papers will have been published on the SCAA website by the time that you are reading this publication.

If you need further reasons to be at this important annual event, check the Novotel website where the hotel lists 12 reasons to visit Novotel St Kilda.

Contact SCAA secretariat by email at [email protected] and request further information, and your message will be forwarded to the conference committee.

Innovating with Asia 2014

Cooperative Research Centres AssociationPerth Convention and Exhibition Centre, WA20 – 21 May 2014 In ‘The Asian Century’ Australia’s geographical proximity and stability places us in a unique position to take advantage of the growing influence of Asia globally.

The Cooperative Research Centres Association in 2014 will look outwards and examine the world’s best practice and innovations from the fastest growing economies. Learn more about the quality of Australian CRC’s and how they compare to global innovation.

This flagship conference is a brand new format and aims to attract over 500 attendees to the one and a half day program which includes the Ralph Slatyer Address and CRCA Excellence in Innovation Awards Dinner.

The new Conference format will include a breakfast session in the areas of Leadership (open to CRC Association-member senior executives only), Education, Research Management, Communications and Business.

Conference delegates will then come together for a day of plenary sessions from industry leading keynote speakers.

On the evening of 20th May, delegates will come together for the Ralph Slatyer Address on Science and Society, followed by the Excellence in Innovation Awards Dinner, always a fun and inspiring event.

Located in the heart of the city, Perth Convention and Exhibition Centre is a state of the art facility and Western Australia’s only purpose-built convention, exhibition and meeting venue, housing some of the world’s most advanced technical facilities and communications infrastructure.

Innovating with Asia 2014 will be held on Level 2 of the Centre. n

9

FEBRUARY2014


The table below details our plans for the placement of all of the regular features which have been a component of our Surface Coatings Australia Journals in recent years.

In 2014, we plan to distribute them between Journal of Surface Coatings Australia and eNews of Surface Coatings Australia.

These placements will be reviewed regularly by the Publications committee to ensure maximum benefit to our members, associated individuals, and our valued presenters and authors. n

2014 PUbLICATIONS Map

PERFORMANCE & CONSISTENCYYOU CAN RELY ON

Thom Merakis DDI: +61 3 8585 3333Mob: +61 405 327 923Email: [email protected]

Customer ServiceTel: +61 1300 134 624

YO

UR

C

OA

TI

NG

S

Create Durable Protective Coatings for Demanding ApplicationsDow Corning® 3055 ResinImprove thermal, weather, chemical and corrosion resistance of high-performance paints and coatings

• Amine functionality provides potential utility in a broad range of chemistries

• Near-solventless delivery for low-VOC formulating

• Cure chemistry eliminates mass loss, stress cracking and post-cure drift

• The silicone structure allows for improved chemical, thermal, UV and moisture performance

• Improved corrosion resistance compared to two-component polyurethanes, allowing a two-coat (primer/topcoat) system for reduced labor costs and faster return-to-service

YO

UR

C

OA

TI

NG

SCreate Durable Protective Coatings for Demanding ApplicationsDow Corning® 3055 ResinImprove thermal, weather, chemical and corrosion resistance of high-performance paints and coatings






YO

UR

C

OA

TI

NG

S







YO

UR

C

OA

TI

NG

S







Australia 1800 258 128 [email protected] Zealand +64 9 583 6694 [email protected]

11

FEBRUARY2014


TEChNICAL EDUCATION News

Call for PAPERS The conference theme is “Innovate to Survive”. The Australian manufacturing industry is going through difficult times and the theme is a blunt message to stakeholders and, in our case, the surface coatings industry. We all need to be creative and continue to innovate to survive going forward.

SCAA conferences have traditionally focussed on technology. However, technical innovation is only one element that can increase competitive advantage and business sustainability. The 2014 Conference organising committee invites you to submit papers for consideration for the technical program of the conference relating to innovation from all aspects of the surface coatings industry including, but not restricted to technology, manufacturing, logistics, marketing, branding, compliance, sustainability and problem solving. Case studies and papers on business operation, written from the perspective of improving competitive advantage, are particularly welcome.

All papers are to be prepared to the level for publication in the standard scientific journal format.

An abstract of the paper, together with details of the author/presenter, should be sent to the Technical committee for perusal prior to the conference. Details of the conference format and delivery of the presentation will be discussed with presenters when the final program has been set.

Please submit abstracts for consideration to:2014 Conference SCAA SecretariatPO Box 3141, Wheelers Hill, VIC 3150, Australiaor email [email protected] n

Closing date for abstracts – 28 February 2014

YO

UR

C

OA

TI

NG

S







YO

UR

C

OA

TI

NG

S







YO

UR

C

OA

TI

NG

S







YO

UR

C

OA

TI

NG

S







Australia 1800 258 128 [email protected] Zealand +64 9 583 6694 [email protected]

The Technical Education Committee (TEC) commenced a number of new projects in 2013, with 2014 looking to be an exciting year as the various initiatives come to fruition.

The Graduate eLearning course has been relaunched with an online delivery and an integrated Learning Management System (LMS) replacing the old CD system. Students can now access the course from anywhere using any computer device, including tablets and smart phones. Currently enrolled students have the option to convert to the new system and the course is being promoted to attract new students.

In addition to delivering the online lessons, the LMS enables students to better communicate with each other and with SCAA via online forums and chat rooms. SCAA will be able provide better support to students via the new delivery system.

The TEC has commenced work on the development of an introductory online eLearning course. A survey and discussions with various stakeholders has provided the framework for this project. The course can be loosely described as being “surface coatings for non-technical people”. The target audience is virtually anyone with an interest in learning about surface coatings and does not assume prior technical knowledge.

The course will be aimed at providing an introduction to the technology, production methods and application processes used in the wider surface

coatings industry. The objective is not to teach chemistry but to provide sufficient information for an interested participant with no formal chemistry or other technical training to gain a good, general understanding of technical elements of the industry.

The introductory eLearning course will utilise the new LMS developed for the current graduate course. It is planned that the course will be launched towards the end of 2014.

Another project planned for later in the year is to launch a series of modular courses derived from the Graduate eLearning course. The LMS will enable core or common lessons and specific lessons for product group be consolidated into shorter focussed courses on subjects such as Architectural and Decorative Coatings, Automotive Coatings, Industrial Coatings, Marine and Protective Coatings, etc. Market research will be carried out and, depending on the demand, some courses should be available towards the end of 2014.

The Victorian classroom Graduate Course continued in 2013 with students from companies including Dow, PPG, Valspar and AkzoNobel. All students were successful in completing the course to a satisfactory standard. Certificates will be awarded to all students and a special prize for the top student at the Victorian Section Technical Meeting in February 2014. Promotion for the 2014 course is in progress and information brochures are available on the SCAA website. The course will commence on Tuesday, 11 March 2014. n



1. IntroductionNew high functionality phenalkamines based on renewable Cashew Nutshell Liquid technology allow the tank lining industry to overcome many recent challenges. These phenalkamines are designed to withstand long duration exposure to some of the most aggressive environments found in the petrochemical industry including high temperature immersion in alcohols, crude oils, and corrosive acidic or alkaline solutions. These products also provide fast cure at low temperatures, enabling multi-use and all season tank linings with a quick return to service for a variety of chemicals.

2. BackgroundCashew Nutshell Liquid technology (CNSL) has advanced significantly since its initial use as a building block for epoxy modifiers and curing agents in the 1950s. CNSL is a bio-renewable, non-food chain material found in the honeycomb structure of the cashew nutshell. It is abundant in nature, with an annual global harvest in different countries, mainly Brazil, India and Vietnam.

CNSL technology in the form of phenalkamine curing agents has been widely used in heavy-duty protective and marine coatings applications for the last 30 years. Phenalkamines are made from the Mannich reaction of CNSL, formaldehyde, and

certain amines. Cardanol, the main compound in CNSL, exhibits unique properties due to its phenolic structure and side chain as shown in Figure 1. The aromatic ring provides good chemical resistance while the OH group gives good reactivity for fast and low temperature cure, and strong adhesion even to damp or poorly prepared surfaces. The long aliphatic side chain delivers excellent water resistance, good flexibility, low viscosity, extended pot life, and outstanding corrosion protection [1].

Figure 1: Example of cardanol structure.

Phenalkamines can be designed to give high reactivity and multi-functionality which are often required in protective coatings for the petrochemical industry. In oil production, the protection of concrete and metal structures such as equipment, flooring, tanks, and pipes, is critical due to the harsh atmospheric and industrial environments encountered throughout the process of drilling and refining, and during storage and transportation. Without protective coatings, these structures would be exposed to corrosive chemicals that can involve conditions of high temperature or high pressure, thereby reducing the structure’s strength, reliability and, ultimately, life span. Protective coatings failures are expensive and complicated to repair. Moreover, the high cost of production downtime demands a fast coating application turnaround independent of cold and humid climates. Therefore, coatings must provide fast cure even at low temperatures with excellent appearance, adhesion, and durability.

Epoxy has been the workhorse resin for corrosion protection primers and linings due to their very good chemical and temperature resistance, along with excellent adhesion, ease of application and cure characteristics. Three different types of epoxy resins are typically used to produce epoxy coatings; bisphenol A, bisphenol F, and novolac.

Epoxy resin chemistry dictates that the highest degree of the cross-link density and reactivity will result from the reaction with multi-functional epoxy phenolic-novolac resins. These multi-functional resins (with n=2.5-3.6) can offer the potential of maximized chemical and thermal resistance with the appropriate selection of curing agent. The structure and reactivity of curing agents are as important as those of epoxy resins to meet challenging performance requirements.

New highly chemical resistant epoxy curing agents Yun mi Kim, Guo Ming, Jinbao he, Donald Lawson, Matthias ChuaCardolite Corporation, Monmouth Junction, NJ, USAThis paper was presented at the 53rd SCAA Conference, Gold Coast, Queensland, August 2013

Technical PAPER

Abstract

New multifunctional phenalkamines based on renewable Cashew Nutshell Liquid technology allow the tank lining industry to overcome many recent challenges. These phenalkamines are designed to withstand some of the most aggressive environments found in the petrochemical industry. This paper will review their performance results including cure and mechanical properties, corrosion protection, and chemical immersion resistance at extreme conditions.

biography

Matthias Chua is the Business Manager of the Cardolite Corporation for the South Asia Pacific region. Matt started at Nippon Paint as a paint chemist in the mid 1990s. He then served in the field of Technical Service for the Asia Pacific region within the group, and was actively involved in the technical committees for Singapore Chemical Standards (Surface Coatings), and Singapore’s Building and Construction Authority (BCA). He has been with Cardolite since 2004.

13

FEBRUARY2014


The formulation in Table 2 is designed with a solvent blend of two high functionality novolac epoxy resins that exhibit excellent chemical resistance, low temperature cure, and suitable application viscosity. The solvent blend selected helps to maintain good low temperature cure and hardness development. Mixing ratio of Epoxy base and Phenalkamine is 100 to 11.7 (by wt.).

Evaluations were performed in clear and pigmented formulations depending on the test. For clear formulations, liquid epoxy resin (EEW 190) is blended with curing agent. Clear formulations (no solvent reduction) were applied via wet applicator bars on pre-cleaned panels using IPA/MEK solvent wipe method. Pigmented systems used base compositions indicated in Table 2 and were spray applied. Curing agents were mixed per listed recommended use levels.

Drying times (ASTM D5895), pendulum hardness (ASTM D4366), flexibility (ASTM D522), and appearance at low temperature and high relative humidity were measured with clear formulations. Chemical immersion at elevated temperature, salt spray (ASTM-B117), abrasion resistance, and some hardness development tests were evaluated with pigmented formulations. Chemicals tested for immersion resistance were MEK, Ethanol, Methanol, Skydrol LD4, Xylene, Sour Crude oil, H2SO4, and FAM-B mixture. FAM-B mixture is a lead-free gasoline composition that includes toluene, isooctane, diisobutylene, ethanol, methanol, and water. One coat (multiple passes) was applied via spray

application, 9-10 mil DFT, and the panels were cured for 14 days before immersion testing. Partial immersion testing permitted exposure of the coated surface to both the liquid phase and vapor phase of the selected chemicals.

Steel panels [Q-panel QD surface 3”x6”x0.020”] were used for drying times, flexibility, and pendulum hardness. Grit blasted bar stock steel panels [2-3 mil profile 3”x6”x0.13”] were utilized for immersion testing and salt spray. Panels were cured for 7 days at room temperature unless specified otherwise.

3.1 Results and discussionHighly functionalized phenalkamines were developed to meet both the application and performance requirements of tank linings used in the petrochemical industry. Cure under adverse conditions such as low temperature and high humidity, and durability against chemicals at high temperature, were evaluated in this work.

In the early years of epoxy coatings for the oil industry, aromatic amine, methylene dianiline (MDA), was used to produce coatings with high performance. However, beginning in 1992, strict exposure limits were imposed for MDA due to toxicity concerns. In recent years, cycloaliphatic amines and their adducts have replaced MDA based on their fast cure and good cross-link density. However, some cycloaliphatic amines also have disadvantages that comprise the use of solvents due to higher viscosity and blushing under high humidity and freezing temperatures [2]. In addition, existing commercial curing agents, including cycloaliphatics, have struggled to pass some newer performance requirements.

Cardolite has developed a new product family of highly functionalized phenalkamines to address some of the insufficiencies of current technologies. These new products can provide fast cure at low temperatures for quick return to service and chemical resistance to a variety of chemicals, even at elevated temperatures. This paper will review the performance results, including cure, corrosion protection, mechanical properties, and chemical resistance (immersion) under extreme conditions.

3. Materials and experimental methodThe raw materials used in this study are all commercially available. The highly functionalized phenalkamine is from Cardolite Corporation and the control sample is a leading commercial tank lining protective coating based on a modified cycloaliphatic curing agent. In this study, the multi-functional phenalkamine will be referred to as Phenalkamine.

Table 2: Pigmented Epoxy Base Formulation Epalloy 8280 11.36 Epalloy 8330 17.06

DISPERBYK 111 1.00 Imsil A-30 16.22

Cimbar EX Barium Sulfate 14.60 Silverline 202 9.64

WOLLASTOCOAT 10 ES 11.70 TIPURE R-706 9.80

METHANOL 99% 4.00 BYK A-501 0.17 BYK 358 0.36

MEK 3.90 Opticolor 4192 Lampblack 0.16

Total 100.00

(Table 2:) Suppliers Epalloy 8280, Epalloy 8330 – Emerald Performance Materials DisperBYK 111, BYK A-501, BYK 358 – BYK Chemie Imsil A-30 – Unimin Corporation Wollastockup 10ES – NYCO Minerals Tipure R-706 – Dupont Opticolor 4192 Lampblack – Color Corporation of America Cimbar Ex Barium sulfate – Cimbar performance minerals Silverline 202 – Imerys Talc

Table 1: Phenalkamine Properties

Curing Agent Viscosity @ 25°C, cps

Amine Value Solids, %

Color (Gardner) AHEW

Phenalkamine 2200-6000 375-440 100* 18 87

Control Modified cycloaliphatic curing agent based coating * Products contain either benzyl and/or furfuryl alcohol. ASTM D2369-98 at 85°C for 30 minutes.

Table 1: Phenalkamine properties.

Table 2: Pigmented epoxy base formulation.


Basic properties such as mixed viscosity, gel time, and thin film dry times, are shown in Table 3. It can be seen the Phenalkamine shows fast cure with both liquid and novolac epoxy resins. Several benefits were found with the use of novolac epoxy that include faster cure, better appearance, and outstanding chemical resistance through the increased cross-link density and higher reactivity.

As indicated in Table 4, Phenalkamine dry times at 0°C, 5°C, and 25°C were also compared with the control using the pigmented formulation from

Table 2. Significant improvement on cure speed is achieved with the Phenalkamine system as opposed to the control, suggesting that the Phenalkamine system allows structures such as storage tanks and pipes to be back in service quickly. A quick return to service means saving time, costs, and ultimately better service to customers. Flexibility and abrasion resistance of Phenalkamine based products were also good with a Taber abrasion of 115mg/loss (CS-17 / 1000 cycles).

Substrate protection from harsh environments has been achieved through the use of durable protective coatings. For a while, aromatic amine based coatings met this need until toxicity concerns forced their elimination. Although cycloaliphatic amine based coatings have been relatively successful replacements for this application, formulators continue to search for better products with improved cure speed, appearance, and outstanding durability against harsh and corrosive chemicals.

In addition to the short cure time at low temperatures demonstrated in Table 4, this recently developed Phenalkamine product family showed outstanding protection performance against chemicals typically found in oil and derivatives production. Durability of the applied coating was examined by immersion resistance testing at elevated temperature against various chemicals, [methanol, ethanol, MEK, Xylene, Skydrol, sour crude oil, and FAM-B and corrosives]. Tests were

performed with the pigmented novolac base in Table 2. Film integrity, including blistering, wrinkling and pencil hardness, were evaluated immediately after the indicated immersion time. A commercially available modified cycloaliphatic based system was used as a control for chemical resistance performance testing.

The chemical resistance results are listed in Table 5. An “Ok” ranking indicates no blistering, no wrinkling and pencil hardness greater than F immediately after immersion. The Phenalkamine passed all the tests while the control exhibited blistering after exposure to MEK and Methanol at 60°C for 45 days as shown in Figures 2 and 3. Previous testing has shown that methanol and MEK exposure is one of the harshest conditions to pass. The FAM-B mixture is a lead-free

Table 5. Immersion results after 45 days exposure

Immersion

Temperature Control Phenalkamine/Epoxy

base

MEK 60°C Poor blistering

OK

Ethanol 60°C OK OK

Methanol 60°C Poor blistering

OK

Skydrol LD4 60°C OK OK

Xylene 60°C OK OK Sour Crude

Oil 130°C OK OK

FAM-B 25°C OK OK

Table 3. Basic Cure Properties of New Phenalkamine

Test items With liquid epoxy With Novolac epoxy

Mixing ratio (Epoxy/Phenalkamine) 100/46 100/40

Mix viscosity at 25°C(cps) 5330 22,000

Gel time, 50g at 25°C(min) 25.7 23

Thin film dry times, 8 mils (200 micron)

at 25°C(hrs hard/through) 3/3.5 2/2.5

at 5°C(hrs hard/through) 12/17 5/8

at 0°C(hrs hard/through) 16/26 8/12

Film appearance at 7°C, 95%RH Hazy Clear

Technical PAPER New highly chemical resistant epoxy curing agents

Table 3. Basic cure properties of new Phenalkamine.

Table 5. Immersion results after 45 days exposure.

Figure 2. Methanol immersion 45 days @ 60°C.

Figure 3. MEK immersion 45 days @ 60°C.

15

FEBRUARY2014


Table 4. Dry Time of Formulated System

Sample 0°C Linear Dry 5°C Linear dry 25°C Linear dry

Set-to-touch

Dry hard

Dry through

Set-to-touch

Dry hard

Dry through

Set-to-touch

Dry hard

Dry through

Control 4hrs >48hrs >48hrs 4hrs 41hrs 44hrs 4hrs 7hrs 10hrs

Phenalkamine 3hrs 16hrs 28hrs 3hrs 12hrs 19hrs 1hrs 3hrs 7hrs

gasoline composition. After a 30-day immersion in FAM-B, all systems exhibited <50% Persoz hardness retention, but the Phenalkamine showed 95% hardness recovery in less than 16 hours. Figure 4 shows the performance of the Phenalkamine based coating and the commercial control after immersion in 85% H2SO4. The change in color is expected, but good film integrity was maintained for both systems.

To confirm long-lasting corrosion protection, the Phenalkamine system was exposed to 2000 hours of neutral 5% salt spray as depicted in Figure 5. Excellent adhesion and film integrity was observed along the scribe and face of the panel. In order to further evaluate quick return to service capability coupled with durability, a blasted steel panel coated with liquid

epoxy and the Phenalkamine was immersed in ethanol immediately after curing for 24hr at 5°C. No blistering and softening occurred to the sample after 30 days of immersion, as shown in Figure 6.

4. ConclusionsIn this paper, we have introduced a new highly functionalized phenalkamine product family based on Cashew Nutshell liquid technology. The multi-functionality and unique structure of this phenalkamine product family has contributed to excellent properties that meet new petrochemical industry requirements, with better performance than commonly used modified cycloaliphatic amine based systems. Key characteristics include fast low temperature cure with good film appearance at high humidity, allowing for a quick return to service, excellent corrosion resistance, and better chemical resistance than the control in MEK and methanol immersion.

5. AcknowledgementThis study was carried out by the Research and Development group at Cardolite Corporation in the United States and China. We especially thank the technical service group for the evaluation of the new phenalkamine.

6. References1. Z. Dai, et al., SPI-ERF Conference(1994)

2. M. O’Donoghue, et al., Paper No. 03051, NACE Corrosion 2003 n

Figure 6. Ethanol immersion 30 days @ 25°C right after 24hrs Cure @ 5°C.

Table 4. Dry time of formulated system.

Figure 5. Phenalkamine 2000 hour neutral 5% salt spray test results (200µ DFT)-.

Figure 4. Sulphuric acid immersion 120 days @ 25°C.


The future of alkyd resins according to WorléeDr.ir. T. biemans, Worlée-Chemie Gmbh, Germany & Adrian Thomas FTSC, Chemicalia P/L, AustraliaThis paper was presented at the 53rd SCAA Conference, Gold Coast, Queensland, August 2013

Technical PAPER

1. IntroductionIn recent times, several external factors have challenged the alkyd resin business. In 1999, there was the European Solvent Emission Directive (1999/13/EC) concerning industrial applications, followed in 2004 by an amending directive (2004/42/EC) concerning decorative applications. National directives and regulations based upon these directives were sometimes even more stringent. Next to solvent emissions, aldehyde emissions are now also on the health agenda. Even though it is known that wood emits significant amounts of aldehydes upon degradation, coating binders are also suspected of emitting aldehydes. Furthermore, the use of cobalt as an oxidative drying agent has come under suspicion. Several studies contradict each other, so the debate as well as the lobbying continues and legislation is not expected very soon. Finally, raw material availability has come under threat as petrochemical sources are depleting and are used for other purposes.

As a result of these developments, questions have been raised as to whether alkyd resins are doomed

Abstract

There are many external factors challenging the alkyd resin business, especially in Europe. National directives and regulations are very stringent. Also, petrochemical raw material availability can come under pressure. Worlée Chemie, as a resin producer, outlines a sustainable solution and an economically and qualitatively attractive option in protecting and decorating a wide variety of surfaces.

or if they still have a future? Is the paint technology at its breaking point? The answers to these questions could range from day-to-day pragmatic to complex philosophical ones. These issues, and the way Worlée deals with them, are discussed in this paper.

2. Worlée ChemieFor over 160 years, Worlée has supplied its customers reliably with raw materials from Germany and abroad. The company was founded in Hamburg in 1851 by Emil Heinrich Worlée for the import and trade of natural resins sold as binders to the flourishing paint and lacquer industry during the industrial revolution.

Today, 5th generation descendants manage the family business. The former trade house has grown into a modern industrial and service group, operating internationally, refining and selling spices, dried vegetables, teas etc. for the food industry, as well as producing and distributing important raw materials for the paint, lacquer and cosmetic industries.It operates in three divisions:• Worlée Cosmetic Raw Materials• Worlée Natural Raw Materials• Worlée Chemical Raw Materials

3. Worlée Chemical Raw MaterialsThis division makes a range of products suitable for the surface coatings industries and markets these together with various raw materials, especially in Europe, from a wide range of multinational companies.

The products manufactured at their two plants in Lauenburg and Lübeck in Germany include the ranges in Figure 1. Some, but not all of these ranges, are marketed in Australia and New Zealand.

4. Solvent based systemsFrom 1914 onwards, workers in General Electric in USA were trying to improve the properties of the condensation products of phthalic anhydride and glycerol (Glyptals) through the modification with oleic acid or castor oil to produce more tractable resins for electrical applications.

Kienle, in 1927, coined the term “alkyd” (from alcohol and acid, this was later changed to kyd) to describe work he was doing to produce a resin from reacting a polyhydric alcohol with a polybasic acid. Even then, the thermosetting resin that was produced had limited use until it was found that if a monobasic fatty acid was introduced during the initial stage of the reaction, then a soluble oil-modified resin resulted. At first, the fatty acids of non-drying oils were used and provided plasticisers for nitrocellulose lacquers, but this then led to

Fig. 1: Worlée Chemical Raw Materials product range.

Type Trade Name Product DescriptionAdditives Special-Primer Adhesion promotersAdditives WorléeAdd Additives for paints & lacquersAdditives WorléeAdd Defoamers for solvent based, solvent free & water based systemsAdditives WorléeAdd Additives for powder coatingsBinders WorléeCop Styrene-Butadiene-CopolymerBinders WorléeCryl Acrylic Resins, water based dispersions & solutionsBinders WorléeCryl A Acrylic Resins, solvent based, hydroxyl group containingBinders WorléeCryl L Acrylic Resins, solvent based, thermoplasticBinders WorléeDur Epoxy Esters, dryingBinders WorléeDur H Special Hardeners for epoxy resinsBinders WorléeFen Rosin based hard resins, phenol modifiedBinders WorléeGilsol Natural Asphaltum SolutionsBinders WorléeGum Natural Gums (Damar, Copal, Shellac & Shellac Solutions)Binders WorléeKyd Alkyd Resins, long oil, urethane modifiedBinders WorléeKyd Alkyd Resins, solvent based, stoving/reactive/NC-combinationBinders WorléeKyd Alkyd Resins, Solvent Based, Airdrying, Short Oil, Medium Oil & Long OilBinders WorléeKyd AC Alkyd Resins, AcrylatedBinders WorléePol Polyester/ether-polyols, solvent free, saturatedBinders WorléePol Polyester, solvent based, saturatedBinders WorléePol Polyester, water thinnable, oil free, saturatedBinders WorléeSin Rosin based maleic resins & rosin estersBinders WorléeSol Alkyd Resins, water thinnable, airdrying & low bakeBinders WorléeSol Alkyd Resins, water thinnable, for stoving systemsBinders WorléeSol E PU modified Alkyd Emulsions, water thinnableBinders WorléeSol NW Alkyd Emulsions, water thinnableBinders WorléeThix Alkyd Resins, Acrylic Resins, solvent based, thixotropicColour WorléePaste S-AK Solvent based pigment preparations for wood stainsColour WorléePaste S-K Pigment preparations based on ketone resin for industrial coatingsColour WorléePaste W Aqueous Pigment PreparationsColour WorléeQuarzsand AS Electroconductive QuartzColour WorléeTherm Thermochromic PigmentsColour WorléeTransoxid S Solvent based transparent iron oxide, carbon black & titanium dioxide

preparations for wood stainsColour WorléeTransoxid SF-AK Transparent pigment preparations based on solvent free binders for wood

stainsColour WorléeTransoxid W Water based iron oxide, carbon black and titanium dioxide preparations for

wood stains

17

FEBRUARY2014


biography

Adrian Thomas FTSC is the Director and CEO of Chemicalia Pty Ltd, a company involved in four areas of activity relating to industrial chemicals:• Trading in specialty raw materials; • Marketing consulting (including supply of raw materials

and finished products);• Technical consulting; • Regulatory Affairs (including NICNAS for Australia,

HSNO for New Zealand, etc.).

He was born in England and graduated with B.Sc (Hons) from the University of Southampton in 1969, prior to transferring to Australia. In Australia, he has had extensive experience with a number of multinational companies (including Unilever, Shell and Wacker Chemicals) in a range of manufacturing, sales and marketing positions at management levels.

His professional memberships include:• American Chemical Society• Australasian Corrosion Association• Australian Marketing Institute• Australian Society of Cosmetic Chemists

• Concrete Institute of Australia• Royal Australian Chemical Institute• Royal Society of Chemistry, United

Kingdom• Surface Coatings Association

Australia (SCAA).

He is currently the Honorary Federal Secretary of SCAA and is active on a number of SCAA committees including the Technical Education committee.

He has written and presented a number of papers at SCAA meetings which have been published in Surface Coatings Australia as well as in the Australasian Corrosion Association publication Inorganic Zinc Coatings, History, Chemistry, Properties, Applications and Alternatives, 2nd Edition, May 2013.

Adrian is the Victorian agent for Worlée Chemie and works closely with Endeavour Chemicals.

modification with drying oil fatty acids to form resins suitable for coatings as air drying varnishes.

Since the unmodified alkyd resins or polyesters had not made much impact commercially, the oil modified alkyds were simply called alkyd resins. Nowadays, we have to distinguish them from unmodified alkyds which are referred to as oil free polyesters.

Alkyd resins are therefore defined as synthetic polyester resins prepared by the esterification of polyalcohols (one of which must be at least trihydric, such as glycerol, pentaerythritol, trimethylolpropane etc.) with di-functional organic acids (e.g. phthalic anhydride, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid etc.) modified with fatty acids from vegetable oils and/or synthetic fatty acids.

There are two broad groups:• Drying alkyd resins; these contain enough

unsaturated fatty acids to make possible curing or polymerisation with oxygen.

• Non-drying alkyd resins which contain lower levels of unsaturated fatty acids and are not appreciably cured or polymerised with oxygen.

Alkyd resins are arbitrarily grouped by the amount of oil or fatty acid present in preparing the resins according to “oil length”, where this is defined in Figure 2.

Regarding Figure 2, it should be noted that the oil length classifications are precisely defined according to DIN 55 945 in Europe, whereas other countries such as USA and Australia may have variations according to different authors. To avoid

the ambiguities involved, it is safest to work with the actual oil length numbers, not the oil length classification ranges.

In 1930 the industrial production of alkyd resins commenced and became the dominant solventborne resin system from that time onwards. By the early 1950s, alkyd resins had become the dominant binder for coatings. As an illustration, USA consumption had reached 200,000 TPA and was rising. However, at that time, water-based architectural paints, generally based on polyvinyl or polyacrylic emulsion resins as binders (with little or no alkyd resin content), were being introduced. From the 1950s-1980s onwards, these water-based paints gradually captured most of the architectural coatings market from alkyd- and oil-based paints. These newer emulsion paints had the advantages of ease

For alkyd resins made directly from oils, the oil length in % is defined as:oil length (%) = (mass of oil used to make alkyd resin × 100)

(mass of reactants-mass of water evolved in process),i.e. yield

For alkyd resins made from fatty acids, the oil length in % is defined as:oil length (%) = (mass of oil used to make alkyd resin × 104.5)

(mass of reactants-mass of water evolved in process),i.e. yield

The factor of 104.5 introduced in the above equation for fatty acids is included since for C18 fatty acids:840 g fatty acid + 92 g glycerol → 878 g oil + 54 g H2O

Since, 878/840 = 1.045 then, oil length (%) = fatty acid (%) X 1.045

Thus, alkyd resins and polyester are grouped into the following oil length classifications:Classification Europe

(DIN 55 945)USA Australia Applications

Oil free polyesters 0% 0% 0% Saturated polyestersBaking polyestersPlasticising polyesters

Short oil alkyd resins <40% <45% <45% Baking with amino resinsAir dried modified alkyds (Primers)

Medium oil alkyd resins 40-60% 45-55% 45-60% Air dried brush and spray topcoatsLong oil alkyd resins 60-70% 55-70% 60-75% Air dried brushing “Enamels”Very long oil alkyd resins (Alkyd oils) >70% 70-85% >75% Mainly in printing industry

Fig. 2: Oil length classifications of alkyd resins and polyester resins.


of cleanup with water and of economic production due to low crude oil prices. Notwithstanding the declining use for architectural paints, the total alkyd resin consumption increased during this period because of its rapidly growing use in a variety of industrial, special purpose coatings as well as inks. Consumption in the USA plateaued at about 300,000 TPA from 1960 – 1980 with a subsequent decline at a rate of about 2% PA, reaching about 230,000 TPA in 1996. It is understood that worldwide consumption of alkyd resins is probably declining at a slower rate and may be holding at a steady level.

Except for phthalic anhydride, which through the petrochemical industry is indirectly derived from crude oil, the other raw materials used in their synthesis are from biologically renewable sources, making them interesting binders from the ecological viewpoint, especially with the potential for reduction in crude oil supply from existing sources with consequent rising petrochemical prices. Alkyd resin technology is being adapted to meet contemporary needs, with concern about air quality leading to development of alkyd resins for use in high-solids solventborne and waterborne coatings. This paper will discuss a number of those developments.

4.1. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)Some Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are harmful to human health or cause harm to the environment, acting as precursors to the formation

of photochemical smog. The latter is the chemical reaction of sunlight, nitrogen oxides and VOCs in the atmosphere and can include:• Aldehydes;• Nitrogen oxides, such as nitrogen dioxide;• Peroxyacyl nitrates;• Tropospheric ozone;• Volatile organic compounds

4.1.1. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) limits in EuropeThe European Solvent Emission Directives (1999/13/EC and 2004/42/EC) provided for the following restrictions on VOC in two areas:• Maximum VOC content limit values for paints and

varnishes;

• Maximum VOC content limit values for vehicle refinishing products.

See Figures 3 & 4.As we can see from these tables, in general, industrial alkyd resin application is not dramatically affected by the European Solvent Emission Directives. Companies with larger volumes of consumed solvent based resins can comply by installing air purification units, while companies with small scale consumption volumes are not affected by the Directive. Therefore, we expect that the future for industrial applications will not change significantly.

4.1.2. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) limits in AustraliaMeanwhile, in Australia in 1996, the Australian Paint Approval Scheme (APAS) began setting limits for VOC content of approved products, applicable to selected APAS specifications. Since then, progressive reductions have been made. The latest round of reductions announced in 2006 in APAS Document D181 on Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) Limits, and which have been arrived at in consultation with, and agreement by, the peak paint industry body (Australian Paint Manufacturers Federation – APMF), and which apply only to paint products sold in Australia, are shown in the three tables, Figures 5, 6, 7.

From 01/01/2011, APAS has moved to a new method of setting VOC targets. Following agreement reached in 2005 with the Australian Paint Manufacturers’ Federation Inc. (APMF), it has been agreed that a mass balance-type calculation will be used.

The logic behind this significant change to the philosophy behind VOC content determination is that all VOCs incorporated into paint products will eventually finish up in the atmosphere where they will contribute negatively towards outdoor air pollution (smog development). It does not matter what the source of the VOC is. If each manufacturer can reduce their total emissions of VOC to atmosphere, the benefit to the atmosphere will be positive.

Reference Product Subcategory Type Phase I (g/L (*))(from 1.1.2007)

Phase II (g/L (*))(from 1.1.2010)

a Interior matt walls and ceilings (Gloss <25@60°)

Waterborne 75 30Solventborne 400 30

b Interior glossy walls and ceilings (Gloss >25@60°)


c Exterior walls of mineral substrateWaterborne 75 40Solventborne 450 430

d Interior/exterior trim and cladding paints for wood and metal


e Interior/exterior trim varnishes and woodstains, including opaque woodstains


f Interior and exterior minimal build woodstainsWaterborne 150 130Solventborne 700 700

g PrimersWaterborne 50 30Solventborne 450 350

h Binding primersWaterborne 50 30Solventborne 750 750

i One-pack performance coatingsWaterborne 140 140Solventborne 600 500

j Two-pack reactive performance coatings for specific end use such as floors


k Multi-coloured coatingsWaterborne 150 100Solventborne 400 100

l Decorative effect coatingsWaterborne 300 200Solventborne 500 200

(*) g/L ready to use product.

Fig. 3: Maximum VOC content limit values for paints and varnishes (European Solvent Emission Directive 2004/42/EC).

Fig. 4: Maximum VOC content limit values for vehicle refinishing products (European Solvent Emission Directive 2004/42/EC).

Reference Product Subcategory Coatings VOC g/L (*) (1.1.2007)

a Preparatory and cleaning Preparatory and cleaning 850Pre-cleaner 200

b Bodyfiller/stopper All types 250

c Primer Surfacer/filler and general (metal) primer 540Wash primer 780

d Topcoat All types 420e Special finishes All types 840

(*) g/L of ready for use product.Except for subcategory (a) any water content of the product ready for use should be discounted.

Technical PAPER The future of alkyd resins according to Worlée

19

FEBRUARY2014


Each manufacturer shall determine total VOC content of sales of all APAS products for the previous 12 months as at 31/12/2007 with an annual sales volume > 1000L, and set this as the base line (e.g. 14K tonnes). Via a consensus negotiation process with the APMF, an industry-wide percentage reduction target will be set (e.g. 7%) for all manufacturers (e.g. 14K tonnes will need to be reduced by 7% to 13K tonnes by the end of the next 5 year period).

This reduction may be achieved via either formulating for lower VOC or withdrawing higher VOC range products from the market.

4.1.3. Definition of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in Australia and EuropeBy way of definition, the Australian Paint Approval Scheme (APAS) states in APAS Document D181 on Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) Limits that: “VOCs are considered to be organic compounds in paint formulations, (either as individual ingredients of the formula or as part of e.g. an intermediate raw material) that have:A. a vapour pressure >0.01mm Hg at 21ºC, or

B. an initial boiling point <250ºC measured at a standard pressure of 101.3 kPa.”

Note 1: ammonia will be classified as a VOC.Note 2: acetone is not considered a VOC as current evidence indicates it does not participate in smog forming reactions.

In contrast, in Europe, European Solvent Emission Directive (2004/42/EC) defines VOCs as any organic compound having an initial boiling point less than, or equal to, 250°C measured at a standard pressure of 101.3 kPa (i.e. APAS definition B) only).

As we can see in decorative or architectural applications, there is an obvious shift towards low Volatile Organic Content (VOC) resins and we expect this trend to continue in the near future. Taking recognition of these facts, Worlée has concentrated its efforts in developing compliant resins for the decorative market. Where possible, they have also anticipated the future changes in emission levels and incorporated them in their product development.

4.2. Achieving the goal of low VOC solventborne alkyd resinsWe can consider that there are three approaches to achieving the goal of low VOC solventborne alkyd resins; these are:• Using solvents with better solubility power;• Incorporating reactive diluents;• Changing the molecular structure.

The first two approaches above have been traditionally followed towards achieving low VOC resins. At Worlée they have also followed a bottom-up approach as they changed the molecular structure and build-up of the alkyd resin. It is known

APAS Specification Product type

1 Jan 2007 to 31 Dec 2011maximum VOC g/L*

0006 Army Olive Drab enamel 5500009 Undercoat for Army Olive Drab flat enamel 550

0041/2 Roadmarking paint - solvent borne 4500041/5 Roadmarking paint – White water borne 602901 Protective coatings for steel - latex 1002920 Polysiloxane coating 4002921 Protective coatings for steel - primers 4502922 Protective coatings for steel – modified alkyd finish 4502930 Single pack moisture cure urethane for steel 4002940 MIO or aluminium coating subject to continuous

condensation350

2971 Epoxy primers, 2 pack 4002972 Low build epoxy GP enamel, 2 pack 3502973 Solvent borne epoxy to 400 µm, 2 pack 3502974 Solventless epoxy to 400 µm, 2 pack 1202975 Ultra high build epoxy, immersion, 2 pack 3502976 Solvent borne epoxy mastic 1802977 Solvent borne epoxy mastic, slow drying;

high volume solids; >400 µm180


Fig. 7: Maximum VOC content limit values for industrial & protective coatings products (APAS).

Fig. 6: Maximum VOC content limit values for other architectural products (APAS).

APAS Specification Product type 1 Jan 2007 to 31 Dec 2011maximum VOC g/L*

0011 Solvent borne roof paint for galvanised steel 4500012 Latex roof paint 1000015 Exterior/interior alkyd, gloss & semi gloss 4500016 Interior & exterior undercoat 4500024 Exterior oil & petrol resistant enamel 4500029 Undercoat (oil & petrol resistant) 4500032 Metal primer (buildings - excl. lead & chromates) 5500055 One pack exterior varnish (general purpose) 550

0070/1 Chalkboard paint – solvent based 4500070/3 Chalkboard paint – water based 1000114 One pack Interior varnish (general purpose) 5000115 Lightly pigmented ranch finish - exterior timber 4500162 Zinc phosphate metal primer 5500171 Interior solvent based sealer 4500181 Primer 4500200 One pack pigmented solvent borne paving paint 5500202 One pack pigmented latex paving paint 800215 Low odour/low environmental impact 5


Fig. 5: Maximum VOC content limit values for high volume architectural paints (APAS).

APAS Specification Product type1 Jan 2007 to 31 Dec 2011

AverageVOC g/L*

MaximumVOC g/L*

0134 Latex primer for galvanised iron & Zincalume® ≤45 500163/1 Exterior latex undercoat ≤55 650163/2 Interior latex undercoat ≤60 650172 Interior sealer ≤50 600183 Exterior timber primer ≤50 60

0260/1 Interior gloss ≤75 900260/2 Interior semi gloss ≤65 800260/3 Interior low sheen ≤50 750260/4 Interior flat - washable ≤60 700260/5 Interior flat - ceilings ≤50 600280/1 Exterior gloss ≤60 850280/2 Exterior semi gloss ≤60 800280/3 Exterior flat & low sheen ≤45 700280/4 Exterior gloss ≤65 800280/5 Exterior low sheen ≤50 80


that higher generation dendritic (tree-like) structures have a closely packed surface which does not allow for much interpenetration compared to the lower generations. This leads to a decrease in viscosity with increasing molecular weight (Figure 8).


with VOC content of 426 g/L) and develop the 1st generation low VOC solventborne alkyd resins (represented by B-2002 with VOC contents of 322 g/L) which comply with the current directives. Later, further work based on the use of chemical hybrids produced the 2nd generation low VOC solventborne alkyd resins (represented by C-2002 with VOC contents of 244 g/L) and the 3rd generation low VOC solventborne alkyd resins (represented by D-2009 with VOC contents of 282 g/L). Overall, coatings based on these binders show a good balance between viscosity (Fig. 12) and properties.

As an indicative property, the drying behaviour of the 2nd generation low VOC solventborne alkyd resins (represented by C-2002 with VOC contents of 244 g/L) and the 3rd generation low VOC solventborne alkyd

In the past, this has led to the development of 1st generation high solids resins which showed a good viscosity / solid content profile (Fig. 9), but, as also illustrated in the same graph, other developments, as we shall see later, produced the 2nd generation (Low VOC 2007) and 3rd generation (Low VOC 2010) low VOC alkyd resins.

However, these 1st generation high solids resins usually had unacceptable drying properties (Fig. 10) and/or hardness development (Fig. 11) which were later improved in, again as we shall see later, the 2nd generation (Low VOC 2007) and 3rd generation (Low VOC 2010) low VOC alkyd resins.

Although the idea of changing the molecular structure is still applicable, the ways to achieve these changes have changed. Revised chemistry, emergence of new raw materials, re-evaluation of the use of existing raw materials, and changes in the technological processes, have made it possible for Worlée to proceed from the conventional solventborne alkyd resins (represented by A-2002

Fig. 8: Effect of molecular structure on viscosity of solventborne alkyd resins.

Fig. 10: Drying recorder properties / time profile of solventborne alkyd resins.


Fig. 9: Viscosity / solids content profile of solventborne alkyd resins.

Fig. 12: VOC content of conventional, 1st, 2nd and 3rd generations high solids solventborne alkyd resins.

Fig. 13: Drying Recorder properties / time profile of conventional, 1st, 2nd and 3rd generations high solids solventborne alkyd resins.

Fig. 11 Pendulum Hardness / time profile of solventborne alkyd resins.

21

FEBRUARY2014


resins (represented by D-2009 with VOC contents of 282 g/L) are compared in Figure 13 with the conventional solventborne alkyd resins (represented by A-2002 with VOC content of 426 g/L) and the 1st generation low VOC solventborne alkyd resins (represented by B-2002 with VOC contents of 322 g/L).

Subsequent developments, based on the use of chemical hybrids, produced the 4th generation low VOC solventborne alkyd resins, shown below in Figure 14, with VOC contents of 281 g/L.

As we can see in Figure 15, these 4th generation low VOC solventborne alkyd resins can be used to produce standard white high gloss enamel paints with higher solids contents at lower viscosities than those based on 3rd generation high solids solventborne alkyd resins, but still with higher viscosities than those based on 2nd generation high solids solventborne alkyd resins.

At the same time, Figure 16 shows the improvements in drying times for standard white high gloss enamel paints based on these 4th generation low VOC solventborne alkyd resins, as compared with those based on 2nd and 3rd generations high solids solventborne alkyd resins.

Fig. 14: VOC content in g/L of 2nd, 3rd and 4th generations high solids solventborne alkyd resins.

Fig. 15: Viscosity of standard white high gloss enamel paints based on 2nd, 3rd and 4th generations high solids solventborne alkyd resins.

The hardness development of standard white high gloss enamel paints based on these 4th generation low VOC solventborne alkyd resins is compared in Figure 17 with those based on 2nd and 3rd generation high solids solventborne alkyd resins. As can be seen, it is slightly lower than that of paints based on these 3rd generation high solids solventborne alkyd resins.

Superior gloss retention is evident in standard white high gloss enamel paints based on these 4th generation low VOC solventborne alkyd resins as compared with those based on 2nd and 3rd generations high solids solventborne alkyd resins, when a 150 µm wet film on aluminium is exposed to QUV-A for up to 500 hours. Figure 18 shows the gloss levels measured at a measurement angle of 60° and the expected lower gloss levels measured at a measurement angle of 20° are shown in Figure 19.

Whilst it is understood that all gloss levels (from low gloss to high gloss) can be measured using the standard measurement angle of 60°, it appears that the acute measurement angle of 20° gives improved resolution for high gloss surfaces such that surfaces that measure 70 standard gloss units (GU) and above at the standard angle of 60° are often measured with the 20° geometry. Apparently, high glossy surfaces can be affected by another characteristic called “Haze”. Thus, the 20° angle measurement is more sensitive to haze effects which affect the appearance of a surface.

Fig. 16: Drying Recorder properties / time profile of standard white high gloss enamel paints based on 2nd, 3rd and 4th generations high solids solventborne alkyd resins.

Fig. 17: König Hardness / time profile of standard white high gloss enamel paints based on 2nd, 3rd and 4th generations high solids solventborne alkyd resins.


Yellowing of standard white high gloss enamel paints based on these 4th generation low VOC solventborne alkyd resins is intermediate compared with those based on 2nd and 3rd generations high solids solventborne alkyd resins when the yellowing index of a 150µm wet film on aluminium is measured over 664 hours as shown in Figure 20.

Whiteness index measurements, as shown in standard white high gloss enamel paints based on these 4th generation low VOC solventborne alkyd resins, are intermediate as compared with those based on 2nd and 3rd generations high solids solventborne alkyd resins when the whiteness index of a 150µm wet film on aluminium is measured over 664 hours as shown in Figure 21.

Dark yellowing of standard white high gloss enamel paints at 80°C after 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours exposure due to yellowing of the oil present in the low VOC solventborne alkyd resins is shown in Figure 22. These 4th generation low VOC solventborne alkyd resins show lower dark yellowing as measured by the yellowing index as compared with 2nd and 3rd generation high solids solventborne alkyd resins.

In Figure 23, we again show the dark yellowing of standard white high gloss enamel paints at 80°C after 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours exposure, but in this case we measure the whiteness index and, as can be seen, these 4th generation low VOC solventborne alkyd resins show lower dark yellowing as measured by the whiteness index as compared with 2nd and 3rd generation high solids solventborne alkyd resins.


Fig. 18: Gloss measured at a measurement angle of 60° of standard white high gloss enamel paints based on 2nd, 3rd and 4th generations high solids solventborne alkyd resins after QUV-A exposure up to 500 hours.

Fig. 19: Gloss measured at a measurement angle of 20° of standard white high gloss enamel paints based on 2nd, 3rd and 4th generations high solids solventborne alkyd resins after QUV-A exposure up to 500 hours.

Fig. 20: Yellowing index of standard white high gloss enamel paints based on 2nd, 3rd and 4th generations high solids solventborne alkyd resins after storage of up to 664 hours.

Fig. 21: Whiteness index of standard white high gloss enamel paints based on 2nd, 3rd and 4th generations high solids solventborne alkyd resins after storage of up to 664 hours.

Fig. 22: Yellowing index of standard white high gloss enamel paints based on 2nd, 3rd and 4th generations high solids solventborne alkyd resins after dark yellowing at 80°C and times of up to 8 hours.

Fig. 23: Whiteness index of standard white high gloss enamel paints based on 2nd, 3rd and 4th generations high solids solventborne alkyd resins after dark yellowing at 80°C and times of up to 8 hours.

23

FEBRUARY2014


As is apparent from the above work, Worlée has produced a 4th generation low VOC resin which produces good drying and hardness development and represent a suitable binder for:• Interior applications – as evidenced by the

yellowing resistance;

• Exterior applications – as evidenced by the accelerated outdoor weathering resistance.

With these developments, a new horizon in resins technology has gradually emerged. At the same time though, it is becoming clear that a “one-size-fits-all“ resin will be more difficult to realise. The paint industry is slowly coming to terms with this and realises that product selection will become more and more critical. A well organised customer support department is therefore essential in assisting (potential) customers to select the right binders for each application.

5. Waterbased systemsA second path towards directive compliant alkyd resins is the continued development of water based resins, as shown in Figure 24, which shows the three types of waterborne alkyds, namely water soluble alkyd solutions, externally emulsified alkyd emulsions and internally emulsified alkyd emulsions. This figure also shows their structures and film formation behaviour on drying.

5.1. Water soluble alkyd resinsThe first systems that were developed were water soluble resins prepared by polycondensation of polyols, dicarboxylic acid component, oil or fatty acids, followed by neutralisation with amines (e.g. ammonia) and then diluted with water. In the early days, these resins had high acid values (up to about 65 mg KOH/g resin), a significant amount of co-solvent, and a relatively low molecular weight of the order of 2,500 Da. Being solutions, these have particle sizes in the molecular range (of the order of 0.1-2 nm). As a result, paints based on them had poor early water resistance and poor hardness development, but showed good “open time” (i.e. longer than waterborne acrylic dispersion paints for example). Continued development has led to a

significant reduction in acid values down to about 35-45 mg KOH/g resin and also a reduction in the amount of co-solvent (used to achieve better water solubility). As we can see in Figure 25 their viscosity behaviour at lower solids levels is less than desirable.

In the literature, a representative method of production is reported using an alkyd resin produced from trimethylolpropane, tall oil fatty acid and isophthalic acid cooked at 250°C, followed by a second stage of reacting the produced alkyd at 193°C with trimellitic anhydride. By using a reduced temperature in the second stage, this encourages selective reaction of the anhydride group. However, several competing side reactions occur at 193°C such as acid–ester interchange and the anhydride reaction not being completely selective.

Apparently, the ester bond that connects trimellitic anhydride residues to the alkyd resin is more vulnerable to hydrolysis than the ester bonds in most polyesters. This disadvantage means that the stability of waterborne paints containing such resins is limited to 3–6 months and, if a substantial proportion of the critical ester bond is hydrolysed, the formulated paint becomes unstable and unusable.

Nowadays, these resins are established binders for general industry applications. Since they meet the solvent regulations in the general industry sector, no significant further development is currently necessary.

5.2. Waterborne alkyd emulsion resinsOne approach that has probably been studied more extensively in Europe than in the United States or Australia is the use of waterborne alkyd emulsions and these are supplied as:• Externally emulsified alkyd emulsions.• Internally emulsified alkyd emulsions.

5.2.1. Externally emulsified alkyd emulsionsAnother route towards water based alkyd resins is to emulsify existing alkyd resins with additional external emulsifiers. The resin needing to be emulsified usually does not contain any solvent and emulsification usually takes place under atmospheric pressure and therefore at temperatures below 100°C. Therefore, the maximum workable viscosity, and hence also the molecular weight, is limited, obviously affecting

Fig. 24: Water borne alkyds – Soluble Alkyds, Externally Emulsified Alkyds and Internally Emulsified Alkyds.

Fig. 25: Water soluble alkyds – Viscosity behaviour versus solids content.


hardness development. Additionally, traditional surfactants have a plasticising effect and an inherently negative influence on the water resistance of the cured resins. However, the molecular weight of the order of about 8,000 Da is higher than that of the previously described water soluble alkyd resins, and solid contents of 50-60% are achievable without any amount of co-solvent. These products are composed of emulsified alkyd resin particles with particle sizes usually in the range of 300-1100 nm. The structures and film formation behaviour on drying of these externally emulsified alkyd emulsions were shown earlier in Figure 24.

The benefits of higher molecular weight than water soluble alkyd solutions as well as solid contents of 50-60% being achievable without co-solvent have allowed these type or binders to be developed further and to establish themselves in the market. Next generations of externally emulsified alkyd resins have focussed on compensating the negative effects of the surfactant as well as on employing new surfactants, which have been developed especially for alkyd emulsification. A continuously improving understanding of the science and technology of resin emulsification has made the development of new and improved production technologies possible, as well as allowing a reduction in the amount of required surfactant. Future product developments will focus on broadening this product range, taking advantage of the positive aspects of these binders and incorporating other developments in resin chemistry that are taking place.

5.2.2 Internally emulsified alkyd emulsionsA third way of achieving water based alkyd resins is the modification of high molecular weight alkyd resins with neutralised carboxylic acid functionalities utilising polyurethane (PU) chemistry to produce internally emulsified alkyd emulsions.

Due to the higher molecular weight of up to 100,000 Da, and the urethane chemistry, solvents are necessary to keep the viscosity low enough for effective mixing and to avoid gelation. However, in this case the solvent is removed after more or less spontaneous emulsification.

The result is a shear stable emulsion which can be considered a core-shell PU-alkyd emulsion or a hybrid of a water soluble resin and an externally emulsified resin and is usually characterised by a translucent appearance, and is understood to have particle sizes of the order of 50-250 nm, although they cannot be measured accurately. As a comparison, waterborne acrylic dispersions contain particles with a molecular weight up to 200,000 Da with a particle size in the nanoscale range of 20-200 nm dispersed in water.

The structures and film formation behaviour on drying of these internally emulsified alkyd emulsions were shown earlier in Figure 24.

5.2.2.1 Worléesol E type range of internally emulsified alkyd emulsionsWorlée manufacture and market their range of internally emulsified alkyd emulsions under the WorléeSol E type name, and these include those shown in the table Figure 26.

5.2.2.2 Properties of Worléesol E type internally emulsified alkyd emulsionsThe absence of a clear phase boundary or partial water solubility, together with the higher molecular weight due to pre-crosslinking, accounts for generally favourable application properties:• Application with a paint brush or a roller of a

WorléeSol E type internally emulsified alkyd emulsion based paint is as easy as with conventional solventborne alkyd resin paints.

• Open time of a WorléeSol E type internally emulsified alkyd emulsion paint is shorter than that of conventional solventborne alkyd resin based paints, but longer than that of waterborne acrylic dispersion paints.

• Through-drying of a WorléeSol E type internally emulsified alkyd emulsion paint is much faster (even under poor conditions such as high humidity) than for conventional solventborne alkyd resin based paints.

• The same high gloss (with better gloss stability) and flow can be achieved with a WorléeSol E type internally emulsified alkyd emulsion paint as with conventional solventborne alkyd resin based paints.

• Both conventional solventborne alkyd resins and alkyd emulsions (such as WorléeSol E type internally emulsified alkyd emulsions) are based on an alkyd resin made from drying oils containing unsaturated fatty acids, and therefore show dark yellowing (when the resin or paints based on it are not exposed to natural daylight, e.g. when white or light coloured surfaces are painted and then kept in a darkened environment

Fig. 26: Worléesol E Type Range of Internally Emulsified Alkyd Emulsions.Grade Solids

contentOil length

Overview Properties Applications

WorléeSol E 150 W

40% Medium oil

Greatest range of applications (including high-gloss decorative & DIY paints).

Good drying properties (2-5°C), high gloss & good gloss stability, little dark yellowing, fast hardness development, early water resistance, weather resistance & insulating properties.

Primers (wood & industrial anticorrosive),Pre-coats, semi & high gloss paints (architectural and industrial), clear coats, wood protective stains, insulating coatings Industrial stoving enamel paints.

WorléeSol E 530 W

30% Medium oil

With hardness for fast drying wood paints, lacquers, varnishes etc.

Very fast hardness development,3-7 layers coated per dayLow levels of driers necessary.

Fast drying wood paints, lacquers, varnishes etc.

WorléePur E 927 W

40% Short oil With extra hardness for wood varnishes etc.

It develops an extremely good hardness3-7 layers coated per dayLow levels of driers are required.

Fast curing wood coatings of all types (including drier-free) & is mainly used in clear coats and varnishes e.g. parquet sealersWith extra hardness for wood varnishes etc.

WorléeSol SE 420 W

40% Medium oil

Increased UV stability, weather resistance, etc.

Very good water repellency & heat resistanceIncreased UV stability, weather resistance, etc.

High-gloss paints (including architectural / decorative outdoor paints).

WorléeSol E 330 W

42% Short oil Corrosion resistance, etc.

High salt spray resistance with good affinity for metal.

Especially considered for anti-corrosion primers, but also high gloss top coats can be formulated.

WorléeSol E 280 W

38% Short oil Non-yellowing applications, etc.

Excellent yellowing resistance & low odour.Due to choice of fatty acids the addition of driers is not necessary.

Non-yellowing applications, etc.


25

FEBRUARY2014


Fig. 27: Worléesol NW Type Range of Internally Emulsified Alkyd Emulsions.Grade Solids

contentOil length

Overview Properties Applications

WorléeSol NW 410

46% Medium oil

Higher film build.

Good brushability, excellent levelling & good filling properties.

Water thinnable decorative & DIY paints, with good brushability, excellent levelling & good filling properties.Especially recommended for high gloss top coats. The formulation of wood protection stains is also possible.

WorléeSol NW 474

60% Long oil Longer open time.

Open time & body improvement of WorléeSol E 150 based decorative & house paints 3-10% of WorléeSol NW 474 on total formulation.

Suitable for the manufacture of wood impregnations & glazings.

WorléeSol NW 521

40% Short oil For cobalt- &oxime-free paint systems.

Air-drying, cobalt- & oxime-free paint systems. Shows good compatibility with many water dilutable alkyd resins & acrylic emulsions.

Fast-drying & air-drying decorative, building & DIY lacquers. Topcoats with high gloss, excellent hardness and very good water resistance can be formulated.

such as inside cupboards or behind obstacles). Absolute whiteness can only be achieved using acrylic resin based systems.

• Adhesion and wood penetration of a paint based on a WorléeSol E type internally emulsified alkyd emulsion is as good as that for a solvent based alkyd resin.

• While the water resistance of WorléeSol E type internally emulsified alkyd emulsion paints is comparable to that of conventional systems, the weather resistance shows a better performance.

• Insulation against tannin or other water-soluble stains is better with WorléeSol E type internally emulsified alkyd emulsion products than with conventional solventborne alkyd resin based paints or waterborne acrylic paints.

• Paints based on WorléeSol E type internally emulsified alkyd emulsions offer good sandability and are resistant against plasticiser migration.

• The whole WorléeSol E type internally emulsified alkyd emulsion range can be used without addition of an anti-skinning agent like Methyl Ethyl Ketone Oxime (MEKO).

5.2.2.3 Worléesol NW type range of internally emulsified alkyd emulsionsRecently, some newly developed internally emulsified alkyd emulsions have been introduced under the WorléeSol NW type name, and these include those shown in the table in Figure 27.

With the Worlée technology of producing internally emulsified alkyd emulsions, multistage processes are possible, which in turn allow the development of a wide range of products with an equally wide application range. The application properties are excellent and can easily compete with other binder systems as well as solvent borne conventional alkyds as shown in Figure 28.

Product group/ Properties

Acrylic Dispersion

Internally emulsified Alkyd Resin Emulsion

Externally emulsified Alkyd Resin Emulsion

Solvent based low VOC

Application (Alkyd-like)

+(+) ++(+) ++(+) +++

Open time + +(+) +(+) +++Drying +++ +++ + +Through drying + +++ - +Gloss, flow +(+) ++(+) +++ +++Dark yellowing No Yes Yes YesAdhesion ++ +++ +++ +++Sandability - - +++ + +++Whiteness +++ +(+) + -Water resistance + +++ + ++Weather resistance ++ +++ +++ +++Insulating properties

- - - +++ ++ +++

Environmentally friendly

+++ +++ +++ +++

Renewable content - ++ +++ +VOC-content (in g/L) 50 -100 < 50 < 50 < 350Drier/MEKO status Drier & MEKO

freeDrier & MEKO free MEKO free Present

Fig. 29: Gloss levels at 60° on QUV-A Test (initial and after 1152 hours) of decorative paints based on waterborne internally emulsified alkyd emulsions, externally emulsified alkyd emulsions, solventborne alkyds and silicones as well as commercially formulated waterborne alkyd paints.

Again focussing on the overview, we can see in Figure 29, that the gloss levels at 60° after 1152 hours of QUV-A test exposure demonstrate the superior gloss retention of decorative paints based on waterborne internally emulsified alkyd emulsions (such as WorléeSol E-type alkyd resins) as compared with paints based on externally emulsified alkyd emulsions and solventborne alkyds, and they match the gloss performance of paints based on solventborne silicone but at significantly lower cost levels.

Fig. 28: Comparison of several resin technologies, waterborne (Acrylic Dispersions, Internally emulsified Alkyd Resin Emulsions, and Externally emulsified Alkyd Resin Emulsions) and Solvent based low VOC resins.


Let us now focus specifically on WorléeSol E 150 W. This 40% solids medium oil internally emulsified alkyd emulsion provides the greatest range of applications (including high-gloss decorative & DIY paints), as shown below in Figure 30.

Above, in Figure 31, we see the dustfree and tackfree drying times of alkyd based paints curing under poor conditions (at 2°C in the morning, 100% Relative Humidity, followed by a sunny afternoon). The paints were based on:• WorléeSol E 150 W PU modified internally

emulsified alkyd emulsion (laboratory paint);• WorléeSol E 150 W PU modified internally

emulsified alkyd emulsion (commercial paint);• An externally emulsified alkyd emulsion

(commercial paint);• A solventborne alkyd resin (laboratory paint).

Whilst all of the above paints achieved dustfree times under the above conditions of about 4 hours, it is quite apparent that the paints (laboratory and commercial types) based on WorléeSol E 150 W internally emulsified alkyd emulsion achieved tackfree times of about 8 hours, about 1/3 of the times for other paints based on an externally emulsified alkyd emulsion and a solventborne alkyd resin. For the professional trade painter (let alone the DIY enthusiast) this translates into real time savings. This factor probably contributes to its significance in the European coatings market.

Fig. 30: Application possibilities and property profile of WorléeSol E 150 W.

Application possibilities Property profileWood: - Low VOC

- Primers - Good drying performance (also under adverse conditions)- Pre-coatings - Good brush application- Semi gloss - High gloss & good gloss stability- High gloss - Low dark yellowing- Clear coats - Hardness development (also Co-free)- Stains - Early water resistance

- Weathering resistanceOthers: - Insulating properties

- Anti-corrosive primers- Industrial top coats- Stoving enamels- Insulating paints

Fig. 31: Drying of alkyd based paints under poor conditions (at 2°C in the morning, 100% Relative Humidity, followed by a sunny afternoon).

For those who say that seeing is believing, below in Figure 32 we see a photograph taken during the trial of the application of a laboratory paint based on WorléeSol E 150 W PU modified internally emulsified alkyd emulsion (note the snow in the background!)

In comparison with externally emulsified alkyd emulsions, the WorléeSol E type internally emulsified alkyd emulsion range exhibit:• Better initial water resistance in resin form and

finished formulations such as paints.

• Better weather resistance (including gloss retention) in resin form and finished formulations such as paints.

• Greater storage stability both in resin form and finished formulations such as paints.

• Greater hardness development.

• Better shear stability, permitting pigment grinding in the resin.

We would like to provide some comments regarding important aspects to formulating with a WorléeSol E type internally emulsified alkyd emulsion:• Neutralisation is not necessary, pH between 7.0-7.5.

• 3 to 5% Butyl glycol or Propylene glycol plus EFKA 4550 in the grind will obtain the highest gloss – WorléeSol emulsions are shear stable.

• Pigments and extenders: be careful with impurities e.g. Blanc fixe micro.

• The mill base must have the right viscosity; this is very important! Too low a viscosity will cause foam and reduce the dispersibility.

• Driers: suitable dryers are Octa Soligen Co 7 aqua, Nuodex Drycoat.

• Viscosity (too thin) can be adjusted by adding a PU-thickener.

• Additives: anti-skinning agent is not necessary. Defoamers: (only for dip-, brush-, and airless application) WorléeAdd 626.

• Packaging: tins and drums have to be interior coated.

• Machinery and application equipment can be cleaned with water. Already set dry paint can be removed with solvents.

Fig. 32: Application of a laboratory paint based on WorléeSol E 150 W PU modified internally emulsified alkyd emulsion under poor conditions (at 2°C in the morning, 100% Relative Humidity, followed by a sunny afternoon).


27

FEBRUARY2014


These internally emulsified WorléeSol E-type alkyd resins enable the paint maker to formulate waterborne low VOC high gloss paints, penetrating stains, DTM (direct to metal) coatings, and stain blockers at levels of down to less than 50 g/L. The special design of the building blocks, the different degrees of polyurethane pre-crosslinking, and the absence of surfactant make possible different applications on a high performance level. Without exaggeration, the technology of waterborne internally emulsified alkyd emulsions may be considered as the most significant and revolutionary technology to come along since the introduction of latex paints in the 1950s.

Worlée’s continued efforts in this field have given them a good insight into the different parameters that affect the formation of stable PU-modified emulsions. This in turn is now allowing them to expand this product group and the application range. Furthermore, they are examining the use of raw materials based on renewable resources.

5.2.2.4 Cobalt Drier in Alkyd SystemsSince the use of cobalt as drying agent has come under suspicion, Worlée has been involved in finding alternatives, not only in working together with suppliers to develop alternative drying agents, but also in developing binders that do not require drying agents, as well as in developing binders with alternative crosslinking mechanisms.

In Figure 33 we show the pendulum hardness development over 7 days of pure internally emulsified alkyd binders with 0.1% solid cobalt drier based on solid resin (equivalent to ca. 240 ppm solid cobalt drier in paint). The red line refers to WorléeSol E 150 W PU modified (with a low degree of urethane modification), the blue line refers to WorléeSol E 530 W PU modified (with a medium degree of urethane modification) and the green line refers to WorléePur E 927 W PU modified (with a high degree of urethane modification).

In Figure 34 we show the pendulum hardness development over 7 days of pure internally emulsified alkyd binders with 0.03% solid cobalt drier based on solid resin (equivalent to ca. 70 ppm

Fig. 33: Pendulum hardness development over 7 days of internally emulsified alkyd binders with 0.1% solid cobalt drier based on solid resin (equivalent to ca. 240 ppm solid cobalt drier in paint).

solid cobalt drier in paint) with the same colours referring to the same products as in Figure 33. Whilst in all cases the reduction in level of cobalt drier added exhibited a lower initial hardness, after 7 days the cure, as measured by pendulum hardness using 0.03% solid cobalt drier, was at or about that for the 0.1% solid cobalt drier paint.

Already now, Worlée have developed water based resins that do not require drying agents, as is evidenced in Figure 35 (again where the same colours refer to the same products as in Figures 33 and 34), and solvent based systems that work very well with cobalt-free drying agents. Whilst in all cases the absence of cobalt drier added exhibited a significantly lower initial hardness, after 7 days the cure of the pure binder as measured by pendulum hardness for the medium and high PU internally emulsified alkyd binders approached that of the levels achieved using 0.03% or 0.1% solid cobalt drier based on solid resin.

Later, we will see in Figures 45-49 (which are contained in the section for waterborne blends and hybrids), that all the paint systems considered were also driers-free. So, as can be seen in Figures 35-37 as well as the above mentioned figures later in the paper, the use of drier is not necessary for every application. After one week, the grades with the higher polyurethane content reach about the same hardness level as achieved without drier. If driers are used, then a low dosage already achieves efficient results.

If we now look specifically at WorléeSol E 150 W PU modified internally emulsified alkyd emulsion,

Fig. 34: Pendulum hardness development over 7 days of internally emulsified alkyd binders with 0.03% solid cobalt drier based on solid resin (equivalent to ca. 70 ppm solid cobalt drier in paint).

Fig. 35: Pendulum hardness development over 7 days of pure internally emulsified alkyd binders without cobalt drier.


we can see in Figure 36 the König hardness development in seconds for a standard white high gloss paint with 0.1% cobalt drier (7% metal content) based on solid resin (equivalent to ca. 240 ppm solid cobalt drier in paint), and the hardness development for the same paint system without any cobalt drier present.

As we can see, after about a week of curing, the hardness of the WorléeSol E 150 W drier-free paint system, whilst about 7 seconds lower in hardness, imitates the hardness development of the same system with 0.1% cobalt drier based on solid resin (equivalent to ca. 240 ppm solid cobalt drier in paint), and continues to increase in hardness, thus demonstrating the feasibility of drier-free water borne alkyd paints using Worlée internally emulsified technology.

Looking further at a drier-free standard white high gloss paint based on WorléeSol E 150 W PU modified internally emulsified alkyd emulsion, tests were carried out on a 100µm wet film which was permitted to dry for 1 week at room temperature and then stored up to 1 year after the paint was applied. In Figure 37, we see the relatively minor reduction in gloss at 60° angle, with similar reductions in gloss at 20° angle (albeit at the expected lower gloss levels), as well as the relatively minor reduction of less than

Fig. 36: König hardness development in seconds for a standard white high gloss paint based on WorléeSol E 150 W with and without 0.1% cobalt drier (7% metal content) based on solid resin (equivalent to ca. 240 ppm solid cobalt drier in paint).

Fig. 37: Changes in gloss levels at 60° and 20° angle and whiteness index and yellowness index of a drier- free standard white high gloss paint based on WorléeSol E 150 W, 100µm wet film permitted to dry for 1 week at room temperature and then stored up to 1 year after the paint was applied.

5% in Whiteness index over the 1 year’s storage period indicating a relatively low degree of yellowing. However, the paint system does show some yellowing as indicated by the increase in yellowing index and, if yellowing is the critical issue in the paint system, Worlée would specifically recommend the use of WorléeSol E 280 W as the preferred binder.

5.3. Waterborne blends and hybridsThe previously described developments have led on the one hand to a wide product range, and on the other hand to a good insight into the structure-properties relationship of alkyd resins. Based on this knowledge and customer feedback, we have also investigated mixtures of different types of water based alkyd resins in order to obtain additional benefits as shown in Figure 38.

For example: as we can see in the above figure (as evidenced by the gloss measurement), a water soluble resin such as a water soluble WorléeSol can be added in small quantities to a PU-modified water based alkyd resin to increase the open time, obtain better surface adhesion, and/or improve gloss without significantly affecting drying times and hardness development. In many cases where these findings have been reported back to our customers, it has given them significant competitive advantages.

Naturally, also blending or “cold mixing” of water based alkyd emulsions with acrylic dispersions has been investigated. The inherent incompatibility of these systems makes obtaining additional benefits without loss of single binder properties difficult. The acrylic dispersion usually prevents full oxidative drying of the alkyd part, while almost always gloss levels are reduced as shown in Figures 39-42. Since film formation is not optimal, problems can be expected with adhesion, water and chemical resistance, dirt pick-up etc. A compatibiliser that acts as a bridge between the two systems should overcome these issues. Traditionally, a co-solvent is used. However, this solvent is usually water-miscible and evaporates upon drying. Therefore, the effectiveness and efficiency in aiding in compatibilising the two resins upon film formation is not optimal and sometimes even questionable. More effective and efficient has proven to be the use of resin systems that are compatible with both binders.

Fig. 38: QUV-A Test of decorative paints based on internally emulsified alkyd emulsions.


29

FEBRUARY2014


Over the years, Worlée have developed a good knowledge and understanding of which resins fulfil these requirements and advise their customers daily.

Elimination of this third binder component is possible when the alkyd and/or the acrylic resin show inherent compatibility towards the other resin. One way to achieve this is to incorporate alkyd character in an acrylic dispersion and/or acrylate character in an alkyd resin. Since these binders then contain alkyd as well as acrylate, they may be called true hybrids.

Ideally, the alkyd and acrylate part are chemically or covalently bonded, thereby:• Allowing more double bonds to come in closer

contact ((achieving better drying);

• Providing more film homogeneity and better film formation (as evidenced by increased gloss / reduced haze).

Fig. 39: Compatibility of “cold blended” alkyd emulsion with acrylic dispersion (higher alkyd content).

Fig. 40: Film formation process of “cold blended” alkyd emulsion and acrylic dispersion (higher alkyd content).

Fig. 41: Compatibility of “cold blended” acrylic dispersion with alkyd emulsion (higher acrylic content).

Fig. 42: Film formation process of “cold blended” acrylic dispersion with alkyd emulsion (higher acrylic content).

Depending on the ratio and composition of alkyd and acrylate, they in fact do not need to (but can) be blended, and Worlée have shown that they can be used as a single binder, exhibiting the properties of alkyd as well as acrylic resins. This potential has been recognised by Worlée and a new product group based on this technology is currently being developed.

In Figures 43 and 44, we see the compatibility of hybrid alkyd emulsion / acrylic dispersion systems.In Figure 45, we see the hardness development over a period of 3 months as measured in König pendulum seconds, where the higher figure represents the harder coating, for drier-free standard waterborne white high gloss paints based on a commercial alkyd emulsion / acrylic emulsion blend /, a WorléeSol E type internally emulsified PU modified alkyd emulsion, and a Worlée specially modified alkyd emulsion (including acrylate character). Whilst


the paint based on the WorléeSol E type internally emulsified PU modified alkyd emulsion provides the greatest hardness development, the superiority of the Worlée specially modified alkyd emulsion (including acrylate character) paint over the paint based on the commercial alkyd emulsion / acrylic emulsion blend is apparent.

Fig. 43: Compatibility of hybrid alkyd emulsion / acrylic dispersion systems (higher alkyd content).

Fig. 44: Compatibility of hybrid acrylic dispersion / alkyd emulsion systems (higher acrylic content).

In Figure 46 we see the gloss measured at measurement angles of 60° and 20° for drier-free standard waterborne white high gloss paints based on a commercial alkyd emulsion / acrylic emulsion blend, a WorléeSol E type internally emulsified PU modified alkyd emulsion, and a Worlée specially modified alkyd emulsion (including acrylate character) over a 1 month period.

When looking at the gloss measured at a measurement angle of 60°, whilst the paint based on the WorléeSol E type internally emulsified PU modified alkyd emulsion provides the highest initial gloss with a minor loss of gloss over a 1 month period, the Worlée specially modified alkyd emulsion (including acrylate character) paint, although showing slightly lower initial gloss than the WorléeSol E type internally emulsified PU modified alkyd emulsion paint, demonstrates no loss of gloss over the same period, unlike the minor loss of gloss for the paint based on the commercial alkyd emulsion / acrylic emulsion blend.

When looking at the gloss measured at a measurement angle of 20°, although the paint based on the WorléeSol E type internally emulsified PU modified alkyd emulsion provides the highest initial gloss with some loss of gloss over a 1 month period, both the Worlée specially modified alkyd emulsion (including acrylate character) paint, and the paint based on the commercial alkyd emulsion / acrylic emulsion blend, demonstrate no loss of gloss over the same period. The paint based on the commercial alkyd emulsion / acrylic emulsion blend shows a higher gloss (initial and after 1 month) than the Worlée specially modified alkyd emulsion (including acrylate character) paint.

Again, as advised earlier, whilst it is understood that all gloss levels (from low gloss to high gloss) can be measured using the standard measurement angle of 60°, it appears that the acute measurement angle of 20° gives improved resolution for high gloss surfaces, such that

Fig. 46: Gloss measured at measurement angles of 60° and 20° of drier-free standard waterborne white high gloss paints coated on glass based on a commercial alkyd emulsion / acrylic emulsion blend, a WorléeSol E type internally emulsified PU modified alkyd emulsion, and a Worlée specially modified alkyd emulsion (including acrylate character) over a 1 month period.


Fig. 45: Hardness development, measured in König pendulum seconds, for drier-free standard waterborne white high gloss paints based on a commercial alkyd emulsion / acrylic emulsion blend, a WorléeSol E type internally emulsified PU modified alkyd emulsion, and a Worlée specially modified alkyd emulsion (including acrylate character) over a 3 month period.

31

FEBRUARY2014


surfaces that measure 70 standard gloss units (GU) and above at the standard angle of 60° are often measured with the 20° geometry. Apparently, high glossy surfaces can be affected by another characteristic called “Haze”. Thus, the 20° angle measurement is more sensitive to haze effects which affect the appearance of a surface.

Superior gloss retention measured at a measurement angle of 60° is evident in drier-free standard waterborne white high gloss paints based on a Worlée specially modified alkyd emulsion (including acrylate character), as compared with paints based on a commercial alkyd emulsion / acrylic emulsion blend and a WorléeSol E type internally emulsified PU modified alkyd emulsion, when wooden panels coated with these paints are exposed to QUV-A for up to 780 hours as shown in Figure 47.

In the above Figure 47, we also see superior initial gloss measured at a measurement angle of 20° in drier-free standard waterborne white high gloss paints based on a WorléeSol E type internally emulsified PU modified alkyd emulsion, but this reduces at a greater rate to a lower level than paints based on a commercial alkyd emulsion / acrylic emulsion blend and/or a Worlée specially modified alkyd emulsion (including acrylate character), when wooden panels coated with these paints are exposed to QUV-A for up to 780 hours.

In Figure 48, we show the dark yellowing as measured by whiteness index of drier-free standard waterborne white high gloss paints based on a commercial alkyd emulsion / acrylic emulsion blend, a WorléeSol E type internally emulsified PU modified alkyd emulsion, and a Worlée specially modified alkyd emulsion (including acrylate character) over a period of 3 months.

As previously mentioned, alkyd resins (whether solventborne solutions or waterborne solutions or emulsions) are made from drying oils containing unsaturated fatty acids, and therefore show dark

Fig. 47: Gloss measured at a measurement angle of 60° and 20° of drier-free standard waterborne white high gloss paints based on a commercial alkyd emulsion / acrylic emulsion blend, a WorléeSol E type internally emulsified PU modified alkyd emulsion, and a Worlée specially modified alkyd emulsion (including acrylate character) coated on wooden panels and exposed to QUV-A for up to 780 hours.

yellowing (when the resin or paints based on it are not exposed to natural daylight, e.g. when white or light coloured surfaces are painted and then kept in a darkened environment such as inside cupboards or behind obstacles). Apparently, sunlight retards this process and this effect is reversible by exposing the darkened area to light rich in ultra violet, such as daylight.

As can be seen, the WorléeSol E type internally emulsified PU modified alkyd emulsion based paint shows lower initial and final dark yellowing (after 3 months at ambient temperature) as measured by the whiteness index, as compared with high gloss paints based on a Worlée specially modified alkyd emulsion (including acrylate character) which in turn is marginally superior to high gloss paints based on a commercial alkyd emulsion / acrylic emulsion blend, all paints being drier-free.

In Figure 49 we show the results of fast yellowing for 2 hours in ammonia (NH3) vapour atmosphere as measured by yellowing index of drier-free standard waterborne white high gloss paints based on a commercial alkyd emulsion / acrylic emulsion blend, a WorléeSol E type internally emulsified PU modified alkyd emulsion, and a Worlée specially modified alkyd emulsion (including acrylate character), all paints being drier-free.

Fig. 48: Whiteness index of drier-free standard waterborne white high gloss paints based on a commercial alkyd emulsion / acrylic emulsion blend, a WorléeSol E type internally emulsified PU modified alkyd emulsion, and a Worlée specially modified alkyd emulsion (including acrylate character) after dark yellowing at ambient temperature and periods of up to 3 months.

Fig. 49: Yellowing index of drier-free standard waterborne white high gloss paints based on a commercial alkyd emulsion / acrylic emulsion blend, a WorléeSol E type internally emulsified PU modified alkyd emulsion, and a Worlée specially modified alkyd emulsion (including acrylate character) after fast yellowing for 2 hours in Ammonia (NH3) vapour atmosphere.


This very significant test demonstrates the lower yellowing before and after fast yellowing for 2 hours in ammonia (NH3) vapour atmosphere for the drier-free standard paint based on Worlée specially modified alkyd emulsion (including acrylate character), as compared with the paints based on a commercial alkyd emulsion / acrylic emulsion blend and on the WorléeSol E type internally emulsified PU modified alkyd emulsion based paint.

The relevance of this test becomes apparent when, as discussed earlier, it is recognised that alkyd resins (whether solventborne solutions or waterborne solutions or emulsions) are made from drying oils containing unsaturated fatty acids, and whose presence can cause yellowing over many months or years.

However, yellowing may occur shortly after painting other nearby surfaces and may be caused by the application of latex paints such as latex paints based on acrylic emulsion resins in the immediate area. This is because such paints often contain various amounts of ammonia necessary for stability. As the latex paint dries, volatile components including the ammonia evaporate into the air. The ammonia reacts with the resins in the alkyd film (reputedly 20 times the normal dark yellowing rate), causing yellowing which can be quite severe with solventborne or waterborne high gloss enamels (containing higher resin content) in poorly ventilated areas. At the same time, vapours from ammonia based cleaners, which are used for cleaning floors, woodwork, etc., may similarly affect alkyd based paint films.

It is reported that, where skirtings and architraves were painted with oil modified alkyd based trim paints on the same day as walls coated with water based coatings (especially those based on ammonia containing acrylic emulsion resins) if little or no ventilation is provided such as caused by closing doors, windows etc., this poor ventilation allowed the ammonia to concentrate at higher than normal levels and to react with the drying oils containing unsaturated fatty acids in the alkyd resin based paints, causing the yellowing discolouration.

So, as can be seen, a drier-free standard waterborne white high gloss paint based on a Worlée specially modified alkyd emulsion (including acrylate character) is expected to be far less sensitive to rapid yellowing caused by exposure from ammonia generated from the drying of ammonia containing acrylic emulsion paints or from ammonia based cleaners used for cleaning floors, woodwork, etc. than one based on a WorléeSol E type internally emulsified PU modified alkyd emulsion or a commercial alkyd emulsion / acrylic emulsion blend.

So, as we see from the above, a Worlée specially modified alkyd emulsion (including acrylate character) is a suitable binder for:• Cobalt-free formulations;• Interior applications: low odour/smell, very good

yellowing resistance;• Exterior applications: very good outdoor

weathering properties.

6. Raw materialsThe continuous supply of raw materials is under threat. As the global economy grows and our petrochemical resources are being depleted, not only do raw material prices increase, certain raw materials are even slowly becoming scarce. Alternative ways of producing these raw materials (e.g. from renewable resources) or finding completely new raw materials will become essential for, not only the resin business, but for our society in general to survive in its current state. Worlée is actively involved in both of these activities.

7. ConclusionDespite new and continuously changing legal and environmental requirements, Worlée continues to be innovative and offer products that fulfil these requirements that could potentially threaten the alkyd resin business, because we continue to believe that alkyd resins offer a sustainable solution and an economically and qualitatively attractive option in protecting and decorating a wide variety of surfaces.

Worlée’s motivation to keep succeeding in the resin and coating business is beyond doubt as they trace their developments below in Figure 50.

So, on a closing note: Worlée – for your alkyds of today and tomorrow.

8. Acknowledgments and contactsMr Darren Spies – Endeavour Chemicals & Plastics Pty Ltd Distributor for Australia W: www.endeavourcp.com.au E: [email protected] Ph: 07 3315 6496 • Mob: 0438 649 867 Mr Adrian Thomas – Chemicalia Pty Ltd VIC & SA distributor W: www.chemicalia.com.au E: [email protected] Ph: 03 9543 1587 • Mob: 0409 549 768 Mr Thijs Neuteboom – Waterborne Products Worlée Lauenburg W: www.worlee.de E: [email protected] Ph: +49 4153 596 4830 Mr Lars Ossenschmidt – Solvent borne & low VOC Products Worlée Lauenburg W: www.worlee.de E: [email protected] Ph: +49 4153 596 4813

Fig. 50: Summary of alkyd resins development.


Look around - there are products all around you that originate from the Chemiplas supply chain. Our passion for a better product through innovation, cutting-edge technical resources and product quality has made us market leaders.

With over 30 years experience in supply and coatings formulation its no wonder we’re everywhere!

Chemiplas Australia Pty LtdPh: (03) 9419 7300www.chemiplas.com.au

• COATINGS • INKS• CONSTRUCTION • ADHESIVES & SEALANTS


Recent Standards activities In recent months, the following standards activities have taken place. Some of these were reported in somewhat unpredictable segments of the most recent Standards newsletter, and interested or affected members are encouraged to follow the link below www.standards.org.au/StandardsDevelopment/Sectors/Documents/Sector%20Updates.pdf

Electrical equipment for explosive atmospheres-Repair and overhaul – AS/NZS 3800 Scope: Specifies requirements for, and gives technical instructions on, the repair, overhaul, reclamation and modification of equipment designed for use in explosive atmospheres. History: Originated in Australia as AS 2290.2—1979. Originated in New Zealand as NZS 6112:1989. Previous edition AS/NZS 3800:2005. Third edition 2012. The following paint related standards have been reconfirmed:

Site testing of protective coatings – AS 3894 – 2002 series (Reconfirmed)• Part 0: Introduction and list of test methods• Method 1: Non-conductive coatings – Continuity testing –

High voltage (‘brush’) • Method 2: Non-conductive coatings – Continuity testing –

Wet sponge method• Method 3: Determination of dry film thickness • Method 4: Assessment of degree of cure • Method 5: Determination of surface profile• Method 6: Determination of residual contaminants• Method 7: Determination of surface temperature• Method 8: Visual determination of gloss• Method 9: Determination of adhesion AS 3894.9-2003

Paints and related materials – Methods of test – AS/NZS 1580• Method 481.1.7: Coatings—Exposed to weathering-

Degree of checking .481.1.7:1998• Method 101.3: Standard procedure for stoving • Method 102.1: Sampling procedure • Method: 105.1: Pretreatment of metal test panels –

Solvent cleaning

• Method 105.2: Pretreatment of metal test panels – Sanding

• Method 214.3: Viscosity—Cone-and-plate • Method 401.3: Drying times using a BK-type recorder • Method 401.5: Hard dry condition—Sanding test • Method 401.6: Hard dry condition (mechanical thumb

test) • Method 402.1: Bend test • Method 409.1: Methods of test – Resistance to

mudcracking • Method 409.2: Low temperature coalescence • Method 409.3: Blocking resistance of latex paint finishes • Method 452.1: Resistance to humidity under

condensation conditions • Method 452.2: Resistance to corrosion – Salt droplet test • Method 453.1: Resistance to solvent immersion • Method 454.1: Resistance to mineral oil and other organic

liquids • Method 481.0: Guide to assessing paint systems

exposed to weathering conditions • Method 481.3: Exposed to weathering – Degree of

corrosion of coated metal substrates • Method 603.1: Finish – General appearance

Paints for steel structures – Part 18: • Moisture cure urethane (single-pack) systems

AS 3750.18—2002 • Drafts for Public Comment• Two parts of the ever popular “AS/NZS 2312 – Guide

to the protection of structural steel” have recently been available for public comment, and it is reasonable to expect some further discussion of the revised document in the months ahead:

• Guide to the protection of structural steel against atmospheric corrosion by the use of protective coatings – Part 1: Paint coatings Draft No: DR AS/NZS 2312.1

and• Guide to the protection of structural steel against

atmospheric corrosion by the use of protective coatings – Part 2: Hot dip galvanizing Draft No: DR AS/NZS 2312.2

STANDARDS NewsThe recent appointment of Dr Bronwyn Evans as CEO of Standards Australia has been mentioned previously in Surface Coatings Australia. As an electrical engineer, however, the appointment has provoked some significant interest within the International Electrotechnical Commission.

In their November Newsletter www.iec.ch/etech/ 2013/etech_1113, an interview with Dr. Evans reveals an interesting person with an understanding of the importance of standardisation, combined with an established need to relate Standards activities to the needs of industry, and the benefits to innovation which should be possible when the synergies are developed between Standards and the industrial community.

Linking innovation and industrye-tech: In your new role as Chief Executive Officer of Standards Australia, what do you see as your priorities?

Evans: Standards Australia is in great shape. We have an excellent leadership team and wonderful, dedicated staff who are excited about our role in the national and global economy. I’ll be very focused on maintaining and advancing this position. I want to enhance our Young Leaders Program, which is about developing the next generation of standards development commitment members. I’m also keen to further develop our links with industry, especially the leaders of industry, to ensure we are continuing to support the private sector with the tools we need for a strong, modern, competitive economy. Equally, I will be focusing my efforts to ensure our partnership with governments at all levels continues to advance innovation through a shared understanding of the value of Australian Standards. n

Source: iec “e-tech” November 2013

35

FEBRUARY2014


EvOQUE™ Polymer wins 2013 Presidential Green Chemistry Award The Dow Chemical Company has been named a winner of the 2013 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award for its development of EVOQUETM Pre-Composite Polymer Technology. This Dow innovation helps coatings formulators improve paint performance properties while using less titanium dioxide (TiO2), a white pigment that is energy intensive to manufacture but ubiquitous in architectural paint for its ability to provide quality hiding. This win marks the ninth time that Dow and its affiliates have won the Presidential Green Chemistry Award, more than double any other company in Award history.

“EVOQUE Pre-Composite Polymer Technology was developed with the goal of driving gains in sustainability through more efficient raw material use coupled with increased paint performance,” said Keith Watson, global R&D director, Dow Coating Materials and Performance Monomers. “This is our latest development in bringing more sustainable chemistry to the coatings industry, which began when we introduced waterborne binder technology 60 years ago. With the development and market acceptance of EVOQUE Pre-Composite Polymer Technology, we are once again driving innovation that is changing the way that paint is made and how we expect it to perform.”

Pat Gottschalk, business president, Dow Coating Materials and Performance Monomers, echoed Watson’s sentiments regarding the Award, “At Dow, we believe in putting science, technology and people to work to improve the world around us,” said Gottschalk. “We’re thrilled to be recognized by the EPA in this way and we take it as confirmation that we are on the right track in advancing sustainability through science.”

In the paint and coatings industry, Dow is considered a pioneer in hiding technology, having invented ROPAQUETM Opaque Polymer, the world’s first hollow sphere pigment for partial replacement

of TiO2 in paint formulations. Today, EVOQUETM Pre-Composite Polymer allows formulators to further improve TiO2 efficiency, and also raise paint performance in key areas such as stain resistance and durability. A recent third-party validated Life

Cycle Assessment (LCA) showed that paints formulated with EVOQUETM Technology yielded the lowest environmental impact compared to similar technologies in 10 out of 10 key categories, including resource depletion and Green House Effect. The LCA also demonstrated that EVOQUE Pre-Composite Polymers reduced the paint’s carbon footprint by more than 22 percent and water consumption by 30 percent.

The Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards are sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention in partnership with the American Chemical Society Green Chemistry Institute and other members of the chemical community. The U.S. EPA grants the Award each year to organisations that incorporate the principles of green chemistry into chemical design, manufacture and use.

For more information about EVOQUE Technology, go to www.dow.com/hiding n

“MEMbER GET MEMbER” INCENTIvEAny SCAA member who proposes a new member will receive a $50 voucher when that application is accepted, and on receipt of the necessary fees. For further details visit the website at www.scaa.asn.au

PRODUCT News

BF SPECIALTY CHEMICALS (AUST) PTY LTD9/43-51 College Street, Gladesville NSW 2111

Telephone: (02) 9879 5199Fax: (02) 9879 5074 • Email: [email protected]

SPECIALTY CHEMICALSCOATINGS & ADHESIVE ADDITIVES

DOVER Hordaresin & Paroil Chlorinated Paraffi n Flame Retardants Doversperse Dispersions Doverphos Stabilizers ONICHEM Epoxy & Amino Silane Coupling Agents PERGAN Organic Peroxides EVERSPRING Phenolic An� oxidants SAKAI Hydrotalcites RAW MINERALS Zirconium Salts for Paint Drier Manufacturing


PRODUCT NewsPPG’s advanced clearcoat products approved for use on Ford vehiclesPPG Industries’ automotive refinish business has received approval from Ford Motor Company for use of PPG advanced clearcoat products for warranty repairs on all Ford vehicles in the United States. The approval was announced jointly by Kevin Loop, PPG OEM (original equipment manufacturer) business development manager, and Gerry Bonanni, Ford senior engineer, paint and body repair.

PPG clearcoats approved by Ford include DELTRON® DC2000 Ultra Velocity Clearcoat, NEXA AUTOCOLOR® P190-6800 HS Express Clearcoat and ENVIROBASE® High Performance EC800 Ultra Fast 2.1 Clearcoat.

“These products have all met the demanding quality and performance standards we have in place,” Bonanni said. “Before we give an okay to any product, we subject it to extensive testing to be certain it performs, not just in controlled laboratory environments but also in the real world. These three PPG clearcoats have met the criteria, and we are satisfied they will provide the excellent

finish Ford vehicles require and dealers and customers expect.”

P190-6800 HS Express Clearcoat is a 2.1 VOC (volatile organic compound) air-dry compliant clearcoat designed for use with the AQUABASE® Plus waterborne refinish system by PPG.

EC800 Ultra Fast 2.1 Clearcoat is part of the Envirobase High Performance waterborne system by PPG and is also a 2.1 VOC air-dry clearcoat.

Delton DC2000 Ultra Velocity Clearcoat is a versatile clearcoat suitable for use with Deltron DBC, GLOBAL REFINISH SYSTEM® and Envirobase High Performance basecoats.

All three clearcoats dry quickly, do not require flash time between coats or baking in a paint booth, and can be polished within approximately 30 minutes, delivering outstanding gloss, appearance and durability. With their reduced cycle times, the clearcoats can improve productivity, increase efficiency, and cut energy costs, with no sacrifice in final finish quality. n

Evonik to expand Isophorone(IP) and Isophorone Diamine(IPD) productionEvonik Industries is significantly expanding its global isophorone (IP) and isophorone diamine (IPD) capacities by funding an investment of more than €100 million in Shanghai, China. The new production plants will be completed in the first quarter of 2014 and will increase the total capacities of IP and IPD significantly.

“We’re investing in China, because we are committed to the growth region in Asia. As a world leader in isophorone-based products, we will continue to further consolidate and expand our position in this chemistry,” says Dr. Ulrich Küsthardt, President of Evonik’s Coating & Additives Business Unit.

With the Group’s expansion strategy, it aims to support the growth ambitions of key customers in Asia and around the world. Proximity to consumers in this growing market will translate into improved local service, shorter lead times, and faster responses to

changes in demand. “Our aim in building the plants in Shanghai, at the company’s existing multi-user site, is to now supply our Asian customers from our plants in the region with the same high-quality products they are used to from our plants in Europe and the USA.” says Gerd Brand, Senior Vice President and Head of Crosslinkers Business Line.

Evonik has proven expertise in the manufacturing of products based on isophorone, backed up by fifty years of experience. The Group is one of the global market leaders in isophorone chemistry with production facilities in Herne, Marl (Germany), Mobile, Alabama (USA) and Antwerp (Belgium). Its products are known worldwide under the brand names of VESTAMIN®, VESTANAT®, VESTAGON® and VESTASOL®. n

37

FEBRUARY2014


PetroSense portable hydrocarbon analyser The PetroSense PHA-100 benefits time conscious individuals involved in environmental monitoring and testing, by allowing for real time measurement of petrochemical contamination in water/vapour. Sending away samples to a laboratory for gas chromatography or infrared analysis is a thing of the past.

The intrinsically safe PHA-100 uses a Fibre Optic Chemical Sensor (FOCS), with an operating range of:• 0 to 20,000 ppm as Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons

(TPH) with a lower limit of detection <10 ppm as xylene, in vapour. Accuracy ±15% of reading

• 0 to 2000 ppm as TPH with a lower limit of detection 0.1 ppm as xylene, in water. Accuracy ±10% of reading.

It is ideally suited for a number of applications, including remediation monitoring, site assessment, well plume monitoring, storm/waste water monitoring, hydrocarbon breakthrough, and leak detection AST/UST.

Features include serial output to laptop or printer, response time < 5 s, certified to EPA Method 8020, and data logging for up to 100 samples.

This product can be rented for a day, a month, a year or more at TechRentals. For more information, contact TechRentals on 1300 767 071 or visit www.techrentals.com.au n


MEPinstrumentsThe right chemistry.

M1096 894CVS_275x76_20140106.indd 1 06/01/2014 17:25


LANXESS Pty. Ltd. offers a broad range of products

for the Coatings Industry: from BAYFERROX®

Inorganic Pigments, Titanium Dioxide, high

performance pigments and chrome oxide green, to

PREVENTOL® Biocides for industrial preservation,

wood protection and antifouling. We offer a broad

range of Emulsifiers and Dispersants, and a range of

Plasticisers, Polymer Additives and Bayscript Dyes®.

We can even satisfy many of your basic chemical

needs such as trimethylol-propane (TMP). Through

our Sydney production facility, we also offer custom

blending and batch-sized packing of paint raw

materials, to simplify your production processes.

Always tailor-made for your needs.

CONTACT US FOR MORE INFORMATION: LANXESS Pty. Ltd. Unit 1,

31 Hill Road, Homebush Bay NSW 2127 Australia. Phone: +61 (0)2 8748 3911

Fax: +61 (0)2 8748 3999 Email: [email protected]

Web: www.lanxess.com. BAYER NEW ZEALAND LTD: CPO Box 2825,

Auckland 1310 New Zealand. Phone: +64 (0)9 443 3093 Fax: +64(0)9 444 7191

Email: [email protected]

314000A_Lanxess 25/06/10 9:22 AM Page 1

PRODUCT NewsNano Labs introduces mineral-based nano paint coating to kill insectsNano Labs Corp. announced the development of a next-generation nano-coating specifically designed as an anti-insect paint that repels insects and other arthropods, hinders their feeding and reproduction, and reduces their presence and proliferation.

The innovative coating presents an alternative to the use of chemical pesticides and insecticides to control and eliminate insects or other arthropods.

The nano paint coating uses natural minerals as a mechanical exterminator that hinders, repels, and kills insects physically. At the micro- and nano-particle level, the natural minerals effect on insects is enhanced and effectively acts as an abrasive and desiccant, which kills insects by removing the protective layer that covers their bodies, essentially making them dry up and die.

The new nano coating is effective on ants, aphids, cockroaches, mosquitoes, spiders, termites, ticks and certain other types of pests and vermin, while neither affecting the health of people, pets or livestock, nor harming the environment.

Furthermore, the paint coating embraces high-quality traditional paint characteristics that include high brightness, high covering capacity, good light scattering performance, good suspension capacity, good covering, high durability and easy dispersing performance.

“Our new anti-insect paint can be applied on almost every interior and exterior surface, from houses to farms, offices and government buildings, to transportation facilities and vehicles, through to health clinics and hospitals,” states Dr. Castano, Chief Innovations Officer at Nano Labs.” “We have conducted successful tests in the northern state of Tamaulipas, near the Gulf of Mexico, a tropical environment, where biting insects transmit disease and parasites that may result in death. Ineffective traditional, solutions have included nets, sprays, or fumigations as control mechanisms. We are continuing to test in disease control programs but our experimental developments are proving very positive.” asserts Mr. Bernardo Camacho, President of Nano Labs. “We are pleased to offer a sustainable green alternative to those solutions currently offered by the large chemical insecticide and pesticide companies.” n

39

FEBRUARY2014


bASF produces bDO from renewable raw material BASF has produced its first commercial volumes of 1,4-butanediol (BDO) from renewable raw material, and is offering this product to customers for testing and commercial use. The production process relies on a patented fermentation technology from Genomatica, based in California. The fermentation process uses dextrose as a renewable feedstock. The quality of BDO based on renewable raw material is comparable to petrochemical-based BDO. BASF plans to expand its portfolio with selected BDO derivatives based on renewable feedstock, including Polytetrahydrofuran (PolyTHF®).

BDO and its derivatives are used for producing plastics, solvents, electronic chemicals and elastic fibers for the packaging, automotive, textile, and sports and leisure industries, among others. The starting materials for the production of conventional BDO are natural gas, butane, butadiene and propylene. BASF currently produces BDO and BDO equivalents at its sites in Ludwigshafen, Germany; Geismar, Louisiana; Chiba, Japan; Kuantan, Malaysia; and Caojing, China. In July, BASF announced to increase its global capacities for BDO to 650,000 metric tons and for PolyTHF to 350,000 metric tons within the coming two years. n

vencorex to build additional production unit for hDI derivativesAs a key supplier of isocyanates, Vencorex is expanding its global capacity for Tolonate™ HDI derivatives by establishing a new production unit in Thailand. The new plant will be ready to serve the Asian market in 2015.

“We want to strengthen our global position, and our presence in Asia will be a significant stepping stone, among others” says CEO Magnus Lanner. “This new asset in Asia, with an annual capacity of 12,000 tons per year, and our own state-of-the-art technology, will serve this expansion, helping the industry in Asia to provide high quality offerings and technology. Thailand is a strategic location and will provide Vencorex with a competitive advantage in the region.”

“Asia is fast growing and this new capacity will allow us to effectively participate in this rapidly expanding market. We will improve our level of service through these dedicated resources within the region. The new plant in Thailand will provide us with an industrial footprint for HDI and derivatives in addition to the markets served by Pont-de-Claix in France and Freeport in the USA”, says Sutin Chamulitrat, Vice President, Marketing & Sales. With this investment in Aliphatic Isocyanates derivatives production in Asia, Vencorex will have global facilities on three continents. Vencorex has strong ambition to be a core partner as a solution provider in this business. n

Nexseal™EF-100, a raw material system for wood coatingsNexeo Solutions, one of the global leaders in chemical distribution, announced that its NexSeal™ EF-100 is now available to the coatings marketplace.

NexSeal™ is a unique blend, patent pending raw material system designed by the Nexeo Solutions Technical Team for incorporation into ultra-performance wood and concrete sealer coatings. Once formulated into a coating, the blend will achieve greater longevity than similar waterborne sealers, reduced surface preparation requirements and faster return-to-service times. This is accomplished by delivering extreme water resistance (hydrophobicity) coupled with excellent vapour transmission rates, superior chemical resistance, strong adhesion and a significantly improved dry time. The blend also features a flexible hardness, a glossy “wet look”, and improved efflorescence resistance.

“We are excited to bring NexSeal™ to the marketplace, as it will provide a tremendous value for our coatings customers across North America” said Hank Harrell, Senior Vice President of Chemicals, Nexeo Solutions. “Unique product solutions like these are a true testament of our Innovation culture here at Nexeo.” n

At Timbalac Coatings Manufacturing we formulate and package supply chain solutions, you can be confi dent in our industry experience and expertise.

TIMBALAC PROVIDES• Toll manufacturing• Toll blending• Toll formulating & formulations

Our Australian manufacturing plant is equipped to handle all your needs big and small volume runs and a cost structure to suit.

C O A T I N G SM A N U F A C T U R I N G

PROFESSIONALS IN TOLL MANUFACTURING

Est. 1992

Factory 4, 5-9 Licola Crescent, Dandenong South VIC 3175

TeI: +61 3 9706 6656 • Fax: +61 3 9706 6966Email: [email protected]

www.timbalac.com.au


PRODUCT NewsExplosion proof electrical equipmentTexas based, Larson Electronics have announced availability of two additional explosion proof electrical accessories.

1. Portable Explosion Proof TransformerThe EPL-TX-320-2XLV-DC explosion proof transformer is a convenient and reliable solution for operators in hazardous locations who need the ability to easily convert standard 120-277 VAC to low voltage 12/24 VDC current. This explosion proof transformer also acts as a power distribution system through the inclusion of two 20 amp Class 1 and 2, Division 1 and 2 receptacles designed to accept twist lock explosion proof plugs. This industrial grade transformer is ideal for maintenance and turnaround operations, and includes 25 feet of heavy duty 16/3 SOOW cord ending in a 250V, 20 amp explosion proof male plug for safe and secure connections. The receptacles on this transformer accept either Larson Electronics’ own EPP-15A and EPP-20A explosion proof plugs, or cross compatible Crouse Hind™ ENP general purpose plugs.

2. Portable Explosion Proof Power SupplyThe EPL-RPS-70A explosion proof power supply from Larson Electronics gives operators in hazardous locations the ability to run low voltage 12 or 24 VDC lamps without the need for an external power source. This portable power supply offers a

host of features including four 20 amp explosion proof receptacles, a 70 amp hour AGM battery for long operating times, and a wheeled cart for easy manoeuvring around the work space. This rechargeable power supply can be charged from standard 120 volt outlets or explosion proof outlets and, when paired with Larson Electronics’ EHL-LED explosion proof LED hand lamp, can run four lamps for up to 21 hours on a single charge. The four receptacles on this unit are explosion proof twist lock designs rated at 20 amps, and accept Larson Electronics own EPP-15A or EPP-20

plugs or Crouse Hind™ ENP general purpose plugs.

Larson have distributors in Australia and New Zealand. Contact www.magnalight.com, or email [email protected] n

41

FEBRUARY2014


KEYWORD TITLE VOLUME/ISSUE/PAGEAdditives Advanced polymer architecture improves pigment dispersion additives 50/07/26

Adhesion promoters Adhesion in the coatings industry part 5.1: Adhesion promoters 50/04/16




AMME® Biocides Improved film protection with AMME™ dry film biocides 50/11/18

Biocide Improved film protection with AMME™ dry film biocides 50/11/18

Carbon Footprint The environmental impact of paints containing TiO2 50/04/10

Carbon Tax The environmental impact of paints containing TiO2 50/04/10

Cellulose thickener Novel Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) for direct powder addition 50/12/10

Ceraflour A versatile biopolymer matting agent for coating applications 50/08/10

Classification of chemicals Hazardous chemicals – the impact of new Work Health and Safety (WHS) regulations 50/1&2/20

Clean Energy Legislation The environmental impact of paints containing TiO2 50/04/10

Chlorinated polyolefin Adhesion in the coatings industry part 5.4: Adhesion promoters 50/12/16

Coalescing agents Air Products and Chemicals (China) Investment Co., Ltd. 50/1&2/14

Coalescing surfactant Air Products and Chemicals (China) Investment Co., Ltd. 50/1&2/14

Contracting Protective coating of the Ord River Dam gates 50/06/12

Control Gates Protective coating of the Ord River Dam gates 50/06/12

Cool roof coatings Are you restricted by your total solar reflectance performance? 50/03/12

Coupling agents Adhesion in the coatings industry part 5.1: Adhesion promoters 50/04/16



Crocodiles Protective coating of the Ord River Dam gates 50/06/12

Direct Add HEC Novel Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) for direct powder addition 50/12/10

Durability Time, gentlemen, please 50/08/14

Dry film protection Improved film protection with AMME™ dry film biocides 50/11/18

Electrosteric stabilisation Advanced polymer architecture improves pigment dispersion additives 50/07/26

Embedded actives Improved film protection with AMME™ dry film biocides 50/11/18

Energy saving coatings Are you restricted by your total solar reflectance performance? 50/03/12

Encapsulated air voids Re-thinking opaque polymer formulating space – latest advances 50/05/14

Environment The environmental impact of paints containing TiO2 50/04/10

Film formation Air Products and Chemicals (China) Investment Co., Ltd. 50/1&2/14

Functional silanes Adhesion in the coatings industry part 5.1: Adhesion promoters 50/04/16



GHS Hazardous chemicals – the impact of new Work Health and Safety (WHS) regulations 50/1&2/20

Global Harmonisation Hazardous chemicals – the impact of new Work Health and Safety (WHS) regulations 50/1&2/20

Greenhouse gas emissions Are you restricted by your total solar reflectance performance? 50/03/12

HEC Novel Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) for direct powder addition 50/12/10

Hydroxy ethyl cellulose Novel Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) for direct powder addition 50/12/10

Infra-red reflective pigment Are you restricted by your total solar reflectance performance? 50/03/12

Labelling of Chemicals Hazardous chemicals – the impact of new Work Health and Safety (WHS) regulations 50/1&2/20

Light scattering Re-thinking opaque polymer formulating space – latest advances 50/05/14

Low VOC Air Products and Chemicals (China) Investment Co., Ltd. 50/1&2/14

Matting agent A versatile biopolymer matting agent for coating applications 50/08/10

Minimum Film Formation Temperature Air Products and Chemicals (China) Investment Co., Ltd. 50/1&2/14

M.F.F.T. Air Products and Chemicals (China) Investment Co., Ltd. 50/1&2/14

Opaque polymer Re-thinking opaque polymer formulating space – latest advances 50/05/14

Organo phosphates Adhesion in the coatings industry part 5.4: Adhesion promoters 50/12/16

Organo silicon compounds Adhesion in the coatings industry part 5.1: Adhesion promoters 50/04/16



Organo-titanates Adhesion in the coatings industry part 5.4: Adhesion promoters 50/12/16

Organo zirconates Adhesion in the coatings industry part 5.4: Adhesion promoters 50/12/16

Paint reformulation Re-thinking opaque polymer formulating space – latest advances 50/05/14

Pigment The environmental impact of paints containing TiO2 50/04/10

Pigment dispersant Advanced polymer architecture improves pigment dispersion additives 50/07/26

Polymer architecture Advanced polymer architecture improves pigment dispersion additives 50/07/26

Polyester biopolymer A versatile biopolymer matting agent for coating applications 50/08/10

Protected actives Improved film protection with AMME™ dry film biocides 50/11/18

Protective coating Protective coating of the Ord River Dam gates 50/06/12

Protective coatings Time, gentlemen, please 50/08/14 Quality Time, gentlemen, please 50/08/14

2013 ANNUAL INDEXKEYWORD INDEX


KEYWORD INDEX

2013 ANNUAL INDEXKEYWORD TITLE VOLUME/ISSUE/PAGERefurbishment Protective coating of the Ord River Dam gates 50/06/12

Safety Data Sheets Hazardous chemicals – the impact of new Work Health and Safety (WHS) Regulations 50/1&2/20

Siloxanes Adhesion in the coatings industry part 5.1: Adhesion promoters 50/04/16



Solar reflectance Are you restricted by your total solar reflectance performance? 50/03/12

Substainable chemistry A versatile biopolymer matting agent for coating applications 50/08/10

Supply and demand for TiO2 The changing dynamics of the TiO2 value chain 50/05/20

Sustained biocide release Improved film protection with AMME™ dry film biocides 50/11/18

Titanates Adhesion in the coatings industry part 5.4: Adhesion promoters 50/12/16

Titanium Dioxide The environmental impact of paints containing TiO2 50/04/10

Titanium Dioxide pigment The changing dynamics of the TiO2 value chain 50/05/20

Time management Time, gentlemen, please 50/08/14

TiO2 The environmental impact of paints containing TiO2 50/04/10

TiO2 crowding Re-thinking opaque polymer formulating space – latest advances 50/05/14

TiO2 substitution Re-thinking opaque polymer formulating space – latest advances 50/05/14

V.O.C. Air Products and Chemicals (China) Investment Co., Ltd. 50/1&2/14

Volan® A Adhesion in the coatings industry part 5.1: Adhesion promoters 50/04/16

Volan® A Adhesion in the coatings industry part 5.2: Adhesion promoters 50/06/16

WHS Regulations Hazardous chemicals – the impact of new Work Health and Safety (WHS) regulations 50/1&2/20

White The environmental impact of paints containing TiO2 50/04/10

Work Health & Safety Hazardous chemicals – the impact of new Work Health and Safety (WHS) regulations 50/1&2/20

Zirconates Adhesion in the coatings industry part 5.4: Adhesion promoters 50/12/16

Zirconium adhesions promoters Adhesion in the coatings industry part 5.4: Adhesion promoters 50/12/16

PAPERS WITHOUT KEYWORDS TITLE VOLUME/ISSUE/PAGE– Improved applied hiding using specialty thickeners and surfactants 50/09/14

– ‘Engaged’ employees drive performance – survey shows 50/09/20

– Improve cash flow and reduce losses from bad debts 50/10/22

– Doing business with other businesses 50/12/22

Erichsen • Rhopoint • Sheeninstruments and service

novasys group pty ltd

tel: (03) 9752 3766email: [email protected] • fax: (03) 9752 3977

www.novasys.com.au


43

FEBRUARY2014


AUTHOR TITLE VOLUME/ISSUE/PAGE Ahon, Ian R Celebrating 50 years of Coatings Journals 50/1&2/03

Ahon, Ian R Economic stimulus needed? 50/03/03

Ahon, Ian R In this issue... 50/04/03

Ahon, Ian R Onwards to new frontiers 50/06/03

Ahon, Ian R Industry participation 50/07/03

Ahon, Ian R In this issue… 50/09/03

Ahon, Ian R Farewell ‘Inspired Innovation’ – roll on 2014 50/10/03

Ahon, Ian R Introducing the team 50/11/03

Ackerly, Carmel ‘Engaged’ employees drive performance – survey shows 50/09/20

Auschra, Clemens Advanced polymer architecture improves pigment dispersion additives 50/07/26

Bartlett, Sue Guest Editorial – New role – Technical Co-ordinator 50/08/03

Bhargava, Prachur Novel Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) for direct powder addition 50/12/10

Bodi, Magdalena A versatile biopolymer matting agent for coating applications 50/08/10

Bray, C.G. Obituary – ‘Surface Coatings Australia’ 1964 – 2013 50/12/03

Cephas, Ashley A. Improved applied hiding using specialty thickeners and surfactants 50/09/14

Chen, Dr. Jinwei Air Products and Chemicals (China) Investment Co., Ltd. 50/1&2/14

Dove, Peter Time, gentlemen, please 50/08/14

Esselbrugge, Hilbert Improved applied hiding using specialty thickeners and surfactants 50/09/14

Fillipo, Bruce K. Improved applied hiding using specialty thickeners and surfactants 50/09/14

Gappert, Griffin Novel Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) for direct powder addition 50/12/10

Gernandt, Andreas Advanced polymer architecture improves pigment dispersion additives 50/07/26

Gillette, Paul Novel Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) for direct powder addition 50/12/10

Golder, Billy The environmental impact of paints containing TiO2 50/04/10

Haag, Harold F. Improved applied hiding using specialty thickeners and surfactants 50/09/14

Hajas, János A versatile biopolymer matting agent for coating applications 50/08/10

Hans, Marc A versatile biopolymer matting agent for coating applications 50/08/10

Harrington, Michael Protective coating of the Ord River Dam gates 50/06/12

Johnson, Rusty Re-thinking opaque polymer formulating space – latest advances 50/05/14

Krijns, Ronald A versatile biopolymer matting agent for coating applications 50/08/10

Lenz, Petra A versatile biopolymer matting agent for coating applications 50/08/10

Liu, Dehua Novel Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) for direct powder addition 50/12/10

Martínez, Elena Advanced polymer architecture improves pigment dispersion additives 50/07/26

Mendelson, Roger Improve cash flow and reduce losses from bad debts 50/10/22

Mendelson, Roger Doing business with other businesses 50/12/22

McAllister, James What type of coating is protecting the inside of your radiator? 50/11/13

McCoy, David The changing dynamics of the TiO2 value chain 50/05/20

Peek, Andrew Time, gentlemen, please 50/08/14

Peter, Wolfgang Advanced polymer architecture improves pigment dispersion additives 50/07/26

Pilkington, David Guest Editorial – Birth of a conference 50/05/03

Onclin, Steffen Advanced polymer architecture improves pigment dispersion additives 50/07/26

Reid, Sean Are you restricted by your total solar reflectance performance? 50/03/12

Rigby, Justin ‘A Challenge in Logistics’ – the Westgate Freeway signage gantries 50/07/12

Roden, Kevin Improved film protection with AMME™ dry film biocides 50/11/18

Thomas, Adrian Adhesion in the coatings industry part 5.1: Adhesion promoters 50/04/16

Thomas, Adrian Hazardous chemicals – the impact of new Work Health and Safety (WHS) regulations 50/1&2/20




Vaynberg, Abe Novel Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) for direct powder addition 50/12/10

Vonhögen, Hans Improved applied hiding using specialty thickeners and surfactants 50/09/14

Wind, Wiebren Advanced polymer architecture improves pigment dispersion additives 50/07/26

AUThOR INDEX


VOLUME/ISSUE/PAGE COMPANY PROFILEClariant 50/04/25

Bayer MaterialScience 50/05/26

EDITORIAL Celebrating 50 years of Coatings Journals 50/1&2/03

Economic stimulus needed? 50/03/03

In this issue 50/04/03

Guest Editorial – Birth of a conference 50/05/03

Onwards to new frontiers 50/06/03

Industry participation 50/07/03

Guest Editorial – New role – Technical Co-ordinator 50/08/03

In this issue… 50/09/03

Farewell ‘Inspired Innovation’ – roll on 2014 50/10/03

Introducing the team 50/11/03

Guest Editorial – Obituary

– ‘Surface Coatings Australia’ 1964 – 2013 50/12/03

HEALING HUMOUR– 50/1&2/34

LETTERS TO THE EDITORAdhesion – The tie that binds 50/06/22

– 50/09/19

OBITUARIES John Ware LTSC 50/1&2/7

Willy (Bill) Braun 50/07/33

Frank Marson 50/08/21

Ray McConnell 50/09/22

Derek Cole 50/09/22

Graham Clarke 50/12/26

GENERAL INDEX VOLUME/ISSUE/PAGEPERSONALITY OF THE MONTHMelissa Greaves 50/09/19

PRESIDENT’S REPORTNotes from the President 50/03/04

Notes from the President 50/07/05

PROFESSIONAL GRADINGLucy Gajo-Lim 50/04/24

Steve Roberts 50/04/24

Arezoo Razavi 50/07/33

Shane Jimmink 50/07/33

Grant Powles 50/11/23

SCAA CONFERENCE2013 Conference Programme 50/07/13

2013 Conference Report 50/10/20

2013 Conference Report 50/08/13

Conference Report 50/11/06

ANNUAL INDEX 50/03/22SCAA 2012 Annual Index 50/03/22

STANDARDS NEWS– 50/09/12

TECHNICAL MEETING REPORTInnovation in surface additives for coating systems 50/05/08

‘A Challenge in Logistics’– the Westgate Freeway signage gantries 50/07/12

What type of coating is protecting the inside of your radiator? 50/11/12

CSI NEWS– 50/07/06

2013 ANNUAL INDEX

Page

B F Speciality Chemicals (Aust) Pty Ltd 35

Brenntag Australia Pty Ltd IFC

Chemiplas Australia Pty Ltd 33

Dow Corning (Nuplex Specialties) 10

IMCD IBC

Lanxess Pty Ltd 38

MEP Instruments Pty Ltd 37

Merck – Chemicals 4

Page

Nick Harkness Pty Ltd 36

Novasys Group Pty Ltd 42

Nuplex Resins BC

Orica (Lubrizol) 2

Scott Chemicals 9

Shepherd Color Company 40

Timbalac Coatings Manufacturing 39

Index of Advertisers Vol. 51 No. 1 – February 2014

The IMCD Coatings Division supplies a full range of Epoxy Curing

Agents, including highly chemical resistant, solvent free and water-

bourne into a wide and varied customer base. The strength of the

division has been built on over many years working closely with our

long term business partners and providing world class customer

service via our experienced qualified technical sales and internal

support staff.

www.imcdgroup.com

CovErIng All yourCoATIngs nEEDs

IMCD Business group Coatings

value through expertise

level 1 / 372 Wellington road, Mulgrave vIC 3170 P: 1300 130 295 F: 1300 130 296 E: [email protected]

FEBRUARY 2014 - SCAA · you unparalleled knowledge, service Brenntag Coatings Australia offers and...

Documents

Transcript of FEBRUARY 2014 - SCAA · you unparalleled knowledge, service Brenntag Coatings Australia offers and...