FACTORS INFLUENCINGFACTORS INFLUENCINGDRIVERS’ SPEEDING DRIVERS’ SPEEDING

BEHAVIOURBEHAVIOURHenriette Wallén WarnerHenriette Wallén Warner

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”This must never happen again!” Coroner, 1896

SpeedSpeed

The power modelThe power model(Nilsson, 2000) (Nilsson, 2000)

U-shaped relationshipU-shaped relationship(Solomon, 1964)(Solomon, 1964)

Risk Perception

ISA- Intelligent Speed Adaptation

Technical systems that are intended to help drivers keep the right speed

Different typs of ISA

• informative• warning• intervening• overtaking

ISA- in Sweden

Swedish National Road Administration1999-20024500 vehicles4 cities

Borlänge- 400 vehicles- 700 km of roads

Informed Warned Logged

Theory of Planned BehaviourTheory of Planned Behaviour(TPB)(TPB)

BehaviourBehaviourNormativa Normativa

BeliefsBeliefsSubjective Subjective

NormNorm IntentionIntention

Perceived Perceived Behavioural Behavioural

ControlControl

AttitudeAttitude

ControlControlBeliefsBeliefs

BehaviouralBehaviouralBeliefsBeliefs

(Ajzen, 1991)(Ajzen, 1991)

ResultsResults

AttitudeAttitude

SubjectiveSubjectiveNormNorm

Self-ReportedSelf-ReportedBehaviourBehaviour

ObservedObservedBehaviourBehaviour

LISRELLISREL

.22.22

.27.27

.37.37

RR2 2 =.39=.39 RR2 2 =.28=.28

-.29-.29

-.34-.34

-.39-.39

.57.57 Perceived Perceived

Behavioural Behavioural ControlControl

.23.23

χ2 [df = 2, N = 112 ] = 2.01; p = .37; RMSEA = .008χ2 [df = 2, N = 112 ] = 2.01; p = .37; RMSEA = .008

Conclusion

The study demonstrated that the The study demonstrated that the TPB, with some modifications, TPB, with some modifications, can be used to predict and can be used to predict and understand drivers’ intention and understand drivers’ intention and everyday speeding behavioureveryday speeding behaviour

ResultsResults- obstructing- obstructing

(N=145-161)(N=145-161)

UrbanUrbanFast traffic rythmFast traffic rythmDrivers close behindDrivers close behindBeing in a hurryBeing in a hurry

RuralRuralFast traffic rythmFast traffic rythmDrivers close behindDrivers close behindGood roadsGood roads

ResultsResults- facilitating- facilitating

(N=145-161)(N=145-161)

UrbanUrbanIncreased accident riskIncreased accident riskPeople along the roadsPeople along the roadsSpeed reducing measures (humps)Speed reducing measures (humps)

RuralRuralSerious consequencesSerious consequencesPeople living along the roadsPeople living along the roadsLarge penaltiesLarge penalties

ResultsResults-intentionintention(N=145-161)(N=145-161)

UrbanUrbanShorter travel timesShorter travel timesIncreased risk of losing driving licenceIncreased risk of losing driving licencePeople along the roadsPeople along the roadsPassing a speed signPassing a speed sign

RuralRuralShorter travel timesShorter travel timesEasier to over takeEasier to over takeContribute to a stressful traffic environmentContribute to a stressful traffic environmentRelatives and friendsRelatives and friendsPeople living along the roadsPeople living along the roadsPassing a speed signPassing a speed signBeing in a hurryBeing in a hurry

Countermeasures

• information/education• enforcement (negative or positive)

• physical measures (road or invehicle)

Speeding on streets with 50 km/h speed limit

0

5

10

15

20

25

30 BeforeAfter20012003

%%

ConclusionsConclusions

Initially the informing ISA speed-warning Initially the informing ISA speed-warning device reduces the amount of time device reduces the amount of time drivers spend speedingdrivers spend speeding

- but this effect decreases with time- but this effect decreases with time

Driving Experience

Feeling controlled ***Safety in trafficAttention of pedestriansTravel time in urban areas *Irritation in traffic **Stress in traffic

Driving Behaviour

Feeling of being in the wayLooking at the speedometer ***Need for paying attentionFeeling of frustrationFeeling of time pressureNeed for effortNeed for accelerating/brakingBeing a better driver **

Acceptance of ISA(van der Laan, 1997)

Usefulness

Satisfaction

Where is ISA most desirable?at schools and day nurseries with 30 km/hat schools and day nurseries with 50 km/h housing estates with 30 km/hin urban areas with 30 km/hin housing estates with 50 km/h

in rural areas with 70 km/hin urban areas during night timein rural areas with 90 km/hin rural areas with 110 km/h on highways with 110 km/h

For Whom is ISA most desirable?drivers who have repeatedlybeen convicted for speeding

drivers who recently received their driving licence

young private drivers

commercial drivers transporting children to school

bus drivers

taxi drivers

truck drivers

all commercial drivers

elderly private drivers

all private car drivers

Speed Reducing Measure

Urban areas *

Rural areas

Global Perspective(WHO, 2004)

Globally2004: 1.2 million killedVulnerable road users (especially elderly, children and disabled) in low- and middle-income countries shoulder a large proportion

High income countries27% decrease of road traffic deaths between 2004 and 2020

Low and middle income countries83% increase of road traffic deaths between 2004 and 2020

Sweden (n=37) -25 : 3

25-50 : 2250- : 12

31 men; 6 women

Nigeria (n=28) -25 : 125-50 : 2150- : 428 men; 0 women

SwedenExtensive trainingNew taxis (00-06; M=05)

Nigeria25% lacks trainingOlder taxis (84-04; M=93)

Drivers and TaxisDrivers and Taxis

 

Index

Sweden

mean (SD)

Nigeria

mean (SD)

 

t-value

Hindered: urban areas 1.19

(0.32)

1.15

(0.19)

ns

Hindered: rural areas 1.55

(0.33)

1.49

(0.34)

ns

Driving is:

1=safe; 2=dangerous

1.32

(0.32)

1.98

(0.07)

11.04

Traffic environmentTraffic environment

SwedenSpeedingAlcohol or drugs Reckless driving

NigeriaBad roads Reckless drivingSpeeding

AccidentsAccidents

Sweden Nigeria22% 83%

FateFate

 

Index

Sweden

mean (SD)

Nigeria

mean (SD)

 

t-value

A(1=not acceptable; 5=totally acceptable)

2.41

(1.28)

1.14

(0.45)

-5.57

SN(1=not acceptable; 5=totally acceptable)

2.06

(0.98)

1.08

(0.27)

-5.68

PBC(Comply: 1=very hard; 5=very easy)

- 4.92

(0.27)

-

Intention(1=never/hardly ever; 5=all the time)

2.14

(1.13)

1.71

(0.86)

n.s.

SpeedingSpeeding

 

Index

Sweden

mean (SD)

Nigeria

mean (SD)

 

t-value

A(1=not acceptable; 5=totally acceptable)

1.14

(0.48)

1.00

(0.00)

n.s.

SN(1=not acceptable; 5=totally acceptable)

1.00

(0.00)

1.04

(0.19)

n.s

PBC(Comply: 1=very hard; 5=very easy)

- 5.00

(0.00)

-

Intention(1=never/hardly ever; 5=all the time)

1.00

(0.00)

1.13

(0.45)

n.s.

Drinking and drivingDrinking and driving

 

Index

Sweden

mean (SD)

Nigeria

mean (SD)

 

t-value

A(1=not acceptable; 5=totally acceptable)

1.59

(1.09)

1.25

(0.58)

n.s.

SN(1=not acceptable; 5=totally acceptable)

1.36

(0.64)

1.27

(0.60)

n.s

PBC(Comply: 1=very hard; 5=very easy)

- 4.81

(0.49)

-

Intention(1=never/hardly ever; 5=all the time)

1.41

(0.90)

1.58

(0.88)

n.s.

Not using seat-beltsNot using seat-belts

 

Index

Sweden

mean (SD)

Nigeria

mean (SD)

 

t-value

A(1=not acceptable; 5=totally acceptable)

1.65

(0.68)

1.00

(0.00)

-5.84

SN(1=not acceptable; 5=totally acceptable)

1.51

(0.74)

1.04

(0.20)

-3.63

PBC(Comply: 1=very hard; 5=very easy)

- 5.00

(0.00)

-

Intention(1=never/hardly ever; 5=all the time)

1.22

(0.48)

1.17

(0.48)

n.s.

Driving a car with bad tyresDriving a car with bad tyres

Conclusion

The focus of traffic safety research has to shift from

the road users in high-income countries to the road users in low- and middle-income countries

FRÅGOR??

Henriette Wallén WarnerHenriette Wallén Warner

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