Factors Influencing Conditioning Intensity Attention Contiguity (aka “when”) Relevance Surprise...
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Transcript of Factors Influencing Conditioning Intensity Attention Contiguity (aka “when”) Relevance Surprise...
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Factors Influencing Conditioning
• Intensity
• Attention
• Contiguity (aka “when”)
• Relevance
• Surprise
• Contingency (aka “whether”)
Next
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CS Intensity Affects Rate but not Asymptote of Conditioning
cs US
CS US
Weak CS
Strong CS
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Suppression and CS Intensity
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Another CS Intensity Effect
Overshadowing – the more salient CS wins if two CS are trained in compound
Group Treatment Test xOvershadow Ax US crControl Ax US CR
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US Intensity Affects Rate and Asymptote of Conditioning
CS us
CS US
Weak US
Strong US
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Suppression and US Intensity
Back
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CS Preexposure Experiment
(Latent Inhibition or LI)Group Phase 1 Phase 2 Test CS Experimental CS CSUS cr Control ---- CSUS CR
• Because the CS is a benign stimulus it will lose the capacity to command attention if preexposed
• Relation to schizophrenia
Back
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CSUS
Delay
CSUS
Trace
US
Explicitly Unpaired
Wea
ker
cond
itio
ned
resp
ondi
ngTemporal Contiguity
CS
CS
US
Simultaneous
Back
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Is forward contiguity sufficient [enough]?
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CS-US Relevance
From Garcia & Koelling, 1966 Back
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Blocking and Surprise
Group Stage 1 Stage 2 Test ResultBlocking AUS ABUS B? crControl ABUS B? CR
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A Contingency Experiment
Positively Correlated
CS
US
Chance of US per CS = 2/4 = .5
Chance of US outside CS = 0/10 = 0
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A Contingency Experiment
Uncorrelated
CS
US
Chance of US per CS = 2/4 = .5
Chance of US outside CS = 5/10 = .5
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2/4 = .5
A Contingency Experiment
Negatively Correlated
CS
US
Chance of US per CS =
Chance of US outside CS = 5/10 = .5
0/4 = .0
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It’s a little like…
Animals are scientists, trying to make causal predictions.
…trying to determine whether the US is contingent on the CS
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Quantifying
• p(US|CS) = proportion of CS trials with a US
• p(US|no CS) = proportion of “background” only trials with a US
p = p(US|CS) - p(US|no CS)
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Some Examples
p(US|CS)
• 20/20 = 1.0• 15/20 = .75• 10/20 = .50• 10/20 = .50• 0/20 = 0
p(US|no CS)
• 0/60 = 0• 6/60 = .10• 30/60 = .5• 45/60 = .75• 60/60 = 1.0
• 1.0• .65• 0• -.25• -1.0
p
12345
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P(US/no CS)
P(U
S/ C
S)
0 1.0
1.0
Negative
Positive
1
2
3 4
5
+1.0+.65
-.25
-1.0
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Consequences for Controls
• Selection of appropriate control depends on your theory– explicitly unpaired (CS pairings)– uncorrelated/truly random control
(contingency)– CS alone (sensitization)– US alone (sensitization caused by arousal)
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Rats as Statisticians?
US
CS
no US
no CS
P(US/CS)
P(US/no CS)
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Better Idea
• Background becomes associated with the US
• Background competes with CS for association with the US