Far Behind the Front. The Ambitions and Shortcomings of an Aspiring Military State in the 17th...
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Far Behind the FrontThe Ambitions and Shortcomings of a Military State in the 17th century
EAA – Plzen 2013Claes B Pettersson
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The Emergence of a Major Power
• The Scandinavian Union of the late Middle Ages became impossible to maintain
• In its place – two nation-states, competing for control of the region
The Dissolution of the Kalmar Union (1397 – 1523)
The Nordic Seven Years War (1563 – 1570)
The Kalmar War(1611-1613)
The Baltic trade
The copper mine at FalunThe siege of Elfsborg in 1563
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Guarding the Southern Border
Scandinavia in 1701
The City Fortresses of Southern Sweden in the early 17th century:
• Gothenburg (founded in 1621)• Jönköping (re-established in 1613)• Kalmar (re-built in 1613 / new site 1647) Jönköping :
• Supply base with stores for the army• Centre for strategic manufacture (arms & cloth)• Important junction (land & water)• Administrative centre for the region
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Friary Royal Castle,
Border Fortress
The changing fortunes of Jönköping Castle
The Royal Castle 1550
The Border Fortress 1650
The Franciscan friary 1450
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Visions for King & Council….
Draft for the new town 1617
...but hardly for the Good Citizens of Jönköping!
1620 - 1650Modernization
Reform
Resources
Imported know-how
A basis for:A military state
An efficient administration
An aggressive foreign policy
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The Morass – no suitable place for a city…
Sedge
Peat cutting – for building material
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Landfill and logistics in the early 17th century
Blue line – estimated shoreline before 1613Violet – landfill made by the Crown, mainly in the manufacturing areasBrown – landfill made by the burghers themselves during the first decades
Massive timber foundations
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Landfill – at the Royal Chartered Arms Factory Site
Systematic landfill by the Crown 1613 – 1623 Landfill by later private owners 1623 – 1800
Henbane
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A Town for King and Council?
DEN FÖRSTA TRÄKYRKAN
The Court of Appeal – begun in 1639
The Swedish Coat of Arms
Western entrance to Kristine Church – begun in 1649
Places of worship – two churches for a new town
Law and administration goes before religious needs…
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The Royal Chartered Arms Factory
1620
High tech – but based on local traditions in arms manufacturing
Gunsmith’s workshop, built about 1640
Wheellock Flintlock
Matchlock
Fixture
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The German Meadow Vantmakeriet 1620
• Large scale textile production (cloth)• For the army & the navy• A manufacture based on highly skilled workers, recruited in Germany
Three blocks – excavated 1982 to 2007
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A visions that still remains – in the maps of 1657-58
The town as an unfinished project• Lack of resources / other priorties• A changing political situation
Cultivation instead of fortification
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Flemings bastioner
1605
1617
The New Castle – a modern artillery fortress of the highest strategic importance
Drafts by Master Builder Hans Fleming – to be shown to King & Council
Re-built and modernized several times between 1595 and 1645
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Bastion CarolusExcavated in 2012
Shoddy work… in exposed positions!
Considerable differences in wall thickness!
Broken sandstone ashlars
In danger of collapse from the beginning...
Built on insufficient foundations...
A hollow wall, filled with debris!
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Mortar as a historic source material
Lime mortar from northern flank of bastion Carolus – built in 1609-10
Lime mortar from makeshift wall – built immediately before the siege of 1612
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Propaganda versus Reality – The Jönköping metaphor
A town of great strategic value – the central, but weakest link in the chain of defence!
• where the impressive city fortifications were never built• where the castle was neither finished, nor ever fully prepared for battle• where one of the two Royal Chartered Manufactures became a total failure• where the local economy was closely linked to the aggressive foreign policy• where the international element was of great importance during the 17th century