Fall 2014 Profiles2

Calvin Gang 2017 From: Chicago, Il

Advisor: Catherine Oertel

Project: Synthesis of Lead Oxide Carboxylate Single Crystals and Nanostructures Description: Low-dimensional materials are systems with at least one spatial dimension on the nanoscale. These systems have received attention because of their unique properties that can differ from their bulk counterparts with the same chemical identity. Synthesis of new lead benzoate compounds with halogenated benzoate ligands proved successful in forming low-dimensional wire-shaped structures on the nanoscale after undergoing liquid exfoliation. Evidence suggests that the solution processing conditions convert these lead benzoate compounds to nanowires of the corresponding lead oxide benzoates. This fall, we will explore the chemical process by which the lead benzoates transform into lead oxide benzoate wires. Single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction as well as scanning electron microscopy will be utilized for analysis of these new compounds’ properties and for the optimization of solution processing methods in different media and conditions. Other Interests: Member of Koreo, a hiphop dance group on campus. I also enjoy running and breakdancing.

Nigel Kidder-Wolff 2016 From: West Hartford, CT


Project: Synthesis and Structural Chemistry of Lead Oxide Carboxylates Description: Lead oxide carboxylates are hybrid inorganic-organic compounds in which Pb2+ ions are coordinated by both oxide anions and carboxylate ligands. Some members of this family occur as products of lead corrosion, which is damaging to historic lead-rich cultural objects such as organ pipes. Others lead oxide carboxylates have the potential to exhibit non-centrosymmetric structures that give rise to novel optical properties. We recently synthesized and determined structures for several new compounds containing helical Pb2O2+ chains coordinated by functionalized benzoate ligands. The compounds containing the inorganic helices are non-centrosymmetric and active for second-harmonic generation (SHG). Goals of this year’s work include hydrothermal synthesis and structural characterization of new lead oxide carboxylate phases. We will determine structures using single crystal X-ray diffraction and characterize products via thermogravimetric analysis, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and screening for SHG activity.

Claudia Nunes 2017 From: Swarthmore, PA


Project: Ion-Exchange Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Complex Niobium and Tantalum Oxides Description: Complex niobium and tantalum oxides are of interest for their potential applications as photocatalysts for reactions including water-splitting. Photocatalysis is a chemical process in which a light-activated catalyst is used to facilitate a chemical reaction that would normally occur very slowly or not at all. The compounds that are the focus of research in our laboratory are niobium and tantalum oxides with the defect pyrochlore structure. This structure has the general formula A2M2O6O′ (M = Nb, Ta), with variable occupancy possible in both the A and O′ sites and strong potential for ion exchange at the A site. Our starting compounds are synthesized hydrothermally with potassium in the A site and then ion-exchange reactions are carried out using soluble metal salts of the desired exchange ion. Current work is focused on determining the structure of the silver exchanged tantalum compound and on anhydrous exchange reactions using Cu+. The final exchange products are characterized primarily using powder X-ray diffraction, complemented by energy dispersive spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Unit cell parameters, site occupancies, and structures are then refined using the Rietveld method. Other Interests: Reading fantasy novels, watching too much TV, knitting, baking.

Erickson Andrews 2015 From: Oberlin, OH

Advisor: Jason Belitsky

Project: Melanin and Nanotubes as a lead-binding water filter. Description: I am working on combining melanin, a great binder of lead, with carbon nanotubes on quartz wool to create a water filter. If successful this would be a great way to remove lead from drinking water for human consumption. The synthesis of the melanin can be done here at the college in lab. For the nanotubes, I am working with nanotech innovations to produce the product needed for my research. Other Interests: Other activities that I enjoy are anything outside, lacrosse, football, board games and movies.

Lauren Choban 2016 From: Westlake, OH


Project: Colorimetric Metal Ion Binding Coatings Description: Melanin, a widely recognized biological pigment, is a prevalent but poorly understood biomolecule. Melanin and its analogs are able to bind to metals such as lead and copper, which could lead to applications in water purification and metal detection. In the past, our lab has developed metal-binding discs coated using catechols, one type of synthetic melanin analog. Upon binding, these discs produce a discernable color change. This semester we are exploring the colorimetric properties of discs produced from a range of substituted catechols to optimize the responsiveness and selectivity of these coatings for desired metals. Other Interests: Baking, cooking, working out, reading classic novels, and gardening.

Seth Flatt 2015 From: Elkhart, IN


Project: Colormetric Metal Ion Binding Coatings Description: Melanin, a widely recognized biological pigment, is a prevalent but poorly understood biomolecule. Melanin and its analogs are able to bind to metals such as lead and copper, which could lead to applications in water purification and metal detection. In the past, our lab has developed metal-binding discs coated using catechols, one type of synthetic melanin analog. Upon binding, these discs produce a discernable color change. This semester we are exploring the colorimetric properties of discs produced from a range of substituted catechols to optimize the responsiveness and selectivity of these coatings for desired metals.

Sophie Lewandowski 2016 From: Readington, NJ


Project: Colormetric Metal Ion Binding Coatings Description: Melanin, a widely recognized biological pigment, is a prevalent but poorly understood biomolecule. Melanin and its analogs are able to bind to metals such as lead and copper, which could lead to applications in water purification and metal detection. In the past, our lab has developed metal-binding discs coated using catechols, one type of synthetic melanin analog. Upon binding, these discs produce a discernable color change. This semester we are exploring the colorimetric properties of discs produced from a range of substituted catechols to optimize the responsiveness and selectivity of these coatings for desired metals. Other Interests: Reading, Zumba, watching "Doctor Who" and going to music concerts on campus.

Jonathan Quirke 2016 From: Miami, FL


Project: Synthesis of Eumelanin Analogs Description: Melanins are some of the least understood biopolymers, but they have the potential to have a significant positive impact, potentially acting as water purification tools and organic semiconductors. Of the three different kinds of melanin in humans, the Belitsky lab is studying eumelanin, the form that gives rise to black and brown coloration in hair and skin. Currently, we are carrying out a series of reactions on functionalized indoles, compounds that when trimerized likely emulate the characteristics of eumelanin. We are currently working on modifications of the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction to develop efficient synthetic pathways for this trimerization. The model compounds will ultimately serve as useful analogs of the biopolymer. Other Interests: My interests outside of science primarily center around collecting and playing board/card games.

Harry (Won Hee Ryu 2016 From: Seol, South Korea


Project: Synthesis of Eumelanin Analogs Description: Melanins are some of the least understood biopolymers, but they have the potential to have a significant positive impact, potentially acting as water purification tools and organic semiconductors. Of the three different kinds of melanin in humans, the Belitsky lab is studying eumelanin, the form that gives rise to black and brown coloration in hair and skin. Currently, we are carrying out a series of reactions on functionalized indoles, compounds that when trimerized likely emulate the characteristics of eumelanin. We are currently working on modifications of the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction to develop efficient synthetic pathways for this trimerization. The model compounds will ultimately serve as useful analogs of the biopolymer. Other Interests: Guitar and movies. Is also a Math major.

Tommy Tullius 2015 From: Boston MA


Project: Characterization of an enigmatic pair of modified RNAs Description: RNA plays a diverse set of roles in the cell, from informational intermediate, to regulator, to catalyst. Many of these roles are modulated or governed by covalently added small molecule modifications. Our work focuses on understanding a novel, poorly understood, class of modified RNAs, NAD-RNA and CoA-RNA. These mysterious RNAs, first reported by the Liu lab in 2009, contain a 5’ covalently attached coenzyme, either NAD or CoA. While they are easily synthesized, their possible roles in the cell are enigmatic. We have focused on trying to understand the interactions of these RNAs with the proteome, which we see as the key to isolating and functionally characterizing them. We have hypothesized two possible ways that the coenzyme component could mediate such interactions: that the coenzyme serves to mediate noncovalent interactions with its protein interactors, or, perhaps most interestingly, that the coenzyme serves as a covalent bridge between the RNA and a protein. Our approach is thus divalent, investigating both noncovalent and covalent interactions. Other Interests: Piano, photography, film, and animation.

Ruben Ulloa 2015 From: Chicago, Il


Project: Characterization of an enigmatic pair of modified RNAs Description: RNA plays a diverse set of roles in the cell, from informational intermediate, to regulator, to catalyst. Many of these roles are modulated or governed by covalently added small molecule modifications. Our work focuses on understanding a novel, poorly understood, class of modified RNAs, NAD-RNA and CoA-RNA. These mysterious RNAs, first reported by the Liu lab in 2009, contain a 5’ covalently attached coenzyme, either NAD or CoA. While they are easily synthesized, their possible roles in the cell are enigmatic. We have focused on trying to understand the interactions of these RNAs with the proteome, which we see as the key to isolating and functionally characterizing them. We have hypothesized two possible ways that the coenzyme component could mediate such interactions: that the coenzyme serves to mediate noncovalent interactions with its protein interactors, or, perhaps most interestingly, that the coenzyme serves as a covalent bridge between the RNA and a protein. Our approach is thus divalent, investigating both noncovalent and covalent interactions.

Eric Bell 2017 From: Hamilton, OH

Advisor: Jesse Rowsell

Project: 3D Printing of Chemical Models Description: I am currently researching both a software pathway that converts crystallographic data into 3d printing coordinates, or G-Code, as well as hardware improvements to make the printing of these models more complex and aesthetically clean. For the software, I am currently using UCSF’s Chimera for molecular editing and Slic3r to convert a 3d mesh into G-Code (aka “slicing”), as well as Netfabb Basic and Blender for alteration of the mesh before slicing. The printer is supplied by Oberlin’s new 3d printing facility, and I have been learning more about its functionality and maintenance as well as improving its print quality. Other Interests: Playing horn, video games, and music production.

Holden Lai 2015 From: Hong Kong


Description: The crystal structure of 1,3,5-tris(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene (tcpb) is microporous and retains its crystallinity even after solvent evaporation. The distinctive packing of tcpb that gives the molecular crystal its extrinsic porosity is largely determined by two intermolecular forces: aromatic stacking between phenyl rings and hydrogen bonding between carboxylic acids. Recent work in our group demonstrated that the crystal packing, pore volume, and surface polarity of the channels can be modified by functionalizing the central benzene ring. Current work is focused on understanding the effect of different functional groups on the crystal packing of tcpb and exploring potential applications in carbon dioxide capture and storage. Other Interests: Percussion, Running, Talking, Love Poems

Kendra Lian 2016 From: Granville, OH

Advisor: Jesse Rowsell Description: Our group recently determined the crystal structure of 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride among a series of new structure analyses using X-ray diffraction. While it is surprising that the structure of this important synthetic precursor has not been previously reported, it is more surprising that the structure of the hydrolyzed acid form has not been reported either. After hydrolyzing the anhydride precursor, I will perform solubility and crystallization screens of 2,3-dimethylmaleic acid to prepare single crystal specimens for X-ray diffraction analysis. In the process, I will apply powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, IR and NMR spectroscopy to identify any polymorphic forms that may be prepared. I will then apply these techniques to larger organic molecules our group is studying for the formation of microporous materials. Other Interests: Field Hockey, Biking, 19th Century Novels, Recreational Napping.

Ren Wiscons 2015 From: Vista, CA


Project: Chiral Channels in Molecular Co-Crystals: Unexpected Structures on the Synthetic Path to Tris (carboxyphenyl) arenes Description: Porous organic materials are unique because of the interchangeability of molecular units and functional groups that permit nanoporous crystal structure pore scaleability and specialization. 1,3,5-Tris(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene (tcpb) is a porous organic material that has connected channels that run through its crystal structure, potentially useful for gas entrapment or separation. I am synthesizing, crystallizing, and co-crystallizing synthetic intermediates of tcpb derivatives, specifically 2,4,6-tris(4-methylphenyl)pyridine and 2,4,6-tris(4-methylphenyl)pyrylium tetrafluoroborate. These intermediates were chosen to study how competitive intermolecular interactions modifies the structure. In addition to characterizing these intermediates, I am attempting to template trimesic acid crystallization using a suite of aromatic acids. Other Interests: Cycling and bicycle mechanics, optical photography, cello

Venkata Mandala 2015 From: New Delhi, India

Advisor: Manish Mehta Project: Advanced structural characterization of cocrystals using NMR and diffraction techniques

Description: Cocrystals are compounds that are composed of two or more distinct chemical species. The mixture forms a repeating lattice that is different from the crystal structures of the individual components. Cocrystals of APIs or API-mimics with carboxylic diacids are of interest to the pharmaceutical industry as they can have physical and chemical properties different from the drug itself. Cocrystals can be grown from a suitable solvent by evaporation, by mechanochemical methods such as neat and liquid-assisted grinding, and spontaneously simply by mixing. We are studying the structure of cocrystals to gain insight into the chemical environment of the drugs in different hydrogen bonding networks. We are looking at chemical shifts, chemical shift tensors and tensor orientations of different nuclei. This will be done using solid-state NMR and single-crystal NMR. We are also doing neutron and x-ray diffraction work to obtain a high-resolution crystal structure and to determine the position of the hydrogen in the hydrogen bonding network.

Other Interests: Playing soccer, reading, biking, cooking.

Eric Rappeport 2016 From: Randolph, NJ

Advisor: Manish Mehta

Project: Predictions of the Crystal Structures of Various Polyhedra using Computational Modeling Description: While the many different packing structures of uniform spherical objects have been well studied, those of less symmetrical objects such as polyhedra have not. My research therefore focuses on using computational modeling to predict the different structures formed by these polyhedra under a variety of different forces and constraints. Other Interests: Violin, movies and hiking

Adam Hammer 2017 From: Thousand Oaks, CA

Advisor: Matt Elrod

Project: Nucleophilic Addition of Atmospherically Relevant Anions to Aldehydes on Secondary Organic Aerosol Description: Gas-phase aldehydes are known to be significant intermediates in atmospheric reaction pathways. Addition of polar functional groups to aldehydes is known to produce less volatile products, which may condense on secondary organic aerosol (SOA). The composition of SOA in the atmosphere has been shown to influence the incidence of cardiovascular disease, weather patterns, and the Earth’s albedo, and thus addition reactions to aldehydes are linked to the issues of global health and climate change. The nucleophilic hydration of aldehydes to form less volatile diol products has been well studied. Recent work has suggested that nucleophiles other than water may attack carbonyl carbons. We will measure equilibrium constants and propose mechanisms for the addition of chloride, sulfate, and nitrate to aldehydes via nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopic analytical methods. This work will allow for a more detailed quantitative modelling of SOA in the atmosphere.

Corina Miner 2016 From: Trumansburg, NY

Advisor: Matt Elrod

Project: Oligomerization Reactions of Isoprene-Derived Epoxides Description: Isoprene is a volatile organic compound released in relatively large volumes by plants. In the atmosphere, it undergoes reactions that produce various epoxides that are observed in aerosols. We study these epoxides, particularly 2,3-epoxy-2-methyl-1,4-butanediol, via NMR to determine what further reactions they are likely to undergo. Other Interests: I enjoy both chemistry and physics, and I do research in both departments. In my free time, I like to climb trees, fly kites, play badminton, go backpacking, read, and eat.

Will Thomas 2015 From: Cleveland, OH

Advisor: Matt Elrod Project: Atmospheric Oxidation: Mechanism and Kinetics of the Reactions of Pinene-Derived Species Description: Pinene is the second most abundant biogenic non-methane hydrocarbon present in the atmosphere. This volatile bicyclic alkene, produced mainly by coniferous trees, undergoes gas phase reactions to form epoxide intermediates. The oxidation of α-pinene to the epoxide α-pinene oxide is related to both tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, and thus linked to issues of air pollution and global climate change. We are interested in determining the mechanism and rate constants for the reactions of atmospherically relevant α-pinene derivatives with OH radicals. Specifically, we are investigating the daytime OH radical initiated epoxidation of the α-pinene aldehyde derivative, campholenic aldehyde, using our lab's unique flow tube chemical ionization mass spectrometer (FT-CIMS). These measurements will allow a determination of the possible mechanism of atmospheric epoxidation, and the role these reactions have on the production of tropospheric ozone and SOA. Other Interests: Likes writing, drawing and playing various instruments

Filipe Firmo 2016 From: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro

Advisor: Michael Nee

Project: Synthesis of Cucurbiturils Description: Cucurbiturils are macrocylclic molecules containing glycoluril groups held together by formaldehyde between them. Cucurbiturils can be made in different sizes, depending on the number of glycoluril groups being held together. So far, CB[5], CB[6], CB[7], CB[8], and CB[10] have been isolated. This semester, I am working to find new ways of synthesizing cucurbiturils. I am using a ball mill to see if they can be made in a solid-state mechanochemistry reaction. I am doing these reactions with a variety of acids to see what works best. Other Interests: I enjoy swing and blues dancing.

Aaron Keeney 2015 From: Huntingdon, PA


Project: Synthesis of Chiral Cucubiturils Description: Development of a synthetic method to obtain a chiral molecule capable of housing and performing chiral chemistry on anions in solution. Other Interests: Singing (double degree), whitewater kayaking, running, squash, craft beer

Jeffrey Levy 2016 From: Rochelle, New York


Project: Synthesis of Cucurbiturils Description: Cucurbiturils are macrocylclic molecules containing glycoluril groups held together by formaldehyde between them. Cucurbiturils can be made in different sizes, depending on the number of glycoluril groups being held together. So far, CB[5], CB[6], CB[7], CB[8], and CB[10] have been isolated. This semester, I am working to find new ways of synthesizing cucurbiturils. I am using a ball mill to see if they can be made in a solid-state mechanochemistry reaction. I am doing these reactions with a variety of acids to see what works best. Other Interests: Trombone, Farming, Piano, Biking, Hiking, Camping.

Carl Mitchel 2015 From: Princeton, NJ

Advisor: Rebecca Whelan

Project: Synthesis of Biologically Functionalized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Description: A novel and promising strategy for cancer treatment is focused hyperthermia, in which tumor cells are transiently exposed to high temperatures, promoting their destruction. One way to achieve localized heating involves attaching magnetic nanoparticles to molecules that are specific for a target protein. Interaction of the affinity molecules with their target (in our case MUC16, a protein that is over-expressed on the surface of ovarian cancer cells) adheres the nanoparticle to a cancer cell. Application of an oscillating magnetic field increases the temperature of the nanoparticle by as much as 40˚C, “melting” the cell membrane. Under mild conditions, this melting reversibly perforates the cell, enabling the introduction of drugs or material for gene therapy. With more vigorous heating, cells can be killed outright. In a pilot study, 100% of prostate cancer cells targeted in this way were dead after 7 min in a magnetic field. Non-cancer cells subjected to identical treatment remained viable. DNA aptamers are only beginning to be used in applications of this sort, and they have yet to be examined in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Our work will demonstrate the use of aptamer-based targeting of ovarian cancer cells by coated magnetic nanoparticles for focused heating and destruction. This project is supported by the National Cancer Institute.

Other Interests: I love playing saxophone, mixing records, biking, and spending time with friends and family.

Conor Narovec 2015 From: Frazeysburg, OH

Advisor: Rebecca Whelan

Project: Development of a Paper-based Color Change Assay for Ovarian Cancer Biomarkers Description: Regular monitoring of biomarker levels is an important method in the detection and diagnosis of ovarian cancer in high risk groups. Traditional assays which rely on antibodies are expensive, time consuming, and possibly underrepresent biomarker levels. Furthermore, these assays require expensive equipment and extensive training which is unconducive to use in primary care and underdeveloped settings. Single-stranded DNA aptamers, which are much less expensive and potentially more sensitive than antibodies, have been designed, using SELEX, to bind important biological markers. Though development of an ovarian cancer biomarker assay is the ultimate goal of this research, developing a paper-based thrombin assay is a useful first step since its aptamer system is better understood. Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) are used to indicate aptamer concentrations via a color change, with AuNP being blue in an aggregated state, and red in a disaggregated state. The AuNP surface may be functionalized with short, complementary oligonucleotides which allow the apatamer to crosslink the individual nanoparticles, inducing aggregation. The aggregated AuNP are then infused into a paper microfluidic device. As the aptamer’s target, a cancer biomarker, is introduced to the cross-linked AuNP, the aptamer preferentially binds it, allowing disaggregation, and inducing a color change. The use of a paper medium allows the assay to be performed with minimal training, and the simple color change provides semi-quantitative results, with the potential for more quantitative results via the use of smart phone technology. Other Interests: Track, hiking, camping.

Delia Scoville 2016 From: China, ME

Advisor: Rebecca Whelan Description: This semester, I am focusing on characterizing the binding affinity for DNA sequences to an ovarian cancer protein biomarker, HE4. HE4 has been targeted as the protein of interest due to its consistent presence in patients with early stage ovarian cancer. Based on previous work done in the Whelan lab, certain DNA sequences have been selected as potential candidates for use in improved early stage ovarian cancer detection techniques. I will be using fluorescence anisotropy to further examine the binding between HE4 and the DNA sequences in order to select the best one to use as a cancer detector.

Emily Azevedo 2015 From: Durham, CA

Advisor: Robert Thompson

Description: Transfer of paint from one car to another car or to a victim often occurs in traffic accidents and hit-and-run crimes. Automotive paint is characterized by the color and composition of its several layers. The layers are: a primer that strongly adheres to the metal part, a basecoat that holds the pigment, and a top clearcoat that serves to protect the basecoat. Often these layers are physically or optically separated prior to analysis.Three different sets of techniques are commonly used in the forensic laboratory to compare automotive paints. Elemental analysis, X-ray analysis, or atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). We will develop procedures for a few elements using SEM-EDX and AAS. Vibrational spectrophotometry, both attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared differences in the polymers present in the paints. Heating a paint chip to high temperature in an inert environment can cause decomposition of polymeric materials and release of volatile compounds that are characteristic of paint binders. Most often an automated pyrolysis system integrated with the gas chromatograph is used. We aim to develop a low-cost, manual method for the pyrolysis that would allow academic teaching labs to perform similar experiments to those done in well-funded forensic labs.

Other Interests: Cooking, hiking, running, rugby.

Natasha Eklund 2016 From: Grosse Pointe Woods, MI

Advisor: Robert Thompson

Description: I'm working with Professor Thompson to develop a college level forensics course lab that would deal with the identification and comparison of automotive paint samples using a lower-cost manual version of pyrolysis techniques used in well-funded forensic labs. Other Interests: I love baking and cooking, both for fun and for Keep co-op. I also love reading just about anything when I have time.

Yuta Takagi 2015 From: Anchorage AK


Project: Characterization of an enigmatic pair of modified RNAs Description: RNA plays a diverse set of roles in the cell, from informational intermediate, to regulator, to catalyst. Many of these roles are modulated or governed by covalently added small molecule modifications. Our work focuses on understanding a novel, poorly understood, class of modified RNAs, NAD-RNA and CoA-RNA. These mysterious RNAs, first reported by the Liu lab in 2009, contain a 5’ covalently attached coenzyme, either NAD or CoA. While they are easily synthesized, their possible roles in the cell are enigmatic. We have focused on trying to understand the interactions of these RNAs with the proteome, which we see as the key to isolating and functionally characterizing them. We have hypothesized two possible ways that the coenzyme component could mediate such interactions: that the coenzyme serves to mediate noncovalent interactions with its protein interactors, or, perhaps most interestingly, that the coenzyme serves as a covalent bridge between the RNA and a protein. Our approach is thus divalent, investigating both noncovalent and covalent interactions.

Santino Stropoli '18 From: Manhattan, NY

Advisor: Matt Elrod

Project: Nucleophilic Reactions of Amines with Epoxides on Secondary Organic Aerosol

Description: The reactions of gas phase epoxide intermediates are known to play an important role in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, and are thus linked to the issues of air pollution and global climate change. Previous work has shown that water, alcohols, sulfate, nitrate are important nucleophiles in the reactions of epoxides on SOA. Recent work has suggested that amines are also possible nucleophilic addition agents for these reactions. We will measure the rate constants for the reactions of a number of epoxides using various amines via nuclear magnetic resonance analytical methods. This work will allow for a more detailed quantitative modeling of SOA in the atmosphere.

Other Interests: I am a double degree in chemistry/music. I study violin in the conservatory, but I am also very interested in jazz guitar and flamenco ukulele.

Fall 2014 Profiles2

Documents

Transcript of Fall 2014 Profiles2