1

Family is an important institution of the society. It is a place for its members

to refresh their body and mind from daily tiredness and problems. But, if a family is

full of maladjustment and argument, society will be hurt and destroyed, and

consequently, other problems such as bad behavior to others, addiction, home escape

and malfunctioning of things will appear.

No society is free of problems. All problems refer to the families (Setoodeh,

2005:50). The family is the origin of any physical and mental disorders and these

problems will spread with the family. Disorders like increase in divorce rate, late

marriages, physical and sexual torture, cruelty to children, marriage disagreement,

imposed marriages, home escape, illegal sex among men and women, originate from

homes and families.

Couples are the basis of a family and their relations affect other aspects of the

society. Good relations between couples and their adjustment are considered as social

capital. Social capital is an important factor in weakening and strengthening family

functions. It is a group of regulating norms and non social through which all members

cooperate with each other.

Social connections, trust, group correlation, keeping the conventions are the

indications of social capital. If social capital increases, it will cause more regulation

and if it decreases, it will cause social deviations, crime, family destruction, addition

to drugs, suicide etc.

Giddens (2004) believes that the changes we see these days are not as

important as the changes in personal lives, sexual relations, emotional life, marriages

and families. There is a big change between the fact as to how we think about

ourselves and how we communicate with other people and the relations between us.

This change is growing too fast. In this thesis, I propose to study social capital,

2

cultural factors, sexual agreement or disagreement among couples in two selected

cities, one each of Iran and India, brought about by the importance of family and

changes that resulted due to industrialization and modernization.

Theological framework of the research (Social bonds theory):

One of the main stages in scientific research is the selection of the most appropriate

discussed theory on the theological bases of the research and integration of

fundamental concepts of these theories. The second chapter of this thesis studies the

couples' relations and the Social Capital theory according to Bourdieu, Coleman,

Putnam and Fukuyama.

According to the Social Capital theory family is the main source in the society.

Bourdieu (1986), Coleman (1988), Fukuyama (1995) and Winter (2000) know family

as a key tool for creation, development and transfer of social capital.

Husband and wife are the foundation of the family; they play the parental role in the

family and are regarded as the most important source of socialization.

The scholars' comments (Durkheim, Parsons, Coleman and Fukuyama) could be put

in the form of functionalism and social bond theory. At the individual level, changes

in the amount of individuals' social capital is followed by an individual's experience in

family, type of family relationships, family background, personality traits and

economic-social status of family, education, age and gender.

The aim of this thesis is to study the impact of the social capital elements on the

relations of husband and wife. With this aim we are going to build and give a

theological foundation corresponding to the research subject, and from this a

theoretical solution of the problem will be obtained from it.

Emile Durkheim founder of sociological idea in 19th century had special interest in

understanding the function of the individuals' social bonds, in the form of strata

3

composing a larger community. He did a precise comparison between the mechanical

correlation of earlier traditional societies-whose obedience of power was due to habit,

and social bonds resulted from the similarities in situations and the organic correlation

of completely separated and modern mobile societies (Field John, 2003:25).

Social Bonds idea as a kind of capital is a metaphor, with the object that individuals

create networks of social relations which give social solidarity and in these networks,

and individuals cooperate with whom they know indirectly to take advantage

mutually. Li and his colleagues (2003) believe that today, social capital theory has

special importance in sociology researches. As a result of being applied to various

fields, the concept has different meanings, and certainly it could be said that there

isn’t an exact empirical definition for it. Stone (2001) says that: despite many debates

and discussions over the definition of social capital, there is an implicit consensus of

opinion among scholars of social sciences on considering social capital as the network

of social relations, which is created through bonds and relationships with others, and

it would be characterized by the trade-off and trust norms.

By scrutinizing the various aspects of social capital, two major types are specified:

Structural forms: They are expressed in the social, interpersonal realm through

agreements among people, either explicit or tacit. This makes them relatively

objective compared to cognitive forms of social capital (Atria Raul et al, 2004:113).

Cognitive forms: They remain within the mind, although they become social capital

by being shared when believed by more than one person. These forms are intrinsically

subjective, since they exist in people’s respective thoughts and emotional attachments

(Ibid: 114). Cognitive social capital refers to more abstract manifestations of social

capital such as trust, norms and values which influence people interaction.

4

Structural social capital is related to macroscopic, and perhaps, more objective aspects

(touchable) of the social capital concept, such as local institution, organizations and

the present networks among people which could follow the cultural, social, economic

and political goals. Structural aspect makes the horizontal and vertical relationships in

the society and, so strengthens the social capital of the whole society.

The social capital may be positive or negative: if the structural and cognitive aspects

of social capital are high in the society then it may be positive. Otherwise, the

negative aspect of social capital will be expected. Considering the importance of

social capital in the family and specially husband and wife relations, it will be useful

to study the view of James Coleman and Fukuyama.

Coleman defines the social capital regarding its function, so his definition remains

abstract and functionalist. In Coleman's belief, social capital would be defined by its

definition. It’s not a single being but a variety of various beings, having two common

features; all of them have aspects of one social structure and all facilitate special

interactions of people inside the structure (Coleman, 1994: 302).In Coleman's view,

among social structures family more than the other structures can facilitate

individuals' interactions and create social capital.

In his view, the annihilation of family and the other forms of initial (primary)

institutions leads to transferring the initial sociability responsibility to established

organizations like schools, which then brings the long-term attrition of social capital,

on which society function has depended (Coleman, 1991:9).

Coleman was too much concerned about the weakening of close relationships and

bonds in the family, and in his thought, shifting the close bonds to weak and frail

bonds and relations is not desired. Social capital may be the assets of the social

disadvantaged groups as well, and it's not just a tool for the affluent. This viewpoint

5

indicates Coleman's interest in mobility and dynamism of social networks (Field John,

2003:51).

Coleman has strongly emphasized the role of close and intensive bonds, and tends to

downplay weak and faint bonds (Portes, 1998:5). Coleman lays great importance on

special kinds of capital, particularly family; he downplays the role of weak networks

(Field John, 2003:72).

Therefore, apart from economic, cultural and social situations, a family (husband and

wife) can have a range of high or low social capital, and this variety of enjoyment of

social capital greatly impacts the rate of couples' relations.

Fukuyama defines social capital as a certain set of norms or informal values which

members of a group share with each other. Despite his view, the norms which lead to

capital production basically should consist of virtues like honesty, discharging of

obligations and mutual relations (Fukuyama, 2000:11-12).

Changes in the most important institute of society, the family, bring about varied

forms of inter-family relations, which have obvious difference with the traditional

form of the family. The Empirical evidences extensively emphasize that

individualization of social relations and change processes in identity; have made a

shift in meaning and nature of human relations (John Field, 2003:189).

Research Method and Materials:

The method which is applied in this study is survey method. Survey method can be

defined most simply as a means of gathering information, usually through self-report

using scheduled interviews or questionnaires (Hutchinson 2004). Alreck and Settle

(1995) define the survey method in terms of the purposed for which the information is

collected. Survey methods are used to influence a selected audience, modify a service

or product, and understand or predict human behavior. Weisberg et al. (1996)

6

categorized the types of information gathered from surveys into opinions, attitudes,

and facts.

Study Area:

The present study is based on data collected from Aligarh (India) and Rasht (Iran) in

2011 as shown in Figures 3.1 and 3.2. Since the current research is a comparative

study of the two prominent universities of Aligarh Muslim University located in

Aligarh, (India) and Guilan University located in Rasht (Iran), we will make an

overview of Aligarh and Rasht cities and then both the Aligarh Muslim University

and Guilan University respectively will be presented.

Therefore, according to the nature of the study which is pertaining to the quality of

wife-husband relationships and social capital in both heterogeneous societies the

stratified sampling approach is chosen as sampling method. In the first phase both

Aligarh Muslim University and Guilan University’s staffs were divided into two

subdivisions of working and teaching staffs in different faculties. Respondents were

selected from each stratum by means of random procedure. According to Krejcie &

Morgan’s (1970) formula the sample size are 364 but in order to maintain a certain

level of accuracy in the estimates 250 questionnaires were given out in Aligarh

Muslim University and 250 questionnaires were given in Guilan University between

March-June 2011. This study aims to describe the relations of social capital and

relations between husband and wife and compare the parameters of social capital in

Aligarh (India) and Rasht (Iran). These two countries were chosen because of ancient

cultural history, and a variety of traditions and cultures which have certain

commonalities and, due to the conditions of passing from tradition to modernity,

family life has undergone several changes, which has led many scholars of social

sciences to think and ponder more in this area.

7

If we look more precisely at the problems and social deviations of present times, the

effect of family can be found in all of these deviations of the most important reason is

the weakening of family and trend of family members toward deviations, and this

issue will force authorities and politicians to spend a part of the budget of society on

control and supervision to prevent deviations, and consequently development of

country will be delayed.

On the one hand, the foundation of family is the relation of husband and wife and on

the other hand, social capital is accounted as an important element in development of

country.

This research has tried to analyze the relation between social capital and husband and

wife relation, and as the subject of the research shows, the manner of family relation

of spouses, in two different countries according to their social capital level.

The aim is to search to see if there is any relation between the parameters of social

capital such as: knowledge of couples about each other before marriage, couples' trust,

couples' solidarity, couples' participation, sexual satisfaction of couples and the

degree of adjustment and maladjustment of husband and wives.

To do this research it was of importance to decide what is meant by social capital

concept and relations of husband and wife relations. Positivist methodology was used

in this research. This is based on the dependent cycle of theory and observation.

According to the principles of Positivist theory always takes precedence over action.

Hereby, it has attempted to create a link between theoretical framework through

observation of social capital relations, and adjustment-maladjustment of couples, in

this research.

So, after conceptualizing and reviewing the wordings of social capital and adjustment-

maladjustment of couples, we fixed it within the theoretical framework of Durkheim,

8

James Coleman and Fukuyama. In this theoretical and conceptual framework, Atria

Raul et all (2004) and Uphoof (1999) discriminates between structural and cognitive

social capital. Structural social capital includes different forms of social networks and

relations which bring more civil cooperation and participation. Cognitive social

capital includes: norms, values, attitudes, beliefs, common understanding and

variables that bind people together. Structural and cognitive social capitals are

definable. Drawing structural and cognitive aspects of social capital may convey that

there is no single structure under the name of social capital, but preferably, social

capital is understood as a compound of central concept of social capital.

This is the framework of empirical research which link, the cognitive and structural

aspects of social capital in two cities, Aligarh (India) and Rasht (Iran) and adjustment-

maladjustment of couples.

When conceptual definition of social capital and husband and wife relations is made,

social capital conceptually and generally refers to institutions, relations and norms,

which form the quality and quantity of social interactions and binds them like glue

(woolcock and Narayan: 2000). Adjustment-maladjustment of couples refers to the

whole of couples' relations process and values and norms which dominate over their

relations such as: couples' trust, couples' solidarity, couples participation and couples'

sexual satisfaction.

In chapter 4, the results of the study are presented in details. The descriptive results

are discussed in the first section. The inferential results section entails bivariate tests

results, analysis of variance and multiple linear regression results help to test the

hypotheses and theoretical model to obtain empirical models of the study for both the

societies of Aligarh and Rasht in the second section of this chapter. The data is used

for both, descriptive and inferential parts, of this study and is collected through a

9

survey conducted in Aligarh Muslim University (India) and Guilan University (Iran)

in 2011(n=500). The descriptive section of the study demonstrates the statistical

results through tables and clustered bar charts which are constructed by SPSS. The

graphs in the first section help us to visualize the distribution of our variables, and the

tables depict the magnitudes, which both meet the last objective of the study.

To infer subject theory, and moving from general principles of theoretical framework

toward certain real principles, observation must be done and hypotheses be tested,

research plan and research approach were stated as a plan, in chapter three. This

chapter shows that, what we mean practically by social capital and husband and wife

relations, according to theoretical framework of social capital was defined as an

extensive method including cognitive and structural forms. Five parameters of social

capital have distinguished as independent variables: knowledge of husband and wife

before marriage, couples' trust, couples' solidarity (as cognitive social capital), sexual

satisfaction between couples and couples participation (as structural social capital).

Furthermore, relations between couples were measured by 27 questions which under

three general indicators can be combined: Satisfaction and dissatisfaction between

couples, Parole agreement and disagreement, Behavioral agreement and disagreement

Chapter Four gives the conclusions of this research, provides testing of theoretical

concepts by concrete data, and also shows tested hypotheses and theoretical model.

This chapter helps to discuss the findings and compare them with empirical

documents which have been presented in research wordings.

1. It seems that as the social capital between couples enhances, their adjustment in life

would enhance as well.

2. It seems that as the trust between couple’s increases, their adjustment in life will

increase as well.

10

3. It seems that as the participation between couples enhances, their adjustment in life

would enhance as well.

4. It seems that as the solidarity between couple’s increases, their adjustment in life

will increase as well.

5. It seems that the more knowledge the couples have before marriage about each

other, the more adjusted they are in their life.

6. The more the husband and wife rely on each other in problems and difficulties, the

more their adjustment in life would be.

7. It seems that having children and the number of them, would increase the

adjustment of couples in their common life.

8. It seems that as the sexual satisfaction between couple’s increases, their adjustment

in life will increase as well.

9. It seems, the more education couples have, the more adjusted they are.

10. There is a significant relationship between wife-husband among couples from

Aligarh (INDIA) and Rasht (IRAN).

11. There is a significant relationship between social capital among couples Aligarh

(INDIA) and Rasht (IRAN).

12. There is a significant relationship between knowledge of couples from each other

among, couples of from Aligarh (INDIA) and Rasht (IRAN).

1. First hypothesis considers the relation between social capital and adjustment-

maladjustment of couples. Over recent decades despite many researches done on

social capital and different aspects of society such as development.(Putnam 1993,

Woolcock and Narayan 2000, Fukuyama 2000, coleman 1994 and Field 2003). A few

studies on husband and wife relations have been done with the aim to directly study

the relation of husband and wife. As presented in research wordings, there has been a

11

positive relation between family correlations, particularly between the relation of

husband and wife and social capital.( Lala M. 2007,Aureli B.2007,Eiji Y.2009 and

Saffiri Kh.2006).As well as, according to the obtained results from these researches,

the relation between social capital and adjustment-maladjustment of couples was

positive and strong. It means that increasing the social capital and any parameters of

social capital between couples will raise the adjustment between couples, and the

couples' bond will be strengthened.

2. Second hypothesis measures the relations between couples trust and their

adjustment-maladjustment. Trust as a cognitive parameter of social capital, plays an

important role in social life. John Field (2003) states that though Bourdieu doesn’t

specially refer to trust, yet this point apparently is hidden in his discussion about

social reproduction; people who marry each other, or establish a club together to

develop their useful bonds, must do it based on trust. Fukuyama believes that, trust is

the main basis of social order: societies are dependent on mutual trust and without it

won't be established on their own (Fukuyama, 1995:25).The importance of trust can

be seen in various positions, in interaction with others (Sztomka 1999, Saffiri

Kh.2006, Glaeser et all 2000, Lala M.2007, Luman 1988, Misztal 1996).

3. Third hypothesis talks of the relations between couples participation and

adjustment-maladjustment of couples. Participation in social affairs strengthens the

bond and tie among members of group. In couples' relations, participation between

them appears as attaching importance to the partner. Various studies show that social

participation as one of the most important elements of social capital brings bonding in

society (Putnam 1995 1993, Bektas Y. 2007, Ezazi 2010, Movahhed 2011, Norani

2009, Ian W.2000, Alderidge2002, Woolcock 2000 and Macgillivray2002).

Studies which were done by Gray L. and Burks N. (1983) concluded that marriages in

12

which women undertake most of tasks, women are more dissatisfied, but the

maximum of satisfaction is between couples in which household tasks are divided

equally between husband and wife. Spending more time with spouse, will raise the

marital satisfaction and adjustment (Seif.S 1989).Woman's participation in family

decision-makings will increase adjustment and satisfaction in common life (Bowen

and Ortner1983).

4. Fourth hypothesis shows the relation between couples' solidarity and adjustment-

maladjustment of couples. It's obvious that correlation between society members leads

to harmony, order and bond. Probabilities and uncertainty in complex human

phenomena is a natural thing, so in research issue, numerous factors may have impact

on couples' relations; one of the most important of these factors in correlation and

bond between couples relates to their solidarity with each other, in other words the

more ther couples cooperate with each other in problems and difficulties the bond and

tie between them is expected to become deeper; environmental factors and other

conditions affect less on this bond (Kei nia 1981,Seddigh O. et all 2009 and Norani et

all 2009).

5. Fifth hypothesis considers the relation between a couple’s knowledge before

marriage and their adjustment-maladjustment. Having knowledge leads to better

action, since husband and wife will live together for a long time. Knowing the weak

and strong points of each other could make couples' expectations from each other in

accordance with facts (Kayhan nia 2009 and Aron .T.beck 2005).

6. Sixth hypothesis states the relation between couples' reliance on each other and

their adjustment-maladjustment. Elizabeth Bat believes that couples that live in a

distributed social network and don’t get help or support from environment and friends

13

outside the home, are forced to accept mutual help and even traditional roles of each

other (Ezazi 2010).

7. Seventh hypothesis presents relation between having children and number of

children with husband and wife relations. Having children may strengthen the bond

between husband and wife, or in other words, increases the tolerance of husband and

wife against life's problems; having children raise, the couples adjustment (Bates D.

1996, Bronze Sh. 1987 and Kei nia 1981).

8. Eighth hypothesis considers the relation between couples sexual satisfaction and

their adjustment-maladjustment. Burgess W. and Wallin P. (1953) in their research in

contrast to Saffiri‘s research (2006) have concluded that through examining the

individual background of persons it would be possible to anticipate the degree of

success or failure in marital life. Sexual desires and needs have essential roles in

marital life. Sexual pleasure would cause that, marital disputes and many problems in

everyday life are ignored and emotional dependence between husband and wife be

increased. People, who experience high satisfaction in their sexual relation with their

spouse, significantly show a better life quality than those who don’t have satisfaction

(Movahhed M. 2011, Norani Sh. et all 2009, Mahdavi S. 2008, Ghaemi 2004 and Kei

nia 1981).

9. Ninth hypothesis talks of the relation between couples' education and couples'

adjustment-maladjustment. According to Matched Spouse Theory (same level spouse

and different level spouse), marriage is allowed between people who are socially,

economically and culturally the same level; which means that they must have a full

parallelism in economic status, moral and educational terms (Sarukhani 1997).

10. Tenth, eleventh and twelfth hypothesis compare the difference of couples'

14

relations, social capital and couples' knowledge about each other before marriage, in

Iran and India.

To conclude I should say that trust, participation, solidarity and sexual satisfaction as

parameters of social capital, are considered determinant factor in relations of husband

and wife. Existence of both cognitive and structural elements of social capital in

marital life will cause that the relations between husband and wife be strengthened,

and couples facing difficult situations and changes in time show more ability and

endurance. In the first section of this chapter, I stated the relations of social

parameters and couples' adjustment-maladjustment in comparison to related studies,

and tested the hypotheses of this research.

Since in this study, research subjects are dependent on research questions, so in this

section by answering the hypotheses of research I try to conclude a thesis.

1. Is there any relation between social capital and wife-husband relationships in

Aligarh and Rasht? To answer the first question of our analysis, we conducted the

multivariable regression. According to obtained results from data of Aligarh and

Rasht, concretely I can state that degree of our dependent variable variance is

determined by independent variable. Tables 4.35, 4.36 and 4.37 show high correlation

between two variables in Aligarh and Rasht, and significant level (sig= 0.000) for

both communities is acceptable, and result could be generalized to the whole

statistical universe. To correctly evaluate the effect of variables, and in order to see

whether separated variables, affect multivariable regression or not, we conducted path

analysis to test this question of research. Table 4.75 for Aligarh community shows

that these variables: couples knowledge about each other, couples' participation, age,

having and number of children, monthly income of family have been separated

regarding direct effect on dependent. And table 4.78 for Rasht shows that variables:

15

couples knowledge about each other, couples' participation, age, having and number

of children, monthly income of family have been separated regarding direct effect on

dependent. However in path analysis, the effect of separated variables- couples'

participation, age and monthly income of family- for India's community, is evident in

tables 4.79 and 4.81 as well as in diagram 4.43; and indirect effect of these variables

are such as: couples' participation=0.28, age=0.17 and monthly income of family

=0.04. The indirect effect of variables: couples' participation and age for Rasht

community is as follow: couples' participation=0.23 and age= -0.06 (tables 4.80 and

4.82 and diagram 4.44). Finally the high score of social capital refers to its high

effect on husband and wife relations.

2. To what extent total variance in wife-husband relation could be uniquely explained

by cognitive and structural dimensions of social capital? To respond to this question

of our research, we conducted the multivariable regression, separately for both

cognitive and structural parameters of social capital. According to obtained results of

Aligarh and Rasht's data, tables (see Appendix VIII and X), R square in tables (see

Appendix VII and IX) show a strong and positive relation between the variables of

cognitive and structural social capital and couples' adjustment-maladjustment.

3. To what extent does the couples’ trust indicators included in the model act as

predictors of couples’ relationship in both societies? This question is one of the most

important effective aspects of social capital on our dependent variable. To investigate

this hypothesis, because of interval measured level of two dependent and independent

variables, Pearson statistics was used. Correlation coefficient between these two

variables is 0.70 (for India) and 0.64 (for Iran) and its significant level for India and

Iran is Sig=0.000, suggesting a relatively strong relationship between these two

variables and its significant level is acceptable and could be generalized to statistical

16

population, So this hypothesis has been confirmed (table 4.38). This hypothesis was

also tested by single-variable regression. It shows that 0.48(for India) and

0.41(for Iran) of variance changes of dependent variable is due to trust variable

of couples. Regarding T (15.250 for India) and T (13.269 for Iran) and with

their significant level (Sig=0.000), this correlation for both countries in a level,

higher than 99 percent is significant. The obtained Positive sign, Beta is (0.70

for India), (0.64 for Iran) reveals that there is a direct relation between trust

variable of couples and couples' relationship. This proves that as the trust

between couples increase, couples relationship toward adjustment would

increase as well.

4. To what extent does the couples’ solidarity indicators included in the model act as

predictors of couples’ relationship in both societies? Table 4.44, examines the relation

between solidarity and couples' adjustment. The given hypothesis in this project is

that, as the couple’s solidarity in each other rises their adjustment will rise also. Since

the solidarity variable and the variable of relations between husband and wife are at

the interval measurement level, so to obtain the correlation between these variables,

Pearson statistic was used. According to the correlation coefficient between these two

variables, hypothesis 1 is confirmed and the correlation between these two variables is

0.71 (for India) and 0.78 (for Iran). This correlation is direct and it’s Sig = 0.000 is

significant; this means that it could be generalized to statistical population and this is

not by chance or random. For this hypothesis, simple regression has also been used. It

can be deduced from the table 4.45 and 4.46; determination coefficient shows that

0.50 (for India) and 0.61 (for Iran) of variance changes of the dependent variable is

due to the trust variable in spouses. Considering T value (15.901 for India) and

17

(19.861 for Iran) and their significant level (Sig = 0.000), in a level higher than 99

percent is significant, which proves that the more the solidarity between spouses

increases the adjustment between spouses positively increases.

5. To what extent does the couples’ participation indicators included in the model act

as predictors of couples’ relationship in both societies? To investigate this hypothesis,

because of interval measured level of two dependent and independent variables,

Pearson statistics was used. Correlation coefficient between these two variables is

0.48 (for India) and 0.55 (for Iran) and its significant level for India and Iran is Sig =

0.000, suggesting a relatively strong relationship between these two variables and its

significant level is acceptable and could be generalized to statistical population, So

this hypothesis has been confirmed (table 4.41). This hypothesis was also tested by

single-variable regression. Tables 4.42 and 4.43 show that 0.24 (for India) and 0.31

(for Iran) of variance changes of dependent variable is due to participation variable of

couples. Regarding T (8.771 for India) and T (10.449 for Iran) and with their

significant level (Sig=0.000), this correlation for both countries in a level, higher than

99 percent is significant. The obtained Positive sign, Beta is (0.48 for India), (0.55 for

Iran) reveals that there is a direct relation between cooperation variable of couples and

couples' relationship which says that as the participation between couples enhances,

couples relationship toward adjustment would increase as well.

6. To what extent does the couple’s sexual satisfaction indicators included in the

model act as predictors of couples’ relationship in both societies? Table 4.51,

examines the relation between sexual satisfaction and couples' adjustment. The given

hypothesis in this project is that, as the couple’s sexual satisfaction in each other rises

their adjustment will rise also. Since the sexual satisfaction variable and the variable

of relations between husband and wife are at the interval measurement level, so to

18

obtain the correlation between these variables, Pearson statistic was used. According

to the correlation coefficient between these two variables, hypothesis 1 is confirmed

and the correlation between these two variables is 0.76 (for India) and 0.67 (for Iran).

This correlation is direct and it’s Sig = 0.000 is significant; it means it could be

generalized to statistical population and this is not by chance or random. For this

hypothesis, simple regression has also been used. It can be deduced from the table

4.52 and 4.53, that determination coefficient shows that 0.57(for India) and 0.45 (for

Iran) of variance changes of the dependent variable is due to the sexual satisfaction

variable in spouses. Considering T value (18.283 for India) and (14.124 for Iran) and

their significant level (Sig = 0.000), in a level higher than 99 percent is significant, it

says that, the more the trust between spouses increases the adjustment between

spouses positively increases.

7. Is there any significant relation between knowledge couples before marriage about

each other and wife-husband relationship in Aligarh and Rasht?

The given hypothesis was that, the more knowledge of couples have before marriage

the more adjustment they experience in their life. Since both dependent and

independent variables are at the measured interval level, Pearson correlation

coefficient was used for measuring the correlation between these two variables. It was

deduced from the table, correlation coefficient between these two variables for India

is very low (0.013) and its significant level is not acceptable (sig=0.84). In the other

words, for India there isn’t any relation between these two variables.

But the correlation coefficient between premarital knowledge variable and couples

relations (0.27) and its significant level (Sig=0.000) is acceptable and could be

generalized to statistical population. But the degree of this variable's relation is

19

average. This hypothesis has been confirmed for Iran population but not for India

(table 4.47).

8. Is there any significant difference in wife-husband relationship between couples of

Aligarh and Rasht? Responding to this question was availed through Independent T-

test. One of the assumptions of independent T-test that was tested is normal

distribution of variable in both groups. For testing of this assumption one sample

kolmogrov-smirnov was run (table 4.56).

The scores of wife-husband relationship violated the criterion of normal distribution,

so Mann-Whitney U test is run (table 4.57). As we can see in table 4.57, Iranian

couples have higher mean score in comparison with Indian couples in personal

accomplishment scale (p=0.000<0.01) which is 99 percent confidence.

9. Is there any significant difference in social capital between couples of Aligarh and

Rasht?

To gain insight into the comparison of wife-husband relationship’s differences in

Aligarh and Rasht, statistic of Mann-Whitney U test was conducted. Before that

normality test was run for it (table 4.59). The scores of social capital violated the

criterion of normal distribution, so Mann-Whitney U test was run for it (table 4.60).

Because of (p=0.842<0.05) for Trust, (p=0.858<0.05) for Participation and

(p=0.088<0.05) for solidarity (Three dimensions of social capital).There wasn’t any

significant difference between Indian and Iranian couples in the scores of three

dimensions of social capital. For test of total variable (social capital) normality test

was run. Table 4.61, shows that the scores of Social capital violated the criterion of

normal distribution, and then Mann-Whitney U test was run.

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In total P value for social capital is run. P =0.254 total p value is more than 0.05,

which shows the social capital difference between Indian and Iranian couples is not

significant. In other words there is not any difference between Indian and Iranian

couples in view of social capital. (See table 4.62)

10. Is there any significant difference in knowledge of couples from each other among

couples of Aligarh and Rasht?

Responding to this question was gathered to “Is there significant difference between

the scores of knowledge of each other with consideration of country”. Independent T-

test was run. One of the assumptions of independent T-test which was tested was

normal distribution of variable in both groups. For testing of this assumption one

sample kolmogrov-smirnov was run (table 4.64). Table 4.64, shows the scores of

knowledge of couples from each other satisfied the criterion of normal distribution,

then Independent T- test was run. Because of (p=0.000<0.01)Iranian couples are said

to have higher mean score in comparison with Indian couples in personal

accomplishment scale 99 percent confidence.(see table 4.65)

Trust in spouse was examined in this study. In another research it would be suitable to

study about distrust due to many reasons. The second suggestion is that in addition to

this research, by further research and study, an assessment should be reached so that

that adjustment and maladjustment of couples could be calibrated and could be

assessed with high assurance, and through couple’s test the couples would be scored

and their weaknesses and strengths would be recognized, and according to the

weaknesses and deficiencies a counseling would be arranged for them, considering

the fact that researcher is aware of many complexities in life and knows that there are

exceptions, specially the trust variable, the changes is of which today one apparent

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among the couples. This study has been done in two small cities in Iran and India. It is

therefore, suggested that another research be done on couples' relations and

assessment of their adjustment-maladjustment, in the capitals of these two countries.

Absolutely after doing the suggested research, a comparison between its results and

the results of the current research will be noticeable. According to Coleman, social

capital is neutral in terms of norms and morality; in words it's neither desired nor

undesired, it can be directed both positively and negatively. So the effect of social

capital in couples' relations may range from a process of full permanency and stability

to the destruction of couples life. Social capital is somehow the facilitator of husband

and wife relations; in other words it prepares financial and human capital for couples'

adjustment. Allocating some time for a couple to be with each other may increase

attention between couples and strengthen their bonds.

With these modest suggestions the thesis is concluded.