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$: ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo sfo{stf{x?sf] nflu -kbgfd c=x]=a=÷c=g=dL ...dohs.gov.np/.../chd/IMCI/VHW_MCHW/IMCI_VHWMCHW_Module_Booklet_2013.pdfljifo–;"rL != kl/ro=====! @= la/fdL aRrfsf]] d'NofÍg,pkrf$
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ljifo–;"rL != kl/ro==========================================================================================================================!

@= la/fdL aRrfsf]] d'NofÍg,pkrf/ tyf Ao:yfkg ====================================================================#

– ;fdfGo vt/fsf lrGxx¿ =========================================================================================%

– vf]sL nfu]sf] jf ;f; km]g{ sl7gfOsf] d"Nof°g==============================================================^

– kvfnfsf] d"Nof+sg ug'{xf];\ =======================================================================================*

– Hj/f] sf] hfFr=========================================================================================================!!

– s'kf]if0f jf /QmcNktf hfFRg'xf];\ ================================================================================!@

– cGo :jf:Yo ;d:ofx¿ hfFRg'xf];\ =============================================================================!$

– vf]k ===================================================================================================================!%

#= aRrfsf] /f]usf] juL{s/0f tyf pkrf/sf] klxrfg ug'{xf];\ =====================================================!%

$= aRrfsf] pkrf/ ug'{xf];\ ================================================================================================!&

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– cf}iflwaf6 3/}df pkrf/ ========================================================================================!(

– 3/]n' pkrf/af/] ;Nnfx ========================================================================================@%

– aRrfsf] :jf:Yosf] k|jw{g ug'{xf];\ ============================================================================@*

– cfdfnfO{ k/fdz{ lbg'xf];\ =======================================================================================#)

– afn a[lb / lasf;==================================================================================================#@

– vfgf ;DaGwL d'NofÍg=============================================================================================## %= la/fdL tyf :j:y ca:yfdf kf]if0fo'Qm vfgf ;DaGwL ;Nnfx - lzz' tyf afNosflng kf]if0f _==#^ – emf]ns'/fx¿ af/] ;Nnfx =======================================================================================#* – km]l/ slxn] kmls{g] af/] cfdfnfO{ ;Nnfx lbg'xf];\=-cg'udg_============================================#( – cg'udg pkrf/ ==================================================================================================$)

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– xft w'g'sf] dxTj / tl/sf======================================================================================$# – gjhft lzz'sf] cTofjZos :ofxf/==========================================================================$$

– Hj/f] / lztfËsf] hfFr==========================================================================================$%

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1

kl/ro

% jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfx¿df vf]sL, kvfnf tyf Hj/f] h:tf /f]ux¿ a9L dfqfdf b]lvG5g\ . ;j} aRrfx¿ oL /f]ux¿af6 x/]s jif{ w]/} k6s kLl8t x'G5g\ . /f]un] ubf{ vfgfdf ¿lr gx'g' / cleefjsx¿n] vfgf sd lbPsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ k|foM s'kf]if0f pTkGg x'g] ub{5 . oL /f]ux¿ / s'kf]if0f g} sd pd]/sf aRrfx¿df x'g] d[To'sf d'Vo sf/0fx¿ x'g\ . logLx¿n] sd pd]/sf aRrfx¿df Ps ;fy ldn]/ s/Lj &)% -x/]s b;df ;ftj6f_ d[To' u/fpF5g\ .

w]/}h;f] o:tf aRrfx¿ -x/]s b; hgfdf gf} hgf_ nfO{ ;fd'bfodfg} :jf:Yo

sfo{stf{x¿sf] /]vb]vdf 3/b}nf]df pkrf/ ug{ ca ;+ej e};s]sf] 5 .

l;Sg] p2]Zox?M

of] k'l:tsfn] tkfO{x?nfO{ ljleGg tl/sfaf6 1fg / l;k l;Sg w]/} ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] 5 .

of] kf7 k9]kl5 tkfO{x?n] lgDgs'/fx? l;Sg' x'g]5 .

la/fdL aRrfsf] hfFr ul/ /f]usf] jlu{s/0f ul/ ;s]kl5 l;kmfl/; ul/Psf

cf}iflwx¿åf/f lj/fdL aRrfsf] 3/}df pkrf/ ug'{ . kf]if0f ;DjGwL lrQ a'‰g] u/L ;Nnfx lbg' tyf ;/n pkfox¿ h:t} le6fldg …PÚ,

/QmcNktfsf] /f]syfdåf/f :jf:Yo k|jw{g ug'{ tyf vf]ksf] ;xL tflnsf k|of]u ug'{ .

cfdfx¿l;t s'/fsfgL ug{ tyf la/fdL cj:yfdf aRrfsf] :jf:YonfO{{ d2t k'¥ofpg pgLx¿nfO{ ;/n 3/]n' pkrf/ af/] ;Nnfx lbgdf ;xof]u ug'{ .

cfdfl;t s'/fsfgL cf}iflw v'jfp“b} u/]sf]

2

s8f /f]ux¿af6 u|l;t ePsf aRrfx¿sf] klxrfg ul/ :jf:Yo ;+:Yffdf k|]if0f ug{ . k|]if0f ul/Psf] :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf ;dod} lnP/ hfg cfdfnfO{ lrQ a'‰g] u/L ;Nnfx lbg' .

k|]if0f af/] ;Nnfx

3

la/fdL aRrfsf] d'NofÍg, pkrf/ tyf Aoa:yfkg

pkrf/ tyf cfdfl;t ul/g] s'/fsfgLl;t ;DjlGwt ;Lkx¿ l;Sg] ;a}eGbf /fd|f] tl/sf z'¿df ;'kl/j]Ifssf] lgu/fgLdf /xL cEof; ug'{ xf] / To;kl5 AolQmut ¿kdf cfkm}+n] ltgLx¿sf] cEof; ug'{ xf] .

la/fdL aRrfsf] pkrf/sf r/0fx¿

la/fdL lzz' tyf aRrfsf] hfFr tyf pkrf/sf r/0fx lgDg sfo{ ug{'xf];\M

!_ d"Nof+sg

@_ /f]usf] juL{s/0f

#_ pkrf/

$_ cfdfnfO{ ;Nnfx

;xefuLx?sf] kl':tsf af/]

of] k'l:tsfnfO{ w]/} ;/n efiffdf n]lvPsf] 5 h;nfO{ tkfO{x¿n] ;lhn}l;t k9\g / a'e\mg ;Sg'x'g]5 . l;SgnfO{ ;lhnf] ug{ tyf h] n]lvPsf] 5 To;nfO{ k|i6\ofpg / hf]8 lbg lgb]{lzsfdf pbfx/0fx¿ -lrq_ ;dfj]; ul/Psf 5g\ . o;df tflnsfx¿nfO{ ;dfj]; ul/Psf] 5 tyf tflnsfx¿sf] s;/L k|of]u ug]{ eGg]af/] AofVof ul/Psf] 5 . h'g j]nf k'l:tsfdf To;f] ug{ ;Nnfx lbOG5 tkfO{x¿n] tflnsfx¿ cyjf tflnsfsf v08x?nfO{ x]g{' kb{5 . Pp6f tflnsfsf] gd"gf csf]{ kfgfdf b]vfOPsf] 5 . clxn]nfO{ s[kof Tof] tflnsf k9\g] k|of; gug'{xf];\ . tkfO{n] s]jn Pp6f ;fdfGo wf/0ff /fVg] sf]lz; ug'{k5{ .

% aif{ d'lgsf] la/fdL aRrfx?sf] hfFr, pkrf/ tyf Joj:Yfkg ug{sf] nlu aRrfx?sf] pd]/ cg';f/ @ efudf afFl8Psf] 5 .

– @ dlxgf b]lv % aif{ ;Dd – @ dlxgf d'lg

4

@ dlxgf b]lv % aif{ ;Ddsf lj/fdL jRrfsf] d"Nof+sg, juL{s/0f tyf pkrf/sf] klxrfg ug'{xf];\

d"Nof+sg lrGxx¿ juL{s/0f pkrf/sf] klxrfg ;fdfGotof b]lvg] vt/fsf lrGxx¿ hf“Rg'xf];\ ;f]Wg'xf];\M

æs] aRrf lkpg jf :tgkfg ug{ ;S5 <Æ x]g'{xf];\M

æaRrf ;':t jf a]xf]; 5 <Æ

aRrf lkpg jf :tgkfg ug{ ;Sb}g

cyjf ;':t jf a]xf]; 5

s8f /f]u Ps dfqf sf]l6«d rSsL lbP/ :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k|]if0f ug'{xf];\

;f]Wg'xf];\M æs] aRrfnfO{ vf]sL nfu]sf] jf ;f; km]g{ sl7gfO ePsf] 5 <Æ olb 5 eg]M–

Ps ldg]6df ;f; b/ ulGt ug'{xf];\ . ;f; l56f] rn]sf]M @ dlxgfb]lv !@ dlxgf;Dd–%) k6s jf ;f] eGbf

j9L ! ai{f b]lv % aif{;Dd $) jf ;f] eGbf a9L

sf]vf xfg]sf] x]g'{xf];\

aRrf lkpg ;Sb}g cyjf ;':t 5 jf sf]vf xfg]sf] 5

s8f /f]u cyjf s8f lgdf]lgof

klxnf] dfqf sf]l6«d rSsL lbO{ t'?Gt :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k|]if0f ug'{xf];\

;f; l56f] rn]sf] -@ dlxgfb]lv % jif{sf] aRrf

ePdf_ lgdf]lgof

sf]l6«df]S;fhf]njf6 pkrf/ ug'{xf];\, 3/]n' pkrf/ lbg'xf];\

dflysf lrGxx¿ dWo] s'g} klg gePsf]

lgdf]lgof gePsf] M ?3f vf]sL 3/]n' pkrf/ dfq

;f]Wg'xf];\M æs] aRrfnfO{ kvfnf nfu]sf] 5 <Æ olb 5 eg], ;f]Wg'xf];\M–

slt lbg eof] <

s] lb;fdf /ut cfpF5<

æs] kvfnf @ xKtf eGbf j9L ;dob]lv nfu]sf] 5<Æ

aRrfnfO{ ;kmf kfgL lkpg lbg'xf];\ – w]/} lj:tf/} lkpF5÷lkpg g;Sg] – v"j ltvf{Pem}+ u/L lkpF5 – ;fdfGo ¿kn] lkpF5

k]6sf] 5fnf tfg]/ 5f]8\g'xf];\ – w]/} lj:tf/} kmls{G5 – lj:tf/} kmls{G5 – t'¿Gt} kmls{G5

@ xKtf eGbf a9L ;dob]lv kvfnf nfu]sf]

bL3{ kvfnf

k'gh{lno emf]n / lhÍ rSsL lbO{ :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k|]if0f ug'{xf];\

lb;fdf /ut

cfpF /ut k'gh{lno emf]n / lhÍ rSsL

lbO{:jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k|]if0f ug'{xf];\

lkpg ;Sb}g cyjf lj:tf/} lkpF5 cyjf ;':t 5 jf tfg]sf] 5fnf w]/} lj:tf/} kmls{G5

s8f hnljof]hg

k'gh{lno emf]n / lhÍ rSsL


tfg]sf] 5fnf lj:tf/} kmls{G5 cyjf v"jltvf{P em}+ u/L lkpF5 s]xL hnljof]hg

k'gh{nLo emf]n / lhÍ rSsLaf6 pkrf/ ug'{xf];\

3/]n' pkrf/ lbg'xf];\, k/fdz{ lbg'xf];\

dflysf lrGxx¿dWo] s'g} klg gePsf] hnljof]hg gePsf]

3/]n' pkrf/sf $ lgodx? Kffngf ug{'xf];\

lhÍ rSsLåf/f pkrf/ ug{'xf];\

Hj/f] sf] hf+r ug{xf];\ s] aRrfnfO{ Hj/f] 5 <

@ dlxgf eGbf dflysf] jRrfdf Hj/f] #*=%° ;] jf ;f] eGbf dfly

pRr Hj/f] kf/fl;6fdf]n lbg'xf];\ ! lbgdf 7Ls geP k|]if0f ug'{xf];\

Hj/f] #&=%° ;] jf ;f] eGbf al9 Hj/f] cfjZoStfg';f/ Kof/fl;6fdf]n, emf]n tyf vfg]s'/f hf/L /fvL l7s gePdf

k|]if0f ug{'xf];\ . s'kf]if0f / /Qm cNktf hf“Rg'xf];\

b]lvg] u/L s8f lsl;dn] zl//sf] df;' ;'s]sf] 5 ls x]g'{xf];\

b'j} v'§f ;'lGgPsf 5g\ ls x]g'{xf];\

xTs]nfdf ;]tf]kgf 5 ls x]g'{xf];\ – w]/} ;]tfkgf – s]xL ;]tf]kgf – ;fdfGo

kfv'/fsf] gfk ug{'xf];\ – /ftf] nx/df k/]sf] – kx]+nf] nx/df k/]sf] – xl/of] nx/df k/]sf]

pd]/ cg';f/ tf}n lgwf{/0f ug{'xf];\÷x]g'{xf];\

b]lvg]u/L s8f lsl;dn] df;' ;'s]sf] cyjf b'j} v'§f ;'lGgPsf] cyjf xTs]nfdf w]/} ;]tf]kgf jf kfv'/fsf] gfk ubf{ /ftf] nx/df k/]df jf pd]/ cg';f/ w]/} sd tf}n ePdf

s8f s'kf]if0f jf s8f /QmcNktf

:jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k|]if0f ug'{xf];\

pd]/ cg';f/ sd tf}n jf xTs]nfdf s]xL ;]tf]kgf jf

kfv'/fsf] gfk ubf{ kx]+nf] nx/df k/]df

s'kf]if0f jf /QmcNktf

cfO/g rSsL lbg'xf];\ vfgf ;DaGwL ;Nnfx k/fkz{ lbg'xf];\

dflysf s'g} lrGx gePsf] jf kfv'/fsf] gfk ubf{ xl/of] nx/df

k/]df

s'kf]if0f jf /QmcNktf gePsf]

@ jif{ d'lgsf] aRrf ePdf vfgf ;DaGwL d'Nof+sg u/L pd]/ l;kmfl/; u/LPsf] vfgf v'jfpg ;Nnfxlbg'xf];\

aRrfsf] vf]ksf] l:ylt af/] x]g'{'xf];\ / le6fldg ÚP‘ / h'sfsf] cf}ifwL v'jfP gv'jfPsf] hf“r ug'{xf];\ ______ _________ __________ __________ _____ _____ _____ ____ _______ _______ lj=l;=hL l8=lk=6L÷x]klj, lxa l8=lk=6L÷x]klj, lxj lxa l8=lk=6L÷x]klj, lxj kf]lnof]! kf]lnof]@ kf]lnof]# bfb'/f÷?a]nf le6fldg …P’ cNj]08fhf]n

5

@ dlxgf b]lv % aif{ ;Ddsf la/fdL aRrfx?sf] /f]usf] d"Nof+sg ug{'xf];\ .

!= ;fdfGotof b]lvg] vt/fsf lrGxx¿sf] d"Nof+sg

;fdfGotof b]lvg] vt/fsf lrGxx¿n] /f]usf] u+eL/tfnfO{ ;+s]t ub{5g\ / w]/} /f]ux¿df oL b]vf kg{ ;S5g\ . s'g} s'g} vt/fsf lrGxx¿ t /f]usf] k|s[ltl;t ;DjlGwt ge}sg klg b]lvg ;S5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, Hj/f], kvfnf, lgdf]lgof, d]lgGhfOl6;\, cf}nf] cyjf d'6'sf] /f]un] ;':tkg jf a]xf]zL pTkGg ug{ ;S5g\ . ;fdfGotof b]lvg] vt/fsf lrGxx¿ s'g} klg /f]udf x'g;S5g\ / of] s'g} Ps vf; /f]u g} xf] elg klxrfg ug{df d2t ub}{gg\ . of] Pp6f s8f /f]u xf] elg cf}+Nofpg s]jn Pp6f lrGx kof{Kt x'G5 . /f]u nfu]sf] x/]s aRrfnfO{ hfFRbf ;fdfGotof b]lvg] vt/fsf lrGxx¿ eP gePsf] hfFRg' kb{5 . s'g} klg /f]usf] d"Nof+sg ug'{ cl3, lgDg lnlvt ;fdfGotof b]lvg] vt/fsf lrGxx¿ hfFRg'xf];\ M

s_ aRrfn] lkpg jf :tgkfg ug{ ;Sb}g\ ls < v_ aRrf ;':t jf a]xf]z 5 ls <

lkpg jf :tgkfg ug{ g;Sg] aRrf

o;sf] cy{ x'G5 ls aRrfn] s'g} klg emf]ns'/f lkpg ;Sb}g . o:tf] x'g'sf] sf/0f xf], aRrfn] b"w r':g jf emf]ns'/f lgNg ;Sb}g cyjf lkpgnfO{ w]/} sdhf]/ 5 jf vfPkl5 ;a} jfGtf u5{ . @ dlxgf d'lgsf] lzz'n]] ;fdfGo cj:yfdf hlt :tgkfg ub{Yof] To;sf] cfwf eGbf klg sd vfFb}5 eg]/ olb cfdfn] elG5g\ eg] lzz'n] lkpg jf :tgkfg ug{ g;s]sf] ;+emg' k5{ .

aRrfn] lkpg ;Sb}g

6

aRrf ;':t jf a]xf]z 5

aRrf z"Godf 6jfNn k/]/ x]5{ / cfˆgf] rf/}lt/ s] eO/x]sf] 5 To;nfO{ Wofg lb+b}g eg] To:tf] aRrf klg ;':t ePsf] dfGg'kb{5 . aRrf ;':t b]lvP klg Ao'FemfpFbf Ao'FlemG5 .

a]xf]z aRrf laNs'n} lapFlemb}g . o:tf] aRrfn] 5f]Psf], 7"nf] cfjfh cfPsf] cyjf

b'v]sf]] k|ltlqmof b]vfpFb}g .

;':t aRrf

Pp6f dfq} ;fdfGotof b]lvg] vt/fsf] lrGx ePsf] aRrfdf klg s8f /f]u x'g ;S5 .

o:tf] aRrfnfO{ pkrf/sf] nflu :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf t'¿Gt} k]|if0f ug'{xf];\ .

;fdfGotof b]lvg] vt/fsf lrGxx¿sf] nflu ;j} aRrfx¿sf] d"Nof+sg ug{'k5{ . vf]sL nfu]sf] jf ;f; km]g{ sl7gfOsf] d"Nofs+g

;fdfGotof b]lvg] vt/fsf lrGxx¿sf] nflu hfFr ul/;s]kl5, aRrfnfO{ vf]sL jf ;f; k]mg{ sl7gfO 5 ls elg cfdfnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ . olb cfdfn] 5 elG5g\ eg] ;f; b/ ulGt ug{'xf];\ / sf]vf xfg]sf] hfFRg'xf];\ .

vf]sL

7

;f; b/ ulGt ug'{xf];\

;f; b/ k"/f Ps ldg]6;Dd uGg' kb{5 . aRrf zfGt 5 eg] dfq ;f; b/ uGg'xf];\ . olb aRrf ¿Fb}5 cyjf 56\k6fPsf] 5 eg] ;f; b/ ulGt ug{ ufx«f] x'G5 . aRrf /f]Psf] j]nf ;f; b/ a9]sf] x'G5 .

Ps ldg]6df ;f; b/ ulGt ug{sf] nfluM

6fOd/ k|of]u ug'{xf];\ . ;f] gePdf ;]s]G8 ;'O ePsf] 38L k|of]u ug'{xf];\ . ;f; b/ ulGt ubf{, aRrfsf] 5ftL jf k]6sf] s'g} Ps 7fpFdf ;f;sf ultx¿nfO{ x]g{'xf];\ . ;f; b/ uGbf Pp6} 7fpFdf x]l//xg'xf];\ .

;f; b/ ulGt ul//x]sf]

;f;b/ Ps ldg]6;Dd ulGt u/]kl5, aRrfsf] ;f; ;fdfGo 5 cyjf l56f] rn]sf] 5 elg lg0f{o ug{ lgDg lnlvt ;f;b/nfO{ cfwf/ dfGg'xf];\ .

aRrfsf] pd]/ aRrfsf]] ;f; l56f] rn]sf] @ dlxgfb]lv !@ dlxgf ;Dd

;f; b/ k|lt ldg]6 %) k6s jf ;f] eGbf a9L

! aif{ b]lv % aif{ ;Dd

;f; b/ k|lt ldg]6 $) k6s jf ;f] eGbf a9L

sf]vf xfg]sf] x]g'{xf];\ 5ftLsf] tNnf] efudf sf]vf xfg]sf] x]g'{xf];\ . sf]vf xfg]sf] x]bf{ 5ftLsf] tNnf] efu v'nf 5 tyf tkfO{n] To;nfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf b]Vg ;Sg' x'G5 elg lglZrt ug'{xf];\ . aRrfn] ;f; leq ln+bf 5ftLsf] tNnf] efu leq hfG5 eg] aRrfsf] sf]vf xfg]sf] 5 . ;fdfGo cj:ydf aRrfn] ;f; leq ln+bf 5ftLsf] tNnf] efu aflx/ lg:sG5 . tkfO{n] hfFr ul//x]sf] a]nf k"/} sf]vf xfg]sf] b]lvO/xg' k5{ . aRrfn] vfO/x]sf] jf /f]O/x]sf] jf 56k6fPsf] a]nf dfq sf]vf xfg]sf] b]lvG5 eg] cyjf sf]vf xfg]sf] Pp6f cf;gdf b]lvG5 / csf]{df b]lv+b}g eg] aRrfsf] sf]vf

8

xfg]sf] 5}g . olb aRrfsf] gfs aGb 5 eg] tkfO{n] sf]vf xfg]sf] 5 elg lg0f{o ug'{ eGbf cl3 aRrfsf] gfs ;kmf ug'{ kb5{ . olb tkfO{ ljZj:t x'g' x'Gg eg] sf]vf xfg]sf] 5}g elg lg0f{o ug'{xf];\ .

;fdfGo ?kdf ;f; k]m/]sf] ;f; leq ln+bf sf]vf xfg]sf] 5

lgdf]lgof÷sf]vf xfg]sf] cy{ aRrfnfO{ s8f lgdf]lgof ePsf] 5 tyf aRrfnfO{ c:ktfndf k|]if0f ug'{ k5{ . lkpg g;Sg', ;':t jf a]xf]z h:tf lrGxx¿ eGbf km/s sf]vf xfGg' Pp6f ljz]if vt/fsf] lrGx xf] . sf]vf xfGg' / ;f; l56f] rNg' ;+w} Ps ;fy x'g' k5{ eGg] cfjZos 5}g .

vf]sL nfu]sf] aRrfdf ;fdfGotof b]lvg] vt/fsf] s'g} lrGx 5}g / sf]vf xfg]sf] 5}g

t/ pd]/ cg';f/ ;f; l56f] rn]sf] 5 eg] p;nfO{ lgdf]lgof ePsf] 5 . To:tf] aRrfnfO{ sf]l6«df]S;fhf]nåf/f pkrf/ ug'{k5{ .

sf]vf xfg]sf] 5}g / ;f; l56f] rn]sf] 5}g eg] p;nfO{ lgdf]lgof ePsf] 5}g / ¿3f

vf]sL dfq 5 . o:tf] aRrfsf] cfdfnfO{ 3/]n' pkrf/ ;DjGwL ;Nnfx lbg'k5{ .

olb aRrfnfO{ vf]sL nfu]sf] jf ;f; km]g{ sl7gfO 5}g eg], ;f; b/ cyjf sf]vf xfg]sf]

d"Nof+sg gug'{xf];\ . kvfnfsf] d"Nof+sg ug{'xf];\

km]/L cfdfnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf]; s] aRrfnfO{ kvfnf nfu]sf] 5 < kfgL h:tf] kftnf] lb;f jf/Daf/ x'g' g} kvfnf xf] . xfd|f] b]zdf @$ 306fdf # k6s jf ;f]eGbf a9L k6s kfgL h:tf] kftnf] lb;f x'g'nfO{ kvfnf ePsf] dflgG5 . cfˆgf aRrfx¿nfO{ kvfnf nfu]sf] s'/f cfdfx¿n] ;fdfGotof hfGb5g\ . ofb /fVg'xf];\, ;fgf lzz'x¿df yf]/} dfqfdf jf/Daf/ x'g] lb;f h'g kfgL h:tf] kftnf] 5}g, Tof] kvfnf xf]Og .

9

kvfnf

olb aRrfnfO{ kvfnf nfu]sf] 5 eg] slt lbgb]lv nfu]sf] 5 elg ;f]Wg'xf];\ . olb aRrfnfO{ @ xKtf eGbf a9L ;do b]lv kvfnf nfu]sf] 5 eg] p;nfO{ bL3{ kvfnf nfu]sf] 5 . o:tf aRrfnfO{ tkfO{x¿n] :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k7fpg' kb{5 . :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k7fOPg eg] of] /f]un] s'kf]if0f u/fpg ;Sb5 .

lb;fdf /ut 5 ls ;f]Wg'xf];\ . lb;fdf /ut ePsf] aRrfnfO{ cfpF–/ut k/]sf] x'G5 . tkfO{x¿n] o:tf aRrfx¿nfO{ klg :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf PlG6afof]l6s pkrf/sf] lglDt k7fpg' k5{ . aRrfsf] lkpg] Ifdtf hf FRg'xf];\

tkfO{x¿n] kvfnf nfu]sf] aRrfnfO{ lkpgsf] nflu kfgL lbg'k5{ . olb aRrfn] k6Ss} kfgL lkpFb}g jf lkPsf] ;j} afGtf u5{ jf k]6 leq slQ klg /fVg ;Sb}g eg] Tof] aRrfn] lkpg g;s]sf] dfGg'k5{ . of] Pp6f vt/fsf] lrGx xf] . tfklg kvfnfsf] xsdf lkpg g;Sg', /fd|/L glkpg' jf vfPsf] ;a} afGtf ug'{ klg vt/fsf] d'Vo lrGx xf] .

aRrfn] lkpg ;Sb}g v"j ltvf{Pe}m+ u/L lkpF5

10

v'j ltvf{Pem} ul/ lkpF5 ls hfFRg'xf];\ . olb aRrfn] sk jf lunfF; ;dfpg vf]Hb5 jf kfgL lb+bf cfˆgf] d'v vf]N5 cyjf kfgL 6f9f n}hfFbf olb aRrf ¿G5 eg], o;sf] cy{ x'G5 aRrfn] v"j ltvf{P e}m+ u/L lkp“b}5 . of] hnljof]hgsf] Pp6f lrGx xf] . k]6sf] 5fnf cf}+nfn] tfg]/ 5f]8\g'xf];\

cfdfnfO{ aRrf sfvdf /fVg eGg'xf];\ To;f] ubf{ aRrf pQfgf] k/]/ ;'t]sf] x'G5 . gfO6f]sf] bfofF jf afofF Ps 7fpF /f]Hg'xf];\ . ca a"9L cf}+nf / df]8]sf] rf]/ cf}+nfn] k]6sf] 5fnfnfO{ Ps ;]s]08 hlt dfly tfg]/ 5f]8\g'xf];\ . cf}+nf jf a"9L cf}+nfsf] 6'Kkfn] g;dfpg'xf];\ lsgeg] o;n] aRrfnfO{ b'V5 . 5fnf tfg]/ 5f]8]kl5, slt ;do nufP/ cfˆgf] 7fpFdf kms{G5 x]g'{xf];\ . olb 5fnf w]/} lj:tf/} cyf{t @ ;]s]08 eGbf a9L ;do nufP/ cfˆgf] 7fpFdf kmls{G5 eg] w]/} lj:tf/} kms]{sf] dfGg' k5{ . o;n] s8f hn ljof]hg hgfpF5 . 5fnf w]/} lj:tf/} kmls{g' s8f hnljof]hgsf]] Pp6f ljz]if lrGx xf] . olb @ ;]s]G9 eGbf sd ;dodf 5fnf lj:tf/} kms{G5 eg] of] s]lx hn ljof]hgsf] lrGx xf] .

5fnf hfFr]sf]

olb 5fnf tfg]/ 5f]8\bf cfˆgf] 7fpFdf t'¿Gt} kmls{G5 eg], 5fnfsf] cj:yf ;fdfGo 5 . olb cfdfn] kvfnf nfu]sf] 5}g elG5g\ eg], hnljof]hg, cfpF /ut cyjf bL3{

kvfnfsf] d"Nof+sg gug{'xf];\ .

5fnf w]/} lj:tf/} kms{g] 5fnf tfGg'xf];\ clg 5f]8\g'xf];

11

Hj/f]sf] hfFr ug{'xf];\

sd pd]/sf aRrfx¿df Hj/f] ;fwf/0ftof a9L dfqfdf b]lvG5 . aRrfnfO{ Hj/f] 5 ls elg cfdfnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ . To;kl5 aRrf tftf] 5 ls 5fDg'xf];\ . olb tkfO{+ l;t ydf{ld6/ 5 eg] ydf{ld6/ k|of]u ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 . aRrfnfO{ Hj/f] ljleGg sf/0fx?n] ubf{ cfpg ;Sb5 . h:t}M cf}+nf], bfb'/f, sfgsf] ;+qmd0f, lgdf]lgof, kvfnf, 3fFp vl6/f efO{/; cflb .

ydf{ld6/af6 Hj/f] gfKb} u/]sf] ydf{ld6/ aRrf tftf] 5 ls elg hfFRg, sfvL jf k]6df cfˆgf] xftsf] kl5Nnf] efun] 5fDg'xf];\ . olb aRrf tftf] 5 elg cfdf lrlGtt l5g\ cyjf tkfO{n] 5fDbf aRrf tftf] 5 elg

olsg u/]df cyjf ydf{ld6/n] gfKbf tfkqmd #&=%) ;]=jf ;f] eGbf dfly 5 eg], Hj/f] cfPsf] dfGg'k5{ . tfkqmdnfO{ sfvLdf # ldg]6 ;Dd gfKg'k5{ .

@ dlxgf eGbf dflysf] aRrfsf] tfkqmd #*=%) ;] jf ;f] eGbf dfly 5 eg] Hj/f]sf] pkrf/ ug{ kf/fl;6fdf]n lbg'xf];\ . olb ! lbgdf Hj/f] 7Ls ePg eg], aRrfnfO{ :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k|]if0f ug'{xf];\ . Hj/f] pRr -#*=%)_ 5}g eg], To;sf] pkrf/ cf}iflwx¿af6 ug{' kb{}g . s'g} s'g} Hj/f]n] aRrfnfO{ /f]ul;t n8\gdf d2t k'¥ofpF5 . To:tf cj:yfx¿df yk emf]ns'/fx¿ vfg tyf vfgf hf/L /fVg ;Nnfx lbg'xf];\ . @$ 306f ;Dd klg lgsf] gePdf aRrfnfO{ k|]if0f ug'{ xf]; .

12

s'kf]if0f jf /QmcNktf hf FRg'xf];\

x/]s aRrfnfO{ s'kf]if0fsf] nflu hfFRg' k5{ lsgeg] of] g]kfnsf w]/} h;f] efux¿df, ljz]if u/L u/La ;d'bfodf a9L dfqfdf b]lvg] ;d:of xf] .

aRrfsf] s'kf]if0fsf] l:ylt hfFr ug{ kfv'/f gfk ug{'xf];\

– kfv'/fsf] gfk ubf{ gfKg] lkmtfsf] (Tape) /ftf] nx/df kb{5 eg] Tof] s8f s'kf]if0fsf] lrGx xf] . k'g{:yfkgf s]Gb| jf ;]jf k|fKt ;+:yfdf t'?Gt k|]if0f ug{'xf];\ .

– kx]+nf] nx/df kb{5 eg] dWod s'kf]if0fsf] lrGx xf] . xfn b]zsf ljleGg lhNnfdf t}of/L vfgf v'jfOg] (RUTF) ljt/0f s]Gb|x? 5g\ . olb tkfO{sf] :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf of] ;'lawf 5 eg] ;]jf lbg'xf]; .

– xl/of] nx/df k¥of] eg] cfdfnfO{ wGojfb lbO{ vfgf lgoldt ?kdf v'jfO/xg k|f]T;fxg ug{'xf];\ .

b]lvg] u/L z/L/sf] df;' s8f lsl;dn] ;'s]sf] hf“Rg'xf];\

z/L/sf] df;' s8f lsl;dn] ;'s]sf] 5 ls x]g'{xf];\ . olb aRrfdf 5fnf / x•L dfq} b]lvG5 eg] b]lvg] u/L z/L/sf] df;' s8f lsl;dn] ;'s]sf] 5 . df;' ;'s]sf] x]g{ aRrfsf ;j} n'ufx¿ k'msfNg'xf];\ . z/L/sf] df;' s8f lsl;dn] ;'s]sf] aRrfsf xft / v'§fx¿ n7\7L h:t} b]lvG5g\ . s'd / lkmnfsf df;'x¿ ;'s]sf x'G5g\ tyf rfs / lkmnfx¿df 5fnf rfp/L k/]sf] x'G5 . b]lvg] u/L z/L/sf] df;' s8f lsl;dn] ;'s]sf], ;'s]gf; s'kf]if0fsf] vt/fsf] Pp6f ljz]if lrGx xf] . o:tf] aRrfnfO{ :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k|]if0f ug'{k5{ .

b]lvg] u/L z/L/sf] df;' s8f lsl;dn] ;'s]sf]

13

b'j} v'§fx¿ ;'lGgPsf 5g\ ls x]g'{xf];\

b'j} v'§fx¿ ;'lGgPsf 5g\ ls elg x]g{ aRrfnfO{ hfFRg'xf];\ . t:aL/df b]vfOP h:t} v'§fdf tkfO{sf] a"9L cf}nfn] xNsf lsl;dn] s]xL ;]s]08 ;Dd -% ;Dd ulGt ug'{xf];\_ lyRg'xf];\ . ca cfˆgf] a"9L cf}+nf p7fpg'xf];\ . olb lyr]sf] 7fpFdf vf]lkN6f k5{ eg] aRrfsf] v'§f ;'lGgPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ csf]{ v'§fdf klg hfFRg' k5{ . b'j} v'§f ;'lGgg' s'kf]if0fsf] -km's]gf;_ Pp6f ljz]if lrGx xf] . o:tf] aRrfnfO{ :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k|]if0f ug'{k5{ .

a"9L cf}+nfn] lyRg'xf];\ v'§f ;'lGgPsf] xTs]nfdf ;]tf]kgf 5 ls hfFRg'xf];\

x/]s aRrfnfO{ /QmcNktfsf] nflu hf FRg'xf];\, lsgeg] of] w]/} dfqfdf b]lvg] ;d:of xf] .

xTs]nfdf ;]tf]kgfsf] nflu aRrfnfO{ hfFRg'xf];\ . t:aL/df b]vfPem}+ glylrsg jf gtflgsg aRrfsf] xTs]nfdf x]g{'xf];\ . xTs]nfdf w]/} ;]tf]kgf 5 eg] s8f /QmcNktf 5 . xTs]nfdf w]/} ;]tf]kgf x'g', s'kf]if0f jf /QmcNktfsf] vt/fsf] Pp6f ljz]if lrGx xf] . o:tf] aRrfnfO{ :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k|]if0f ug'{ k5{ . olb tkfO{sf] xTs]nf eGbf aRrfsf]] xTs]nfdf s]xL ;]tf]kgf 5 eg] p;nfO{ /QmcNktf ePsf] 5 . xTs]nfdf s]xL ;]tf]kgf ePsf] aRrfdf /QmcNktf jf s'kf]if0f x'G5 .

xTs]nfdf ;]tf]kgf hfFRg'xf];\

pd]/ cg';f/ w]/} sd tf}n 5 ls < hfFr ug'{xf];\

tkfO{+x?n] k|To]s aRrfsf] tf}n lng' k5{ . æpd]/ cg';f/sf] tf}n tflnsfdfÆ -aRrfsf] j[l4 rf6{_ tf}n clen]v ug'{xf];\ . klxn] aRrfsf] pd]/ dlxgfdf kQf nufpg'xf];\ clg Pp6f /]vf pd]/sf] ;f]em} / csf]{ /]vf rflx+ clen]v ul/Psf] tf}nsf] ;f]em} tfg]/ tflnsfdf tf}nnfO{ lrgf] nufpg'xf];\ . hxfF oL b'O /]vfx¿ ldN5g\ ToxfF Pp6f ljGb' agfpg'xf];\ . olb of] ljGb' pd]/ cg';f/sf] tf}n tflnsfdf ePsf] afSnf] /]vf eGbf tn kb{5 eg], pd]/ cg';f/ aRrfsf] w]/} sd tf}n 5 . afns / afn afnLsf x?sf] nfuL 5'§f 5'§} tf}n tflnsf l;kmfl/; u/LPsf]

14

5 . tkfO{n] pd]/ cg';f/sf] tf}n kQf nufpg ;f]lx cg';f/ 5'§f 5'§} tflnsfsf] k|of]u ug'{ k5{ . o:tf aRrf h'g;'s} pd]/sf] ePklg aRrfnfO{ k]|if0f ug{'k5{ .

pd]/ cg';f/sf] tf}n tflnsf

jRrf @ jif{ d'lgsf] 5 eg] ;j} jRrfnfO{ vfgf ;DjGwL ;Nnfx lbg'k5{ . ;j} aRrfx¿nfO{ s'kf]if0f, /QmcNktf tyf pd]/ cg';f/ tf}nsf] kfv'/fsf] gfk nflu

d"Nof+sg ug'{k5{ . cGo ;d:ofx?sf] hfFr ug{'xf];\ vl6/f, d'vsf] 3fpm, cfFvfsf] 3fp cyjf sfgjf6 kLk aUg' h:tf cGo y'k|} ;d:ofx¿

klg 5g\ . logLx¿ dxTjk"0f{ t 5g\ t/ logLx¿ d[To'sf d'Vo sf/0f eg] xf]Ogg\ . oL /f]ux¿sf] pkrf/ eg] lgb]{lzsfdf ;dfj]; ul/Psf] 5}g . o:tf lj/fdL tkfO{n] :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k|]if0f ug'{k5{ .

ofb ug{'xf];M af/Daf/ lgdf]lgof÷s8f lgdf]lgof, emf8fkvfnf, Hj/f], tf}n sd x'g] / d'vdf ;]tf bfux? cfPdf / pkrf/ ubf{ klg /f]u lgsf] gePdf To:tf] aRrfsf] afa' jf cfdf dWo] s;}nfO{ HIV/AIDS sf] ;+qmd0f ePsf] 5 eg] pxfF x?sf] uf]klgotf / :jfledfg cfFr gk'Ug]u/L k/fdz{ lbO{ o:tf] aRrfnfO{ yk hfFr ug{sf] nflu lhNnf c:ktfndf k|]if0f ug{'xf];\ .

15

vf]k

tkfO{+n] ;j} aRrfx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] vf]ksf] l:yltsf] nflu hfFRg' k5{ . vf]ksf] clen]v /fVg'xf];\ . vf]ksf] sf8{af6 of] ;"rgf ;j} eGbf /fd|f] tl/sfn] k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . olb vf]ksf] sf8{ 5}g eg], s'g s'g vf]kx¿ slxn] lbOPsf] lyof] elg cfdfnfO{ ;+em]/ eGg cg'/f]w ug{'xf];\ . ca s'g vf]k lbg'k5{ kQf nufpg'xf];\ / To; dlxgfsf] glhssf] vf]k nufpg] ldltdf vf]k nufpg cg'/f]w ug'{xf];\ . l;ls:t la/fdL eO pkrf/sf] nflu :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k|]if0f ug'kg]{ cj:yfsf aRrfnfO{ vf]k lbP/ cNdNofpg' x'Fb}g .

uPsf] ^ dlxgf leq le6fldg ‘P’ / cNj]08fhf]n vfP gvfPsf] hf“r ug'{xf];\ . gvfPsf] eP v'jfpg'xf];\ .

aRrfsf] /f]usf] juL{s/0f tyf pkrf/sf] klxrfg ug'{xf];\ tkfO{x¿n] k|of]u ug]{ tflnsfdf rf/ j6f v08x¿ 5g\ – d"Nof+sg, lrGxx¿, juL{s/0f tyf pkrf/sf] klxrfg . "d"Nof+sg" v08n] tkfO{nfO{ x/]s sf]7fdf ePsf ;j} lrGxx¿nfO{ hfFRgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 . "lrGxx¿" v08df la/fdL aRrfdf e]l6Psf ;j} lrGxx¿nfO{ lrgf] nufpg' kg]{ x'G5 . aRrfdf ePsf] k|To]s /f]usf] juL{s/0f lg0f{o ug{sf] nflu "juL{s/0f" v08nfO{ eg'{ kb{5 . "pkrf/sf] klxrfg" v08df ;j} pkrf/ lg0f{ox¿nfO{ ;+If]kdf lbOPsf] 5 . tkfO{nfO{ lbOPsf] sf8{ Wofgk'j{s x]g{'xf];\ . tflnsfnfO{ tLg leGg /+ux¿ -/ftf] kx]+nf] / xl/of]_ df /flvPsf] 5 . /ftf] /+usf sf]7fx¿df /flvPsf cj:yfx¿n] s8f /f]unfO{ hgfpF5g\ . s8f /f]u nfu]sf aRrfx¿nfO{ :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k|]if0f ug'{ k5{ . kx]+nf] /+usf sf]7fx¿df /flvPsf cj:yfx¿nfO{ 3/}df cf}iflwx¿af6 pkrf/ ug'{ k5{ . xl/of] /+usf sf]7fx¿df /flvPsf cj:yfx¿nfO{ cf}iflwx¿sf] k|of]u ljgf g} 3/]n' pkrf/åf/f pkrf/ ug'{k5{ . :jf=sf=sf] nflu tflnsf ;xL tl/sfn] eg{ l;Sg' w]/} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . ;xL pkrf/ / ;Nnfxsf] nflu of] w]/} g} dxTjk"0f{ r/0f xf] . ;j{ k|yd tflnsf eg]{ r/0fx¿nfO{ a'‰g'xf];\ clg To;kl5 Tof] k|s[ofnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kn] ga'em];Dd y'k|} la/fdLx¿df cEof; ug'{xf];\ . tkfO{+nfO{ lbOPsf] jf k5f8L kl§ /flvPsf] clen]v kmf/fddf e]l6Psf lrGxx¿df lrgf] nufO{ /f]u jlu{s/0f ug]{ cEof; ug'{xf];\ .

16

sf8{sf] "d"Nof+sg" v08nfO{ x]g'{xf];\ / vt/fsf s'g} lrGxx¿ 5g\ ls hfFRg'xf];\ . olb Ps jf a9L vt/fsf lrGxx¿ e]l6P eg], "lrGxx¿" eGg] v08lt/ hfg'xf];\ h'g sf]7fsf] bfFofkl§ 5 . k|To]s lrGxsf] jl/kl/ uf]nf] nufpg'xf];\ . ca vf]sL nfu]sf] jf ;f; km]g{ sl7gfO ePsf] sf]7flt/ hfg'xf];\ / 5 eg] e]l6Psf ;j} lrGxx¿nfO{ d"Nof+sg sf]7fdf uf]nf] nufpg'xf];\ . olb Ps jf a9L lrGx 5g\ eg] "lrGxx¿" eGg] v08df bfofFlt/ hfg'xf];\ / e]l6Psf k|To]s lrGxdf Pp6f uf]nf] nufpg'xf];\ . To;kl5 aRrfnfO{ kvfnf nfu]sf] 5 ls hfFRg'xf];\ / ;j{ k|yd tkfO{n] e]6]sf ;j} lrGxx¿df uf]nf] nufpg'xf];\ . olb Ps jf a9L lrGx 5g\ eg], e]l6Psf k|To]s lrGxnfO{, "lrGxx¿" eGg] v08df klxn] h:t} uf]nf] lrgf] nufpg cl3 a9\g'xf];\ . ca s'kf]if0f, /QmcNktf sf]7fdf x]g{'xf];\ / o; k|s[ofnfO{ bf]xf]¥ofpg'xf];\ . o;} qmdn] cGtdf Hj/f] tyf s'g} cGo ;d:of sf]7fdf hfg'xf];\ .

e]l6Psf lrGxx¿df uf]nf] nufp Fbf tkfO{n] dflyaf6 z'¿ ug'{kb{5, k|To]s sf]7fdf e]l6Psf

lrGxx¿df uf]nf] nufpg' k5{ / ;a} sf]7fx¿ gl;WofP;Dd hf/L /fVg'k5{ .

– e]l6Psf lrGxx? k5f8L lbOPsf] @ dlxgf b]lv % aif{ ;Ddsf] OPD /lhi6/df eg]{ cEof; ug{'xf];\ .

/f]usf] juL{s/0f ug'{xf];\

aRrfsf] /f]usf] juL{s/0f ug{, "juL{s/0f" v08 eg'{ k5{ . tflnsfsf] dflyaf6 km]l/ z'¿ ug{ / v08df ePsf ;j} sf]7fx¿ gl;WofP;Dd tnlt/ a9\b} hfg cfjZos x'G5 . ;fdfGotof b]lvg] vt/fsf lrGxx¿sf] sf]7faf6 z'¿ ug'{xf];\\, vf]sL nfu]sf] jf ;f; km]g{ sl7gfO ePsf] sf]7f, To;kl5 kvfnfsf] sf]7f x'Fb} s'kf]if0f / /QmcNktfsf] sf]7f clg cGtdf cGo ;d:ofx¿sf] sf]7flt/ a9\g'xf];\ . x/]s sf]7fdf s]jn Pp6f dfq} juL{s/0f x'g ;S5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, s8f lgdf]lgof ePsf] aRrfnfO{ lgdf]lgof ePsf] x'g ;Sb}g . s]xL aRrfx¿nfO{ Ps eGbf a9L /f]u nfu]sf] x'g ;S5 . tkfO{+n] Pp6f /f]usf] nflu s]jn Pp6} dfq juL{s/0f ug'{ k5{ . o; lgodsf] Pp6f dfq} ckjfb xf] kvfnf . kvfnfsf] sf]7fdf Ps eGbf j9L juL{s/0f x'g ;Sb5g\ .

pbfx/0fsf] nflu, vf]sL nfu]sf] aRrfnfO{ kvfnf / s'kf]if0f klg x'g;S5 . To; sf/0f

vf]sLsf] nflu Pp6f / s'kf]if0fsf] nflu Pp6f dfq juL{s/0f x'g'k5{ .

pkrf/ af/] lg0f{o ug'{xf];\ aRrfsf] /f]usf] pkrf/ af/] lg0f{o ug{ "pkrf/sf] klxrfg" eGg] v08nfO{ eg'{k5{ . of] v08 "juL{s/0f" v08sf] bfofFkl§ /flvPsf] 5 . x/]s sf]7fdf hxfF juL{s/0fdf uf]nf] lrgf] nufOPsf] 5, bfofFkl§" pkrf/sf] klxrfg" eGg] v08 d'lgsf] sf]7fdf hfg'xf];\ / ;j} l;kmfl/zx¿df uf]nf] lrgf] nufpg'xf];\ . o;n] tkfO{nfO{ k|To]s /f]usf] pkrf/ 5gf}6 ug{df ;xof]u lbg]5 . dflyNnf] sf]7faf6 z'¿ u/L ;j} sf]7fx¿ gl;WofP;Dd cufl8 a9\b} hfg] l;4fGtx¿nfO{ kfngf ug'{k5{ .

17

aRrfsf] pkrf/ ug'{xf];\ s8f juL{s/0fdf k/]sf] aRrfnfO{ k|]if0f ug'{xf];\

vt/fsf] Ps jf Ps eGbf a9L lrGxx¿ -;fdfGotof b]lvg] vt/fsf] lrGx jf s8f /f]usf] lrGx_ ePsf] aRrf u+eL/ ¿kdf la/fdL ePsf] x'G5 . o:tf la/fdLnfO{ :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf tTsfn k|]if0fsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ;kmn k|]if0fsf] nflu lgDg r/0fx¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5 M

!= k|]if0fsf] cfjZostf af/] cfdfnfO{ atfpg'xf];\ tyf aRrfnfO{ n}hfgsf] nflu cg'/f]w ug'{xf];\ . cfdf clgR5's ePdf sf/0f kQf nufpg'xf];\ .

@= ;d:ofx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug'{xf];\ / pgsf 8/x¿nfO{ zfGt kfg{'xf];\ . s]xL ;fdfGo

;d:ofx¿ tyf ltgLx¿sf] ;+ej ;dfwfgx¿nfO{ ;+If]kdf lbOPsf] 5 . #= :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf n}hfg cfdfsf] nflu k|]if0f k'hf{÷kmf/fd el/ t'k|]if0f ug{'xf];\ .

18

k]|if0f sf8{df aRrfsf] gfd, pd]/ / lnË, k|]if0fsf] ldlt / ;do, klxrfg ul/Psf ;j}

;d:ofx¿ / juL{s/0f, lbOPsf] pkrf/ tyf k]|if0f ;+:yfsf :jf:Yo sd{rf/Ln] hfGg' cfjZos ;"rgf cflb n]Vg'xf];\ . tkfO{n] cfˆgf] / ;+:yfsf] gfd n]Vg glal;{g'xf];\ . pbfx/0fdf, k]|if0f sf8{ tyf el/Psf] k]|if0f sf8{sf] gd"gf b]vfOPsf] 5 . s'g} h¿/L pkrf/ lgb]{zgx¿ eP cfdf hfg' eGbf cl3 lbg'xf];\ h;nfO{ pgn] hfFbf af6f]df

kfngf ug{'k5{ .

19

s_ olb aRrfnfO{ PlG6afof]l6s lbg'k5{ elg lg0f{o ul/Psf] 5 eg] tkfO{sf]

pkl:yltdf klxnf] dfqf v'jfpg nufpg'xf];\ . olb :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf aRrfnfO{ k'¥ofpg lgs} nfdf] ;do nfU5 eg] cf}iflwsf] yk dfqf cfdfnfO{ lbO/fVg'xf];\ . cfdfn] aRrfnfO{ :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf lnP/ hfg] 5}gg\ eGg] :jf=sf=nfO{ kSsf ljZjf; 5 eg] k'/} # lbgsf] nflu PlG6afof]l6s lbg' plrt x'G5 .

v_ :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf lnP/ uPsf] a]nf lzz'nfO{ :tgkfg hf/L /fVgsf] nflu

cfdfnfO{ ;Nnfx lbg'xf];\ .

lzz'nfO{ Gofgf] kf/]/ /fVg'xf];\

u_ olb aRrfnfO{ s8f hnljof]hg ePsf] 5 / aRrfn] lkpg ;S5 eg] k]|if0f ul/Psf] ;+:yfdf n}hfFbf cfdfn] af6f]el/ k'gh{nLo emf]n x/]s Ps jf b'O ldg]6df vfg lbg hf/L /fVg'k5{ .

cf}iflwaf6 3/}df pkrf/

3/}df cf}iflwaf6 pkrf/ ug{ ;Nnfx lbOPsf aRrfx¿sL cfdfnfO{ 3/]n' pkrf/ af/] klg ;Nnfx lbg' k5{ . 3/]n' pkrf/ af/] lj:t[t ;Nnfx csf]{ kfgfdf lbOPsf] 5 . lgdf]lgofsf] pkrf/ sf]l6«df]S;fhf]naf6 ug'{xf];\

vf]sL nfu]sf] jf ;f; k]mg{ sl7gfO ePsf] aRrfnfO{, h;df ;fdfGo vt/fsf lrGxx¿ 5}gg\, sf]vf xfg]sf] 5}g t/ ;f; l56f] rn]sf] 5 eg], lgdf]lgof ePsf] 5 . o:tf] aRrfnfO{ sf]l6«df]S;fhf]naf6 pkrf/ ul/g' k5{ . laxfg / /ftL u/L tLg lbgsf] nflu sf]l6«df]S;fhf]n lbg'xf];\ . sf]l6«df]S;fhf]nsf] dfqf pd]/ cg';f/ 6]a'ndf b]vfOPsf] 5 .

20

pd]/ dfqf sf]l6«df]S;fhf]n lkl8ofl6«s rSsL -6 «fOldyf]lk|d @) ld=u|f= + ;Nkmfldyf]S;fhf]n !)) ld=u|f_ lbgsf] @ k6s # lbg ;Dd

@ dlxgfb]lv ! jif{;Dd

@

! jif{b]lv % jif{;Dd #

aRrfnfO{ 3/df sf]l6«df]S;fhf]n s;/L lbg] cfdfnfO{ l;sfpg'xf];\ aRrfnfO{ cf}iflw lbg'kg]{ sf/0f cfdfnfO{{ atfpg'xf];\ . slt cf}iflw, slt k6s / slt

lbg;Dd lbg] eGg]af/] cfdfnfO{ atfpg'xf];\ . ;fdfGotof :jf=sf=x¿nfO{ sf]l6«df]S;fhf]n rSsLsf] ¿kdf lbOG5 tyf lzz'x¿n] of]

rSsL lgNg ;Sb}gg\ . To; sf/0f s;/L lk;]/ w"nf] agfpg] xf] cfdfnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .

rSsL lk;]/ w'nf] kf/]sf] lkl;Psf] rSsL ld;fpFb} u/]sf]

To;kl5 cfdfnfO{ lkl;Psf] rSsL clnstf cfdfsf] b"w jf ;kmf lkpg] kfgL jf xn'jf

jf s]/f cyjf aRrfn] vfg] c¿ s'g} vfgfdf s;/L ld;fpg] eGg] af/] b]vfpg'xf];\ . tkfO{sf] pkl:yltdf aRrfnfO{ cf}iflw v'jfpgsf] nflu cfdfnfO{ eGg'xf];\ .

cfkm\gf] pkl:yltdf cf}iflw lb+b}

21

vfPsf] cfwf 306fleq olb aRrfn] afGtf u5{ eg] cf}iflw km]l/ lbg'k5{ . cfdfn] hflgg\ egL lglZrt x'gsf] nflu /fd|f hfFRg] k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg'xf];\ h;af6 pgn]

aRrfnfO{ v'jfpgsf] nflu cf}iflw tof/ kfg]{ ;j} r/0fx¿nfO{ a'e]msL l5g\ eGg] olsg ug{ ;lsof];\ .

tkfO{n] aRrfnfO{ t]>f] lbgdf km]l/ hfFRg'k5{ . lgdf]lgof ePsf w]/} h;f] aRrfx¿sf] cj:yfdf sf]l6«df]S;fhf]nsf] t]>f] lbg ;Ddsf]] pkrf/n] /f]u lgsf] x'G5 . /f]u km]l/ galNemof];\ eGgsf] nflu :jf=sf=x¿n] cfdfnfO{ k'/} # lbg ;Ddsf] cf}iflwsf] dfqf vfg lbg hf/L /fVg'k5{ . ;Nnfx lbOP cg';f/ # lbg ;Dd cf}iflw lb+bf klg aRrf 7Ls ePsf] 5}g eg] aRrfnfO{ :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k|]if0f ug'{k5{ . olb aRrf emg\ la/fdL ePsf] 5 cyjf vt/fsf] lrGx b]vf k/]sf] 5 eg] aRrfnfO{ l5§} k|]if0f ug'{k5{ . olb cfdf l5d]s d} al:5g\ eg] 7Ls geP;Dd aRrfnfO{ lbgsf] Ps k6s x]g'{k5{ . hn ljof]hgsf] pkrf/ 3/}df df}lvs k'gh{nLo emf]n / lhÍ rSsLåf/f ug'{xf];\ .

@ xKtf eGbf sd ;dob]lv kvfnf nfu]sf] aRrf h;df vt/fsf] lrGx 5}g jf lb;fdf

/ut 5}g tyf v"j ltvf{P em}+ u/L lkpF5 cyjf k]6s]f 5fnf tfg]/ 5f]8\bf lj:tf/} kmls{G5 eg] p;nfO{ hnljof]hg ePsf] 5 . o:tf] aRrfnfO{ k'gh{nLo emf]n / lhÍ rSsLåf/f pkrf/ ug'{ k5{ . k'gh{nLo emf]n s;/L agfpg] cfdfnfO{ l;sfpg'xf];\ xftw'g] ^ r/0fx? k'/f ul/ ;fa'g kfgLn] /fd|/L cfkm\gf] xft w'g'xf];\

xft wf]Psf] ^ lrof lunfF;el/ ;kmf lkpg] kfgL xfNg'xf];\

k'gh{nLo emf]nsf] k'l/ofaf6 ;j} w"nf] Pp6f ;kmf ef F8f]df vGofpg'xf];\

22

^ lrof lunfF;el/ jf Ps ln6/ ;kmf lkpg] kfgL gfKg'xf];\ / k'gh{nLo emf]nsf] w"nf] vGofPsf] ef F8f]df xfNg'xf];\ .

k'gh{nLo emf]nsf] ;j} w"nf] gljnfP;Dd rnfpg'xf];\ .

;j} w"nf] kfgLdf gldl;p~h]n / efF8f]sf] lk+wdf s]xL klg afFsL g/x'~h]n;Dd

rnfpg'xf];\ . Ps rDrf emf]n aRrfnfO{ vfg lbg cfdfnfO eGg'xf];\ . x/]s !–@ ldg]6df VjfpFb} hfg'xf];\ .

olb aRrfn] afGtf u5{ eg] cfdfnfO{ !) ldg]6;Dd klv{g eGg'xf];\ / klxn] eGbf

lj:tf/} k'gh{nLo emf]n km]l/ lbg yfNg'xf];\ .

:tgkfg u/]sf lzz'x¿nfO{ k'gh{nLo emf]n v'jfpFbf aLr aLrdf :tgkfg u/fpg hf/L /fVg' k5{ . Ps k6s agfPsf] k'gh{nLo emf]n @$ 306fkl5 ˆofFSg' k5{ . k'gh{nLo emf]n lbPsf] $ 306fkl5 aRrfnfO{ hnljof]hgsf] nflu d"Nof+sg ug'{xf];\ / To;a]nfsf] d"Nof+sg cg';f/ pkrf/ 5gf}6 ug'{xf];\ .

aRrfnfO{ $ 306fdf lbOg] k'gh{nLo emf]nsf] kl/df0f lglZrt ug{ 6]a'nsf] k|of]u

ug'{xf];\ . aRrfnfO{ @ dlxgf b]vL ^ dlxgf ;Ddsf] pd]/ eP !) ld=u|f= lhÍ rSsL lbgdf

! k6s !) lbg ;Dd / ^ dlxgf b]lv % jif{ ePdf @) ld=u|f= sf] ! rSsL !) lbg ;Dd v'jfpg lbg] .

6]]a'nM klxnf] $ 306fdf lbOg] k'gh{nLoemf]n

pd]/ $ dlxgf eGbf sd

$–!@ dlxgf !@–@$ dlxgf @–% jif{

tf}n ^ s]=hL= eGbf sd ^–!) s]=hL= eGbf sd

!)–!@ s]=hL= eGbf sd

!!–!%=( s]=hL= ;Dd

ld=ln= df @))–$)) $))–&)) &))–()) ())–!$)) lrof lunf; !–@ @–# #–$ $–^

tkfO{nfO{ tf}n yfxf gePdf dfq la/fdLsf] pd]/ k|of]u ug'{xf];\ . cfjZos k'gh{nLo emf]nsf] dfqf -ld=nL=df_ la/fdLsf] tf}n -s]=hL=df_ nfO{ &% n] u'0fg u/]/ klg kQf nufpg ;lsG5 .

23

h:t}M % s]=hLsf] jRrfnfO{ klxnf] $ 306fdf lbO{g] k'g{hnLo emf]nsf] dfqf = % x &% = #&% ld=ln=

emf8fkvfnfsf] pkrf/df lh° rSsLsf] k|of]u

lh° s] xf] / o;sf >f]tx? s] s] x'g\ <

lhÍ xfd|f] z/L/nfO{ geO gx'g] Ps ;'Id kf]ifs tTj xf] / of] xfd|f] z/L/sf] k|To]s sf]ifx?df kfOG5 . xfd|f] z/L/sf] !)) eGbf a9L laz]if O{GhfOdx?df klg of] tTj /x]sf] x'G5 . lhÍ ag:klt / kz'hGo b'a} ;|f]tx?af6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . ag:ktL ;|f]t dWo] lhÍ laz]if ul/ u]8fu'8Lx?df a9L kfOG5 / o; afx]s cGg, bfn, km;L{sf] lapm, abfd cflbdf kfOG5 . kz'hGo ;|f]tdf /ftf] df;'df lhÍ tTj w]/} x'G5 . o; afx]s df5faf6 klg s]xL dfqfdf lhÍ tTj k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . lhÍsf] b}lgs zf/Ll/s cfjZostf k|ltlbg $ b]lv @% ld=u|f= xf] . lh° rSsLsf] k|of]uaf6 x'g] kmfObfx? lhÍ rSsL x/]s lsl;dsf] emf8fkvfnfsf] pkrf/df plQs} k|efjsf/L ;flat e};s]sf] 5 . lhÍ rSsLsf] ;]jgaf6 x'g] k|d'v kmfObfx? /f]u k|lt/f]wfTds zlQm a[l4 ug{', lb;fsf] dfqf sd u/fO /f]u l56f] lgsf] kfg'{ / eljZodf k6s k6s emf8fkvfnf nfUgaf6 arfpg' xf] . o;sf] ;fy} vfgfdf ¿lr hufO /f]uaf6 l56f] lgsf] x'g / kf]if0f :t/nfO{ psf:g ;d]t o;n] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 . cWoogx¿n] kQf nufP cg';f/ lhÍ rSsLsf] ;]jgn] cgfjZos cf}ifwLx¿sf] k|of]udf klg sld cfPsf] 5 kmn:j¿k cfly{s ef/ klg 36fpgdf d2t ub{5 .

lh° rSsL s;nfO{ v'jfpg] < cfFp /ut / emf8fkvfnf nfu]sf -hnljof]hg ePsf jf gePsf ;j}_ @ dxLgf b]lv % jif{ ;Ddsf jRrfx?nfO{ lhÍ rSsL v'jfpg ;lsG5 .

24

lh° rSsL v'jfpg] tl/sf < lhÍ rSsL cGo ;fwf/0f rSsLx¿ eGbf clnslt km/s x'G5 . lsg eg] of] kfgLdf 3'ngzLn x'G5 . lhÍ rSsL v'jfpgsf] nflu tn pNn]v eP adf]lhd ug'{xf];\ / cfdfnfO{ l;sfpg'xf];\ .

Pp6f rSsLnfO{ ;kmf rDrfdf /fVg'xf];\ To;df s]xL yf]kf ;kmf kfgL cyjf cfdfsf] b"w cyjf k'gh{nLo emf]n /fVg'xf];\ . s]xLa]/ 3'Ng lbg'xf];\ -$% ;]s]08 hlt_ k'/} 3'ln;s]sf] lhÍ cf}iflw emf8fkvfnf ePsf la/fdL aRrfx¿nfO{ v'jfpg'xf];\ .

kfgL, cfdfsf] b"w / k'gh{nLo emf]n afx]s of] rSsLdf cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] emf]n kbfy{ ld;fpg eg] l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 5}g . t/ olb aRrfn] rkfpg ;S5 eg] rkfpg nufpg ;lsG5 . aRrfn] ;xL dfqf kfPsf] s'/fdf ;'lgZlrt x'g 3f]lnPsf] rSsL k'/} v'jfpg'xf];\ .

lh° rSsL v'jfpg] dfqf

x/]s k6s kvfnf nfUbf jRrfnfO{ lhÍ rSsL lgDg dfqfdf v'jfpg'xf];\ M

pd]/ Dffqf cjlw @ dxLgfb]lv ^ dxLgf ;Dd !) ld=uf|= rSsL !) lbg ^ dxLgfb]lv % jif{ ;Dd @) ld=uf|= rSsL !) lbg

gf]6M cfwf 306f leq jfGtf u/]df bf]x/fP/ v'jfpg' k5{ . klxnf] dfqf cfdfnfO{ cfkm\gf] cufl8 v'jfpg nufpg'xf];\ / 3/}df s;/L v'jfpg] eGg] s'/f cfdfn] /fd|/L hflgg eGg] s'/f lglZrt ug'{xf];\ .

ca k|lzIfs;Fu lhÍ rSsLåf/f pkrf/ sf8{ klg dfUg'xf]; / o;af6 k|i6 kfg{ cg'/f]w

ug{'xf];\ .

25

Hj/f]sf] pkrf/ ug'{xf];\ kf/fl;6fdf]naf6 s]jn pRr Hj/f]sf] dfq pkrf/ ul/g'k5{ . o;n] d'5f{ kg'{af6 /f]S5 . olb Hj/f] #*=%) ;] ) jf ;f] eGbf dfly 5 eg] kf/fl;6fdf]n lbg'xf];\ . kf/fl;6fdf]nsf] dfqf 6]a'ndf lbOPsf] 5 . Hj/f] pRr 5 eg] dfq} kf/fl;6fdf]n x/]s ^ 306fdf lbg'k5{ .

6]a'nM kf/fl;6fdf]naf6 Hj/f]sf] pkrf/ ug'{xf];\ .

aRrfsf] pd]/ x/]s ^ 306fdf -olb cfjZos eP_

kf/fl;6fdf]n -%)) ld=u|f= rSsL_ lbg'xf];\

@ dlxgfb]lv # jif{;Dd !÷$ # jif{b]lv % jif{;Dd !÷@

olb Hj/f] Ps lbg eGbf a9L /xG5 eg] – aRrfnfO{ :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k|]if0f ug'{xf];\ . Hj/f] cfPsf] sd pd]/sf] lzz'nfO{ :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k|]if0f ug'{k5{ . o;nfO{

kf/fl;6fdf]naf6 pkrf/ ug]{ k|of; gug'{xf];\ . /QmcNktfsf] pkrf/ ug'{xf];\

/QmcNktfsf] pkrf/ cfO/gaf6 ug'{xf];\ . cfO/gsf] dfqf 6]a'ndf lbOPsf] 5 . cfO/gnfO{ lrofl;t vfg glbg'xf];\ lsgls o;n] cf}iflwsf] ;f]:g] k|s[ofnfO{ sd u5{ / o;sf] k|efjsf/Ltfdf sdL NofpF5 .

6]a'nM cfO/gaf6 /QmcNktfsf] pkrf/ !$ lbg;Dd ug'{xf];\

aRrfsf] pd]/ jo:s cfO/g rSsL km]/; ;Nkm]6 -Plnd]G6n cfO/g ^)= ld=u|f_

@ dlxgfb]lv % jif{;Dd cfwf rSsL lbgdf ! k6s !$ lbg ;Dd

$=# 3/]n' pkrf/ af/] ;Nnfx

lgdf]lgof gePsf] ¿3f vf]sLsf] nflu 3/]n' pkrf/

vf]sL nfu]sf] jf ;f; km]g{ sl7gfO ePsf] aRrfdf vt/fsf] s'g} klg lrGx 5}g jf sf]vf xfg]sf] 5}g / ;f; l56f] rn]sf] 5}g eg] aRrfnfO{ s]jn ¿3f vf]sL nfu]sf] 5 . o:tf jRrfsf] cfdfnfO{ 3/]n' pkrf/ af/] l;sfpg'xf];\ .

26

:jf=sf= sxfF aRrfnfO{ km]l/ t'?Gt slxn] Nofpg] eGg] vfnsf /f]usf lrGxx¿ x]g{ cfdfnfO{ l;sfpg'xf];\ . dxTjk"0f{ lrGxx¿ ;+If]kdf lbOPsf] 5 .

lkpg jf emg\ la/fdL kg'{ ;f; l56f] rNg' ;f; km]g{ sl7gfO x'g'

:tgkfg ug{ g;Sg' la/fdL k/]sf] j]nf vfgf v'jfpg hf/L /fVg cfdfnfO{ ;Nnfx lbg'xf];\ . aRrfn] :tgkfg

ub}{5 eg] cfdfnfO{ :tgkfg hf/L /fVg eGg'xf];\ . aRrfn] rfx] hlt 3/]n' emf]ns'/fx¿ Vjfpg' hf/L /fVg] ;Nnfx klg cfdfnfO{ lbg'xf];\ .

o;n] klg vf]sLaf6 5'6\sf/f lbnfpgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . aRrfnfO{ 3/}df agfOg] vf]sLsf] cf/fdbfoL ;'/lIft cf}iflw vfg lbg] ;Nnfx cfdfnfO{

lbg'xf];\ . :jf=sf=n] 3/}df agfOg] rng rlNtsf ;'/lIft vf]sLsf cf}iflwx¿ / logLx¿nfO{ agfpg] tl/sfl;t kl/lrt\ x'g' k5{ . 3/}df agfOg] vf]sLsf] ;'/lIft cf}iflw /f]Hg cfdfnfO{ lbg' k5{ clg pgL /fhL ePkl5 agfpg] tl/sf atfpg' k5{ .

3/df agfpg] cf}iflwsf c+zx¿

3/df agfOg] l;kmfl/z ul/Psf vf]sLsf cf}iflwx¿

!= cb'jf, sfutL, t'N;Lsf] kft – tftf] emf]n agfpg'xf];\ @= cb'jf, dx – tftf] emf]n agfpg'xf];\ #= c+Fn}}rL, cb'jf, rLgL – tftf] emf]n agfpg'xf];\

$= %= ^= &=

-jRrfsf] :jfb cg';f/ dfqf ldnfpg'xf];\_

27

@ dlxgf d'lgsf lzz'nfO{ vfgdf jfwf k'U5 eg] gfs ;kmf /fVgsf] nflu cfdfnfO{ ;Nnfx lbg'k5{ . Pp6f ;kmf g/d sk8f g"g kfgLdf lehfP/ gfs ;kmf ug{ ;lsG5 .

gfs ;kmf u/]sf]

sd pd]/sf] lzz'nfO{ Gofgf] kf/L /fVg'xf];\ hnljof]hg gePsf] emf8f kvfnf aRrfsf] nflu 3/}df pkrf/ ug]{ $ lgodx?

@ xKtf eGbf sd ;dob]lv kvfnf nfu]sf] aRrfsf] lb;fdf /ut 5}g, vt/fsf] lrGx

5}g, ;fdfGo ¿kdf kfgL lkpF5 / k]6sf] 5fnf tfg]/ 5f]8\bf ;fdfGo ¿kdf cfˆgf] 7fpFdf kmls{G5 eg] p;nfO{ kvfnf nfu]sf] 5 t/ hnljof]hg ePsf] 5}g\ . o:tf] aRrfsf] pkrf/sf] nflu cfdfnfO{ lhÍ rSsL / 3/]n' pkrf/ af/] dfq} ;Nnfx lbg' k5{ .

hnljof]hg gePsf] cj:yfdf 3/]n' pkrf/n] lgDg $ s'/fx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ub{5 M

!= yk emf]ns'/f lbg'xf];\

aRrfnfO{ yk emf]ns'/fx¿ / lhÍ rSsL v'jfpg' k5{ . ^ dlxgf eGbf sd pd]/sf] lzz'nfO{ cfdfsf] b"w dfq} v'jfpg hf/L /fVg' k5{ / la/fdL x'g' eGbf klxn]sf] eGbf a9L k6s nfdf] ;do;Dd jf/Daf/ :tgkfg u/fpg ;Nnfx lbg'xf];\ . olb ^ dlxgf dflysf] 5 eg] aRrfnfO{ cfdfsf] b"wsf cltl/Qm c? s'/f lbg] u/]sf] 5 eg] :tgkfgsf] cltl/Qm 3/df k|fKt x'g] emf]ns'/fx¿ vfg lbg'xf];\ . aRrfnfO{ yk ;kmf kfgL, k'gh{nLo emf]n, b"w, df8=, bxL cyjf df]xL vfg lbg'k5{ . aRrfn] afGtf u¥of] eg] !) ldg]6;Dd klv{g'xf];\ clg km]l/ lj:tf/} v'jfpg'xf];\ . kvfnf g/f]lsP;Dd yk emf]ns'/fx¿ v'jfO/fVg'xf];\ .

3/df kfOg] emf]ns'/fx¿

pkof]uL xfgLsf/s

!= cfdfsf] b"w @= bxL, df]xL, / ufO{ e}+;Lsf] b"w #= eftsf] df8

xn'sf k]o kmnk'mnsf] /; -ul'nof] agfOPsf]_ Un'sf]h kfgL

28

$= bfnsf] /; %= t/sf/Lsf] /; ^= tfhf kmnk"mnsf] /; &= ;fbf ;kmf kfgL

hf“8 /S;L

k|To]s kftnf] lb;f kl5 yk slt vfg lbg] <

pd]/

@ jif{ d'lg @ jif{ dfly

!÷@ lrof lunfF; ! lrof lunfF;

dfly pNn]lvt kl/df0f jfx]s aRrfn] vfg rfx] hlt vfg lbO/xg' k5{ .

@= vfgf v'jfpg hf/L /fVg'xf];\ .

aRrfn] vfg dg ub}{g eg] klxn]sf] eGbf yf]/} kl/df0fdf jf/Daf/ v'jfpg'xf];\ . aRrf 7Ls x'g yfn]kl5 p;nfO{ ef]s nfUg yfNg]5 / aRrf la/fdL x'Fbf ePsf] Iflt k"lt{ ug{ cfdfn] yk vfgfx¿ v'jfpg' k5{ . o:tf] yk vfgf lbgdf yk ! k6s @ xKtf ;Dd VjfO/xg' k5{ .

#= pd]/ cg';f/ lhÍ rSsLåf/f pkrf/ ug{'xf];\ .

@ dlxgf b]vL ^ dlxgf ;Ddsf] aRrfnfO{ !) ld=u|f= lhÍ rSsL lbgdf ! k6s !) lbg;Dd / ^ dlxgf b]lv % aif{ ;Dd @) ld=u|f= sf] ! rSsL !) lbg ;Dd lbgdf ! k6s lbg' kb{5 .

$= pkrf/ s]Gb|df slxn] kms{g]af/] ;Nnfx

cj:yfdf ;'wf/ gcfPdf jf tnsf s'g} klg s'/fx¿ b]lvPdf aRrfnfO{ km]l/ Nofpg cfdfnfO{ ;Nnfx lbg'xf];\ M

* tf/+tf/ afGtf u/]df * Hj/f] cfPdf÷lztfË ePdf * w]/} k6s lb;f u/]df * /fd|/L vfg] jf lkpg] gu/]df * Hofb} ltvf{Psf] ePdf * lb;fdf /ut b]lvPdf

aRrfsf] :jf:Yosf] k|jw{g ug'{xf];\

vf]kx¿nfO{ ;dofg's"n l:yltdf /fVg'xf];\

/fli6«o vf]k sfo{qmd cg';f/ aRrfnfO{ lbg'kg]{ vf]kx¿ kQf nufpg'xf];\ . vf]k sfo{qmd ToxL lbg k/]sf] eP lbg'kg]{ vf]k lbg'xf];\ . olb ToxL lbg vf]k sfo{qmd geP kfos kg]{ vf]k s]Gb|df slxn] Nofpg] af/] cfdfnfO{ /fd|/L ;Nnfx lbg'xf];\ . s'g} vf]k lbg afFsL eP sxfF / slxn] cfpg] cfdfnfO{ eGg'xf];\ . aRrf la/fdL 5 eGb}df vf]kx¿nfO{ :ylut\ gug'{xf];\ .

/fli6«o vf]k sfo{qmdsf] tflnsf

29

slxn] < s'g vf]k < s'g /f]usf] /f]syfd u5{ <

klxnf] hGdgf ;fy aL=;L=hL= Ifo/f]u

bf]>F] ^ xKtf 8L=kL=6L=, x]k aL, lxj kf]lnof] Eofu't] /f]u, nx/] vf]sL, wg'i6+sf/ x]kf6fOl6; aL kf]lnof], x]dflkmn;

t]>f] !) xKtf 8L=kL=6L=, x]k aL lxj,kf]lnof] Eofu't] /f]u, nx/] vf]sL, wg'i6+sf/ x]kf6fOl6; aL kf]lnof], x]dflkmn;

rf}yf] !$ xKtf 8L=kL=6L=, x]k aL, lxj, kf]lnof] Eofu't] /f]u, nx/] vf]sL, wg'i6+sf/ x]kf6fOl6; aL kf]lnof], x]dflkmn;

kfrf}+ ( dlxgf k"/f u/]kl5 bfb'/f bfb'/f le6fldg ‘P’ lbg'xf];\

/fli6«o le6fldg …PÚ sfo{qmd cg';f/ aRrf ^ dlxgf k"/f ePkl5 le6fldg …PÚ lbg z'? ug'{k5{ . k|To]s ^–^ dlxgfdf le6fldg …PÚ lbg' kb{5 / o:tf] qmd aRrf % jif{ -^) dlxgf_ k"/f gx'~h]n hf/L /fVg' kb{5 . o;/L lbO/xFbf aRrfnfO{ /tGwf] x'Fb}g, /f]u;Fu n8\g] zlQm a9\5 / aRrfsf] ljsf; /fd|/L x'G5 . ofb /fVg'xf];\ le6fldg …PÚ l56f] l56f] lbPdf o;n] g/fd|f] c;/ kfg{;S5 . t;y{ aRrfnfO{ cl3Nnf] ^ dlxgfdf le6fldg …PÚ lbOPsf] 5 eg] csf]{ lbg] a]nf gcfP;Dd glbg'xf];\ . ^÷^ dlxgfdf lbg'kg]{ le6fldg …PÚ sf] dfqf tn 6]a'ndf lbOPsf] 5 .

6]a'nM le6fldg ‘P’ sf] dfqf

aRrfsf] pd]/ le6fldg ‘P’

^ dlxgfb]lv !@ dlxgf;Dd ! jif{b]lv % jif{;Dd

!)),))) o"lg6;\ -cfO{=o"=_ @)),))) o"lg6;\ -cfO{=o"=_

lgDg nIf0f÷lrGx ePsf aRrf b]lvPdf cGo cfjZos pkrf/sf] ;fy;fy} le6fldg …PÚ klg lbg'kb{5 t;y{ t'?Gt :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k|]if0f ug'{xf];\ .

/tGwf] jf cfFvfdf lj6\6:k6 ePsf] aRrf bfb'/f cfPsf] aRrf s8f s'kf]if0f ePsf] jRrf bL3{ kvfnf nfu]sf] aRrf

;'Ts]/L x'gf;fy cyjf ;'Ts]/L ePsf] ^ xKtfleqsf cfdfnfO{ klg le6fldg …PÚ v'jfpg} kb5{ .

30

h'sfsf] cf}iflw v'jfpg'xf];\ . ! jif{ k"/f ePkl5 ;a} jRrfnfO{ h'sfsf] cf}iflw cNj]08fhf]n @)) ld= u|f= jf $))

ld=u|f sf] cfwf rSsL / @ jif{ dflysf] jRrfnfO{ Ps rSsL jf $)) ld=u|f v'jfpg' kb{5 . k|To]s ^–^ dlxgfdf cNj]08fhf]n lbg'k5{ / o:tf] qmd jRrf % jif{ k"/f gx'~h]n hf/L /fVg' k5{ .

cfdfnfO{ k/fdz{ lbg'xf];\

:jf:Yosf] /]vb]vsf] ;j} eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f, cfdfnfO{ 3/]n' pkrf/, k|ltsf/fTds tyf k|jw{gfTds pkrf/ af/] ljZj:t kfg'{ / s'kf]if0fsf] /f]syfddf hf]8 lbg' xf] . o;nfO{ cfdfx¿l;t s'/fsfgL u/L k|efjsf/L tl/sfn] ug{ ;lsG5 .

tkfO{n] cfdfnfO{ rng cg';f/ clejfbg ug{'xf]; / a:gsf] nflu cg'/f]w ug'{xf];\ .

cfdfl;t s'/f ubf{ cfdf / aRrf b'j} cf/fdl;t a;]sf 5g\ eGg] olsg ug'{xf];\ .

k/fdz{sf r/0fx? != ;f]Wg'xf];\ / ;'Gg'xf];\

cfdfn] s] ub}{l5g\ elg tkfO{n] hfGg] Pp6} pkfo pgnfO{ k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg' xf] . Ps k6sdf s]jn Pp6f k|Zg ;f]Wg'xf];\ / lglZrt ug'{xf];\ ls cfdfn] k|Zg a'l‰5g\ . k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg cfdfx¿n] s]xL ;do nufpg ;S5g\, To;}n] pgLx¿sf] k|ltlqmofnfO{ kv{g'xf];\ . olb :jf=sf=n] Wofgk"j{s ;'g]df cfdfn] pgsf] cfb/ ul/Psf] 5 tyf pgsf rf;f] k|lt /fd|/L Wofg lbOPsf]5 eGg] dxz"; ub{l5g\ .

31

;f]Wg'xf];\ / ;'Gg'xf];\ @= k|z+;f ug'{xf];\

;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/x¿af6, cfdfaf6 ul/Psf /fd|f s'/fx¿sf] klxrfg ug'{xf];\ . To;sf] nflu pgsf] k|z+;f ug'{xf];\ . pbfx/0fsf] lgDtL, olb pgn] cfˆgf] lzz'nfO{ :tgkfg u/fpFb}l5g\ eg] :jf=sf=n] cfdfsf] k|z+;f ug'{k5{ .

cfdfsf] k|z+;f ul/Psf]

#= ;Nnfx lbg'xf];\

cfdfn] s] s'/f ;xL tl/sfn] ul//x]sL 5}gg\ To;sf] cfwf/df, ;j}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/fx¿ kQf nufpg'xf];\ h'g tkfO{ 5nkmn ug{ / ;Nnfx lbg rfxg' x'G5 . To:tf s'/fx¿ 5fGg'xf];\ h'g s'/fx¿ dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ / tkfO{sf] ;Nnfx kfngf ug{df cfdf ;Ifd x'g]l5g\ . cfdfnfO{ a9L ;Nnfx lb+bf pgL cndNn kg{ klg ;lS5g\ . 5nkmn k|efjsf/L agfpg tkfO{;Fu ePsf] z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿ -h:tf] kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfosf] Jojxf/df ;'wf/ Nofpgsf] nflu jgfOPsf] æ;lrq lgb]{lzsfÆ_ b]vfpg'xf];\ . o;n] cGtlqm{ofnfO{ a9L hLjGt agfpF5 . hxfF hxfF ;Dej x'G5, cfdfnfO{ cfkm}+n] cEof; ug{sf] lglDt cfu|x ug'{xf];\ . o;n] pgdf oy]i6 cfTdljZjf; hufpg]5 . xflgsf/s k|rng aGb ug{sf] nflu cfdfnfO{ ;Nnfx lbO pgsf] lrQ a'emfpg'xf];\ . o;af/] s'/f ubf{ pgL cfkm" bf]ifL ePsf] dxz"; x'g glbg'xf];\ .

32

cfdfnfO{ ;Nnfx lb+b} u/]sf] $= cfdfn] a'em]–ga'em]sf] hfFRg'xf];\

lbOPsf] ;NnfxnfO{ cfdfn] a'em]sL l5g\ elg lglZrt x'g cfdfnfO{ /fd|f hfFRg] k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg'xf];\ . To:tf k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg'xf];\ h;nfO{ pQ/sf] ¿kdf ljj/0fsf] cfjZostf kg{ hfg]5 / vfnL xf] jf xf]Ogsf] ¿kdf pQ/ gxf];\ . olb tkfO{n] s'g} hjfkm kfpg' ePg eg] To; k|ZgnfO{ cs}{ tl/sfaf6 ;f]Wg'xf];\ .

/fd|f hfFRg] k|Zgsf s]xL pbfx/0fx¿M

s:tf vfgfx¿ tkfO{n] cfˆgf] aRrfnfO{ lbg'x'G5 <

Ps k6sdf tkfO{n] vfgf slt lbg'x'G5 <

tkfO{ vfgf slt k6s lbg'x'G5 <

tkfO{ k'gh{lno emf]n s;/L tof/ ug{'x'G5 <

afn a[l4 / ljsf;

afn aflnsfsf] a[l4 / ljsf; eg]sf] s] xf] <

a[l4 eg]sf] afnaflnsfsf] pd]/ cg';f/ tf}n, prfO{ a9\g' xf] . o:tf] a[l4nfO{ dfkg ul/ kl/df0fdf b]vfpg ;lsG5 . ue{fj:yf b]lv ! xhf/ lbg ;Dd -@ aif{ pd]/ ;Dd_ sf] pd]/sf] zfl//Ls / dfglzs ljsf; x'g] clt dxTjk"0f{ ;do xf] . o; ;do leq aRrfsf] lbdfu em08} *)Ü ljsf; x'g] xF'bf dxTjk"0f{ ePsf] xf] . t;y{ o;a]nfdf lzz'nfO{ kf]lifnf vfg]s'/fsf] ;fy ;fy} yk :ofxf/ ;';f/sf] klg cfjZostf kb{5 .

ljsf; eg]sf] afn aflnsfsf] pd/] cg';f/ qmlds ?kdf lbdfusf] ljsf; -af}l4s ljsf;_ / ;f]xL cg'?k aRrfn] ug]{ zfl//Ls tyf dfgl;s lqmofsnfkx? x'g . h:t} aRrf xfF:g', cfdf tyf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox? lrGg', xftv'§f rnfpg', 6fpsf] p7fpg', afd] ;g{', pleg',

33

lx8\g', v'zL b]lvg', v]Ng', pQ]lht x'g' cflb kb{5g\ . aRrfnfO{ PSn} 5f]8\g] jf ufnL, xf]Hofpg] ug{ x'Fb}g . o:n] aRrfsf] lbdfudf g/fd|f] c;/ kb{5 .

pk/f]Qm lqmofsnfkx? ug{ afnaflnsfnfO{ cfdf a'jf tyf kl/jf/sf c? ;b:ox?af6 rnfpg], af]nfpg], :tgkfg tyf vfg]s'/fx? v'jfpg] a]nfdf s'/f ug]{, w]/} ;fgf] lzz' eP p:nfO{ ;'d;'dfpg] / v]Ng ;Sg] lzz' eP v]nfpg] p ;Fu cfkm" klg v]Ng] ug{fn] lzz'sf] dfglzs ljsf; lta| x'G5 . cfhsf lzz'x?g} ef]lnsf of] b]zsf eljZo x'g\ . To;sf/0f @ aif{ leq lzz'sf] ljz]if Vofn ug{'kb{5 egL cfdfx?nfO{ cfdf;d'xsf] a}7sdf, JolQmut e]63f6 / aRrf hFrfpg NofpFbf af/Daf/ ;+emfpg'xf];\ .

vfgf ;DjGwL d'NofÍg ug'{xf];\ . lzz' afNosflng tflnsf cg';f/ ;Nnfx lbg'xf];\ .

aRrfnfO{ s;/L v'jfpg] ul/Psf] 5 To; af/] j0f{g ug{sf] nflu cfdfnfO{ eGg'xf];\ .

o;sf] nflu cfdfnfO{ tn lbOPsf …vfgf jf/] d"Nof+sgÚ sf k|Zgx? ;f]Wg'xf];\ . cfdfn] lbPsf] vfgfsf] ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df ltgnfO{ vfgf ;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿sf]

klxrfg ug'{xf];\ . aRrfsf] pd]/ tyf cj:yf cg';f/ vfgf ;DaGwL ;Nnfx lbg'xf];\ -cGof}ndf gkfg{sf]

nflu, vfgfdf @ eGbf a9L kl/jt{gsf] ;Nnfx glbg'xf];\ .

34

aRrfsf] vfgf jf/] d"Nof+sg ug'{xf];\

olb pd]/ cg';f/ aRrfsf] w]/} sd tf}n 5 cyjf aRrf @ aif{ eGbf sd pd]/sf] 5 eg] aRrfsf] vfgf af/] d"Nof+sg ug{} k5{ . lgDglnlvt k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg'xf];\ M s] tkfOn] aRrfnfO{ :tgkfg u/fpg' x'G5 < lbgdf slt k6s u/fpg' x'G5 < s] aRrfnfO{ /ftL klg :tgkfg u/fpg' x'G5 < s] aRrfn] s'g} cGo vfgf jf emf]ns'/fx¿ vfG5 < s:tf] vfgf jf emf]ns'/fx¿ vfG5 < lbgdf slt k6s vfG5 < s] vfgfx¿ afSnf] 5g\ cyjf kftnf] 5g\ < jRrfnfO{ v'jfpg s] k|of]u ug'{ x'G5 < s'kf]if0f ePsf] cj:yfdf Ps k6sdf vfgf slt lbg' x'G5 < s] aRrfnfO{ p;sf] efu 5'§} lbOG5 < aRrfnfO{ s;n] / s;/L v'jfpF5 <

;f]Wg'xf];\, clxn] la/fdL kbf{ s] aRrfsf] vfgfdf kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 < 5 eg] s] <

vfgf ;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿sf] klxrfg ug'{xf];\

pd]/ cg';f/ ul/Psf] l;kmfl/z / aRrfnfO{ v'jfOPsf] vfgfdf ePsf] cGt/ g} vfgf ;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ x'g\ .

:jf=sf=n] vfgf ;DaGwL ;j} ;d:ofx¿sf] klxrfg u/L vfgf af/] ;Nnfx lbg' k5{ .

vfgf ;DaGwL b]lvg] ;fdfGo ;d:ofx¿ lgDg k|sf/sf x'g ;S5g\M :tgkfg u/fpgdf sl7gfO rLgL kfgL jf lrof ^ dlxgf k'Ug' cl3 g} lbg' cfˆgf] b"w gk'u] h:tf] 7fGg' b"w v'jfpFbf af]tnsf] k|of]u ug'{ ;lqmo ¿kdf vfg glbg' la/fdL cj:yfdf aRrfn] /fd|/L vfFb}g

35

vfgf ;DaGwL ljleGg ;d:ofx¿ x'g;Sb5g\ h;nfO{ :jf=sf=n] kQf nufPsf] x'g;S5 .

logLx¿nfO{ n]ldg]6]8 tflnsfdf ;+If]kdf /flvPsf] 5 . olb vfgf ;DaGwL cGo ;d:ofx¿ ;"rLdf 5}gg\ eg] ;dfwfg vf]Hgsf] nflu ;'kl/j]Ifsl;t ;Nnfx lng'xf];\ .

cfdfl;t s'/f ug'{ eGbf klxn] :jf=sf=n] aRrfsf] pd]/ cg';f/ vfgf ;DaGwL

l;kmfl/zx¿nfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{k5{ . k|To]s pd]/ ;d"xsf] nflu vfgf ;DaGwL ul/Psf l;kmfl/zx¿nfO{ tn ;+If]kdf lbOPsf]5 M

36

la/fdL tyf :j:Yo cj:yfdf kf]if0f o'Qm vfgf ;DjlGw lbO{Psf ;Nnfxx?

-lzz' tyf jfNosflng kf]if0f_ pd]/ vfgfsf] lsl;d / k6s

^ dlxgf ;Dd

lzz' hGd]sf] ! 306f leq} :tgkfg z'? u/fpg'xf];\ . :tgkfg afx]s c? vfg]s'/f / emf]ns'/f glbg'xf];\ . -kflgklg glbg'xf];\_ aRrfn] vf]h]sf] h'g;'s} ;dodf :tgkfg, @$ 306fdf lbg / /ft u/]/ sDtLdf !) k6s . b"w r';fpFbf sDtLdf !% ldg]6 ;Dd lgv|g]u/L r';fpg' kb{5 .

^ dlxgf k"/f eP b]lv ( dlxgf ;Dd

g/d tyf afSnf] kf]lifnf] hfpnf] jf ln6f], lv/, /fd|/L ldr]sf] t/sf/L, u]8fu'8Lx?, / b"waf6 ag]sf kl/sf/x?, xl/of ;fukft, :yfgLo kmnkm"nx?, df5f,df;', c08f cflb .

aRrfn] vf]h]sf] h'g;'s} ;dodf dfof, :g]x / w}o{tfsf ;fy :tgkfg u/fpg'xf];\ . lgoldt :tgkfgsf cltl/Qm lbgdf # k6s vfgf vfg lbg'xf];\ . 7"nf] rDrfsf] @ b]lv # rDrfaf6 z'? u/L qmdzM a9fpFb} ! lrof lunf; ;Dd vfg]s'/f lbg] .

(dlxgf k"/f eP b]lv !@ dlxgf ;Dd


aRrfn] vf]h]sf] h'g;'s} ;dodf dfof, :g]x / w}o{tfsf ;fy :tgkfg u/fpg'xf];\ . lgoldt :tgkfgsf cltl/Qm lbgdf # k6s vfgfsf] ;fy} aLrdf ! k6s vfhf vfg lbg'xf];\ . ! k6sdf ! lrof lunf; eGbf clnslt a9L vfg]s'/f lbg] .

37

!@ dlxgf k"/f eP b]lv @$ dlxgf ;Dd

3/ kl/jf/sf] nflu ag]sf] kf]lifnf] vfgf cfjZostf cg';f/ ldr]/ jf ;–;fgf 6'qmf kf/]/ lbgsf] # k6s v'jfpg'xf];\ . kf]lifnf] vfgfsf] ;fy} aLr–aLrdf kf]lifnf] vfhf lbgdf @ k6s v'jfpg'xf];\ . h:t}M– l3pm jf t]ndf e"6]sf] lrp/f, /f]6L,

kmnkm"nx?, e"6]sf] ds}, e6\df;\, u]8fu'8Lx? -cfjZostfcg';f/ ldr]/, lk+w]/ jf ;fgf 6'qmf kf/]/_ cflb . aRrfn] vf]h]sf] h'g;'s} ;dodf :tgkfg u/fpg'xf];\ . ! k6sdf 8]9 lrof lunf; ;Dd vfg]s'/f lbg] .

@$ dlxgf k"/f eP b]lv ^) dlxgf ;Dd

3/–kl/jf/sf] nflu ag]sf] kf]lifnf] vfgf lbgdf # k6s lbg'xf];\ / @ k6s kf]lifnf] vfhf lbg'xf];\ . kf]lifnf] vfgfsf] ;fy–;fy}aLr–aLrdf kf]lifnf] vfhf v'jfpg'xf];\ .

38

bL3{ kvfnf nfu]sf] aRrfsf] nflu vfgf ;DjGwL ul/Psf l;kmfl/zx?

olb :tgkfg ul//x]sf] eP, k6s k6s nfdf] ;do;Dd lbgdf / /ftL klg :tgkfg u/fpg'xf];\ .

aRrfsf] pd]/ ^ dlxgfeGbf a9L 5 eg] jf cGo vfnsf] b"w klg vfG5 eg] – cGo b"wsf] ;f6f] :tgkfg a9fpg'xf];\ jf – bxL, df]xL cflb v'jfpg'xf];\ – b"wsf] cfwf efu cw{ 7f]; kf]lifnf] vfgfn] k"lt{ ug'{xf];\ . cGo vfg]s'/fsf] nflu, pd]/ cg';f/ vfgf ;DjGwL ul/Psf l;kmfl/zx?sf] cg';/0f

ug'{xf];\ .

emf]ns'/fx¿ af/] ;Nnfx

la/fdL k/]sf] a]nf aRrfsf] z/L/af6 kvfnf, afGtf, Hj/f] cyjf l56f] ;f; rn]sf] sf/0fn] w]/} g} t/n kbfy{ v]/ hfG5 . yk emf]ns'/fx¿ vfg lbPdf aRrfnfO{ /fd|f] x'g]5 .

3/}df kfO{g] emf]ns'/fx¿nfO{ vfg l;kmfl/z ug'{kb{5 . logn] hnljof]hgsf] /f]syfd ug{df d2t k'¥ofpF5g\ .

cfdfn] emf]ns'/f aRrfsf] nflu jfSnf] x'G5 eGg] dxz"; ul5{g eg] emf]ns'/f lbPkl5 lkpgsf] nflu clnstL ;kmf kfgL lbg ;Nnfx lbg'k5{ .

emf]ns'/fx¿ ;fdfGo eGbf a9L kl/df0fdf / x/]s ! b]lv b'O ldg]6sf] cGt/fndf cln cln u/L lbg' k5{ eGg] ;Nnfx lbg'xf];\ .

emf]ns'/fsf] kl/df0f lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;j} eGbf pQd tl/sf aRrfsf] ltvf{af6 cGbfh ug{ ;lsG5 .

:tgkfg u/]sf aRrfx¿nfO{ cfdfsf] b"w vfg lbg hf/L /fVg'k5{ . nfdf] ;do;Dd /

k6s k6s b"w vfg lbg cfdfnfO{ eGg'xf];\ .

emf]ns'/fx¿ VjfO/x]sf]

39

cg'udg

lgDg cj:yfx?df :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf cfpg

;Nnfx lbg'xf];\ .

!= slxn] t'?Gt cfpg]M olb aRrf emg\ la/fdL x'G5 eg], pgL t'¿Gt cfpg' k5{ . o;sf] nflu s:tf lrGxx¿ x]g'{ k5{ eGg] af/] pgn] hfGg'k5{ .

@= cg'udgsf] nfluM Pp6f lglZrt ;do kl5 cfdfn] aRrfnfO{ km]l/ Nofpg' kb{5 .

#= vf]ksf] nfluM cfdfsf] sf8{df jtfP cg';f/ .

slxn] t'¿Gt cfpg] <

aRrfnfO{ ;dod} k|]if0f ugf{n] hLjg arfpg ;lsG5 . pgnfO{ slxn] t'¿Gt kmls{g cfjZos k5{ elg cfdfnfO{ atfpg :jf=sf=n] pbfx/0f ;lxt cfdfsf] sf8{ k|of]u ug'{k5{ . cfdfn] hfg' cl3 ;j} lrGxx¿ a'em]sL l5g\ eGg] af/] lglZrt x'g'xf];\ .

cg'udg e]6 -kmnf]ck_

PlG6afof]l6sn] lgdf]lgofsf] pkrf/df sfd ul//x]sf] 5 ls 5}g cyjf cfO/gn] /QmcNktfnfO{ 7Ls ub}{ 5 ls 5}g jf vfgf ;DaGwL lbOPsf] ;Nnfxsf] kfngf ePsf] 5 ls 5}g elg lg0f{o ug{, cfdfnfO{ Pp6f lglZrt cjlwkl5 kms]{/ cfpgsf] nflu eGg'k5{ .

40

cj:yf cg'udg ;do lgdf]lgof t]>f]df kvfnf t]>f]df s'kf]if0f -pd]/ cg';f/ w]/} sd tf}n_ @ xKtfdf /QmcNktf @ xKtfdf vfgf ;DaGwL ;d:of % lbg kl5

gjhft lzz' u+le/ ;+qmd0f # lbgdf gjhft lzz' :yflgo ;+qmd0f # lbgdf cg'udg pkrf/ lgdf]lgof

@ lbg pkrf/ u/]kl5 cfdfn] ;Nnfx lbOP cg';f/sf] pkrf/ ul/g\ ls ul/gg\ eGg] af/] pgLl;t k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ . To;kl5 ;fdfGo vt/fsf lrGxx¿, sf]vf xfg]sf] hfFr]/ tyf ;f; b/ Ps ldg]6 ;Dd ulGt u/]/ aRrfsf] d"Nof+sg ug'{xf];\ .

d"Nof+sgdf e]l6Psf s'/fx¿ pkrf/

sf]vf xfg]sf] cyjf ;fdfGotof b]lvg] vt/fsf] lrGx 5 eg]

t'¿Gt k|]if0f ug'{xf];\

olb ;f; l56f] rn]sf] 5 / aRrfnfO{ ;Nnfx lbOP cg';f/ cf}iflwx¿ v'jfOPsf] 5 eg]

:jf:Yo ;+:yfdf cf}iflw kl/jt{gsf] nflu k|]if0f ug'{xf];\

olb ;f; l56f] rn]sf] 5}g / aRrf 7Ls x'F+b}5 eg] # lbg;Ddsf] nflu lbOPsf] PlG6afof]l6ssf] dfqf k'/f ug'{xf];\

kvfnf kvfnf nfu]sf] aRrfnfO{, kvfnf g/f]lsPdf cyjf vfgf ;DaGwL ;d:of ePdf t]>f] lbgdf x]g'{k5{ / lhÍ rSsL v'jfPsf] olsg ug{'k5{ .

aRrfsf] kvfnfsf] d"Nof+sg ug'{xf];\ tyf vfgf af/] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ .

hnljof]hgsf] d"Nof+sg ug'{xf];\ / pkrf/sf] ;Nnfx lbg'xf];\M hnljof]hg ePsf] 5}g eg] 3/df kfOg] emf]ns'/fx¿ a9L+ dfqfdf lbg

eGg'xf];\ . lhÍ rSsL !) lbg ;Dd lbg eGg'xf];\ .

s]xL hnljof]hg ePsf] 5 eg] df}lvs k'gh{nLo emf]n lbg'xf];\÷l;sfpg'xf];\ .

s8f hn ljof]hg ePsf] 5 eg] k|]if0f ug'{xf];\ .

vfgf af/] d"Nofs+g ug{'xf];\

vfgf ;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ eP kQf nufpg'xf];\ / ;dfwfg ug'{xf];\ .

vfgf k6s k6s vfg lbPdf aRrfnfO{ 7Ls x'gdf k"0f{¿kn] d2t k'¥ofpF5 eGg]af/] hf]8 lbg'xf];\ .

41

s'kf]if0f -pd]/ cg';f/ w]/} sd tf}n_

dfly j0f{g u/] e}m+ vfgf af/] k'gd{"Nof+sg ug'{xf];\ .

aRrfsf] tf}n a9]sf] 5 ls elg x]g{ aRrfsf] tf}n lng'xf];\ .

kfv'/fsf] gfk ug{'xf];\ / s]lx ;'wf/ 5 ls x]g{'xf];\ .

pd]/ cg';f/ cj sd tf}n 5}g cfdfsf] k|z+;f ug'{xf];\ / vfgf vfg lbg hf/L /fVgsf] nflu pgnfO{ k|f]T;flxt\ ug'{xf];\ .

pd]/ cg';f/ ce}m klg w]/} sd tf}n 5 vfgf ;DaGwL ;d:of af/] cfdfnfO{ ;Nnfx lbg'xf];\ . @ xKtfkl5 cfpg eGg'xf];\ . tkfO{jf6 vfgf ;DaGwL ;d:of ;dfwfg x'g;Sb}g eg] aRrfnfO{ k|]if0f ug'{xf];\ .

/QmcNktf

k'gd{"Nof+sg ug'{xf];\–

;f]Wg'xf];\ – s] jRrfn] ;Nnfx lbOP cg';f/ cfO/g kfO/x]sf] 5< s] aRrf 7Ls x'+b} 5 < s] aRrfn] /fd|/L vfFb} 5 <

cfO/g pkrf/ @ xKtfsf] nflu lbg'xf];\ .

@ xKtfkl5 kmls{g] ;Nnfx lbg'xf];\ .

$ xKtfsf] pkrf/kl5 /QmcNktfsf] k"gd{"Nof+sg ug'{xf];\ .

cfO/gaf6 pkrf/ u/]sf] ! dlxgfkl5 aRrfdf ;'wf/ ePg eg] k|]if0f ug'{xf];\ . vfgf ;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿

aRrfsf] vfgfdf cfdfn] Nofpg ;s]sf kl/jt{gx¿ af/] cfdfl;t 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . s] pgsf k|of;x¿ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ < olb ;kmn ePsf 5g\ eg] cfdfsf] k|z+;f ug'{xf];\ / pgnfO{ Tof] hf/L /fVg eGg'xf];\ . olb plrt 5 eg] Ps jf b'Oj6f yk k|sf/sf vfgfx¿ jf/] pgnfO{ ;Nnfx lbg'xf];\ tyf @ xKtfkl5 kmls{g eGg'xf];\ . aRrfn] a9L vfg z'¿ u/]sf] 5 eg] pgsf] k|z+;f ug'{xf];\ .

olb cfdfn] ;Nnfxsf] kfngf ug{ ;ls/x]sL 5}gg\ eg] sf/0fx¿ kQf nufpg'xf];\ /

ltgnfO{ ;'wfg]{ k|of; ug{'xf];\ . aRrfsf] tf}ndf j[l4 ePsf] 5 ls 5}g elg d"Nof+sg ug{nfO{ tf}n lngsf]] nflu

cfdfnfO{ @ xKtfkl5 cfpg eGg'xf];\ .

42

gjhft lzz'sf] kl/ro / d[To"sf sf/0fx?

hGd]sf] @* cf} lbg;Ddsf] lzz'nfO{ gjhft lzz' elgG5 . 7'nf] aRrfx?eGbf rfF8} g} la/fdL x'g] / rfF8}g} l;ls:t x'g] x'gfn] oLgLx?nfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 . at{dfg cj:yf

g]kfndf k|To]s 306fdf # b]lv $ hgf gjhft lzz'sf] d[To" x'g] ub{5 . g]kfndf ! aif{df nueu %),))) lzz'x? db{5g\ . o; dWo] #), ))) gjhft

lzz'x? kb{5g\ . To; dWo] klg @),))) gjhftlzz'x? hGd]sf] klxnf] xKtfdf db{5g\ .

tkfO{ sfo{/t uf=lj=;=df / o; lhNnfdf sl/j slt gjhftlzz'x? kg]{ ub{5g\ xf]nf dgg ug'{xf];\ .

gjhft lzz' d[To" x'g] d'Vo sf/0f ;+qmd0f xf] . % aif{ d'lgsf aRrfx?sf] d[To' dWo] @÷# -b'O{ ltxfO{_ d[To' gjhft lzz'n]g} cf]u6]sf]

5 . gjhft lzz' d[To'sf sf/0fx? != ;+qmd0f eP/

cfvf+n] b]Vg g;lsg] lhjf0f'x? ÷ljiff0f' -JofS6]l/of_ åf/f z/L/sf] s'g} c+udf cfqmd0f u/L lj/fdL kfg{'nfO{ ;+qmd0f elgG5 .

@= lztfË eP/ #= sd tf}n jf dlxgf gk'uL hGd]/

hGdbf lzz'sf] tf}n @=% s]=hL= eGbf sd jf dlxgf gk'uL hGd]sf] -ue{ /x]sf] #& xKtf eGbf sd ;dodf hGdg'_

$= hGdbf lg;fl:;P/ hGdg ljlQs} g?g' jf /fd|/L ;f; km]g{ g;Sg' . o; cWofodf tkfO{x?n] gjhftlzz'sf] ;fy} @ dlxgf;Ddsf lzz'x?sf] hfFr, jlu{s/0f, pkrf/÷Joj:Yffkg, cg'udg / cfdfnfO{ k/fdz{ lbg ;Sg'xg]5 . gjhftlzz' / @ dlxgf ;Ddsf lzz'x?df b]vf kg]{ lrGxx? ;a} Ps} k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .

43

xft w'g'sf] dxTj / tl/sf /f]d|f] l;t xft w'g' lzz'nfO{ ;+qmd0faf6 arfpg] Ps k|d'v pkfo xf] . lzz'nfO{ hfFr ug{' cl3 jf 5'g' cuf8L tyf hfFr ul/;s]kl5 xft w'g' h?/L 5 . o:n] lzz'nfO{ ;+qmd0f x'gaf6 arfpg d2t ub{5 . To;}n] lzz'nfO{ 5'g' cl3 / 5f]O{;s]kl5 /fd|/L xft w'g' kb{5 eGg] s'/f cfdfnfO{ l;sfpg'xf];\ . xft w'g] ^ r/0fx?M ;fdfu|Lsf] tof/L -aflN6, af6f, ;fa'g tyf kfgL_ != 38L, r'/f, afnf, cf}+l7 cflb s]lx nufpg' ePsf] 5 eg] km'sfNg'xf];\ . @= xftnfO{ ;kmf kfgLn] lehfpg'xf];\ . #= ca xftdf ;fa'g nufpg'xf];\ .

b'a} xftsf xTs]nf Ps cfk;df ldRg] .

bflxg] xTs]nfn] b]a|] xTs]nfsf] pN6f]kl§ ldRg] . To;}u/L b]a| xTs]nfn] bflxg] xTs]nfsf] pN6f]kl§ ldRg] .

b'a} xftsf cf}+nfx? Ps csf{df

l5/fO{ b'a} xTs]nf Pscfk;df ldRg] .

b'a} xftsf cf}+nfx? nfO{ cw{

d'l¶agfO{ Ps csf{df c8\sfP/ /u8\g] .

Ps xftsf] a'9Lcf}nfnfO{ csf]{ xftsf] d'l¶ leq 3'dfpg] . olx

Ps xftsf kfr}+ cf}nfsf6'KkfnfO{ csf]{ xTs]nfdf /u8\g] . olx k|lqmof csf]{ lt/ bf]xf]¥ofpg] .

$= olt ul/;s]kl5 ;kmf kfgLn] xft /fd|/L kvfNg'xf];\ . %= cj cfkm\gf] b'a} xft p7fP/ ;'Vvf kfg{'xf];\ .

44

gjhft lzz'sf] cTofjZos :ofxf/ gjhft lzz' hGdgf ;fy ul/g] :ofxf/

gjhft lzz'nfO{ hGdgf;fy g/d, ;kmf / ;'Vvf sk8fn] k'R5g] / csf]{ g/d ;kmf

sk8fn] a]/L Gofgf] kf/]/ /fVg] .

gflesf6L ;s]kl5 ;+qmd0faf6 hf]ufpg gfle dnd nufO{ gflenfO{ ;'Vvf / ;kmf

/fVg] .

gjhftlzz'nfO{ ;s];Dd l56f], hGd]sf] !

306f leq} ljuf}tL b'w v'jfpg' k5{ .

gjhftlzz'nfO{ Gofgf] kfl//fVg cfdfsf]

gfËf]5ftLdf 6fF;]/ /fVg] .

gjhftlzz'nfO{ lztfË x'gaf6 arfpg hGd]sf] @$ 306f;Dd gg'xfpg] .

cTofjZos lzz' :ofxf/ u/]sf] lrq

45

Hj/f] / lztfËsf] hfFr tyf lg0f{o Hj/f] eGgfn] lzz'sf] z/L/df tfkqmd a9L 5 eGg] a'lemG5 . olb @ dlxgf d'lgsf lzz'x?sf] sfvLdf tfkqmd lnbf #&=% l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8 jf lgwf/ jf sfvfL d'gL jf k]6df xTs]nfsf] pN6f] kl§sf] efun] 5fDbf ;fdfGo JolQmsf] eGbf a9L tftf]ePdf lzz'nfO{ Hj/f]cfPsf] x'G5 . of] u+le/ ;+qmd0fsf] lrGx xf] . To;}ul/ ;+qmd0f ePsf lzz'x?sf] tfkqmd #%=% l8=;]= jf ;] eGbf sd ePdf lzz'nfO{ s8f lztfË ePsf] elgG5 .

— lzz'sf] tfkqmd #^=% l8=;]= b]lv #&=% l8=;]= nfO{ ;fdfGo dflgG5 . — tfkqmd #^=% l8=;]= eGbf sd ePdf lztfË elgG5 . — tfkqmd #&=% l8=;]= eGbf a9L ePdf Hj/f] elgG5 .

Hj/f] gfKg] ydf{ld6/ M

ydf{ld6/sf] k|of]u ul/ tfkqmdsf] hfFr ul/ lg0f{o ug{ tkfO{x?n] cEof; ug{'x'g]5 .

46

gjhft lzz'df b]vf kg]{ ;+qmd0f÷vt/fsf lrGxx?

gjhft lzz'df b]lvg] ;+qmd0fsf lrGxx? / hf Fr ug]{ tl/sf ;+qmd0f gjhft lzz'sf] d[To"sf] d'Vo sf/0f xf] . To;}n] o:tf lzz'x?sf] /f]usf] klxrfg, juL{s/0f / pkrf/ ubf{ ljz]if ;fjwfgL ckgfpg' kb{5 . tn lbOPsf ;+qmd0fsf lrGxx? hfFr ug{‘ clt cfjZos 5 . ;+qmd0f hfFr ubf{ tkfO{ ;Fu ePsf] sf8{sf] k|of]u ug{'xf]; / tnsf lrGxx? 5÷5}g kQf nufpg'xf];\ .

!= l56f] l56f] ;f; km]g'{ @= s8f sf]vf xfGg' #= cfdfsf] b"w /fd|/L vfg g;Sg' $= w]/} ;'lt/xg]÷;':t÷a]xf]; jf sd rnfO{ %= Hj/f] cfpg' ^= lztfË x'g' &= 5fnfdf kLksf kmf]sfx? ePsf]÷gfO6f]df ;+qmd0f eO{ j/k/ /ftf]kg km}lnPsf] .

47

!= l56f] l56f] ;f; k]mg'{ ;+qmd0fsf] lrGx xf] .

@ dlxgf d'lgsf aRrfx?df l56f] ;f; km]/]sf] eGgfn] Ps ldg]6df ^) cyjf Tof] eGbf a9L k6s ;f; km]g'{ xf] . s;/L hfrF ug]{ eGg] 7"nf] aRrfsf] ;f; ug] h:t} xf] .

;fgf aRrfx?sf] ;f;b/ a9L x'G5 / pd]/ a9\b} hfFbf sd x'Fb} hfG5 egL ;Demfpg'xf];\ .

@= s8f sf]vf xfGg' 7"nf] lzz' cyjf aRrfx?sf] sf]vf xfg]sf] hfFr u/] h:t} u/L lzz'x?sf] klg sf]vf xfg]sf] 5 ls 5}g, x]g'{xf];\ . x'g t o:tf lzz'x?sf] 5ftL kftnf] / sdnf] x'gfn] o; ju{df kg]{ lzz'x?df xNsf lsl;dn] sf]vf xfg]sf] e]l6g' ;fdfGo s'/f dflgG5 . s8f lsl;dn] sf]vf xfg]sf] ulx/f] ;+u xfg]sf] b]Vg ;lsG5 s8f lsl;dn] sf]vf xfGg' ;+qd0fsf] lrGx xf] . #_ cfdfsf] b'w /fd|/L vfg g;s]sf] æs] lzz'n] cfdfsf] b'w /fd|/L vfg ;S5 <Æ cfdfsf] b'w /fd|/L gvfg' eg]sf] ;w}+sf] eGbf cfwf jf cfwf eGbf klg sd vfg' xf] jf :tgkfg ug}{ g;Sg] cj:yf xf] .

$_ lzz' ;':t jf a]xf]; jf sd rnfO{ 5 < ;':t jf a]xf]; x'g' eg]sf] w]/} h;f] nqSs kl//xg' cyjf cfdfn] p;nfO{ af]nfpFbf cyjf yk8L df/]/ p7fpg vf]Hbf cyjf n'uf k]m/fpFbf klg ;'Tg' cyjf 6f]nfP/ x]l//xg' . olb Jo"FemfPsf] cyjf rgfv} ePsf] tkfO{n] b]Vg'eof] eg] oL vt/fsf lrGx p;nfO{ gePsf] k|i6 x'G5 . rnfO ;fdfGo eGbf sd eGgfn] Ps ldg]6df !) k6s eGbf sd k6s xftv'§f jf 6fpFsf] rnfpg'nfO{ sd rnfO{ elgG5 . tkfO{n] lzz'sf] xft v'§f rnfPsf] x]g{' kb{5 . %_ Hj/f]÷lztfË hfFr ug{'xf]; ydf{ld6sf] ;xfotfn] gjhft lzz'sf] sfvLd'gL ltg ldg]6;Dd lzz'sf] tfkqmd gfKg'xf];\ . olb lzz'nfO{ #&=% l8=;]= jf ;f] eGbfa9L ePdf lzz'nfO{ Hj/f]cfPsf] x'G5 . of] u+le/ ;+qmd0fsf] lrGx xf] . slxn] sflx lzz'x?n] ;+qmd0fsf] k|ltlqmof z/L/sf] tfkqmdnfO{ sd u/]/ klg -#^ l8=;]= eGbf sd kf/]/ hgfpF5g\ . z/L/sf] tfkqmd sd x'g'nfO{ lztfË elgG5 . olb tkfO{l;t ydf{ld6/ 5}g eg] Hj/f]sf] nflu lzz'sf] k]6 cyjf sfvL d'gL 5fDg'xf];\ / lztfËsf] nflu k]6 / k}tfnfdf 5fDg'xf];\ . ^_ gfO{6f] x]g{'xf];M gfO{6f] /ftf] ePsf] jf o;af6 lkk jlu/x]sf] 5 ls jf /ftf]kgf 5fnf;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 ls ;fdfGotof gfO{6f]afn gfn ! xKtfleq vl;;S5 . gfO{6f]df /ftf]kg ePsf] 5 jf gfO{6faf6 lkk au]sf] klg x'g;S5 . of] :yflgo ;+qmd0fsf] lrGx xf] . olb /ftf]kgf 5fnf;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 eg] of] u+le/ ;+qmd0fsf] lrGx xf] .

48

&_ 5fnfdf kmf]sfx? 5g\ ls x]g{'xf];\ . lzz'sf] z/L/sf] ;a} efusf] 5fnf hfRg'xf]; 5fnfdf lkkn] e/]sf kmf]sfx? jf /ftf bfux? 5g\ ls x]g{'xf];\ . olb lkkn] e/]sf !) j6f eGbf a9L kmf]sfx?5g\ eg] . Tof u+le/ ;+qmd0f xf] . lg0f{o ug{'xf];\M != sf8{ ;xof]uL sf8{sf] dflysf] /ftf] nx/df b]lvPsf s'g} klg ule+/ ;+qmd0fsf] lrGxx?

5g\ eg] To:tf] lzz'nfO{ tkfO{n] sf]l6«d rSsL / h]G6fdfO{l;g ;'O{åf/f pkrf/ ug{' kb{5 . @= olb kx]+nf] nx/df pNn]v ePsf lrGxx? kfOPdf lzz' :yflgo ;+qmd0f ePs]f 5 o;nfO{

sf]l6«d rSsL lbO{ 3fpF, lkk / kfk|f ;kmf ul/ ;'Vvf kf/L lh=le= nufpg' kb{5 .

#= olb xl/of] nx/df kb{5g\ eg] ;+qmd0fsf s'g} lrGx 5}gg\ . cfdfnfO{ 3/}df x]/rfx ug{

;Nnfx lbg'xf];\ .

49

50

;+qmd0fsf] pkrf/ sf]l6«d cf}ifwL / h]G6fdfO{l;g ;'O{åf/f pkrkf/ z'? ug{'xf];\ . dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsfn] ;+qmd0f ePsf o:tf aRrfx?nfO{ % lbgsf] sf]l6«d lbO{ tkfO{ sxfF k7fpF5g\ . tkfO{n] h]G6fdfO{l;g ;'O{åf/f klg pkrf/ z'? ul/xfNg'kb{5 . olb tkfO{ sxfF cfdfn] l;w} NofPsf] eP sf]l6«d / h]i6fdfO{l;gåf/f tkfO{n] g} pkrf/ lbg'xf];\ . o:tf ;+qmd0f ePsf lzz'x?nfO{ lgoldt ?kdf cg'udg klg ug{'kb{5 . vfg] PlG6afof]l6s 3/}df s;/L lbg] eg]/ cfdfnfO{ l;sfpg'xf];\ . cfdfnfO{ cf}iflwsf] dfqf s;/L gfKg], l;sfpg'xf];\ . cf}iflwsf] rSsLnfO{ s;/L w"nf] kfg]{ clg cfdfsf] b"wdf s;/L ld;fpg] eg]/ cfdfnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ . klxnf] dfqf lbg] cfjZostf k/]df cfdfnfO{ d2t ug{'xf];\ / cf}iflw v'jfpg] tl/sf af/] l;sfpg'xf];\ . != Ps rSsL sf]l6«df]S;fhf]n lkl8ofl6«s cf}iflw cfdfsf] b"wdf ldnfP/ laxfg a]n'sf % lbg

;Dd v'jfpg] . sf]l6«df]S;fhf]n rSsL v'jfpg] tl/sf

sf]l6«df]S;fhf]n rSsL, rDrf, 3f]n agfpg rflxg] srf}/f, xft w'g rflxg] ;fdfu|L

/fd|f];Fu xft wf]P/ ;kmf rDrfdf cfdfsf] b"wdf rSsLnfO{ /fd|f] ;Fu 3f]n]/ lzz'nfO{ v'jfpg] .

olb lzz'n] cf}ifwL vfPsf] cfwf 306f leq jfGtf u¥of] eg] ;f] cf}iflw km]/L v'jfpg' k5{ eg]/ cfdfnfO{ ;Demfpg' k5{ .

lkl8ofl6«s sf]l6«df]S;fhf]nsf] dfqf

pd]/ dfqf k6s hDdf ! dlxgf d'lg cfwf rSsL lbgsf] @ k6s % lbg !–@ dlxgf ! rSsL lbgsf] @ k6s % lbg

51

u+le/ ;+qmd0f ePsf lzz'x?nfO{ h]G6fdfO{l; ;'O{åf/f pkrf/ ug{'k5{ . u|f=:jf=sf=÷df=lz=sf= n] klg of] ;'O{lbg ;S5g\ . @= h]G6fdfO{l;g ;'O{ tTsfn z'? ug]{ / & lbg;Dd nufpg]M h]G6fdfO{l;g ;'O{ nufpg rflxg] ;fdfu|L

– h]G6fdfO{l;g ;'O{ -@ Pd=Pn=df= *) ld=u|f_ – OG;'nLg ;'O{ -! Pd=Pn= df $) o"lg6_ – skf;sf] 8Nnf], – ;]K6L afs;

u+le/ ;+qmd0fdf k|of]u ul/g] cf}ifwLsf] dfqf s'g cf}ifwL h]G6fdfO{l;g ;'O{ -@ Pd=Pn=df= *) ld=u|f_

slt @=% lsnf] ;Dd tf}n ePsf]nfO{ O{G;'lng

l;l/Ghsf]–!) nfO{g @=% lsnf] eGbf a9L tf}n ePsf]nfO{ O{G;'lng l;l/Ghsf –!% nfO{g

lbgdf slt k6s ! k6s slt lbg;Dd & lbg #= t]>f] lbgdf lzz'sf] ug{'kb{5 . olb t]>f] lbg ;Dddf ;+qmd0f lrGxx? sd geP jf

lzz' 5g\ la/fdL ePdf t'?Gt k|]if0f ug{' kb{5 .

h]G6fdfO{l;g ;'O{ s;/L nufpg] – cleefjsnfO{ tkfO{n] ug{ cfF6\g' ePsf] sfo{af/] atfpg'xf];\ / :jLs[lt lng'xf];\ .

– of] ;'O{ lbgsf] Ps k6s lzz'sf] lt3|fsf df+zk]lzdf nufO{G5 .

– ;j{ k|yd lgd{lns[t ;'O{ / h]G6fdfOl;gsf] efOn hDdf ug{'xf];\ .

– h]G6fdfO{l;gsf] pko'Qm dfqf O{G;'lng l;l/Ghdf tfGg'xf];\ .

– ;'O{df /x]sf] xfjf aflx/ lgsfNg'xf];\ .

– cfdfnfO{ lzz'sf] lt3|f ;dfTg nufpg'xf];\ ;fy ;fy} 3'8f d'lgsf] efuklg ;dfTg

nufpg'xf];\ .

– ;'O{ nufpg' kg]{ 7fpF kmf]xf]/ eP 5fnfdf ;fa'g kfgLn] leh]sf] skf;sf] 8Nnf] nufO{ ;kmf

ug{'xf];\ .

– ;'O{ nufpFbf df;k]lzdf () l8u|Lsf] sf]0f kfl/ l;wf kf/]/ nufpg' kb{5 .

– ;'O{ lgsfn]/ 5fnf km]l/ ;'Vvf skf;n] k'l5lbg'xf];\ .

– ca k|of]u ePsf] ;'O{nfO{ ;]K6L afS;df ;'/lIft tl/sfn] /fVg'xf];\ .

52

ulDe/ ;+qmd0fdf k|of]u ul/g] h]G6fdfOl;g cf}ifwLsf] dfqf h]G6fdfO{l;g ;"O{ nufpFbf tkfO{n] O{G;'lng ;'O{ k|of]u ug{' kb{5 . s'g cf}ifwL h]G6fdfO{l;g ;"O{ -@ Pd=Pn=df *) ld=u|f_ slt !) ld=u|f= @=% lsnf] ;Dd tf}n ePsf]nfO{ -!) nfO{g_

!% ld=u|f= @=% lsnf] ;Dd tf}n ePsf]nfO{ -!% nfO{g_ lbgdf slt k6s ! k6s slt lbg;Dd & lbg;Dd

:yfgLo ;+qmd0fsf] pkrf/ lzz' gfO{6f] kfs]df jf gfO{6f]sf] 6'Kkfdf lkk b]lvPdf jf 5fnfdf lkkn] e/]sf kmf]sfx? cfPdf lgDg cg';f/sf] pkrf/ ug{' kb{5 .

pkrf/sf] nflu cleefjssf] ;xdlt lng'xf];\ . xft w'g'xf];\ . g/d sk8f / ;fa'g kfgLn] xn'sf t/Lsfn] kLk / kfk|f

;kmf ug{'xf];\ . ;kmf u/]sf] efunfO{ ;'Vvf x'g lbg'xf];\ . hL=eL= lbgsf] @ k6s % lbg ;Dd nUufpg'xf];\ . cfdfn] ;a} s'/f hflgg eg]/ lglZrt ug{'xf];\ . t];|f] lbgdf cg'udg ug{'xf];\ . sfd ;s]kl5 xft w'g'xf];\ .

lzz'nfO{ ;+qmd0faf6 arfpg] pkfo ;'Ts]/L u/fpFbf rflxg] ^ j6f ;kmfO{ / cfdfsf] b"w ^ dlxgf;Dd v'jfpg] s'/fx?sf] cltl/Qm ;+qmd0f x'gaf6 arfpg lgDg s'/fx? u/]sf] 5÷5}g lgwf] ug]{ .

lzz'nfO{ 5'g' eGbf klxn] ;w} ;fj'g kfgLn] xft w'g] . lzz'sf] cfFvfdf ufhn, ;'/df h:tf s'g} a:t' gnufpg] . ;+qmd0f ePsf] JolQmn] g5'g] jf glhs gcfpg] . /fli6«o vf]k tflnsf cg';f/sf] vf]kx? lbg] .

53

dfofsf] c+ufnf]

dfofsf] c+ufnf] ckgfP/ lzz'nfO{ lztfËx'gaf6 arfpg / Gofgf] kfl/ /fVg ;lsG5 . of] x]/rfx ug]{ k|fs[lts tl/sf xf] / o;n] lzz'sf] hLjg arfpF5 . sdtf}n ePsf / ;dfGo lzz'x?nfO{ lztfË x'gaf6 arfpF5 . lzz'nfO{ b"w v'jfpg ;lhnf] x'G5 . lztfË ePsf lzz'x?nfO{ k'gM Gofgf] kfg{ of] tl/sf k|efjsf/L 5 . dfofsf] c+ufnf] Ps lbgdf slDtdf # 306f ;Dd /fVg'k5{ . dfofsf] c+ufnf]

kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox?n] klg lbg ;S5g\ . cEof;M dfofsf] c+ufnf]sf r/0fx?

54

cfkm"n] dfofsf] c+ufnf] k|bz{g ug{ nfu]sf] atfpg'xf];\ .

tof/LM aRrfsf] 6f]kL, df]hf, sk8fx? l7s kfg{ nufpg'xf];\

! cfdfnfO{ cf/fd ;fy atfpg'xf];\ .

@ lrqdf h:t} u/L lzz'nfO{ 6f]kL nufP/ cfdfsf] b'O{ :tgsf] aLrdf gfs d'v v'Nnf /fvL gfËf] 5ftLdf 6fF:g'xf];\ .

# lzz' / cfdfnfO{ Gofgf] sk8fn] afFlwlbg'xf];\ .

$ csf]{ afSnf] sk8fn] afFlwlbg'xf];\ .

% lar–lardf :tgkfg u/fpFg'xf];\ .

^ aRrf / cfdfnfO{ cf/fd ePsf] Plsg ug{'xf];\ .

55

:tgkfg lzz'nfO{ lbgdf / /ftdf ul/ slDtdf !) k6s :tgkfg u/fpg' k5{ . v'jfpg] cjlw slt~h]n xf] eGg] s'/f lzz'df e/ k5{ . t/ ;fdfGotof Psk6[Lsf] b"w vfO;Sg !)–!% ldg]6 ;do eP k'U5 . lzz'nfO{ klxn] z'¿ u/]sf] :tg k"/f r':g lbg' k5{ h;df p;n] k|z:t dfqfdf lrNnf] kbfy{ ;d]t kfpF5 . klxnf] :tgsf] b"w ;ls;s]kl5 dfq csf]{df nufpg] . olb lzz'nfO{ Pp6f :tgsf] b"w glgvf/L csf]{ :tgsf] b"w v'jfpg yflnof] eg] clGtd b"wdf lrNnf]kgfsf] sdL eO jRrfsf] j[l4 ljsf; sd x'g;S5 . :tgkfgsf] d'Nof+sg ug{'xf];

:tgkfgsf] d'Nof+sgsf] nflu lgDg s'/fx? x]g'{k5{M cf;g :tg ;Dks{ k|efjsf/L r';fO{ 8sf/ u/fpg] -jfo' lgsfNg]_

cf;g :tgkfg ubf{ ;xL cf;gdf /fVg' k5{ . ;xL cf;g x'g lgDg s'/fx? x'g'k5{ M

lzz'sf] 6fpsf] / hLp ;Lwf kf/]/ ;dfTg]

lzz'sf] d'v :tglt/ kmsf{pg] / gfs :tgsf] d'G6f]sf] 7Ls cufl8 kfg]{

lzz'sf] z/L/ cfk\mgf] hLp;+u 6fF;]/ /fVg]

lzz'sf] uw{g / sfFw dfq geO ;Dk'0f{ z/L/nfO{ cf8 lbO /fVg]

/fd|f] :tg ;Dks{sf $ lrGxx¿ x'g\M – lrpF8f]n] :tg 5f]Psf] – d'v k"/f v'n]sf] – tNnf] cf]7 aflx/ kms]{sf] – :tgsf] sfnf] efu lzz'sf] d'vsf] tneGbf dflylt/ w]/} b]lvPsf]

:tg;Dks{ /fd|f] ePsf] eGgnfO{ dflysf ;j} lrGxx? x'g'k5{ . dflysf lrGxx? dWo] s]xL dfqePdf :tg;Dks{ /fd|f] gePsf] elgG5 / dflysf lrGxx? dWo] s'g} klg gePdf :tg;Dks{ k6Ss} gePsf] elgG5

k|efjsf/L r';fO{ lzz'n] k|efjsf/L ?kn] b"w r':bf la:tf/}, ulx/f]l;t, slxn] sfxL+ cl8O cl8O b"w r':5 / lzz'n] b"w lgn]sf] 3f“6Ldf b]lvG5 / b"w lgn]]sf] cfjfh klg ;'Gg;lsG5 . :tgkfg u/fpFbf gfs aGb /x]5 eg] gfs ;kmf ul/lbg'xf];\ lzz'sf] :tg ;Dks{ /fd|f] ePg eg] b"wsf] d'G6f]

56

b'Vg] / km'6\g] 8/ x'G5 . h;n] ubf{ b"w ufFlgP/ ;d:of pTkGg x'g ;Sb5 . b"w v'jfPkl5 klg lzz' ;Gt'i6 x'Fb}g / p l56f] l56f] jf w]/} a]/;Dd vfg vf]Hb5 . cfdfl;tsf] :tg ;Dks{df ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsPdf oL ;d:ofx¿nfO{ x6fpg ;lsG5 . :tgkfg kl5 8sf/ u/fpg] lzz'n] :tgkfg u/]kl5 p;nfO{ 8sfg{ nufpg'k5{ . o;sf] nflu lzz'nfO{ :tgkfg u/fO;s]kl5 cfdfn] cfkm\gf] sfFwdf 3f]K6f] kf/]/ /fVg' k5{ / To;kl5 la:tf/} 9f8df d';fg{'k5{ cyjf 7f8f] kf/L 9f8 d';f/]/ klg 8sfg{ nufpg ;lsG5 . o;n] ubf{ lzz'n] b''w;+u lgn]]sf] jfo" aflx/ lgsfNg d2t u5{ / lzz'n] jfGtf ub}{g . o;f] u/L;s]kl5 lzz'nfO{ sf]N6] kmsf{P/ Gofgf] kf/L ;'tfpg' k5{ .

lzz'sf] :tg ;Dks{ lzz'sf] :tg ;Dks{ /fd|f] ePsf] /fd|f] gePsf] :tgkfg u/fpg ;+ej gePdf sk / rDrfn] b"w v'jfpg] sd tf}n ePsf lzz'sf] k]6 klg ;fg} x'G5 . To;}n] ltgLx?nfO{ w]/} k6s b"w v'jfO{/xg cfjZos k5{ . b"w vfFbf o:tf lzz'x¿ l56} yfS5g\ . cfdfx¿n] o:tf lzz'x?nfO{ b"w v'jfpFbf c;fWo} w}o{ eP/ v'jfpg k5{ . cfdfnfO{ b"w v'jfpg s]xL ;d:of ePsf] 5 ls ;f]Wg' k5{ . olb s]xL ;d:of 5 / tkfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg' x'G5 eg] ;xof]u ug{''xf];\ . sltko sdtf}n ePsf lzz'x¿nfO{ b"w vfg ;d:of 5 eg] To:tf lzz'x¿nfO{ tkfO{n] k|]if0f ug{' k5{ . b"w r':g g;Sg] lzz'x¿nfO{ cfdfsf] b"w lgrf]/]/ skdf /fvL rDrfsf] ;xfotfn] k|To]s @–@ 306fdf v'jfpg ;Nnfx lbg'xf];\ .

olb lzz' /fd|/L b"w vfg g;Sg] 5 eg] k|To]s !–! 306fdf @ lrof rDrf hlt b"w v'jfpg z'¿ ug]{ . k|To]s lbg k|To]s k6sdf !—! rDrfsf] b/n] dfqf a9fpFb} hfg] . lzz' b"w r':g ;Ifd ePkl5 b"w r';fpg t'¿Gt} z'¿ ul/xfNg' k5{ .

cfdfsf] b"w lgrf]g]{

b"w lgrf]g{ z'¿ ug{' cufl8 xft /fd|f];Fu ;fa'g kfgLn] wf]Psf] x'g'k5{ . To;kl5 xft ;'Vvf ePkl5 b"w lgrf]g]{] . cfdfnfO{ cfˆgf] b"w Pp6f ;kmf / ;'Vvf skdf lgrf]g{ nufpg'xf];\ . cfdfnfO{ lj:tf/} :tgnfO{ a'9L cf}+nf / rf]/ cf}+nfn] :tgsf] sfnf] efudf lyr]/ b"w lgrf]g{

57

eGg'xf];\ . sf]7fsf] tfkqmddf of] b"w ^ 306f ;Dd lalu|b}g . of] b"w lzz'nfO{ rDrfn] v'jfpg'xf];\ .

sd tf}n ePsf b"w r'':g} g;Sg] gj lzz'nfO{ k|]if0f ug'{xf];\ . :tgkfg ug{ g;Sg] gj lzz'x¿nfO{ sk / rDrfn] v'jfpg nufpg'xf];\ .

v'jfpg] tl/sf

b"w lgrf]g'{ cl3 cfdfn] /fd|f];Fu xft w'g'k5{ . ;kmf / ;'Vvf sk, lunf; jf srf}/fdf b"w /fVg' k5{ .

cfdfn] gj lzz'nfO{ 6fpsf] dfly kg]{ u/L sfvdf cf/fdk"j{s /fVg' k5{ / xftn]

lzz'nfO{ ;dfTg' k5{ .

;kmf rDrfn] cf]7df 5'Fbf lzz'n] d'v vf]N5, d'v vf]n] kl5 lj:tf/} b"w /fvL lbg' k5{ / lzz'n] lgNg yfN5 .

lzz'nfO{ lgNg s]xL ;do nfU5 To;}n] csf]{ rDrf b"w v'jfpg cl3 Psl5g

/f]lsg' k5{ . v'jfO{ ;s]kl5 lzz'nfO{ 7f8f] kf/L 9f8 la:tf/} la:tf/} d';fg{' k5{ . o;f] ubf{ lzz'n] 8sf5{ / jfGtf ub}{g .

58

hlG8; jf sdnlkQ z/L/df b]lvg] kx]+nf]kgfnfO{ hlG8; jf sdnlkQ elgG5 .of] ljz]if ul/ cfFvf / lha|f] d'lg b]lvG5 . kx]nf]kg s;/L x]g]{ kx]nf]kg x]g{ lzz'sf] lgwf/jf6 s|d};+u gfs, 5ftL, xTs]nf, jf k}tfnfsf] 5fnfdf % ;]s]08 ;Dd j'9L cf}+nfn] bjfpg] / 5f8\g] . of] 5f8]sf] 7fpF ;fdfGotof ;]tf] b]lvG5 / t'?Gt x/fP/ hfG5 t/ hlG8; ePdf ;]tf] sf] 7fFpdf kx]nf] b]lvG5 . xTs]nf jf k}tfnfdf kx]+nf]kgf b]lvPdf t'?Gt k|]if0f ug'{k5{ . lzz'x?df b]lvg] hlG8; @ k|sf/sf x'G5g\M ;fdfGo kx+]nf]kgf c;fdfGo kx+]nf]kgf

sdnlkQ

;fdfGo kx]nf]kgf lzz' hGd]sf] @ jf # lbgdf b]vfk5{ / ;fwf/0ftof * jf !) lbgdf x/fP/ hfG5 . lzz' /fd|f] ;+u vfO/xG5 / lj/fdL h:tf] klg nfUb}g . lk;fj kx]+nf] x'b}g t/ lb;f kx]nf]+ x'g;S5 . o;nfO{ cf}iflw pkrf/ rflxb}g . lzz'nfO{ ljxfg / ;fFemsf] slnnf] gkf]Ng] 3fddf ! jf @ 306f gfu}+ /fv] cfkm}+ 7Ls x'G5 . 3fddf /fVbf cfFvf 5f]Kg' k5{, z/L/sf] ;a} efudf 3fd kg]{ u/L cf]N6fO kN6fO /fVg' k5{ / lr;f] jf6 klg hf]ufpg'k5{ . o:tf] a]nfdf cfdfn] vf; vfgf jfg'{ kb}{g / cfdfsf] vfgfn] lzz'nfO{ s'g} km/s klg kb}{g . :tgkfgnfO{ hf/L /fVg'k5{ . t]n 3:gfn] j]kmfO{bf ub}{g . Un'sf]h kfgL nufotsf cGo 3/]n' jf cfo'j]{lbs jf cGo s'g} cf}iflw lbg' x'b}g . lolgx?

klg xflgsf/s x'g ;S5g\ .

s8f sdnlkQ lzz' hGd]sf] klxnf] jf bf];|f] lbgdf kx]+nf]kgf b]lvPdf jf !) lbg kl5 klg kx]+nf]kgf guPdf jf kx]+nf]kgf ePsf] cj:yfdf lzz' ;':t ePdf, b"w /fd|f] ;+u gr';]df o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ c;fdfGo hlG8; elgG5 . kx]+nf]kgf xTs]nf / k}+tfnf;Dd km}ng' klg c;fdfGo hlG8; xf] . of] x'g'sf] d'Vo sf/0fx?df lzz'nfO{ u+eL/ ;+s|d0f x'g' jf cfdf / lzz'sf] /Qm ;d"x gldNg' xf] . o:tf lzz'x?nfO{ :jf:Yo sfo{stf{n] t'?Gt k|]if0f ug{'k5{ .

59

gjhft lzz'sf] tf}n lj/fdL @ dlxgf lzz'x?sf] Joj:yfkg ug{sf] nflu tf}n lng clt dxTjk"0f{ 5 .

lzz'x?sf] tf}nsf] cfwf/df g} AofS6]l/ofsf] u+le/ ;+qmd0fsf] pkrf/ ubf{ h]G6fdfO{l;g ;'O{sf] dfqf lgwf{/0f ug{sf] nflu lzz'sf] tf}n lng cfjZos 5 .

gjhftlzz'sf] tf}nnfO{ # efudf lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

w]/} sd tf}n – @ s]= hL= eGbf sd sd tf}n – @ s]=hL b]lv @=% s]=hL= ;Dd ;fdfGo tf}n – @=% s]=hL= eGbf dfly

:jf:Yo sfo{stf{n] w]/} sd tf}n ePsf lzz'nfO{ c:ktfndf k|]if0f ug{'kb{5 . sd tf}n

ePsfnfO{ :tgkfg / dfofsf] c+ufnf]df /fv]df lzz'sf] tf}n a9\b} cfpF5 . olb tkfO{+ gjhft lzz' :ofxf/af/] tflnd k|fKt x'g'x'G5 eg] ;f]xL cg';f/ ug{'xf];\ .

hGdbf lg:;fl;Psf] lzz'M hGdbf lzz' g/f]Pdf jf /fd|f]l;t ;f; gkm]/]df jf ;f; km]g{ ufx|f] ePdf To:tf] lzz' lg:;fl;Psf] lzz' elgG5 . o:n] lbdfudf v/fa c;/kf/]/ ckfË agfpg ;S5 / d[To" klg u/fpg ;S5 . tkfO{n] olb cfkm}+ ;'Ts]/L u/fpFb} x'g'x'G5 eg] lg:;fl;Psf] lzz'sf] Joj:yfkg af/] -;'D;'Dofpg], l8ln;S;gsf] k|of]u jf Aofu / dfS;sf] k|of]u u/L k|lt ldg]6 $) sf b/n] ug'{xf]; . gePdf k|]if0f ug'{xf]; . s[lqd Zjf; k|Zjf; u/fpg] tflnd k|fKt x'g' x'G5 eg] o;sf] Joj:yfkg ug{'xf];\ .

sfo{qmdsf] Joj:yfkgaf/]

ofbug}{ kg]{ s'/fx?M — tkfO{x?n] dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+ ;]ljsfx?nfO{ lgoldt ?kdf ;'kl/j]If0f ul/ ghfg]sf

ljifoa:t'x? l;sfO{lbg], clen]vx? b'?:t /fVg ;xof]u ug]{ / dfl;s a}7snfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg e/dUb'/ sf]lzz ug{' kb{5 .

— tkfO{n] dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+ ;]ljsfx?nfO{ h;/L kyk|bz{g -Guide_ug{' x'G5 . pgLx? TotLg} ;lqmo / l;kfn' x'G5g\ .

— :jo+ ;]ljsfx?nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ;fdfu|Lx? h:t}M sf]l6«d, k'gh{lno emf]n, lhÍ, rSsL, lkN;, s08d, cfO{/g, le6fldg …PÚ / ljleGg k|sf/sf clen]v kmf/fdx? cfk"lt{ ul//fVg' kb{5 . o;af/] tkfO{x?n] klxn]g} yfxf kfO{;Sg' ePsf] 5 .

60

clen]v tyf k|ltj]bg

% aif{ d'lgsf la/fdL aRrfsf] clen]v /fVg] /lhi6/ eg]{ lgb]{lzsf of] /lhi6/df @ j6f pd]/ ;d"xsf]nflu 5'§f 5'§} kmf/fd jgfOPsf] 5 . z'?sf] kmf/fd @ dlxgf d'lgsf lzz'x?sf]nflu xf] eg] bf]>f] kmf/fdx? @ dlxgf b]lv % jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] nflu xf] . of] /lhi6/ ebf{ lgDg s'/fx?nfO{ ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' k5{ .

— l;=g+= sf] 7fpFdf l;= g+= n]Vg'xf];\ . Dlxgfsf] ;'?df ! g+= jf6 n]Vg'xf];\ .

— lzz'sf] gfd, cfdfsf] gfd / ldlt ePsf] sf]7fdf k'/f v'Ng]u/L lj/fdL lzz'sf] gfd cfdfsf] gfd / ldlt n]Vg'xf]; .

— pd]/ / tfkqmd ePsf] sf]7fdf @ dlxgf d'lgsf lzz'sf] pd]/ xKtfdf / @ dlxgf b]lv % jif{sf] pd]/ dlxgfdf / tfkqmd ;]lG6u|]8df n]Vg'xf];\ .

— @ dlxgf d'lgsf tyf @ dlxgf b]lv % jif{ ;Ddsf lj/fdL lzz'÷aRrfsf] hfFr ubf{ kfOPsf lrGxx?sf] sf]7fdf lj/fdLsf] nIf0f÷lrGxx? lbOPsf] 5 . lj/fdLdf b]vf k/]sf pko'QmM nIf0f÷lrGxdf uf]nf] nufpg'xf];\ / eg{' kg]{ 7fpFdf eg'{xf];\ .

— jlu{s/0f n]lvPsf sf]7f cGtu{tsf jlu{s/0f dWo] nIf0f÷lrGxsf] cfwf/df s'g jlu{s/0fdf k5{, uf]nf] nufpg'xf];\ .

— pkrf/ n]lvPsf sf]7f cGtu{t s'g pkrf/ lbOPsf] 5 uf]nf] nufpg'xf]; / h]G6fdfOl;g ;'O{ lbglbg} lbPsf] 5 eg] ;f] cg';f/ k|To]s lbgdf 3]/f nufpg'xf];\ .

— k|]if0f n]lvPsf] sf]7fdf aRrfnfO{ k|]if0f ug{' kg]{ ePdf -_ nufpg'xf];\ . — cfdfnfO{ ;Nnfx n]lvPsf] sf]7fdf cfdfnfO{ s] jf/]df ;Nnfx lbPsf] xf], uf]nf]

nufpg'xf];\ . — kmnf]ck n]lvPsf] sf]7fdf aRrfnfO{ cg'udgdf NofPsf] eP NofPsf] ldlt n]Vg'xf];\

/ aRrfsf] l:ylt k'gM d"NofÍg u/L ;f]xL cg';f/ ;'wf/ ePsf], p:t} jf emg lj/fdL eO{ k|]if0f u/]sf] s] xf] n]Vg'xf];\ .

;a} kmf/fdsf gd'gfx? cg';'lrdf lbO{sf] 5 . tkfO{n] cEof;x? ubf{ jf lj/fdL aRrfx? hfFr ubf{ k]lG;nsf] k|of]u ul/ ;f]lx kmf/fdx?df g} cEof;x? ug{'xf];\ .

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cg';"rLx?

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la/fdL tyf :j:Yo cj:yfdf kf]if0f o'Qm vfgf ;DjlGw lbO{Psf ;Nnfxx?

-lzz' tyf jfNosflng kf]if0f_ pd]/ vfgfsf] lsl;d / k6s

hGd] b]lv ^ dlxgf ;Dd

lzz' hGd]sf] ! 306f leq} :tgkfg z'? u/fpg'xf];\ . :tgkfg afx]s c? vfg]s'/f / emf]ns'/f glbg'xf];\ . -kflgklg glbg'xf];\_ aRrfn] vf]h]sf] h'g;'s} ;dodf :tgkfg, @$ 306fdf lbg / /ft u/]/ sDtLdf !) k6s . b"w r';fpFbf sDtLdf !% ldg]6 ;Dd lgv|g]u/L r';fpg' kb{5 .

^dlxgf k'/f eP b]lv ( dlxgf ;Dd


aRrfn] vf]h]sf] h'g;'s} ;dodf dfof, :g]x / w}o{tfsf ;fy :tgkfg u/fpg'xf];\ . lgoldt :tgkfgsf cltl/Qm lbgdf # k6s vfgf vfg lbg'xf];\ . 7"nf] rDrfsf] @ b]lv # rDrfaf6 z'? u/L qmdzM a9fpFb} ! lrof lunf; ;Dd vfg]s'/f lbg] .

( dlxgf k'/f eP b]lv !@ dlxgf ;Dd


aRrfn] vf]h]sf] h'g;'s} ;dodf dfof, :g]x / w}o{tfsf ;fy :tgkfg u/fpg'xf];\ . lgoldt :tgkfgsf cltl/Qm lbgdf # k6s vfgfsf] ;fy} aLrdf ! k6s vfhf vfg lbg'xf];\ . ! k6sdf ! lrof lunf; eGbf clnslt a9L vfg]s'/f lbg] .

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!@ dlxgf k'/f eP b]lv @$ dlxgf ;Dd

3/ kl/jf/sf] nflu ag]sf] kf]lifnf] vfgf cfjZostf cg';f/ ldr]/ jf ;–;fgf 6'qmf kf/]/ lbgsf] # k6s v'jfpg'xf];\ . kf]lifnf] vfgfsf] ;fy} aLr–aLrdf kf]lifnf] vfhf lbgdf @ k6s v'jfpg'xf];\ . h:t}M– l3pm jf t]ndf e"6]sf] lrp/f, /f]6L,

kmnkm"nx?, e"6]sf] ds}, e6\df;\, u]8fu'8Lx? -cfjZostfcg';f/ ldr]/, lk+w]/ jf ;fgf 6'qmf kf/]/_ cflb . aRrfn] vf]h]sf] h'g;'s} ;dodf :tgkfg u/fpg'xf];\ . ! k6sdf 8]9 lrof lunf; ;Dd vfg]s'/f lbg] .

@$ dlxgf k'/f eP b]lv ^) dlxgf ;Dd

3/–kl/jf/sf] nflu ag]sf] kf]lifnf] vfgf lbgdf # k6s lbg'xf];\ / @ k6s kf]lifnf] vfhf lbg'xf];\ . kf]lifnf] vfgfsf] ;fy–;fy}aLr–aLrdf kf]lifnf] vfhf v'jfpg'xf];\ .

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@ dlxgf b]lv % aif{ ;Ddsf lj/fdL jRrfsf] d"Nof+sg, juL{s/0f tyf pkrf/sf] klxrfg ug'{xf];\

d"Nof+sg lrGxx¿ juL{s/0f pkrf/sf] klxrfg ;fdfGotof b]lvg] vt/fsf lrGxx¿ hf“Rg'xf];\ ;f]Wg'xf];\M

æs] aRrf lkpg jf :tgkfg ug{ ;S5 <Æ x]g'{xf];\M

æaRrf ;':t jf a]xf]; 5 <Æ

aRrf lkpg jf :tgkfg ug{ ;Sb}g

cyjf ;':t jf a]xf]; 5

s8f /f]u Ps dfqf sf]l6«d rSsL lbP/ :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k|]if0f ug'{xf];\

;f]Wg'xf];\M æs] aRrfnfO{ vf]sL nfu]sf] jf ;f; km]g{ sl7gfO ePsf] 5 <Æ olb 5 eg]M–

Ps ldg]6df ;f; b/ ulGt ug'{xf];\ . ;f; l56f] rn]sf]M @ dlxgfb]lv !@ dlxgf;Dd–%) k6s jf ;f] eGbf

j9L ! ai{f b]lv % aif{;Dd $) jf ;f] eGbf a9L

sf]vf xfg]sf] x]g'{xf];\

aRrf lkpg ;Sb}g cyjf ;':t 5 jf sf]vf xfg]sf] 5

s8f /f]u cyjf s8f lgdf]lgof

klxnf] dfqf sf]l6«d rSsL lbO{ t'?Gt :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k|]if0f ug'{xf];\

;f; l56f] rn]sf] -@ dlxgfb]lv % jif{sf] aRrf

ePdf_ lgdf]lgof

sf]l6«df]S;fhf]njf6 pkrf/ ug'{xf];\, 3/]n' pkrf/ lbg'xf];\

dflysf lrGxx¿ dWo] s'g} klg gePsf]

lgdf]lgof gePsf] M ?3f vf]sL 3/]n' pkrf/ dfq

;f]Wg'xf];\M æs] aRrfnfO{ kvfnf nfu]sf] 5 <Æ olb 5 eg], ;f]Wg'xf];\M–

slt lbg eof] <

s] lb;fdf /ut cfpF5<

æs] kvfnf @ xKtf eGbf j9L ;dob]lv nfu]sf] 5<Æ

aRrfnfO{ ;kmf kfgL lkpg lbg'xf];\ – w]/} lj:tf/} lkpF5÷lkpg g;Sg] – v"j ltvf{Pem}+ u/L lkpF5 – ;fdfGo ¿kn] lkpF5

k]6sf] 5fnf tfg]/ 5f]8\g'xf];\ – w]/} lj:tf/} kmls{G5 – lj:tf/} kmls{G5 – t'¿Gt} kmls{G5

@ xKtf eGbf a9L ;dob]lv kvfnf nfu]sf]

bL3{ kvfnf

k'gh{lno emf]n / lhÍ rSsL lbO{ :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k|]if0f ug'{xf];\

lb;fdf /ut

cfpF /ut k'gh{lno emf]n / lhÍ rSsL


lkpg ;Sb}g cyjf lj:tf/} lkpF5 cyjf ;':t 5 jf tfg]sf] 5fnf w]/} lj:tf/} kmls{G5

s8f hnljof]hg

k'gh{lno emf]n / lhÍ rSsL


tfg]sf] 5fnf lj:tf/} kmls{G5 cyjf v"jltvf{P em}+ u/L lkpF5 s]xL hnljof]hg

k'gh{nLo emf]n / lhÍ rSsLaf6 pkrf/ ug'{xf];\

3/]n' pkrf/ lbg'xf];\, k/fdz{ lbg'xf];\

dflysf lrGxx¿dWo] s'g} klg gePsf] hnljof]hg gePsf]

3/]n' pkrf/sf $ lgodx? Kffngf ug{'xf];\

lhÍ rSsLåf/f pkrf/ ug{'xf];\

Hj/f] sf] hf+r ug{xf];\ s] aRrfnfO{ Hj/f] 5 <

@ dlxgf eGbf dflysf] jRrfdf Hj/f] #*=%° ;] jf ;f] eGbf dfly

pRr Hj/f] kf/fl;6fdf]n lbg'xf];\ ! lbgdf 7Ls geP k|]if0f ug'{xf];\

Hj/f] #&=%° ;] jf ;f] eGbf al9 Hj/f] cfjZoStfg';f/ Kof/fl;6fdf]n, emf]n tyf vfg]s'/f hf/L /fvL l7s gePdf

k|]if0f ug{'xf];\ . s'kf]if0f / /Qm cNktf hf“Rg'xf];\

b]lvg] u/L s8f lsl;dn] zl//sf] df;' ;'s]sf] 5 ls x]g'{xf];\

b'j} v'§f ;'lGgPsf 5g\ ls x]g'{xf];\

xTs]nfdf ;]tf]kgf 5 ls x]g'{xf];\ – w]/} ;]tfkgf – s]xL ;]tf]kgf – ;fdfGo

kfv'/fsf] gfk ug{'xf];\ – /ftf] nx/df k/]sf] – kx]+nf] nx/df k/]sf] – xl/of] nx/df k/]sf]

pd]/ cg';f/ tf}n lgwf{/0f ug{'xf];\÷x]g'{xf];\

b]lvg]u/L s8f lsl;dn] df;' ;'s]sf] cyjf b'j} v'§f ;'lGgPsf] cyjf xTs]nfdf w]/} ;]tf]kgf jf kfv'/fsf] gfk ubf{ /ftf] nx/df k/]df jf pd]/ cg';f/ w]/} sd tf}n ePdf

s8f s'kf]if0f jf s8f /QmcNktf

:jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k|]if0f ug'{xf];\

pd]/ cg';f/ sd tf}n jf xTs]nfdf s]xL ;]tf]kgf jf

kfv'/fsf] gfk ubf{ kx]+nf] nx/df k/]df

s'kf]if0f jf /QmcNktf

cfO/g rSsL lbg'xf];\ vfgf ;DaGwL ;Nnfx k/fkz{ lbg'xf];\

dflysf s'g} lrGx gePsf] jf kfv'/fsf] gfk ubf{ xl/of] nx/df

k/]df

s'kf]if0f jf /QmcNktf gePsf]

@ jif{ d'lgsf] aRrf ePdf vfgf ;DaGwL d'Nof+sg u/L pd]/ l;kmfl/; u/LPsf] vfgf v'jfpg ;Nnfxlbg'xf];\

aRrfsf] vf]ksf] l:ylt af/] x]g'{'xf];\ / le6fldg ÚP‘ / h'sfsf] cf}ifwL v'jfP gv'jfPsf] hf“r ug'{xf];\ ______ _________ __________ __________ _____ _____ _____ ____ _______ _______ lj=l;=hL l8=lk=6L÷x]klj, lxa l8=lk=6L÷x]klj, lxj lxa l8=lk=6L÷x]klj, lxj kf]lnof]! kf]lnof]@ kf]lnof]# bfb'/f÷?a]nf le6fldg …P’ cNj]08fhf]n

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;lx lsl;dn] xft w'g] r/0fx?

This publication of revised CB-IMCI manual has been made possible by the support from USAID, Suaahara under contract with Integrated Rural Health Development Training Center/Nepal. www.irhdtc.org.np

b'O{ xftsf xTs]nf Ps

cfk;df ldRg] .

bfO{g] xTs]nfn] b]j|] xTs]nfsf] pN6f] k§L ldRg], To;}ul/ bj|]] xTs]nfn] bfO{g] xTs]nfsf] pN6f]

k§L ldRg] .

b'j} xftsf cf}+nfx? Ps csf{df l5/fO{{ b'j} xTs]nf Ps cfk;df

ldRg] .

b'O{ xftsf cf}+nfx? cw{ d'l¶ jgfO{ Ps csf{df c8\sfP/

Ps xftsf] j'l9 cf}+nfnfO{ csf]{ xftsf] d'l¶ leq 3'dfpg] . olx k|s[of csf]{lt/ bf]x¥ofpg] .

Ps xftsf] kf“r} cf}+nfsf 6'KkfnfO{ csf]{ xTs]nfdf /u8\g] . olx k|s[of csf]{lt/ bf]x¥ofpg] .

;fd'bflos :jf:Yo sfo{stf{x?sf] nflu -kbgfd c=x]=a=÷c=g=dL...

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Transcript of ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo sfo{stf{x?sf] nflu -kbgfd c=x]=a=÷c=g=dL...