Farmakologi Lanjutan Potensi Terapi Stem Cell 2015 2016
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Transcript of Farmakologi Lanjutan Potensi Terapi Stem Cell 2015 2016
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D ADANG IRFAN HUSORI, S.SI., M.SC., A PT.DEPARTEMEN F ARMAKOLOGI F ARMASI
F AKULTAS F ARMASI UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA
2015/2016
Matakuliah Farmakologi Lanjutan
TERAPI SEL INDUK
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1968, transplantasi sumsum tulang belakang (bone marrowtransplants) pertama sukses
1970 an, bone marrow transplants digunakan pd treatmenimmunodefisi and leukemia
Sejarah
1998, James Thomson (University of Wisconsin-Madison)
mengisolasi sel dari inner cell mass embrio
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1998 – kloning mencit
1998 – kloning Sapi
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (Cloning)
1952 – Briggs & King mengkloning
berudu
1996 – mamalia pertama dikloning
dari sel dewasa Dolly
2000 – kloning babi
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2001 – kloning kucing
2002
– kloning kelinci
“ ” arbon opy
2004–
kloning banteng
2005 – kloning anjing
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Definisi Stem Cell
Sel induk
Sel punca
Sel yang memiliki kemampuan untuk terus menerusmembelah dan berdiferensiasi menjadi berbagaijenis dari sel atau jaringan
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXVdSajL08E
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Karakteristik Stem Cell
‘Blank cells’ (sel belum terspesialisasi)
Memiliki kapabilitas untuk membelah
dan memperbaharui dirinya sendiri
dalam waktu yang panjang (proliferasi)
Memiliki potensi untuk menjadi
berbagai sel tertentu (berdiferensiasi)
Sumsum tulang & darah tali pusar
(umbilical cord blood ), sel induk secara
teratur membelah dan memperbaiki
jaringan yang rusak.
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TIPE SEL INDUK
Tipe Deskripsi Contoh
Totipoten
Sel yang dapat
berkembang menjadi
berbagai sel
sel embrio (1-3
hari)
Pluripoten
Sel yang dapat
berkembang menjadi
lebih dari 200 jenis sel
Sel blastosit (5 -
14 hari)
Multipoten
Sel yang telah
berdiferensiasi namun
dapat membentuk
sejumlah jenis jaringan
Jaringan fetus,
darah tali pusar,
sel induk dewasa
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Diferensiasi sel induk
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JENIS SEL INDUK
Embryonic stem cells (ESC): Sel stem embrionikadalah sel yang diambil dari inner cell mass - suatu kumpulansel yang terletak di satu sisi blastocyst yang berumur 5 -6 haridan terdiri dari 100 sel.
Mempunyai sifat dapat berkembang biak secara terus menerusdalam media kultur optimal dan pada keadaan tertentu dapatdiarahkan untuk berdiferensiasi menjadi berbagai sel yang
terdiferensiasi seperti sel jantung, sel kulit, neuron, hepatositdan sebagainya. (Setiawan , CDK, 2006)
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Adult stem cells (ASC) : Sel stem dewasa
adalah sel stem yang terdapat di semua organ tubuh,
terutama di dalam sumsum tulang dan berfungsi
melakukan regenerasi untuk mengatasi berbagai
kerusakan yang selalu terjadi dalam kehidupan.
Tubuh mengalami pengrusakan oleh berbagai faktor dan
semua kerusakan yang mengakibatkan nekrosis(kematian jaringan dan sel) akan dibersihkan oleh sel
makrofag yang beredar dalam darah.
Sel stem dewasa sebaliknya berfungsi untuk
memperbaiki jaringan yang mengalami kerusakan. Selstem dewasa dapat diambil dari fetus (fetal stem cells),
sumsum tulang (bone marrow stem cells), darah perifer
atau tali pusat (umbilical cord blood stem cells, UCB).
(Setiawan , CDK, 2006)11
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1. ESC
Diperoleh dari inner cell mass
Pluripoten
Dapat berkembang menjadi lebih dari 200jenis sel yang berbeda
Karena kapasitas tersebut maka dapatdigunakan untuk pengobatan regeneratif
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Blastosit
Princeton University
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REPRODUKSI SEKSUAL
The Association of Re roductive Health Professionals
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FASE Embriogenesis
Hari 1Fertilisasi sel telur
Hari 22-sel embrio Hari 3-4
Multisel embrio
Hari 5-6BlastositHari 11-14
Diferensiasi menjadi jaringan
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Embryonic Stem Cell
Isolasi inner cell mass(merusak embryo)
Sel Otot jantungGinjal
Hari 5-6Blastosit
Inner cells
(menjadi fetus)
Sel terluar (membentuk placenta)
Perbaikan
Jantung
Kultur sel
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2. ASC
Dapat memproduksi sel yang spesifiksesuai dengan jaringan sumber selinduknya
haematopoietic , Sumsum tulang,jaringan saraf
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jp4dx5MVtcg&feature=related
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Bone Marrow Stem Cells22
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Sumber Pencakokan/donor:
Alogenik: dari orang lain
Singenik: dari kembar identik/saudara kandung
Autolog: dari pasien sendiri
Pilihan sumber pencangkokan didasarkan pada
jenis penyakit, kondisi pasien, kompatibilitas donor
dan kesehatan
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Sumber Pencakokan/donor:
Transplantasi Autolog
No evidence of disease in the blood or bone marrow
Transplant related mortality (TRM) lebih rendah (<5%)
Tingkat kekambuhan yang lebih tinggi tergantungpada penyakit
Lazarus HM. Autologous and allogeneic transplantation procedures for hematologic malignancies. Manual of Clinical Hematology, 3rd edition
2002:399-409
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Sumber Pencakokan/donor:
Transplantsi Alogenik
TRM tinggi (30-50%)
Kekambuhan lebih rendah karena efek graft versus tumor
Adanya efek penolakan
Matched Related Donor (Saudara Kandung)
25% donor dari saudara kandung memiliki kecocokan
Lazarus HM. Autologous and allogeneic transplantation procedures for hematologic malignancies. Manual of Clinical Hematology, 3rd edition
2002:399-409
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POTENSI PENGGUNAAN TEKNOLOGI
Stem Cell
Perbaikan jaringan dan organ yang mengalami
kerusakan
Penghantaran terapi gen
Penghantaran agen kemoterapi
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Aplikasi
Penyakit:
infark jantungStroke
penyakit Parkinson Diabetes berbagai macam kanker terutama kanker darah osteoarthritis dll
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Aplikasi klinik pada Infark4
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Moral dan Etika
ASC
ESC
Embrio harus dirusak
Kapan kehidupan dimulai??????
Kloning Manusia
Embrio
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KAPAN KEHIDUPAN DIMULAI?
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KAPAN KEHIDUPAN DIMULAI?
TEXTBOOK MEDIS:
The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented
Embryology
“Zygote: this cell results from the union of an
oocyte and a sperm. A zygote is the beginning ofa new human being (i.e., an embryo). Human
development begins at fertilization… This highly
specialized, totipotent cell marks the beginning of
each of us as a unique individual.”
Moore, K. and T.V.N. Persaud. 1998. The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology (6th ed.),
W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, pp 2-18
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KAPAN KEHIDUPAN DIMULAI?
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Essentials of Human Embryology
“In this text, we begin our description of the
developing human with the formation and
differentiation of the male and female sex cells orgametes, which will unite at fertilization to initiate
the embryonic development of a new individual.”
Larsen, W.J. 1998. Essentials of Human Embryology, Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp. 1-17.
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TEXTBOOK MEDIS:43
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KAPAN KEHIDUPAN DIMULAI?
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Human Embryology & Teratology
“Fertilization is an important landmark because,
under ordinary circumstances, a new, genetically
distinct human organism is thereby formed…”O'Rahilly, R. and F. Muller. 1996. Human Embryology & Teratology, Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 5-55.
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Embryo Is Not a Person
“Persons . . . are members of a social community that
shapes and values them, and personhood must be
defined in terms of interactions and relationships with
others.”
Susan Sherwin. 1999.Ethical Issues: Perspectives for Canadians. Ed. Soifer, Eldon. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press, p. 267
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Embryo Is Not a Person ????
Aborsi????
Bayi
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Embryo Is Not a Person
Kurangnya ciri kepribadian tertentu akan menghapus
seseorang dari sebutan sebagai “orang”??????:
Pasien koma
Lansia yang mengalami penyakit degeneratif (Alzheimer)
Gangguan mental
Genetik
Neurological disease
Mental illness
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Klaim:
Fertilisasi sel telur adalah proses pertemuan seltunggal (sel telur dan sel sperma), sama seperti sel
darah dll di tubuh manusia
bantahan:
Pertemuan sel tunggal tersebut (sel telur dan sel
sperma) merupakan sesuatu yang unik yangberasal dari sel ayah dan ibu yang memulai sebuahkehidupan
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TANTANGAN DALAM RISET Stem
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TANTANGAN DALAM RISET Stem
Cell
Proliferasi dan diferensiasi stem cell harus terkontrol
saat ditransplantasikan ke pasien.
Kemungkinan adanya penolakan tubuh Kontaminasi virus, bakteria, fungi atau pd
penggunaan klinik.
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Stem cell and cloning
Immune rejection
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
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TERIMA KASIH