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Facial Facial ReconstructionReconstruction

From Skeletal Remains !

By:

P.Vinay & M.Ganesh Kumar,

III B.D.S., Ragas Dental College

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What is Forensic What is Forensic Medicine?Medicine?

Forensic medicine, also called Legal medicine or medical jurisprudence deals with the interaction of medical science with the law.

The name comes from ‘forum’, the Roman market-place where lawyers did their business.

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What is death ?What is death ?Death is a process, not an event.

There is no single definition for death.

Death is not merely the absence of life, but the cessation of life in a previously viable organism.

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Classification of Classification of deathdeath

Somatic Cellular

Somatic death ----- the person no longer functions as a unit of society, because he is irreversibly unconscious and can’t communicate with the environment and is unaware of his own or the world’s existence.

Cellular death ----- means the cessation of respiration and metabolism of the body tissues, which is soon followed by autolysis and decay.

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Causes of deathCauses of deathSelf induced death:

Forensic Related

Railway track suicide CO inhalation

Gunshot suicide

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Causes of deathCauses of deathOthers induced death:

Forensic Related

Sexual assault Electric hot-plate torture

Road accident

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Why are we concerned Why are we concerned about death?about death?

Almost all doctors, whatever their speciality,come in to contact with death at some time or other in their professional work.

The legal & ethical aspects of this inevitable process form an important part of Forensic Medicine.

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Facial ReconstructionFacial ReconstructionThree types:

2-D Facial Reconstruction 3-D Facial Reconstruction Computer Aided Facial Reconstruction

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3-D Facial Reconstruction

The Making

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3-D Facial Reconstruction

There are 3 methods:There are 3 methods:

Anatomical methodAnatomical method

Tissue depth methodTissue depth method

Combination methodCombination method

MethodsMethods

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3-D Facial Reconstruction

Armamentarium requiredArmamentarium required Skull

Tripod Stand

Cotton

Clay

Clay modelling instruments

Instant adhesive (ex: Fevikwik)

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3-D Facial Reconstruction

Take photograph of the skull with markers for future reference

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3-D Facial Reconstruction

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Combination Method

It’s a method of facial reconstruction in which certain Anatomical structures are defined individually to flesh out the face.

All tissue depth data are utilized.

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Combination Method

Preparation & Preservation of Skull:Preparation & Preservation of Skull: Orbits and Nasal cavity are blocked

Mandible attached to cranium

Spacing in Condylar fossae

Freeway space is maintained

Edentulous jaw is fixed using a guide

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Combination Method

Preparation & Preservation of Skull:

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Combination Method

Placing Tissue depth markers:Placing Tissue depth markers: All tissue depth markers are not used

The markers are used to assist in contouring

Photograph of the skull with tissue depth markers is taken for further procedures

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Combination Method

Tissue depth markers

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Combination Method

Fleshing out Anatomical landmarksFleshing out Anatomical landmarks Few markers are connected using strips of clay Certain anatomical landmarks like Temporalis, Fatty buccal pad, Masseter, Parotid gland, and few Facial muscles are created using clay Eyes are also placed

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Combination Method

Fleshing out Anatomical landmarksFleshing out Anatomical landmarks

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Combination Method

Sculpting - Part ISculpting - Part I

Now the work and fun really begins

It’s the matter of using those artistic skills to bring life

Add clay using both the tissue depth marker guidelines and the sculpted muscles

Placing ears is highly imaginary

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Combination Method

Sculpting – Part ISculpting – Part I

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Combination Method

Sculpting – Part IISculpting – Part II

The face has now begun to take shape

Tissue depth markers still visible

Width of the nasal cavity is equal to the total width of the nose

Nasal bone used to determine the slope of the nose

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Combination Method

Sculpting – Part IISculpting – Part II

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Combination Method

Sculpting – Part IIISculpting – Part III

Now the finishing touches are applied and the tissue depth markers are covered

She had no side teeth note her cheeks

Wrinkles were added to support her age

Hair based on the hairstyles of that era

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Combination Method

Sculpting – Part IIISculpting – Part III

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Combination Method

Finishing TouchesFinishing Touches

Painting is minimal - some oil washes followed by airbrushing

Polyfiber hair was punched in

A cap is placed upon her head

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Combination Method

Finishing TouchesFinishing Touches

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Combination Method

ConclusionConclusion

The sculpture is photographed

Photograph is superimposed with skull

Photographs are sent for identification

The process in now complete.

A piece of history - Albany in the early 1700s - has now been given a face.

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SuperimpositionSuperimposition Done to check whether the reconstruction was done correctly or not

Three types: PhotographicPhotographic

VideoVideo

Computer aidedComputer aided

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SuperimpositionSuperimposition

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Computer Aided Facial

ReconstructionThe facial reconstruction project described here required three major steps:

A computed tomograph scanA computed tomograph scan

A stereolithography cast of the skullA stereolithography cast of the skull

A skilled technician to model the face in clay A skilled technician to model the face in clay and make the moldsand make the molds

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Computer Aided Facial

ReconstructionComputed Tomograph ScanComputed Tomograph Scan

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Computer Aided Facial

ReconstructionStereolithography CastStereolithography Cast

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Computer Aided Facial

ReconstructionMaking the Clay mouldMaking the Clay mould

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Guided By : Dr. Shiva Kumar, M.D.S.,

• Head, Dept. of Preventive & Community Dentistry

Dr. Madhusudhanan Krishnan, M.D.S.,• Reader, Dept. of Preventive & Community Dentistry

Dr. P.D.Madhan Kumar, M.D.S.,• Senior Lecturer, Dept. of Preventive & Community

Dentistry

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Acknowledgements : Ms. Karen T. Taylor• Portrait Artist, Texas Dept. of Public Safety, Texas

Deputy Chief, Richard Berry• Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington D.C.

Deputy Chief, Mike Deal• Altamonte Springs, Florida Police Department

Mr. Lois Gibson• Houston, Texas Police Department

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References :

Karen T.Taylor, 3-D Facial Reconstruction on Skull, Forensic Art & Illustration, 1st edition, 2001.

Bernard Knight, Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Simpson’s Forensic Medicine, 11th edition, 1997.

Rhine.J.S. and Campbell.H.R., Thickness of facial tissues in American blacks, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 25(4), 847-858, 1980.

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