F Y ENGLISH (COMPULSORY NOTES -...

English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early

medieval England. The word English derives from the eponym Angle, the

name of a Germanic tribe thought to originate from the Angeln area of

Jutland, now in northern Germany.

Ali Raza

Fauji Foundation Higher Secondary

School (Inter College) Talagang

August 18th, 2014

Monday

FIRST YEAR ENGLISH (COMPULSORY) NOTES

Book-I (Short Stories) Book-III (Plays & Poems)

Grammar (Applications, Moral Stories, Pair of Words

2014-15

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CONTENTS

S.NO DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

1 Title Page 1

2 Contents 2-3

3 Book-I (Short Stories) Writers 4

4 Book-I (Short Stories) Question Answers

------------------------------------------------Lesson 01: Button, Button

------------------------------------------------Lesson 02: Clearing in the Sky

------------------------------------------------Lesson 03: Dark they were, and Golden – Eyed

------------------------------------------------Lesson 04: Thank you, M’am

------------------------------------------------Lesson 05: The Piece of String

------------------------------------------------Lesson 06: The Reward

------------------------------------------------Lesson 07: The Use of Force

------------------------------------------------Lesson 08: The Gulistan of Sa’di

------------------------------------------------Lesson 09: The Foolish Quack

------------------------------------------------Lesson 10: A Mild Attack of Locusts

------------------------------------------------Lesson 11: I have a Dream

------------------------------------------------Lesson 12: The Gift of Magi

------------------------------------------------Lesson 13: God be Praised

------------------------------------------------Lesson 14: Overcoat

------------------------------------------------Lesson 15: The Angel & the Author – and Others

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5 Book-I (Short Stories) Punctuation Paragraphs 30

6 Book-III (Plays) Writers, Characters and Setting 31

7 Book-III (Plays) Question Answers

------------------------------------------------Play 01: Heat Lightning

------------------------------------------------Play 02: Visit to a Small Planet

------------------------------------------------Play 03: The Oyster and the Pearl

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8 Book-III (Plays) Punctuation Paragraphs 39

9 Book-III (Poems) Poets 40

10 Book-III (Poems) Question Answers

------------------------------------------------Poem 01: The Rain

------------------------------------------------Poem 02: Night Mail

------------------------------------------------Poem 03: Loveliest of Trees, is Cherry Now

------------------------------------------------Poem 04: O Where are You going?

------------------------------------------------Poem 05: In the Street of Fruit Stalls

------------------------------------------------Poem 06: A Sindhi Woman

------------------------------------------------Poem 07: Times

------------------------------------------------Poem 08: Ozymandias

------------------------------------------------Poem 09: The Feed

------------------------------------------------Poem 10: The Hollow Men

------------------------------------------------Poem 11: Leisure

------------------------------------------------Poem 12: Ruba’iyat

------------------------------------------------Poem 13: A Tale of Two Cities

------------------------------------------------Poem 14: My Neighbour Friend Breathing His Last!

------------------------------------------------Poem 15: He Came to Know Himself

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------------------------------------------------Poem 16: God’s Attributes

------------------------------------------------Poem 17: The Delight Song

------------------------------------------------Poem 18: Love—an Essence of All Religions

------------------------------------------------Poem 19: A Man of Words and Not of Deeds

------------------------------------------------Poem 20: In Broken Images

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11 Grammar (Applications) ------------------------------------------------Format for writing Application at F.Sc. Level

------------------------------------------------Application 01: Fee Concession

------------------------------------------------Application 02: Change of Subjects

------------------------------------------------Application 03: Fine Remission

------------------------------------------------Application 04: Character Certificate

------------------------------------------------Application 05: College Leaving Certificate

------------------------------------------------Application 06: Re-admission

------------------------------------------------Application 07: One Month / Fifteen Days Leave

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12 Grammar (Moral Stories)

------------------------------------------------Moral Story 01: A Strange Hen

Greed is a curse

Haste makes waste

Look before you leap

All that glitters is Not Gold

------------------------------------------------Moral Story 02: A Thirsty Crow

No pains, no gains Necessity is the mother of invention

Try, try again God helps those who help themselves

------------------------------------------------Moral Story 03: The Hare and The Tortoise

Pride hath a fall

Slow and steady wins the race

------------------------------------------------Moral Story 04: An Honest Wood Cutter

Honesty is the best policy

------------------------------------------------Moral Story 05: A Farmer and His Sons

Union is strength

------------------------------------------------Moral Story 06: The Dove and The Bee

As you sow, so shall you reap

Do good, have good

A friend in need, is friend indeed

------------------------------------------------Moral Story 07: The Jackal and The Camel


Tit for tat

------------------------------------------------Moral Story 08: A Stitch in Time Saves Nine

A Stitch in Time Saves Nine

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13 Grammar: Narration (Direct/Indirect) 62

14 Grammar (Conditional Sentences) 65

15 Grammar (Pair of Words)

------------------------------------------------Set 01: Simple

------------------------------------------------Set 02: Important

------------------------------------------------Set 03: Advanced

------------------------------------------------Set 04: More Advanced

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Book-I (Short Stories) Writers

Lesson No Lesson Name Writer

1 Button, Button Richard Matheson

2 Clearing in the Sky Jesse Stuart

3 Dark they were, and Golden – Eyed Ray Bradbury

4 Thank you, M’am Langston Hughes

5 The Piece of String Guy de Maupassant

6 The Reward Lord Dunsany

7 The Use of Force William Carlos Williams (Doctor)

8 The Gulistan of Sa’di (Translated) Sheikh Sa’di

9 The Foolish Quack (Folk Tale) Translated by

Charles Swynnerton

10 A Mild Attack of Locusts Doris Lessing

11 I have a Dream Martin Luther King

12 The Gift of Magi O. Henry (William Sydney Porter)

13 God be Praised (Translated) Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi

14 Overcoat (Translated) Ghulam Abbas

15 The Angel & the Author – and Others Jerome Klapka Jerome

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Book-I (Short Stories) Question Answers

LESSON 01: BUTTON, BUTTON

3. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

i: Why did Norma considered the tone and attitude of Mr. Steward offensive?

A: Norma considered the tone and attitude of Mr. Steward offensive because she had no interest in the

package and she did not want to know a single thing about it. Moreover, she did not invite Mr.

Steward and he talked in a businesslike manner as according to her she was sure that it was a sales

pitch. But Mr. Steward already told her that he would come at 8:00 p.m. but when he arrived, Norma

excused him by saying that she was busy.

ii: Why did Arthur disagree with his wife?

A: In my point of view, Arthur was an intelligent, honest and a trustworthy man. Moreover, he was not

selfish and greedy as her wife. He believed that life is precious to everyone and to kill someone for the

sake of money is an immoral act. Therefore, he disagreed with her wife. He was a true person who

supported good and not the bad doings.

iii: Why did Norma try to persuade her husband to agree with her?

A: Norma tried to persuade her husband to agree with her because she was such a selfish and greedy

woman who agreed to kill someone for the sake of getting $50,000. She wanted to improve their life-

style by getting nicer furniture, apartment, clothes and a car. She also wanted to have a high social

status and went along with her husband on the trip to Europe and brought a cottage on the island.

Arthur said to her that they would have that all but she did not pay attention to his single word.

iv: What were the reasons Norma gave to her husband to accept the offer?

A: The reasons that Norma gave her husband to accept the offer are;

(a) She said that it might be a psychological research and an eccentric millionaire might be doing it to

test the people.

(b) They would totally improve their life style by buying a nicer apartment, furniture, clothes and a car.

(c) They would also go on a trip to Europe about which they had always talked about.

(d) They would also buy a cottage on the island.

(e) They would gain high status in the society by improving their way of living.

v: Why did Mr. Steward continue persuading Norma?

A: Mr. Steward continued persuading Norma because he judged the greediness and selfishness of

Norma as she dialed his number and talked about the offer. He had also come to know that she

would do everything for the sake of money. If Norma did not call Mr. Steward then nothing would

happen.

vi: What was the message Norma received on pushing the button?

A: On pushing the button she had received no message but she shuddered and a chill of horror swept

across her. She made a contemptuous noise. Afterwards, she dressed and went to work. At last, in the

evening as she returned from office she had received a message from Lenox Hill Hospital that there

was a subway accident in which Arthur had died. After receiving the message, she became senseless

and walked here and there numbly.

vii: What is the significance of Arthur’s life-insurance policy ?

A: Arthur’s life insurance policy was for $25,000 which was to be doubled in the case of accidental death

of Arthur. Mr. Steward was very clever. He knew that when Norma would push the button, she would

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automatically receive $50,000 and he had to pay her nothing. He also knew that she loved money

more than her husband.

viii: Did Norma remain normal on hearing the news of the accident of her husband?

A: In my point of view, Norma did no remain normal on hearing the news of the accident of her husband

because when in the evening she came back from the work, she did not expect to receive such a bad

news. Suddenly when she came to know about death of her husband she hung up the receiver

abruptly, her head was shaking but she could not stop. Moreover, she struggled to her feet and

walked into the kitchen numbly. She could not seem to breathe. She removed a button unit from the

dustbin and started to pound it harder and harder on the sink edge. Her fingers had injured but she

did not feel pain which was dominated by the pain of her husband’s death.

4. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN 50-100 WORDS.

i: Write a note on the character of Arthur.

A: Arthur was a gentleman. He was not selfish and greedy as her wife. He was intelligent, honest and a

trustworthy man who realized the feelings of others. In leisure time, he mostly spent his time in

reading books in the living room. He respected the moral values and disagreed with immorality. He

believed that life is precious to everyone and to kill someone for the sake of getting some amount of

money is immoral act. He supported goodness and honesty. Moreover, his wife was thinking to kill

someone but he continuously tried to convince Norma. He remained polite, and his tone had not

been offensive with her. It showed that he was also a peaceful man.

ii: Why didn’t Norma remain true to her husband?

A: Norma was a greedy and selfish woman. Wealth was her weak point. So, when she got the chance to

get some money, she did not control herself. It is very good that you want to achieve something very

good in your life but when you choose an illegal way; it is against the moral values as the Norma did.

She became ready to kill someone for the sake of money but there was a point that she wanted to

achieve $50,000 only for her and her husband, not only for her. She wanted to improve their life-style

by getting nicer furniture, apartment, clothes and a car. She also wanted to have a high social status

and went along with her husband on the trip to Europe and brought a cottage on the island.

Therefore, she did not remain true to her husband.

iii: Do you agree with Norma’s assertion that the death of someone you have never seen is not

important?

A: No, I disagree with her assertion that the death of someone you have never seen is not important

because in my point of view, it is the death of mankind. Nothing matters who you kill. He may be a

Chinese peasant, Congo’s patient, a small baby boy or a little girl. But it is a murder. For such an

immoral act God never forgives because life is precious to everyone and to kill someone for the sake

of money is a death of mankind. You can get money by different ways but in case of life you can do

nothing. As your life is valuable to your dear ones, in the same way the person who dies is valuable for

his dear ones. So, in our span of life we should never kill the mankind.

v: What moral lesson does the story teach?

A: The moral lesson that the story teaches us is that if we do bad with someone than we also get bad as

a reward, and in greed of getting more and more we lose all. So we should respect others feelings,

emotions and social values. No matters whether we know them or not. They were also human beings

and God has gifted them with a life which offers no exchange. It is good that we want to achieve

something good but with unfair means, it is illegal. We should not try to grow rich at the cost of

other’s lives. We should remember that the same band falls in our necks with which we try to trap

others as it happened with the lady who wanted to achieve $50,000 by killing an unknown person. But

who knew that her husband would be an unknown person.

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LESSON 02: CLEARING IN THE SKY


i: Why didn’t the old man follow the advice of the doctors?

and

ii: What had the doctors told the old man?

A: The old man did not follow the advice of the doctors because he was a man of strong will power and

also a heart patient. The doctors advised hi bed rest and not to walk the length of the city block. He

also advised him to take a taxi in order to go home and spend time with his family as he could. He

also told him not to work and to do anything but to live and enjoy the few days he had left with him.

Once he was given a week to live but he had lived to raise a family of five children. He thought he

would lose his power and become sluggish. He felt happiness in enjoying nature. He thought that he

had cheated death many times. But the doctors were of the view that he would not afford so much

hard work. So, it was better for him to stay at home and to relax. But he still wanted to remain in the

company of nature. Therefore, he did not follow the advice of the doctor.

iii: Where did the old man take his son?

A: The old man had a small clearing of not more than three-fourth of an acre right on the mountain top.

He had grown yams, tomatoes and potatoes there. This patch was a result of his hard work. He

wanted his son to see and praise him for hard work and also wanted to teach him the lesson of hard

work and self determination. He wanted to show his son that instead of seventy years old; he was still

strong and powerful to climb the mountain. Therefore, the old man took his son on the mountain top.

iv: Had the son ever been there before?

A: Yes, the son had already been there many times except the last three years. He had seen the beauty

of wild flowers, a few rocks cliff and many species of hard and soft wood trees. His father once made

him a wooden plough. He was six years old when he brought him to the field to thin corn. He lost his

plough in the furrow and cried until his father made him another plough. But he had never loved the

second plough as he did the first one. The son had gone there in his childhood. Afterwards, he went

there after the lapse of three years.

v: What were the names of the vegetables the old man grew on his farm?

A: The old man had planted yams, beans, potatoes, tomatoes, corn, maize,

pumpkins and sugarcane on his farm. He was the true lover of nature and

wanted to eat pure vegetables, so he had planted so many vegetables on

the mountain.

vi: Why did the old man take the steep path?

A: The old man went to the mountain top by taking a steep path. It was because he wanted to show his

son that he was still healthy, potent and energetic. He wanted to show his physical fitness and check

his health and stamina. It was the one way to judge his strength. Moreover, he wanted to show all his

farming skills to his son that he was mobile and dynamic at the age of seventy.

vii: Why did the son at the age of six cry?

A: At the age of six, his father made him a wooden plough. Afterwards, he brought him to the field to

thin corn. He lost his plough in the furrow and cried until his father made him another plough. But he

had never loved the second plough as he did the first one.

viii: What were the feelings of the old man at the age of seventy?

A: The old man felt that after seventy years of the age, man’s time is borrowed and when a lives on that

kind of tie, he goes goes back to something he cannot explain. Mostly, he goes back to the places he

Tomatoes Dozen Rows

Yams Half Dozen Rows

Potatoes Three Dozen Rows

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knew and loved. Clearing in the sky was his wonderful achievement. He wanted to work to smell the

dirt of his farm and dig in it and sift it through his fingers. He wanted to taste pure vegetables such as

maize, beans, yams and pumpkins he had grown on his farm. Moreover, at the age of seventy he was

an optimistic man.

ix: Why had the old man planted his secret garden?

A: He had planted the secret garden on the top of mountain. His son, Jess, thought that his father was a

weak man but in reality he was a man of strong will power. He was still healthy, potent and energetic.

Moreover, he felt joy, relief and happiness by working in fields. As we know, nature has a strong

healing power. He wanted to remain in the company of nature that’s why he had planted the secret

garden.


i: Describe the physical appearance of the old man.

A: He was seventy years old. The old man was a physically weak person. He has red wrinkled face. He

was wearing a big blue bandanna and used a stick while moving. When he talked about anything his

voice rose with excitement and hands started moving with his voice. In fact, he was not such a weak

person. While climbing the mountains he did not need anything to brace himself.

ii: How did the old man feel about the land?

A: The old man had a great attachment with the land. It was the part of his life. He worked there with his

wife, ploughed it and made it fertile. He grew many vegetables such as yams, beans, potatoes,

tomatoes, corn, maize, pumpkins and sugarcane in the farmland. He considered it the real land the

God had gifted. The land had rich loam with great sunshine. He felt proud of this piece of land.

iii: What did the son remember from his childhood? Were these good memories?

A: The son remembered that his father and mother had raised crops on the land. His father once made

him a wooden plough. He was six years old when he brought him to the field to thin corn. He lost his

plough in the furrow and cried until his father made him another plough. But he had never loved the

second plough as he did the first one. His father and mother had also cleared the land on mountain

slope and farmed it by growing different vegetables such as yams, beans, potatoes, tomatoes, corn,

maize, pumpkins and sugarcane. Definitely, those were good memories because the author felt joy

and happiness while thinking about those memories.

v: What moral lesson does the story teach?

A: The moral lesson the story teaches us is that human spirit is never finished when defeated. As all of

we know, a nature has strong healing power and its attraction is also very strong. The human courage,

determination, dedication and devotion for a work make it successful but we also have to work hard

no matters whether the work gives us a big or a small result.

LESSON 03: DARK THEY WERE, AND GOLDEN – EYED


i: Why did Harry want t o go back to the Earth?

A: The rocket landed on the Mars and the other passengers whirled away leaving Harry alone with his

family. Harry felt that his hears were fluttering and he was standing in the center of a vacuum as his

body tissues had drawn tight. He also felt that his wife seemed almost to whirl away in smoke, before

him and his children, like small seeds, might at any instant be sown to all the Martian climes.

Moreover, he felt the wind could blew as if to flake away their identities and at any moment the

Martian air might draw his soul from his body, as marrow comes from a white bone and he felt

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submerged in the chemical that could dissolve his intellect and burn away his pat. He also felt like a

salt crystal in a mountain stream, being washed away. That’s why Harry wanted to go back to the

Earth.

ii: Why did he want to stay?

A: After a long period of about five years, the feelings of Harry were totally changed due to the Martian

virus which proved dangerous for the people of Earth. Moreover, they all became dark, their eyes

were of golden colour, they were younger people then and as the Lieutenant said they learnt English

fast. They were friendly but mostly spent time in idle talk. That all was only the result of Martian virus.

Due to this the feelings, emotions, memories and sentiments were replaced with new one which

diverted the mind of Harry to go back to Earth.

iii: What climate did they face?

A: They faced very hard, unpleasant and unfavourable climate. In summers, the wind was very hot and

burned the canals dry also moved like flame upon the meadows. In the empty Earth settlement, the

painted houses flaked and peeled and rubber tires upon which children had swung in back yards

hung suspended like stopped clock pendulums in the blazing air. Moreover, at the metal shop, the

rocket frame began to rust. There was fog at night and the boards changed their shapes. The climate

affected them externally as well as internally. Their faces were dark then and eyes were golden. They

looked young as their children and the climate had also burned their past and dissolved their intellect.

iv: What was the condition of the Bittering family on hearing the news of the war on the Earth?

A: Mr. Bittering as thinking that they were decent and clean people. All the dead cities have some kind of

ghosts’ means memories. If we wonder that how Martians looked like. David told his father that he

was not prowling up in the marble ruins and he felt that something wrong is going to happen. He was

true because Laura stumbled through the settlement and told that there was a war on Earth and all

the rockets blew up. There would be no rockets to Mars then. Harry and his family thought that they

were stranded on Mars. Harry was much tensed tensed, sweat poured out of his eyes, face and the

body. He was drenched in the hotness of the fear, and wanted to beat Laura but he could not.

v: What did they want to grow?

A: They wanted to grow crops, vegetables and fruits of the Earth on the Mars. They wanted to raise

onions, peach trees and the grass. They also wanted to bring up their children because they had

decided to live on the Mars. Their crops grew very odd to terrify them.

vi: What was the condition of their house?

A: Their house was one of the kinds of Earth settlements. Marble was used in its construction. Due to the

effect of the environment, the boards of the house were totally changed in their shape. It was then

the ruins of marble and not an Earth’s man settlement anymore. The wind had burned it and it was

also affected by the fog. Still they had to live in it until they could move elsewhere.

vii: What was the advice Harry gave to the people?

A: Harry advised the idle people not to idle away but to help him to build a rocket. So, that they could

go back to the Earth because Martian climate was not good for them. He told him about their bodies

and eyes colour changing. Actually, he was eager to go back to the home on the Earth. Therefore, he

urged them to build a rocket with him. But the people thought that it was ridiculous, they talked and

joked but did not help him.

viii: How dangerous can a Martian virus be?

A: The Martian virus could prove to be very dangerous. It could make the people felt their hairs were

fluttering in the air and their tissues of the body were drawn tight as if they were standing at the

center of the vacuum. The Martian wind blew as if to flake away their identities. At any moment, the

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Martian air night draw their soul from them, as marrow comes out of a white bone. They could feel

submerged in a chemical that could dissolve their intellect and burn away their past.


i: What circumstances did the Bittering family face?

A: Bittering family faced unexpected, hard, unpleasant and unfavourable conditions and circumstances

on Mars. Martian virus changed their Earth identities to Mars, dissolved their intellect and burned

away their past. Moreover, their physical appearance became very odd, strange and unpleasant. Their

houses were totally changed into dead cities where only memories could recall you. The atmosphere

of Mars was very unpleasant for the people of Earth. Such severe conditions, lack of Earth food were

also faced by them.

ii: How social were the people of Mars?

A: The people of Mars tried to mix up only among themselves. Bittering requested them to work with

him in the metal shop. But they idled away and some of them only watched. Most of them ridiculed

him.

iii: How did the life change finally? Was this better or worse?

A: The life of the people of Earth on Mars was completely changed. Their Earth identities were flaked

away. Their intellect was dissolved and past was burnt. Moreover, their memories were lost, feelings

were changed, emotions and sentiments were replaced with new one. Their way of living i.e. their

houses and food was meant from the planet, Mars. Their physical appearance was changed as they

became dark, golden eyed, tall, healthy, young and smart. In my point of view it was a worse change

because they had then no sense to work, to converse with others and they were living as aimless life.

They had no concern or association with the past.

v: What differences can you point out in the lifestyle of the people of two different planets?

A: There were many differences between lifestyle of the people of Earth and Mars. The physical

appearance of people on Earth is quite natural, good, clean and decent whereas on Mars they were

dark, golden-eyed, young, tall, healthy, and also ugly such as aliens. Moreover, their way of talking,

explaining, working is different. As on Earth, people are very social and work hard but on Mars they

are social to themselves only and spend their time in idle sitting. The people on Earth are intelligent,

ambitious, associated with past and have identities. But on Mars everything is reversed. A planet

whose birth takes place with idle people will have unsocial, unmotivated and careless generations in

the future.

Earth Mars

The Earth houses are populous, congested and full of life. The Martian houses are deserted, empty and quiet.

The Earth people are sociable and cultured. The Martian people are not sociable and cultured.

The Earth people try to dominate each other. The Martians are friendly and peaceful.

The Earth people try to compete and beat others. The Martians do not have any such desire.

The Earth people build beautiful houses. The Martians build odd and ridiculous houses.

LESSON 04: THANK YOU, M’AM


i: What was the time when the boy tried to snatch the purse of the woman?.

and

ii: What happened to the boy when he tried to snatch the purse?

A: Mrs. Luella Bates Washington Jones was walking alone in the street at night. It was about eleven

o’clock and it was dark. She had a purse with long strap and she carried it slung across the shoulder.

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Suddenly, a boy ran up behind her and tried to snatch her purse. The strap broke with a sudden single

tug the boy gave it from behind. But the boy’s weight and the weight of the purse combined caused

him to lose his balance due to which he fell on his back on the sidewalk and his legs flew up. The

woman turned around and kicked his in his blue jeans sitter. Then she picked him up by his shirt front

and shook him until his teeth rattled.

iii: What was the reaction of the woman?

A: When the boy tried to snatch the woman’s purse, he fell down because he did not maintain his

balance. In the reaction, the woman kicked him in his blue jeans sitter and the picked him up through

his shirt front and shook him until his teeth rattled. It was her natural reaction. But after that the

woman took the boy to her home, become kind and lenient and asked him to wash his face. She

wanted to explain to the boy the difference between right and wrong. Moreover, she gave him supper

and ten dollars to buy blue suede shoes. She gave him food even she had realized that he had done

so to satiate his hunger.

iv: What was the conduct of the people when they saw the incident?

A: The people who witnessed the incident did not interfere and show any reaction. Two or three people

passed that way. They simply stopped, turned to look at the boy and the lady. No one came to help

them. It becomes clear that in West, people mostly remain passive in such cases.

v: How did the boy look physically?

A: The name of the boy was Roger. He was about fourteen to fifteen years old. He looked physically very

weak and worn out. It seemed that he had not washed his face for many days. He was in tennis shoes

and blue jeans. He was so frail and willow wild that he could not resist the woman.

vi: What was the condition of the boy when the woman gave him a few jerks?

A: When the woman gave the boy few jerks, his teeth rattled and he got frightened. Sweat popped out

from his face and he became helpless. He did not struggle any more to get free and try to run away.

He left himself at the mercy of woman and only requested her to let him lose.

vii: Why did the woman ask the boy to wash his face?

A: The woman asked the boy to wash his face because it was dirty. She wanted to make him a good and

presentable boy. Moreover, she wanted to explain to the boy the difference between right and wrong.

She also wanted to provide him with supper but not with dirty face. Therefore, she asked him to wash

his dirty face.

viii: Why didn’t the boy run from the house of the woman?

A: The boy did not run from the house of the woman because he did not want to be mistrusted by the

woman. He was ashamed of his mistake. The woman was treating him kindly due to which relation of

trust developed between them. She did not want to send him to jail and asked the boy to wash his

face to look good and presentable. Kind dealing of the lady impressed the boy and he became a

noble fellow. Therefore, he did not run away.

ix: Why didn’t the woman watch the boy while preparing a dish?

A: The woman did not watch the boy while preparing a dish to see if he was not going to run then, nor

did she watch her purse which she had left behind her on the daybed because she wanted to show

the boy that she trusted him. She also knew that he had learnt a lesson and was sure that the boy had

been warned strictly and educated morally. She herself was a working woman and had sense. She also

realized that the boy was not a professional criminal so she was not worried about him.

x: What was the nature of the woman’s job?

A: The woman worked at a beauty shop in the hotel. That shop remained open till late at night. There

she cut the hair of different woman. All kind of women came to her shop including blondes, redheads

and Spanish. She was a dutiful, responsible and a brave woman.

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ii: What was the effect of the behavior of the woman on the boy?







so to satiate his hunger. The effect of woman’s behavior was very positive because in last he did not

want to be mistrusted by the woman and his fear disappeared. He was not much frightened then.

Moreover, he was not a professional criminal.

iii: Why did she treat the boy nicely in her home after punishing him in the street?







so to satiate his hunger. First reaction was natural but the woman was very kind, lenient and also had

her past in common with the boy. Therefore, she realized his feelings and treated him friendly.

LESSON 05: THE PIECE OF STRING


i: Why did Manana accused Hubert of picking the lost pocketbook?

A: Manana accused Hubert of picking up the lost pocketbook because he had seen him picking up

something from the ground. Actually, Mr. Hubert picked up a piece of a string from the ground but

Manana thought that he had picked up the pocketbook. He had mistaken the string for the

pocketbook. Manana could not imagine that Mr. Hubert could pick up a useless thing like piece of

string. He had blamed Hubert willingly. He did not know that the result could be so callous.

ii: Why did the people think of Hubert when they heard the return of the pocketbook by some

other person?

A: The people thought of Hubert when they heard the return of the pocketbook by some other person

because people began to think that Hubert must have dropped the pocketbook to prove his

innocence. Whatever reasons he gave, people were not willing to believe. The people were very

curious about this matter. They did not believe Hubert’s statement. They said that those were lame

excuses. The people were illiterate. They started to tell the story of string to amuse each other. Their

mentality was very low. That’s why they did not believe in Hubert’s statement.

iii: Why did George give the pocketbook to his employer?

A: George picked up the pocketbook on the road to village market. He was unlettered and illiterate. He

did not know how to read. Therefore, he gave the pocketbook to his employer.

iv: What made Hubert shameful?

A: People considered him a liar. He was grieved as much was not the thing itself—as the lying. He felt

ashamed of being called a thief. He felt ashamed of being called a thief. He felt this shame to his self

esteem and character. All this made him ill. His mind touched to the depth, he began to weaken day

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by day and he died within a month. He was very innocent and honest. He took this event seriously. He

gave great importance to his honour and character.

v: Why did the people make fun of his innocence?

A: People made fun of his innocence because they did not believe his story of string. Hubert was a poor

country man. People neither respected him nor believed him. They began to doubt his statement

saying, “You old rascal! Get out of here.” They began to make fun of his innocence. They started to tell

the story of the string to amuse themselves. Moreover, Hubert was a simple and poor peasant while

Mr. Manana was more worthy towards the Mayor and people. Therefore, the people made fun of his

innocence.

vi: Why did he keep claiming his innocence before his death?

A: He was a man of honour, people did not believe him. This hurt his soul. He wanted to declare as

honest man. He was greatly shocked at the accusation of picking up the pocket book. He was even

more shocked when he was accused of lying the story of string. He wanted people to believe that a

dying man could not tell a lie. Therefore, he kept claiming his innocence.


iii: Why did the Mayor not believe the innocence of Hubert?

A: The Mayor did not believe the innocence of Hubert because he considered Mr. Manana a trustful

person. According to the Mayor, he could not mistake a piece of string for the pocketbook. His words

were authentic to the Mayor. That’s why; the Mayor did not believe the innocence of Hubert.

iv: Was it necessary for Hubert to continue pleading his innocence?

A: Yes, it was necessary for Hubert to continue pleading his innocence because Hubert loved his honour

and innocence but unluckily he lost them. He was a type of a man who gave everything for truth. Such

people cannot bear any humiliation. Therefore, it was necessary for him to uphold his honour.

8. READ THE PASSAGE AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS GIVEN AT THE END.

i: Did all the people rise on hearing the sound of drumbeater?

A: At the sound of drum beat everybody rose from the seats except a few ones who still had the food in

their hands.

ii: What was the announcement made by the drumbeater?

A: The announcement made by the drumbeater was;

“It is hereby made known to the inhabitants of this place and in general to all persons in the market

that a black leather pocket-book containing five hundred shilling and some business papers was lost

on the road between 9.00 and 10.00 in the morning. The finder is requested to return the same to the

mayor’s office or to Mr. James, the caretaker of this public hall. There will be a reward of 20 shillings”.

iii: Who was the owner of the lost pocketbook?

A: Mr. James was the owner of the lost pocket.

iv: Where and when was the pocketbook lost?

A: It was lost on the road to the village market between 9.00 and 10.00 in the morning.

LESSON 06: THE REWARD


i: What was the subject discussed at the club?

A: The subject discussed at the club was the importance and need of opportunity and determination in

the way of success of the life. Some people were of the viewpoint that opportunity was more

important than determination for success and millions of people did not get opportunity. It was

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Terbut’s viewpoint. Where Jorkens did not favour opportunity but he said that determination had

more importance as compared to opportunity for success. Very few people agreed with Jorkens.

ii: What did Terbut think of Jorkens’ argument?

A: Terbut totally disagreed with the Jorkens argument that determination has more core value in the way

to success in life than opportunity. He also considered his argument futile and impracticable. He

strongly believed that opportunity was more important. Terbut was of viewpoint that a poor

resourceless person could not succeed in his life as similar to the person who wanted to be skating

champion of Sahara but could not afford money to get there.

iii: How did Jorkens convince that a man can become a skating champion of the Sahara?

A: Jorkens convinced others that a man cold become a skating champion of the Sahara by working hard,

earning money for his ambition and would build a skating rink in the Sahara and organize a

competition there. Moreover, he would be skating champion, if he really gave all his time to it. If he

did not how determination and did not work continuously, he would certainly fail. No opportunity

would favour him.

iv: How did Gorgios persuade his people to make his country strong?

A: Gorgios stuck to his idea of becoming acrobat. He presented his people to make his country strong as

he told the people that glory of their country and ancient throne would be increased if the post of

Court Acrobat were created. He gave examples of other courts too. He would exhibit his physical

fitness and strength to the soldiers and finally enable them to win the just rights of the nation in

victorious battle against their accursed neighbours. Thus, the court acrobat would help in bringing

glory to the nation.

v: What was the viewpoint of the parents of Gorgios?

A: Gorgios’ parents did not like his attitude. They thought that he was wasting his time in trying to

become the Court Acrobat. They were also in the favour of the role of opportunity. He succeeded in

his aim of having the post of Court Acrobat created after a long struggle. His parents proved correct

though they had died before his grand success. It was natural for them to tell him about the

importance of opportunity.

vi: What were the arrangements made for the function of inauguration?

and

vii: Describe the scene of inauguration. Write five sentences.

A: Following arrangements were made for the function of inauguration;

(a) A tight-fitting suit of red velvet with golden buttons and lining of gold lace which was shining was

prepared for Gorgios.

(b) The great throne-room was turned into a kind of gymnasium, where the Royal House members

were seated along a raised platform at one end of room and the principal officers were standing

beside and behind them.

(c) Great curtains of red and gold were hung on the walls and swings were hung from the ceiling and

a row of neat hurdles was arranged on the floor.

(d) Lights were glittering and a band played softly.

(e) In the flood of golden lights, the old man with white hair and red uniform walked slowly in his

pointed shoes, and leaned over a gilded stick. Royal smiles were directed towards him and gentle

applause broke out from every hand. He moved on away from the hurdle. When he raised a hand

to show tricks, the applause again broke out assuring him that no actual activity was expected of

him. So he was led to his seat, his life’s ambition was achieved.

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viii: What were the feelings of Gorgios on the occasion?

A: The feelings of Gorgios on the occasion were not of pride and elation. He had slightly sad expression

on his face. He was not young enough to perform different tricks. But, he was satisfied with his

achievement. He was little bit worried and had spent more than sixty years in which he struggled to

become an acrobat. His ambition of life was achieved but not in the way he wanted to.

ix: Did Gorgios use any short cut to achieve his ambition?

and

x: How long had Gorgios to stick to get his ambition achieved?

A: No, he did not use any shortcut to achieve his life’s ambition. Gorgios was a good athlete of his age.

He hit on a wild idea of becoming an acrobat. He was sixteen when he fixed his ambition. He entered

into politics and made speeches on various topics. He worked for it and stuck to it long enough, and

remained determined in his mission. He ultimately succeeded in achieving his ambition in more than

sixty years without using any shortcut or becoming frustrated. A person who remains determined and

keeps on his struggle wins his ambition. He was a man of strong will-power. At last, he wore down the

opposing arguments and did achieve his mission by means of his strong determination and will

power.


i: Discuss the political views of Jorkens.

A: Jorkens were of the viewpoint that determination had more core value than opportunity in getting

success in life. According to him, politics was not a good profession because in this everyone both the

public and government could be exploited to achieve ones ambition. Although there was great

opposition yet determination could defeat it. It was an open field in which everyone could jump and

could get his aim realized.

ii: How did Gorgios achieve his ambition?

A: Gorgios had hit on a wild idea of becoming a Court Acrobat at the age of sixteen. He had joined

politics and made speeches on various topics. He stuck to his idea of becoming Court Acrobat and

persuaded his people to make his country as he told the people that glory of their country and

ancient throne would be increased if the post of acrobat were created. He would also exhibit his

physical fitness and strength to the soldiers and finally enable them to win the just rights of the nation

in victorious battle against their accursed neighbours. He ultimately succeeded in achieving his

ambition in more than sixty years without using any shortcut or becoming frustrated.

iii: Do you agree or disagree with the viewpoint of the writer? Give five reasons.

A: I agreed with the viewpoint of the writer that determination is more important than opportunity for

getting success in life because;

(a) Life is like a race and one who keeps on wins the race.

(b) If we get opportunity when we are not determined than we will fail to perform our duties well.

(c) It does not matter whether you get opportunity or not in your life but determination and will

power will make the person more honourable in the society and his own eyes.

(d) Opportunity demands a lot of other things whereas determination only needs hard work and

struggle.

(e) Determination makes our work and struggle more honourable as opportunity may not do such.

iv: Why were the brilliant dresses put in the shade at the inauguration?

A: The brilliant dresses were put in the shade at the inauguration because the uniform of Gorgios was so

graceful, beautiful and shiny that everything automatically put in the shade. It makes the scene

beautiful and glorified. ___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

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v: What is the lesson that the story teaches?

A: The story teaches the lesson that life is like a race and one who keeps on wins the race. It means we

should be hard working and sincere to our aim. We should have determination, devotion and

dedication for our work and avail the opportunities in right way. Moreover, God helps those who help

themselves. A person, who remains determined, does not take shortcuts and keeps on his struggle,

wins his ambition.


a: Who joined the politics?

A: Gorgios joined the politics and made speeches on various topics in order to achieve his ambition.

b: How can the glory of the country be increased?

A: Same as answer of QUESTION 3 PART iv.

c: How was the post of a Court Acrobat created?

A: Same as answer of QUESTION 4 PART ii.

LESSON 07: THE USE OF FORCE


i: What was the condition of parents on the arrival of the doctor?

A: When the doctor arrived, he found the mother of the girl cleanly dressed. She looked nervous and

worried due to her daughter’s illness. She was very clean, decent, and apologetic. Both the parents

were eyeing the doctor p and down distrustfully. They had called the doctor for the examination of

their daughter, Mathilda. They were so upset that they were not telling the doctor more than they had

to.

ii: What was the behavior of the child with the doctor?

A: Mathilda was a stubborn child. Her behavior with the doctor was very aggressive, offensive, rude and

non-cooperative. She was angry and ready to fight. Moreover, she did not obey the doctor’s orders.

She resisted all his attempts to examine her throat. She was so unruly child that she needed control

and training.

iii: She had a fever for three days, hadn’t she?

A: Yes, she had been suffering from high fever for three days. She had a throat disease known s

diphtheria that caused her fever. However, she was lying to her parents. Her face was red and throat

was badly affected due to which her disease was increasing day by day.

iv: Did the girl change her expression when the doctor said, “Does your throat hurt you?”

A: No, the girl did not change her expression when the doctor said if her throat hurt her. She looked at

him with cold, steady eyes and did not remove her eyes from his face. She seemed inwardly quiet and

unusually attractive little thing and as strong as a heifer. She was breathing rapidly and her face was

red.

v: Why did the doctor call the sick girl by her first name?

A: The doctor called the sick girl by her name out of his professional morality and to make her trust him.

He wanted to show kindness and appreciation towards the girls in order to need her favour and

cooperation to examine her. He wanted to be very friendly and showed closeness towards her. A

good doctor should be a good psychologist. Therefore, he addressed her kindly and compassionately.

vi: Did the sick girl promptly respond to the instruction of the doctor?

A: The doctor asked the girl to open her mouth. He showed his hands to her that he had nothing in his

hands. Still the girl did not promptly respond to the doctor’s instructions. She was very rude and her

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response was negative. Even her expression did not change rather she looked ready to fight.

Naturally, children never cooperate with doctor under such circumstances.

vii: Why did the parents rebuke her?

A: The girl was not ready to cooperate with the doctor and did not respond to him. She was not ready to

open her mouth and examined her throat. Moreover, she behaved rudely with the doctor. She

attempted to claw the eyes of the doctors, jumped up, and threw the doctor’s glasses down on the

kitchen floor. She was then out of control and had to be checked. Therefore, her parents rebuked her.

viii: What was the threat of the doctor to the child if she did not show her throat?

A: The sick girl was rude and non-cooperative and resisted every attempt of the doctor to examine her

throat. She even clawed his eyes, jumped up, and threw his glasses on the kitchen floor. At this, the

doctor threatened the girl that if she did not cooperate, they would take her to the hospital and use

force to make her mouth open. He also threatened that she would die of diphtheria if her throat

remained uncheck. However, there was no change in girl’s expression.

ix: Why did she break the wooden blade?

A: She broke the wooden blade because she was a stubborn by nature. She did not want to let the

doctor open her mouth, examine her throat and reveal her secret. Moreover, the doctor was forcefully

opening her mouth with a wooden blade. She was afraid that it might hurt her throat. She was in a

mood not to be disturbed in her pain and trouble.

x: What was the condition of the tonsils of the sick girl?

A: Both the tonsils of the sick girl were covered with a thin layer of membrane. She had diphtheria. She

had an extremely painful and red throat. She was suffering from breathing trouble and high fever. She

had been facing that trouble for a few days. She needed immediate treatment.


i: How did the child look by appearance?

A: The name of child was Mathilda Olson. She was fairly eating the doctor up with her cold, steady eyes

and had no expression on her face. She did not move and seemed inwardly quiet. She was an

unusually attractive thing and was looking as strong as a heifer. Her face was red. She was fully

dressed and sitting on her father’s lap. She had magnificent blonde hairs in profusion. She was one of

the those picture children often reproduced in advertising leaflets and the photogravure sections of

the Sunday papers.

ii: Why did the parents keep the sick child in the kitchen?

A: The parents were over-anxious about her daughter, Mathilda. Their child was running high

temperature and might be feeling cold. Moreover, sometimes it was very damp there. Therefore, the

parents kept the child in the kitchen.

iii: How did the doctor succeed in examining her throat?

A: Firstly, the doctor showed appreciation and kindness towards her and asked her to open her mouth

for examining but she did not respond to his instructions and constantly looking at his face. The

doctor then grasped her head with his left hand and pushed the wooden blade behind the last teeth

and the mouth opened. But she pressed the blade and broke it into pieces. Then he got a silver spoon

and forced it down her throat until her mouth was wide open. In this way, the doctor succeeded in

examining her throat. Both the tonsils of the sick girl were covered with a thin layer of membrane. She

had diphtheria. She had an extremely painful and red throat. She was suffering from breathing trouble

and high fever. She had been facing that trouble for a few days. She needed immediate treatment.

iv: Describe the feelings of the doctor in his struggle to diagnose the disease.

A: In the beginning, the doctor was very kind, sympathetic, lenient and friendly. He tried to coax the

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child. Then he became furious when the girl did not respond. Although he was still kind, yet he had

taken a severe attitude. He examined her only taking a harsh attitude but he never hated her.

Moreover, at last he wanted to tear the child apart in his own fury and enjoy it. It was a pleasure for

him to attack her. His face was burning because of this.

vi: Under what circumstances can the use of force be justified?

A: The use of force, in certain conditions, when sick children resist to get themselves examined, becomes

necessary to save their lives. Otherwise, there is every likelihood of the danger of their death for not

being medically treated. When love and kindness fail, the use of force is justified. It should be used

against crime, injustice, cruelty and other evils of society.


i: Why did the doctor become furious?


ii: What instrument did the doctor use to open her mouth?

A: The doctor used wooden tongue depressor or wooden spatula to open her mouth

iii: Why did she grip the wooden blade between her molars?

A: Same as answer of QUESTION 3 PART ix.

LESSON 08: THE GULISTAN OF SA’DI


i: What was the advice given by Nushirvan to his people?

A: Nushirvan was the king of Persia and famous for his justice. Once, a deer was being roasted for him

but no salt could be found. A boy was sent to the village to bring some salt. He brought it and

presented it to the king who asked whether he had paid for it. The boy shook his head. The king said

that he should to pay for the salt lest it should become a custom and the village be ruined. He carried

on that foundation of oppression was small in the world, whoever enlarged it, so it reached its present

magnitude, was at fault. If the king ate one apple from the garden of the subject, his slaves would pull

down the whole tree. For five eggs, which the king allowed to be taken by the force, the people

belonging to his army would put a thousand fowls on the spit. In addition, “a tyrant does not remain

in the world but the curse on him abides forever.”

ii: What was the remedy suggested by the physicians for the disease of the king?

A: A king felt seriously ill and all the hopes of his recovery vanished. The more the disease was cured the

more it became painful. At last, the physicians suggested that this disease could not be cured except

by means of bile of a person endued with certain qualities. In addition, it could be obtained by killing

that person.

iii: Why did the boy look to the sky and smile?

A: The Qazi issued a decree to shed the blood of a person for the health of the king. The boy was

brought to the altar and the executioner was directed to slaughter the boy. When all was ready, the

boy looked toward the sky and smiled because he was feeling hopeless due to his parents. Moreover,

he looked towards the sky to refuge with Allah Almighty. He also smiled at the mercenary thinking of

his parents, the injustice of the Qazi and the selfishness of the king. As he was disappointed at the

injustice, he could only hope for Divine support.

iv: What should be the role of a Qazi?

A: The role of Qazi is very crucial. He should not be partial to anyone. He should do justice to everyone

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at any cost and provide justice to both the parties. He should decide in favour of the truthful party

and not be afraid of anyone other than Allah Almighty.

v: Why did the king weep?

and

vi: How did the king recover?

A: The king was ashamed of his selfish attitude of getting the boy killed for his personal health. He was

doing injustice. The king thought that he would recover his health only through boy’s slaying and the

boy saw no other refuge besides Allah Almighty. To whom he would complain against king’s brutality,

if he were to seek justice from his hand. On hearing these words, the king felt disturbed, could not

control his tears, and said that it was better for him to die than to shed the blood of an innocent boy.

He kissed boy’s head and the eyes and presented him with a lot of wealth. It was said that the king

recovered within a week.


ii: What should be the role of a king?

A: The morals and virtues of the kings affect their people a lot. The more unjust the king is, the more

troubled his country will be. The prosperity of the people depends upon the virtues of the ruler. The

king should always be sincere and do justice to everyone. He should be God-fearing, kind, just,

compassionate, sympathetic and sacrificing.

iii: Can an unjust king flourish?

and

iv: What moral lesson do you get from the second tale?

A: No, an unjust king cannot be flourished because a tyrant does not remain in the world, but the curse

on him abides forever. In addition, the morals and virtues of the kings affect their people a lot. The

more unjust the king is, the more troubled his country will be. The prosperity of the people depends

upon the virtues of the ruler. Moreover, injustice not only affects a person physically but also mentally

and spiritually.


1: What was the cure suggested by the physicians for the ailment of the king?

A: Same as answer of QUESTION 3 PART ii.

2: How did the king get the consent of the parents of the boy?

A: The king summoned the father and mother of the boy, whose consent he got by giving them a huge

amount of wealth.

3: Why did the Qazi issue a decree to shed the blood of a boy?

A: Same as answer of QUESTION 3 PART iii.

4: Why did the boy look toward the sky?

A: Same as answer of QUESTION 3 PART iii.

LESSON 09: THE FOOLISH QUACK


i: What is a clump of trees?

A: A clump of trees is a cluster of trees growing very closer to one another. It may also mean an oasis or

a small jungle.

ii: What was stuck in the camel’s throat?

A: Once some camel-men stayed to rest under a clump of trees and loosened their camels to graze. One

of the camels entered the melon fields and hard melon stuck in his throat and he was about to die.

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iii: What did the quack pretend to cure?

A: A melon stuck into camel’s throat and he was about to die. The camel-men tied a blanket around his

neck and struck him with a mallet. The melon broke and it went down. A man saw this. He went to

next village and pretended to cure goiter. It is a problem with thyroid gland due to insufficient intake

of iodine. Neck is swollen in it.

iv: What did the quack do with the old woman?

and

v: What was the result of the cure?

A: The old woman, whose throat was swollen to a frightful size due to goiter, requested the quack to

cure her goiter. The man took a blanket and a good-sized mallet. He tied up the woman’s throat and

struck the swollen part with so much force that the poor old creature instantly expired. Afterwards,

the villagers made him dig a grave for her and after beating him, they let him go.

vi: What was the punishment inflicted upon the quack by the villagers?

A: When the old woman expired due to poor treatment of the foolish quack, the villagers seized him and

thought of taking him before the king. However, after this they thought that the woman must had

died shortly in any case and compelled the quack to dig her grave. The ground was very stiff and hard

that he made slow progress. They also threatened him by saying that they would take him before the

king and he would be hanged. When he finished his task and buried the victim of his mistaken

treatment, they beat him well and let him go.

vii: For whom did the quack dig the grave?

A: Due to his treatment an old woman died. Therefore, he dug the grave for that old woman.

viii: What did the quack do in the next village?

A: Uninfluenced by the severity of his punishment, the quack mounted his camel, went on to the next

village, and again gave himself out as a great doctor who cure goiter. An old man offered himself for

treatment. However, the foolish quack said that he would do his best to cure but he would not be

compelled to dig the man’s grave in case of the death of old man.

ix: Why didn’t the villagers let the old man get cured?

A: Before starting the cure, the foolish quack said that he would do his best to cure but he would not be

compelled to dig the man’s grave in case of the death of old man. This was a strange statement. The

villagers thought that he was not a doctor; he thought that he was a quack because he was talking of

digging the grave of the patient before treating him. Therefore, they did not allow the quack to cure

the old man.

x: Why did he keep claiming his innocence before his death?

A: The quack thought that the camel-men had not shown him the right way to cure goiter because he

killed a woman and other villagers refused to let him cure the old man. He wanted to consult them on

the issue of human treatment. He came back to the camel-men to know the exact and correct method

of curing goiter, and to blame them.


i: Was it necessary for Hubert to continue pleading his innocence?

A: Once some camel-men stayed to rest under a clump of trees and loosened their camels to graze. One

of the camels entered the melon fields and hard melon stuck in his throat and he was about to die.

The camel-men, seeing this and fearing to lose the animal, tied a blanket around his neck and struck

the place with a mallet. Instantly, the melon broke and it was then easily swallowed. In this way, the

camel-men cured the camel.

ii: How did the quack try to cure the old woman?

A: Same as answer of QUESTION 3 PART iv, v.

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iii: How did the quack come to realize his error?

and

iv: How did the camel-man prove the stupidity of the quack?

A: The camel-man lifted a heavy stick, bond with iron rings, and struck a camel which was feeding off the

leaves of a wild plum tree, the stolid creature scarcely feeling the blow, merely moved a step or two

forward. Then he struck man with a similar blow, which felled him to the earth like a log. When his

coconsciousness returned, the camel-man said him that the treatment, which proved to be good for

camels, would not be good for old men and women. Now the quack came to realize his error and the

camel-man proved his stupidity.

v: What lesson does the story teach?

A: The story teaches us that the little knowledge is not a good thing and we should not pretend to be

what we are not. Moreover, what is good for camels is not good for old men and women.


i: Who addressed the newcomer?

A: One of the camel-men addressed the newcomer.

ii: With what did he strike the camel and what was the effect of it?

and

iii: What was the effect of the same act on the man?

A: Same as answer of QUESTION 4 PART iii, iv.

LESSON 10: A MILD ATTACK OF LOCUSTS


i: What are locusts?

A: Locusts are migratory African and Asian insects. They eat and destroy crops and vegetables. They

have wings and fly in millions, which are called swarms because they fly in groups of big or small.

Their attack is called natural calamity. The farmers become helpless under such conditions because

locusts leave behind them nothing but eggs and hoppers.

ii: Why did the farmers throw wet leaves on fire?

A: When the locusts attacked, the farmers threw wet leaves on fire in order to produce thick layer of

smoke. It was their technique to make the smoke acrid and black, which made locusts leave the land.

iii: What was the desire of every farmer?

A: The farmers desired that the locusts might overlook their farms and go on to the next one. The crops

were the only source of income of the farmers. However, they warned each other.

iv: Did Margaret know what to do to keep the locusts away?

A: No, Margaret did not know what to do to keep the locusts away. She had seen the locusts for the first

time in her life. She was puzzled. She only answered the telephone calls and kept at the swarms of

locusts.

v: How did Old Stephen treat the stray locust which he found on his shirt?

A: Old Stephen picked up the locust off his pocket and split it down with his thumbnail. Its belly was

filled with eggs.

vi: What was the condition of trees?

A: When the locusts attacked, they ate away every plant, tree, leaf and blade. The trees were queer and

still. They were clotted with locusts. Their boughs weighed to the ground. The branches of some of

the trees snapped off

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vii: Are the hoppers different from locusts?

A: No, hoppers are not different from locusts. Hoppers are young ones, which are born from eggs.

Locusts are grown up insects.

viii: Did the Margaret lose heart on the loss of crop?

A: No, she did not lose heart on the loss of the crops. She tried to get used to the idea that locusts

swarm after every three or four years. She was not crest-fallen on the loss. She wanted to struggle

against them and to have new crops. She felt a survivor after war.

ix: Why are the locusts compared with bad weather?

A: Locusts are compared with bad weather because they are imminent. There is no fixed time of bad

weather and locusts. Moreover, both destroy the crops and trees.

x: Why did the men eat their supper with good appetites?

A: They had been fighting with locusts and were very tired. The farmers did their best to save the crops

from the attack of locusts; they burnt big fires to drift up thick clouds of smoke and made loud noise

by beating the tin. However, all their attempts failed, and the insects ate every blade of their crops

leaving the fields to give a look of devastated landscape. They ate supper with full desire. They were

hopeful for rain. They endured what they could not cure.


i: How did the farmers try to prevent main swarm of locusts from landing on their farms?

A: The farmers beat bits of tin cans and gongs. They lit a fire and made smoke. They put wet leaves and

grass on the fire to make the smoke black and acrid. They created maximum noise.

ii: Why, even after all the crops were destroyed, did the old men continue to fight the swarm?

A: The main swarm had not settled. They were heavy with eggs. They were trying to settle on farm. The

men did not want to let the locusts settle in their farm and lay eggs there. If they settled and laid

eggs, there were to be millions and millions of hoppers, which could eat up and destroy everything. It

was a preventive measure.

iii: What was the condition of land when the locusts had moved to the South?

A: When the locusts had moved to the South, all the land was bare. It was because all the crops were

finished and everything else trees, buildings, bushes, earth was devastated. There was not even a

blade of grass left on the farm. Everything was to be replaced. Land looked barren.


i: Why did Margaret wonder?

A: She was wondering what she could do to help. Margaret did not know what to do to keep the locusts

away. She had seen the locusts for the first time in her life. She was puzzled. She only answered the

telephone calls and kept at the swarms of locusts.

ii: What did old Stephen say?

and

iii: What did he desire?

A: He said, “We’re finished, Margaret, finished! Those beggars can eat every leaf and blade off the farm

in half an hour! And it is only early afternoon – if we can make enough smoke, make enough noise till

the sun goes down, they’ll settle somewhere else perhaps …” And then: “Get the kettle going. It’s

thirsty work, this.”

LESSON 11: I HAVE A DREAM


i: What was the cause of Negroes’ discontentment?

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and

v: What was the necessity of pleading the case of Negroes’ freedom?

A: Negroes were black and were not treated equal to the white. They were kept slaves and considered

inferior to the white. They could not enjoy equal rights as the white did. They were undergoing great

trials and tribulations. They were victims of social discrimination racism, persecution and police

brutality. That was the cause of Negroes’ discontentment. Therefore, it was necessary to plead the

case of the Negroes’ freedom.

ii: What are the qualities of the veterans of creative suffering?

A: Veterans of creative suffering undergo great trials and tribulations. They face narrow jail cells and the

areas where their quest for freedom leaves them battered by the storms of persecution and staggered

by the winds of police brutality. They are very brave and fight for their freedom. They believe that

unearned suffering is atonement. They speak truth and go on face sufferings with courage.

iii: What is the dream of Martin Luther King Jr.?

A: His dream was that [1] one day that nation would rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed. [2]One day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of the former slave

owners would be able to sit together at the table of brotherhood. [3]One day all the states sweltering

with the heat of injustice and oppression would be transformed into states of freedom and justice. [4]One day his four children would live in nation where they would not be judged by the colour of

their skin but by the content of their character. [5]One day all the states would be transformed into a

situation where little black boys and girls would be able to join hands with little white boys and girls. [6]One day there would be equality in the society.

iv: What should be the faith of Negroes?

A: The faith of Negroes should be to win freedom and equality. They should have a faith that one day

every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be

made plains, and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed,

and all flesh shall see it together. They should give up despair but work, pray and struggle together

with the faith that unearned suffering is atonement. They should have firm faith that soon all

discontentment, frustration and disappointment will disappear. They will get equal chances of

progress and prosperity.

vi: What should be the criterion of judgement for a person?

A: The criterion of judgement for a person should not be the colour of his skin but the content of his

character. It should be man’s knowledge, wisdom and ability and not his relation. Speaking the truth

and fight for justice are important conditions for having fair judgement.

vii: Do the Negroes enjoy liberty in all parts of their country?

A: No, Negroes did not enjoy liberty in all parts of their country. In the past, they did not enjoy equal

rights in the state of Alabama, South Caroline, Georgia and Louisiana. But later on, they gained

freedom and equality in all parts of America.

viii: From which part of the country did the Negroes gather there?

A: The Negroes gathered there from the state of Mississippi, Alabama, South Caroline, Georgia,

Louisiana and the Northern cities where they were living in slums and ghettos. They were gathered to

get freedom and equality with the white.

x: What is the effect of the repetition of words?

A: The repetition of words makes the thing glorified and honouring by emphasizing its significance and

importance. Moreover, it gives a musical touch to our speech and lays stress on a certain main idea

and created power and strength in the messages. It makes easy to memorize it.

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i: What was the condition of the Negroes in his days?

A: Same as answer of QUESTION 3 PART i and v.


a: What is a faith with which he returns to the South?

A: The faith with which he returned to the South was one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and

mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plains, and the crooked places will be

made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together.

b: What will be the effect of the faith?

and

c: What will they be able to do with this faith.?

A: With this faith they will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair, a stone of hope. With this faith

they will be able to transform the jangling discords of their nation into a beautiful symphony of

brotherhood. With this faith, they will be able to work, pray and struggle together. They will be able to

go to jail and to stand up for freedom together, knowing that they will be free one day.

LESSON 12: THE GIFT OF MAGI


i: How much did she save for Christmas?

A: Della was the wife of Jim and she belonged to the poor class. She, once, wanted to give something

valuable to her husband on Christmas. Her husband’s earnings were only eight dollars per week. She

always did careful buying and had savings of one dollar and eighty-seven cents. These savings were

too less to buy a valuable gift for Jim.

ii: Why did she feel proud in the beauty of her hair?

A: She felt proud in the beauty of her hair because she knew it was one of the very valuable things for

James Dillingham Youngs. She also knew that her hair was more beautiful than queen’s jewels and

gifts. It looked like a falling stream of brown water. It reached below her knee and almost made itself

into a dress for her. It was very thick, silky, shiny and long.

iii: Why did she sell her hair?

A: Della could not live through Christmas without giving Jim a gift. Moreover, she had only savings of

one dollar and eighty-seven cents which were too less to buy a valuable gift for Jim. She was loving,

and affectionate wife. She also wanted to show her affection for her husband, Jim. Therefore, she sold

her hair and got twenty dollars. She bought a golden watch chain from twenty-one dollars for Jim. So

that, she might give Jim a valuable gift on Christmas.

iv: Why did Jim sell the gold watch?

A: Jim could not live through Christmas without giving Della a gift. Moreover, his earning were only eight

dollars per week which were too less to buy a valuable gift for Della. He was loving, and affectionate

husband. He also wanted to show his affection for his wife, Della. Therefore, he sold his gold watch

and bought beautiful combs, with jewels, for Della. So that, he might give Della a valuable gift on

Christmas.

v: Why did they want to exchange the gifts?

A: Della and Jim had a great love for each other and could not think of celebrating Christmas without

presenting and exchanging the gifts. However, they had no money so they sold their most beautiful

things to buy gifts, which proved too nice to use on the occasion. It revealed that exchange of gifts on

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the holy occasions such as Christmas makes life most loveable. That is why, they wanted to exchange

the gifts and show their love and affection for each other.

vi: Why did she feel sad on losing her hair?

A: She felt sad on losing her hair because she, her husband and the whole family loved her hairs and it

was one of most valuable things for James Dillingham Youngs. She also feared that Jim would hate

her without knowing the reality of her hair and might consider her selfish girl who worked for money.

vii: Why did Jim not welcome her when he stepped in?

A: When Jim stepped in, he did not welcome Della because he was then as quiet as a hunting dog when

it is near to bird. He was shocked when he saw Della without her beautiful and shiny hairs. Moreover,

at the moment he thought that he had lost both of the valuable things which were they proud of. His

gift of beautiful combs was then too nice to use on the occasion. Therefore, he did not welcome Della.

viii: What did he bring out of his coat?

A: From his coat, Jim brought out beautiful combs tied in a paper. These combs were for Della’s

beautiful and shiny hair. She also loved them a lot. Jim wanted to give her wife a present of combs on

Christmas. For these, he sold his beautiful gold watch.

ix: How beautiful was the gold watch chain?

A: The gold watch chain was very beautiful. It was simply made. Its value was in its rich and pure material

because it was so plain and simple as good things were. It had quietness and value. Jim and the chain

had quietness and value in common. The cost of gold watch chain was only twenty-one dollars. Its

gold seemed to shine softly as if with Della’s own warm and loving spirit.

x: What was the wisdom in selling the most valuable things?

A: The wisdom in selling the most valuable things was to win each other’s heart to make domestic life

pleasant and loveable. The story presented wisdom and a ray of hope in that materialistic and selfish

age when the true love is becoming rare. Materialistic things are not important in life. Only true and

sincere feelings are important. Therefore, both sold their valuable things to show their love and

affection.


i: How did the Magi want to celebrate their Christmas?

A: The Magi were true Christians. They were very happy on the arrival of Christmas. They were wise men

who brought gifts to the newborn Christ-child, Hazrat Isa (A.S.). They were the first to give gifts. They

wanted to celebrate their Christmas by exchanging of gifts. Therefore, they tried to buy a valuable gift

for others.

ii: How much were they attached to each other in the story?

and

iii: Why did they sell their beautiful valuable things?

A: Same as answer of QUESTION 3 PART v.

v: What is the moral of the story?

A: The moral of the story is that exchange of gifts wins others hearts. Therefore, we should present gifts

to others so that congenial atmosphere may prevail everywhere. The story also depicts that exchange

of gifts on the holy occasions makes life most loveable.


i: Who were the wise men?

A: Magi were the wise men.

ii: Who were the first to give Christmas gifts?

A: Magi were the first to give Christmas gifts.

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iii: Were these two the wisest?

A: Yes, these two were the wisest of all.

LESSON 13: GOD BE PRAISED


i: What was alias Abul’s full name?

A: Alias Abul’s full name was Maulvi Abul Barkat.

ii: What was his turban known as and where did it originally come from?

A: His turban was known as Mashadi Lungi. It originally came from Mashad in Iran. It had light brown

colour. He always wore it.

iii: What did he always carry with him?

A: He always carried a walking stick with him. It was a sort of scepter with decorative bands of brass and

gilt.

iv: Describe Maulvi’s appearance.

A: Maulvi Abul had slightly bulging eyes. On his fingers he wore silver rings with large turquoise stones.

He wore a light brown turban known as Mashadi Lungi on his head. He always carried a walking stick

with decorative bands of brass and gilt. For his hair, he used fragrant oil. He lived gracefully. He did

not question any one and led a contended life.

v: How much did the Maulvi collect on every Eid?

A: On every Eid, the Maulvi collected 150 to 200 rupees from devotees.

vi: How much was distributed among the needy and the poor?

A: Maulvi Sahib distributed 40 to 50 rupees among the needy and the poor from the collection of

devotees on occasion of Eid.

vii: What was the name of his eldest daughter?

A: Mehrunnisa was the eldest daughter of Maulvi Abul.

viii: What was the name of the member of District Board where the Maulvi lived?

A: Chaudhary Fateh Dad was the member of District Board where Maulvi lived. He was very kind to him.

ix: What was the name of his wife?

A: Zaibunnisa was the wife of Maulvi Abul.

x: Write the names of the other two daughters mentioned in the story.

A: Zabda, Shamsun and Umda were also the daughters of Maulvi Abul Barkat.

xi: Who was Shamim Ahmed?

A: Shamim Ahmed was the son of Hafiz Abdul Rahim and erstwhile disciple of Maulvi Abul Barkat. His

real name was Khudayar. He had gone to the city, leaving his old mother behind. After getting

experience in business, he came back and opened a small cloth shop in the village. Later, he was

married to the daughter of Maulvi Abul Barkat, Mehrunnisa.

xii: How did Chaudhary Fateh Dad help Maulvi Abul? What gift did he present on the wedding of

Maulvi Abul’s daughter, Mehrunnisa?

A: Chaudhary Fateh Dad was a very kind and good person. He helped Maulvi Abul in various ways. He

regularly provided him with home-baked bread smeared with ghee and a bowl of dal every evening

and apologized Maulvi Abul, if for some reason the daily offering of the meal is delayed. He

presented them with clothes, as a gift, after every harvest. He also helped Maulvi Abul in finding a

suitable match for Mehrunnisa. He presented a humble gift of gold pendants to Maulvi Abul’s eldest

daughter on her wedding. They were set with large, shining stones and wrapped in a hundred rupees

note.

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xiii: What were the sources of inspiration for Maulvi Abul?

A: Maulvi Abul had two main sources of inspiration, in which he had implicit faith. The first one was

Almighty Allah and after Him, Chaudhary Fateh Dad. He relied on them.

LESSON 14: OVERCOAT


i: What was the colour of the overcoat of the young man?

A: The colour of the overcoat of the young man was brown. The overcoat was old, but it was well cut and

the material was of fine quality. The lapels were stiff and the sleeves well creased. The buttons were of

horn, big and shinny. The young man seemed to be very happy in it. He had put a cream coloured

half-opened rose in his button hole. His coat was very impressive.

ii: How did he look like?

A: He was well-groomed young man. His hair was sleek and shining and he wore side burns. His thin

moustache seemed to have been drawn with a pencil. He had put on a brown overcoat with a cream

coloured half-opened rose in his button hole and a green flat hat which he wore at a rakish angle. A

white silk scarf was knotted at his neck. One hand was dipped into a pocket of his overcoat while in

the other he had a cane which every now and then he twirled jointly.

iii: Why did the people come out on the Mall?

A: It was a cold that induced people to seek comfort in pleasure. At such times it was not only the

profligate who ranged abroad, but even those who were usually content to live with their loneliness

emerged from their hide-outs to join the gaiety of the streets. And so people converged on the Mall

where they amused themselves among the variety of hotels, restaurants, cafes, and snacks bars, each

according to his means. Those who could not afford the pleasures inside were content to gaze at the

coloured lights and brilliant advertisements outside.

v: Why was the cat shivering?

A: The cat was shivering due to intense cold.

vi: Why did the driver of the truck speed away after the accident?

and

vii: Who took the young man to the hospital?

A: When the young man was walking towards the McLeod Road from the Mall, a truck came from

behind. It crushed the young man mercilessly. The driver sped away after the accident because he had

realized that something serious had happened. He did not want to be caught and handed over to the

police. Some people witnessed the incident. They stopped their cars, loaded the man and carried him

to the hospital. Meanwhile, a traffic inspector also reached there.

viii: What kind of music was played in one of the restaurants?

A: An orchestra was played in one of the restaurants. It was sweet foreign music. It was making the

atmosphere lively. Different categories of people including passersby, a few of drivers of the waiting

taxis and tongas, labourers, beggars, and some fruit vendors were standing outside and listening to

the fine tunes.


i: Give the list of articles, which were found in the coat of the young man.

A: The following were the few things, which were found in the various pockets of the overcoat of the

young man;

a) a small black comb

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b) a handkerchief

c) six annas and a few pies

d) a half smoked cigarette

e) a little diary in which names and addresses of few people were noted

f) a list of gramophone records

g) a few handbills which distributors had thrust upon him during his evening promenade

ii: What is the moral of the story?

A: The moral of the story is that appearances are often deceptive. The young man tries to conceal his

poverty but death reveals every secret and he is fully exposed. We do not make ourselves what we are

not in front of others. Moreover, when reality comes in front of others, it greatly effects our position in

the society. So, do not pretend what we are not.

iv: What is the theme of the story?

A: The story is written by Ghulam Abbas. It is about a young man who conceals his poverty by dint of his

overcoat. By wearing his overcoat he seems to be a respectable young man going out on a Mall on

Saturday evening but when he is crushed by a truck and dies in the hospital, the doctor and the

nurses come to know what a destitute he was.

LESSON 15: THE ANGEL & THE AUTHOR – AND OTHERS


i: At what point of journey in his dream did the author hear the throbbing sound of wings?

A: The author had a vexing dream one night. He dreamt he flew out of a window in his nightshirt and

went up and up. He was happy that he was going up. The world grew smaller and smaller. The last he

saw of the London was the long line of electric lamps bordering the Embankment. After a while

nothing remained but a faint luminosity buried under darkness. At that moment, the author heard the

slow, throbbing sound of wings. He turned his head and saw it was a recording Angel.

ii: What time of the year was it?

A: It was about a fortnight after Christmas when author had an annoying dream. He flew out of the

window and went up and up. He thought to himself that a little less good deed might make him live

longer. The world grew smaller and smaller afterwards.

iii: What does the author like about Christmas?

A: The author likes that all the men and women become generous quite suddenly, repeat their lovely

sentiments and start doing noble deeds from a little before Christmas up to the end of January. He

also likes those beautiful pictures which make him yearn to borrow a collecting box and go all around

doing well himself. Actually, the author is criticizing people who become pious to earn the name.

iv: Write down the good deeds the author has admitted are a great joy on Christmas.

A: The good deeds the author has admitted are a great joy on Christmas are; all the men and women

become generous quite suddenly, the beautiful pictures which start him off such as a pretty sweet

child giving Bovril to shivering street Arab with her own hands and a red-faced old baron shoveling

out plum pudding to the crowd of thankful villagers. The repetition of lovely sentiments and starting

of noble deeds before Christmas to the end of January also provides author with a great joy. The

people donate a lot for their publicity, and satisfaction.

v: Why are the noble deeds always a great joy for the author?

A: Noble deeds such as repetition of lovely sentiments, quite suddenly be generous, providing street

Arab with hot soup in winters, shoveling out plum pudding to the crowd of thankful people and

becoming very good on the event of Christmas are always a great joy for the author because

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according to his idea it would be very nice for one’s children and it might make one live longer.

Moreover, they give him spiritual satisfaction and will become a source of his salvation in the Next

World. They also inspire others to do good deeds and benefit humans.

vi: Write down the good deeds the author has done in his life?

A: the author had done following good deeds in his life;

a) He had donated ten shillings to the Daily Telegraph’s Sixpenny Fund for the Unemployed.

b) He had been to four charity dinners.

c) He had performed in “Talbot Champneys in Our Boys” which was arranged for the aid of the Fund

for the Poor Curates.

d) He had signed his dozen photographs and sent them to a charity bazaar.

e) He had reserved four balcony seats in the monster show at His Majesty’s in aid of the Fund for the

Destitute British in Johannesburg.

f) He had sent all of his clothes along with a good quality coat to the rummage sale.

g) He had joined the raffle for a motor car.

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Book-I (Short Stories) Punctuation

Paragraphs

1. Mr. Steward looked embarrassed. “I’m afraid I’m not at liberty to tell you that,” he said. “However, I

assure you, the organization is of international scope”. (19)

2. “Now, you’re comin’ to something, son,” he said as he pushed down the top wire so he could cross the

fence. “This is something I want you to see!” (14)

3. “The town’s empty, but we found the native life in the hills, sir. Dark people. Yellow eyes. The Martians.

Very friendly. We talked a bit, not much. They learn English fast.” (22)

4. “Well, you didn’t have to snatch my pocketbook to get some suede shoes,” said Mrs. Luella Bates

Washington Jones. “You could have asked me.” (17)

5. “I was seen with the pocketbook? Who saw me?”. “Mr. Manana, the harness man saw you pick up the

pocketbook.” (14)

6. ‘Life is like a race.’ Jorkens went on, ‘in which they tire after a while and sit down, or get interested in

something else instead. The man who keeps on wins the race.’ (12)

7. “Does your throat hurt you?” added the mother to the child. But the little girl’s expression didn’t

change nor did she move her eyes from my face. (9)

8. “If they fail, they are expected to bring the case before the Qazi to seek justice. But in the present case,

the parents have agreed to get my bloodshed for the trash of this world.” (9)

9. ‘Do you not perceive?’ answered the camel-man. ‘I wished to show you that what is good for camels is

not good for poor old men and women.’ (9)

10. “All the crops finished. Nothing left,” he said. But the gongs were still beating, the men still shouting,

and Margaret asked: “Why do you go on with it, then?” (17)

11. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: “We

hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created equal.” (8)

12. “I want you to understand me, Dell,” he said. “Nothing like haircut could make me careless for you.

But if you’ll open that, you may know what I felt when I came in.” (17)

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Book-III (Plays) Writers, Characters and

Setting

WRITERS

Play 01: Heat Lightning Robert F. Carroll

Play 02: Visit to a Small Planet Gore Vidal

Play 03: The Oyster and the Pearl William Saroyan

CHARACTERS

Play 01: Heat Lightning

(i) Girl

(ii) First Man

(iii) Second Man

Play 02: Visit to a Small Planet

(i) Kreton

(ii) Roger Spelding

(iii) Ellen Spelding

(iv) Mrs. Spelding

(v) John Randolph

(vi) General Powers

(vii) Aide

Play 03: The Oyster and the Pearl

(i) Harry Van Dusen, (a barber)

(ii) Clay Larrabee, (a boy on Saturday)

(iii) Vivian McCutcheon, (a new school teacher)

(iv) Clark Larrabee, (Clay’s father)

(v) Man, (a writer)

(vi) Roxanna Larrabee, (Clay’s sister)

(vii) Greeley, (Clay’s pal)

(viii) Judge Applegarth, (a beach comber)

(ix) Wozzeck, (a watch repairer)

SETTING

Play 01: Heat Lightning The Interior of Bus Station

Play 02: Visit to a Small Planet Spelding’s Home

Play 03: The Oyster and the Pearl Barber’s Shop

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Book-III (Plays) Question Answers

PLAY 01: HEAT LIGHTNING

III. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

a: Why couldn’t the Girl describe the killer?

A: It was a stormy night. There were flashes of lightning and bursts of thunder. The girl reached near the

car with the hope of getting help. All of a sudden, she saw a man pulling out a woman from the front

seat of the car. She was so scared that she could not see the killer properly. That’s why she could not

describe the killer.

b: What were the circumstances that forced her to leave her car?

A: After the party, the girl was returning home. Her car ran out of gas. She saw a car pulled into a lane. It

was a stormy night. There were flashes of lightning and bursts of thunder. The girl reached near the

car with the hope of getting help. All of a sudden, she saw a man pulling out a woman from the front

seat of the car. That man began to follow her. She was terrified and frightened and started running to

save her life. In this way, she was forced to leave the car, and ran toward the bus station to seek help.

There she wanted to get the bus in order to go home.

c: Why did she ask for help from First Man?

A: She asked for help from the First Man because he was the only man sitting at the bus station. She was

in danger of the killer and needed protection. She thought that the man was still chasing her.

Therefore, she asked the First Man not to let the killer come into the waiting room. She considered

him her saviour because she was frightened and needed help of someone. Moreover, the man

showed sympathy to the girl to win her trust. He said that he would do everything for her. He listened

to her story and suggested her to report it to the police. Therefore, the girl in the end did not want to

go home but preferred to stay there with the First Man.

d: What was the condition of the weather?

A: The weather was unpleasant. There were flashes of lightning and bursts of thunder. The night was

dark and stormy. It was raining heavily. With each flash of lightning, light in the room dimmed to the

point of going out. The bus also arrived late due to the storm. The horrible weather frightened the girl

even more.

e: How did Second Man accused First Man of lying?

A: The First Man tried to conceal the presence of the girl. The Second Man had seen the girl through the

glasses of door. When the Second Man knocked at the door, the First Man was not willing to open the

door. He got angry and suspicious. He asked what was the idea of locking the door and as if he

owned that place. He further said that he had got no right to close the door and kept people outside

in that kind of weather. Therefore, the Second Man accused the First Man of lying.

f: Does the Girl become suspicious of First Man as the play progresses?

A: No, the girl does not become suspicious of the First Man as the play progresses. She considers him

her saviour throughout the play but at the end, the Second Man and the bus go away. The First Man

and the girl are alone at the bus station. Light goes out and there is pitch darkness. The man takes out

a flashlight from his pocket. Then, the girl recognizes it and become suspicious of the First Man at the

end of the play.

g: What is her impression about the Second Man?

and

h: Why didn’t she accompany Second Man?

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A: The girl was greatly terrified and afraid of the Second Man. She thought that he was the killer and was

chasing her. When he left, she said, “Thank God.” When he went away, the girl was suspicious of her

judgement. She said that he was not the man who was chasing her. Moreover, she trusted the First

Man but thought that Second Man would kidnap and kill her on the way. Therefore, she did not

accompany the Second Man. However, in the end, she recognized her flashlight in the hands of the

First Man and her impression about the Second Man was totally changed.

IV. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN 100-150 WORDS.

c: Why did the Girl consider First Man her helper?

A: Same as answer of QUESTION III PART c.

d: What are the factors that played a role in saving the Girl?

A: There were darkness and storm due to which she ran away. When she reached bus station the Second

Man came and after sometime the bus arrived due to which killer could not kill her. However, when

light was gone, the man took out the flashlight due to which she realized the truth. The dog was a

major factor, which contributed to save the girl from the killer.

e: How did she realized the truth?

A: At the end of the play, suddenly there was another brilliant lightning and the light began to dim. The

First Man had taken a flashlight from his coat pocket. The girl started to stare at it as the already dim

light died completely due to lightning. The piercing light of the flashlight was the only light in the

room. The girl ran up to the center door and pulled at it. Here, she realized the truth that the First

Man was a killer.

PLAY 02: VISIT TO A SMALL PLANET


i: How does Kreton prove has extraordinary powers? Write five sentences.

A: Kreton proves his extraordinary powers by shielding his spacecraft while sitting inside the house. He

drives the spacecraft without instrument. He reads the minds of the Earth people. He tells them that

he and his people do not die. He speaks all the languages. He says that he reached the Earth in one

day. He has come to take the charge of whole world.

ii: What is the purpose of the Kreton’s visit?

and

ix: What is the theme of Kreton’s study?

A: Kreton has come to the Earth in order to take charge of the whole world. It is is his hobby to study

about the civilization and life of people on Earth. He wants to study the periods of development on

the Earth. According to him, the Earth is a small planet. It is divided into five continents and has one

moon. Its civilization is in its early stage. He wants to know how he can control and rule over the

Earth’s people. Moreover, he wants to find ways of improving the condition of the Earth people. He

aims t ruling over the world with his unusual powers and capacity.

iii: How much advanced is the civilization of Kreton than that of the Earth?

A: The civilization of Kreton’s planet is two hundred years much advanced than that of the earth’s

people. They are advanced scientifically, control their thoughts and read human minds. They have

flying cars, conquered death and advanced in the terms of time, space and motion. Moreover,

according to Kreton, life of the Earth people is primitive or at very early stages. Contrary to it, they are

immortal.

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iv: Can the people of the Earth compete with those of Kreton?

A: The people of Earth cannot compete with the people of Kreton in any respect. They are inferior to

them in knowledge, science, technology, civilization, intelligence, wisdom and comprehension. The

people of the Earth are slave to their emotions whereas the people of Kreton are wise and broad-

minded. The people of Earth are mortal whereas the people of Kreton are immortal. The people of

Earth are backward, narrow-minded, emotional, sceptic, weak, mortal and impatient.

v: How damaging is violence in life? Write five sentences.

A: Violence curbs the individual as well as collective traits of a nation. It disturbs the fabric of society. It

causes indiscipline, disorder, terrorism, fanaticism and destruction. It stops progress and brings

sorrows and sufferings. It causes wars on Earth and takes man away from peace and justice. He gives

birth to the political, religious and racial disputes.

vi: What type of life do you foresee in the year 5000?

A: In the year 5000, man will have made marvelous progress in the field of science and technology. The

whole universe will be changed into a global world. Travelling will be much faster and easier than

today. New horizons will be discovered. Cultivation will be made even on Moon and the Mars.________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

vii: How impressive were the morals of Kreton?

A: Kreton was very amiable. He began to make friends as soon as he came out of his spacecraft. He was

very polite, courteous, tolerant and patient. He treated everyone with love. He did not use violence at

any stage. He forced General Powers and his assistant AIDE to stop stunned without using any force.

He behaved well and kept others and himself happy. He was so broad-minded that he learnt English

and other languages of the Earth people soon.

viii: What is the role of General Powers in the play?

A: General Powers tries to look into the matter carefully. He takes Kreton as an enemy of his nation and

orders to catch hm. However, all of them become helpless before him. He is a powerful chief of the

National Guard. He guards the security of the country. He uses all his resources and brains to do so.

He becomes helpless when Kreton impresses him and subdues him.

x: How does Kreton impress General Powers?

A: Kreton impresses General Powers by reading his mind and telling the people that they do not intend

the Earth. When the troops try to destroy as flying saucer, he stops them by raising as invisible wall

around it. When General Powers and AIDE attack him, he stops them at the distance.


ii: How does the playwright expose the inferiority of the present race to that of the future?

A: Kreton says that Earth is very small as compared to that planet. The people of Earth do not

understand the real concept of time and space. Civilization on Earth is only beginning. He says that he

can read the minds of the Earth people. His people can see everything through special monitors and

recreators. The people on Earth are very backward in the field of science and technology. They have

short lives while the people of Kreton’s world do not lie at all.

iii: Describe the arrival of the flying saucer in your own words.

A: At night, a luminous objects arcs in view. John says that the spaceship is going to land in the rose

garden. Panic is created but Mr. Spelding takes it to be a meteor, a weather balloon. When that thing

comes closer, everybody becomes alert. It landed in the flower garden of Mrs. Spelding. As it starts

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opening, a man comes out of it and shakes hands with John. ___________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

iv: Compare and contrast the people of the two planets


PLAY 03: THE OYSTER AND THE PEARL

I. WRITE SHORT ANSWERS TO THESE QUESTIONS.

1: Where does the play take place?

A: The play takes place at Harry Van Dusen’s barber shop in O.K. by-the-Sea, California population 909.

Harry is only barber in the town, which is situated in the hills near the sea.

2: Why is Harry sitting in the barber’s chair?

A: Harry is sitting in the barber’s chair to have a haircut. A boy of nine and ten is giving him a haircut.

Harry is reading book. It seems that it is his habit to do so as there are many other books in the

shelves in the shop.

3: According to Harry, how does one bring merriment to the tired old human heart?

A: According to Harry, one brings merriment to the tired old human heart if he composes a symphony,

paints a picture, writes a book or invents a philosophy. It means that we can satisfy and enjoy

ourselves with music, painting, writing and devising a philosophy.

4: What is Harry’s philosophy?

A: All the philosophies sound good. His philosophy is eat, drink and be merry. The exact words of his

philosophy are “Take it easy way.” He takes everything easy and does not worry about anything. He

himself acts upon it. He gives two or three haircuts, reads book rest of the time and thus leads an easy

life.

5: How much did Harry pay for his barber shop? How long does he been in O.K. by-the-Sea?

A: It was about twenty-four years ago when Harry happened to come to this barber shop. The old barber

demanded Eighty dollars but Harry paid seventy-five dollars for the shop. Now, he is the only barber

in the town. He has been there for twenty-four years.

6: How many barbers are there in O.K. by-the-Sea?

A: There is only one barber in the town for haircuts. It is a small town with limited population. The

people are poor and illiterate.

7: How much does Harry charge for a haircut?

A: Harry charges one dollar for a haircut. But he generally takes a half or a quarter because the people in

the town are very poor. They cannot afford to pay for fashionable haircuts. Therefore, Harry charges

according to the paying capacity of his customers.

8: Where is Clay going?

A: Clay is a poor boy of nine or ten. His father has left them and gone somewhere else. He is suffering

from fiscal problems. Therefore, he is going to the sea. He intends to collect some stuff like seashells,

sea plants and fish to sell and get some money.

9: Why does Clay need money?

A: Clay belongs to a poor family. His father and mother do not pull well together. His father has

quarrelled with his wife and has left home. How, Clay, his brother, sisters and mother are badly left off.

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He wants to put an ad in the local newspaper for his father to come home and wants to buy a gift for

his mother. That’s why, he needs money.

10: What has happened to the Clay’s father?

A: Clay’s father could not provide for the family. He quarrelled with his wife and left his house. He went

to Salinas and started working there to earn money to create peace and happiness at home. He

comes back and hands over thirty dollars to Harry to give them to Clay to carry home.

11: What does Clay want to put in the local newspaper?

A: Clay wants to put an advertisement in the local newspaper requesting his father to forget the past

and come home. They miss him much. He also gives a reference to the fishing articles that are lying

safe and waiting for him.

12: Who is Miss McCutcheon? How does she feel about her job?

A: Miss McCutcheon is a new teacher. She feels that job tiresome and difficult because the children are

rude and uncivilized. They are interested only in games and sea. So, she wants to quit but at the same

time she wants to continue. She is an educated beautiful and fashionable girl. She is hardworking and

devoted to her job. She talks frankly and has her own principles.

13: What is McCutcheon looking for? How does she feel about the children of the town?

A: She is looking for a chance to teach good students. She feels that children in the town do not care

about anything, whether they get good grades or bad whether they pass or fail or anything else. On

top of that, all of them are difficult to control. They are interested only in games and the sea.

14: What does Harry advise her to do?

A: Harry advises her to go back if going is good. Then he advises her to teach the children English,

singing, dancing and cooking. He says that if she goes back to San Francisco, she will have better

chances of success and marriage.

15: What kind of haircut does Miss McCutcheon want?

A: Miss McCutcheon wants to have a poodle haircut. She considered herself unsuited for the

environment. She wants to change her appearance and adjust herself to the surrounding in O.K. by-

the-Sea.

16: Can Harry put a poodle haircut?

A: No, Harry cannot give a poodle haircut. He is not a professional barber. He incidentally bought that

shop and started giving haircuts to the people. If he had been a professional barber, he would have

given her poodle haircut. Moreover, he does not give haircut to women.

17: What does Miss McCutcheon think that a poodle haircut will do for her appearance?

A: She thinks that a poodle haircut will make her simple and after changing her appearance, she will find

herself fit into that town. She will be able to teach in a better way and stay at school longer. She will

also be able to dress differently. In this way, children will be attracted to her and listen to her words.

18: Where has Clark Larrabee been? How did he get to O.K. by-the-Sea?

A: Clark Larrabee has been working in Salinas. He got a ride down in a trick and reached O.K. by-the-Sea.

He belonged to a poor family. He could not afford for his children, quarrelled with his wife and left

home.

19: What does Clark give Harry? For what purpose?

A: Clark gives thirty dollars to Harry to give it to the Clay to carry home to his mother because he himself

is away from home. He is kind, sympathetic and good father. Although, he has left home after

quarrelling with his wife yet he is anxious about the welfare of his family. He forbids Harry to tell Clay

that he has given him that money.

20: How far is it to Hollywood from O.K. by-the-Sea?

A: Hollywood is about two hundred miles away from O.K. by-the-Sea.

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21: What work does the man do?

A: The man is a writer. He is the man who pays Harry the bill without having a haircut. He is very

sympathetic. He also buys the oyster from Clay for three hundred dollars just to help the poor family.

22: What did Clay find near Black Rock?

A: Clay found an oyster near Black Rock. He went to the sea beach on Saturday. When the tide got low,

he went round the Black Rock, poked into lower water and found an oyster. He believed that there

was a pearl in the oyster.

23: What does Clay believe is in the oyster? How much is its worth?

A: Clay believes that there is a big costly pearl in the oyster. It is worth at least three hundred dollars. He

is a poor boy and is very happy to find the oyster. He wants to sell it and fulfill his needs. His teacher

tells him that there is no pearl in it but he is adamant to his stand that there is a big pearl in it.

24: Does Miss McCutcheon believe that there is a pearl in the oyster?

A: No, Miss McCutcheon does not believe that there is a pearl in the oyster. She is rational and scientific

minded and an educated woman. She says that only one oyster in a million has a pearl in it. She is in

the right to say this as it is based on her practical experience.

25: Why does Miss McCutcheon have a chair with three legs?

A: Miss McCutcheon is going to the sea with a chair having three legs in order to bring things from the

sea as other people of the town do. In this way, she wants to attract the attention of the other people.

26: What kind of judge is Judge Applegarth?

A: He is not a judge by profession. He judges’ animals especially digs, once at a country fair. After that,

the people began to call him judge. Harry clarifies that there should be no misconception that he was

judge of some court of law.

27: What year is it?

A: It is the year 1953 in the play. It means William Saroyan throws light on the events that happened in

1953 in the town O.K. by-the-Sea.

28: What does Greeley have in a bottle?

A: Greeley has come from the sea. He is carrying a bottle with him. He claims that there is an oyster in

the seawater in the bottle, which has a big pearl in it.

29: Who suggests that they should open the oyster?

A: Miss McCutcheon suggests that they should open the oyster. She is a sensible girl and wants to teach

children the principles of truth. She is sure that if they open the oyster, the children will find the reality

that there is no pearl in it.

30: Why do they want Wozzeck to come?

A: Wozzeck is an expert watch repairer. They want him to come and open the oyster without damaging

the pearl. It is because they themselves are not expert and can damage the pearl.

31: How does Harry describe the inhabitants of O.K. by-the-Sea?

A: Harry says that the inhabitants of O.K. by-the-Sea are all poor. A few people find jobs a couple of

months every year. They come back half dead of homesickness. They live on next to nothing the rest

of the year. A few get pension, every family has a garden and a few chickens. They make a few dollars

selling vegetables and eggs.

32: How does Miss McCutcheon view Harry’s thinking about the pearl in the oyster?

A: She criticizes Harry for supporting the idea of pearl in oyster. She calls it a foolish and nonsense

thinking because it takes children away from reality. They do not speak the truth. She asks Harry if he

can help all the children in town by telling lies. He should be realistic in approach.

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33: Why does the Judge think that Miss McCutcheon will not last as a teacher? What kind of

teacher does he think is needed?

A: The judge thinks that she is too beautiful and sensitive to adjust as a teacher in the town. He thinks

that their school needs an old, experienced teacher who can control the children. Contrary to it, Miss

McCutcheon is a “bathing beauty”. She is not mature and cannot give good results. His views seem

sensible and acceptable.

34: What is Applegarth’s complaint about the sea?

A: Applegarth’s complaint against the sea is that the quality of the stuff the sea washes up is not good

any more. Moreover, children leave nothing on the beach for the old because there is a competition

from the children side regarding the collection of articles the sea washes up.

35: What kind of gadget does the writer describe?

A: He tells Harry about a gadget that is found in New York. It is like a safety razor. By using it, anybody

can give anyone else a haircut. Its price is two hundred and ninety five dollars. It was advertised in the

last “Sunday’s Times.”

36: Who buys the oyster? How much does he pay?

A: The writer buys the oyster and pays three hundred dollars for it. He knows that there is no pearl inside

the oyster but he buys it just to help the poor family.

37: Does the writer open the oyster? Why not?

A: The writer does not open the oyster because he knows that there is no pearl inside. But he buys it just

to help the poor family. Therefore, he says that he whole thing is a pearl. He turns it in his fingers and

then puts it in his pocket. He shows that the pearl is still growing and keeps it with him as a token of

Clay’s innocence.

38: Why does Clark Larrabee return?

A: Clark Larrabee reads the ad I the paper about him. When he comes to know that his family is worried

about him, he decides to return to his home and spend the weekend with them. He realizes that his

children need him. Therefore, he returns home when he is ten miles away from home.

39: What does the writer do with the oyster?

A: He holds the oyster in front of him as if it were an egg and looks at it carefully, turning it in his fingers.

Then he puts in his coat pocket, pays three hundred dollars to Clay and helps the poor family.

II. QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION.

1: Do you think that it is right to allow Clay to believe that there is a pearl in the oyster? Explain

briefly.

A: Yes, it is right to allow Clay to believe that there is a pearl in the oyster. It is because sometimes the

truth is bitter and hurt us. Sometimes we cannot face reality. Clay is a boy who wants his father to

come back and he wants to give his mother a present. He is short of money. So if in such situation he

comes to know the truth, then he becomes hopeless and embraced. Therefore, the writer buys the

oyster but he knows that there is no pearl inside and he just wants to help the poor family. In short,

the lie that gives solace is better than the truth that gives pain.

2: (a) In your opinion, why is the writer willing to buy the pearl? What has he received in return?

A: In my opinion, the boy is in problem and he needs money because he wants his father to comes back

home and to give his mother a present. He finds an oyster and says that there is a big pearl, of the

worth three hundred dollars, present inside it. Then the writer buys the pearl because he does not

want to embrace the boy. Moreover, he knows that there is no pearl inside the oyster but he just

wants to help the boy and his poor family. It is his virtue to help the boy. In return, he has received a

satisfaction, joy and peaceful mind. Moreover, it gives him joy and happiness. As he is a writer, so he

gets the event for a new story.

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2: (b) What does he mean by saying: “As far as I’m concerned, the whole thing/s a pearl.”?

A: In my opinion, the boy is in problem and he needs money because he wants his father to comes back

home and to give his mother a present. He finds an oyster and says that there is a big pearl, of the

worth three hundred dollars, present inside it. Then the writer buys the pearl because he does not

want to embrace the boy. Moreover, he knows that there is no pearl inside the oyster but he just

wants to help the boy and his poor family. It is his virtue to help the boy. In return, he has received a

satisfaction, joy and peaceful mind. Moreover, it gives him joy and happiness. As he is a writer, so he

gets the event for a new story. This virtue is like a big pearl for him. In his view, the virtue has more

importance as compared to the money. This is for what; he does not buy the safety razor introduced

in New York of worth two hundred and ninety five dollars but helps the poor family. Actually, he buys

an event which itself is a pearl. That is why the whole thing is a pearl to him.

3: What has attracted Harry and other people to O.K. by-the-Sea?

A: O.K. by-the-Sea is close to the sea and has hills around. There is a peace in O.K. by-the-Sea. The

climate is very moderate. There is no hustle and bustle. That is not populous place. It is very small city

and the people of O.K. by-the-Sea are very simple and native. They are not greedy and selfish and

their moral values are very high. They are poor but happy. The peaceful environment attracted Harry

and other people to O.K. by-the-Sea.

5: Does the play reveal the author’s view of life? If so, what is his view of life?

A: Yes, the play reveals the author’s view of life. The play is a sentimental comedy. It has humor, a happy

conclusion and demonstrates faith in the basic goodness of human nature. It reflects his attitude

towards life and people who he finds eminently fascinating and wonderful. He wants to examine the

possibilities of life and the people who play part in it. Yet he also has something serious to say. He

minutely observes the sea, the misery and misfortune of poor people and their way of living.

Moreover, he enjoys even smallest pleasure. He fully agrees with Harry’s philosophy, “Take it easy

way.” Therefore, he helps the little boy and his poor family financially. In a nutshell, may be the other

take the oyster as symbol of difficulties that we face in life while the pearl in it is a symbol of hope.

Book-III (Plays) Punctuation Paragraphs

1. I want to get out of this storm. What the hell do you think I want? What’s idea of locking this door? You

think you own this place? (10)

2. The odds against being hit by a falling object that size are, I should say, roughly, ten million to one. (6)

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Book-III (Poems) Poets

Poem No Poem Name Poet

1 The Rain W. H. Davies

2 Night Mail W. H. Auden

3 Loveliest of Trees, is Cherry Now A. E. Houseman

4 O Where Are You going? W. H. Auden

5 In the Street of Fruit Stalls Jan Stallworthy

6 A Sindhi Woman Jan Stallworthy

7 Times (From Ecclesiastes, 3, 1-12)

8 Ozymandias Percy Bysshe Shelley

9 The Feed Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi

10 The Hollow Men T. S. Eliot

11 Leisure William Henry Davies

12 Ruba’iyat Allama Muhammad Iqbal

13 A Tale of Two Cities John Peter

14 My Neighbour Friend Breathing His Last! Bullah Shah (Translated by: A. R. Luther)

15 He Came to Know Himself Sachal Sarmast

16 God’s Attributes Jalaluddin Rumi (Translated by: Dr. Nicholson)

17 The Delight Song N. Scott Momaday

18 Love—an Essence of All Religions Jalaluddin Rumi (Translated by: Dr. Nicholson)

19 A Man of Words and Not of Deeds Charles Perrault (Translated by: Robert Samber)

20 In Broken Images Robert Graves

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Book-III (Poems) Question Answers

POEM 01: THE RAIN

THEME: This poem is written by William Henry Davies. This poem is a musical display of rain, a great

phenomenon of nature. It has a symbolic meaning also. The leaves on the upper level get the rain drops

first and quench their thirst. Afterwards they pass on the drops to the leaves at the level beneath. These

lines may offer a metaphor as well; the rich at the upper level get a golden chance first and whatever

remains trickle down to the people at the level beneath. However, the scene of the sunshine afterwards, is

lovely, and a source of pleasure to every one of us.

1: Choose the correct answer.

i. the leaves

ii. drops of rain falling on leaves

iii. when the rain would stop

iv. sunshine

2: Mark the statements true or false.

i. True

ii. False

iii. True

iv. False

v. True

3: Add two more rhyming words in each line.

i. leave, believe, receive

ii. drop, crop, shop

iii. rain, gain, vain

5: How a rainy day can be enjoyed?

A: We can enjoy a rainy day by visiting a garden or a historical place. We may enjoy a rainy day by going

on a picnic or playing a game. We can also enjoy the rainy day by eating hot and spicy pakoras,

samosas and finger chips. We can also enjoy it by listening to the music or dancing. In a nutshell, a

rainy day can be enjoyed in various ways.

POEM 02: NIGHT MAIL

THEME: This poem is written by W. H. Auden. The poet describes the journey of a coach that travels all

night bringing mail which contains letters, postal orders and cheques for people who live in various part of

the land. Sometimes the journey is a steep upward climb, sometimes it runs steadily on plains. Whether the

railway track is an upward ascent or is a slopping descent, the night mail is always on time and follows the

time schedule. The grass land, cotton fields, moorland and the white clouds above, all pass by quickly and

swiftly. The birds stare at the approaching coach from their nests but the sheepdogs, unmindful of the noise

of the mail coach, continue to slumber. No one wakes up from slumber. Only a jug gently shakes as the

coach passes by a farm.


i. a train that carries mail

ii. on time

iii. pleased

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iv. change her course


i. False

ii. False

iii. True

iv. False

v. True

vi. False


i. girl, pearl, curl

ii. mail, fail, hail

iii. night, fight, light

iv. letter, matter, better

POEM 03: LOVELIEST OF TREES, IS CHERRY NOW

THEME: This poem is written by A. E. Housman. The beauty of nature, especially of cherry is captivating.

But life is too short to relish it. Even fifty years are not enough time to enjoy it fully. The poet says that one

should not miss any chance of enjoying the bloom of the ‘loveliest of tree’, the cherry, in the woods in all

seasons.


i. spring

ii. Christians

iii. white

iv. seventy years

v. twenty

vi. life


i. False

ii. False

iii. False

iv. False

v. False

vi. True

vii. True

viii. False

ix. False

x. True


i. cherry, merry, carry

ii. hung, slung, rung

iii. springs, strings, wings

5: What time of the year is mentioned in the first stanza?

A: In first stanza, two important things are mentioned. First is the spring season and second one is the

Easter which is observed on the first Sunday after a full moon or after 21 March.

6: Read the second stanza carefully and write how old is the poet?

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A: The poet is twenty years old.

POEM 04: O WHERE ARE YOU GOING?

THEME: This poem is written by W. H. Auden. The poem is a dialogue between two imaginary personified

as reader and rider. The rider is a bold and courageous person, ambitious to make his way through thick

and thin. The reader, full of awe and reverence, tells him that the valley beyond is full of dangers and that

heaps of dung and rubbish lie on his journey ahead, whose bad smell sickens and maddens the mind. The

opposite force is working to discourage the traveler from going father and father. Fear and horror try to

discourage the rider from going on his path to the pass. The way to glory and success is vague and

uncertain, but it can be paved through with courage and perseverance.

2: Answer the following questions.

i: What kind of feelings does the poet create in the minds of his readers?

A: The poet makes the readers realize that courage to do any work makes a person more determined

to his ambition. Whereas a coward dies many times before his death. He cannot face hardships of

life as courageous person do. He not only discourages himself but also traps others to lose

courage. However, determination, dedication and devotion for any work dominate the other

unimportant things.

ii: How do you feel after reading the poem?

A: I feel that only our dedication, devotion and determination pave way to glory and success. Our

hard work, bravery and courage also contribute a lot. Therefore, I will learn and earn with full

devotion not caring for the cowardly people.

iii: What does the title of the poem signify?

A: The title of the poem signifies the importance of “GOAL” for a bold and courageous traveller who

wants to make his way facing the dangers of life. He does not pay attention to the words of the

cowardly people but makes his way to success by dedication, devotion and determination.


i. True

ii. False

iii. True

iv. True

POEM 05: IN THE STREET OF FRUIT STALLS

THEME: This poem is written by Jan Stall worth. This is a symbolic poem. The world is threatened with war,

misery and poverty. But all these have failed to crush man’s love for pleasure. Children enjoy the sweet

spray of the juice forgetting all about the misery they live in.


i. mango

ii. cannon balls

iii. dark

iv. dark

2: Mark the statements true / false.

i. False

ii. False

iii. True

iv. True

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3: Add two more rhyming words to each of the word given below.

i. falls, halls, balls

ii. spend, friend, trend

iii. skin, pin , tin

iv. forget, set, let

4: Write down the missing word in each verse.

i. falls

ii. balls

iii. skin

iv. in

7: What are the feelings of the poet standing in the dark?

A: The poet standing in the dark has no feelings of happiness but he is feeling worried and sorrowful

because the world is threatened with war, misery and poverty. But all these have failed to crush man’s

love for pleasure. He wishes that progress and prosperity should prevail in the whole world. Children

eat the fruits and are looking conscious of the surrounding that is disturbing the poet. Moreover, he

feels that nothing can stop human beings to love pleasure.

8: Why has the poet used ‘cannon balls’ to describe the fruit?

A: The world is threatened with war, misery and poverty. The fruits are round like cannon balls. So, the

poet has mentioned the threat of war by using the words “cannon balls” to describe the fruit. Actually,

fruits are looking like bombs so they appear to him as weapons.

10: Make a list of fruits described in the poem.

A: The fruits mentioned in the poem are melon, guava and mandarin.

POEM 06: A SINDHI WOMAN

THEME: This poem is written by Jan Stallworthy. This poem is a tribute to a working woman. Work creates

rhythm in life. Work keeps a person strong and vigilant. An idle person will soon decay. This poem also

portrays realistically the slums of Karachi in a few words. The poet praises and appreciates the working

woman who has practically turned her work into an art. The woman walks softly with the delicacy and

rhythm of a dancer’s feet.


i. grace, trace, face

ii. tread, thread, bread

iii. crumbs, thumbs, bombs

iv. weight, late, hate


i. head

ii. face

iii. erect

iv. reflect

4: What did the poet reflect when he saw the woman?

A: The poet reflected that work created rhythm in life and kept a person strong and vigilant. An idle

person would soon decay. Therefore, everyone should spend a life of action and hard work. Moreover,

he observed that only those who bear the burden of life and carry its hardships through life are

strong and straight.

5: What is the main idea of the poem?

A: Theme of the poem (exclude the poet’s name)

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6: What picture of the Karachi slums do we get after reading the poem?

A: After reading the poem, we come to know that the condition of Karachi slums is not good. The area is

teeming with stones, heaps of garbage, pieces of bread and the broken glass. The roads are rough

and sanitary condition is very poor. People live in holes and are not even provided with dried pieces

of bread. There is no electricity or any kind of facility with which all the Pakistanis are benefited. In a

nutshell, they are living helpless and hopeless life.


i. bazaar

ii. a stone jar

iii. straight

iv. smooth


i. True

ii. True

iii. False

iv. True

POEM 07: TIMES

THEME: It is true that everything happens at an appropriate time. There is time when winter sets in and a

time when winter is gone and another season sets in. Nobody is born before time- nor dies before time.

There is a time to show seeds, and a time when their fruits are ripe to be plucked. The poet says that

nothing in this world happens out of place. Everything is scheduled according to a specific time.

1: Explain the message in the first eight lines of the poem in your own words.

A: Theme of the poem

2: Read the poem and complete the lines.

i. die

ii. build up

iii. weep/cry

iv. lose

v. speak

3: Write down the antonyms of the following words?

i. Silence Speech

ii. Born Die

iii. Live Die

iv. Weep Laugh

v. Heaven Earth/Hell

vi. Lose Get

vii. Break Built

POEM 08: OZYMANDIAS

THEME: This poem is written by Percy Bysshe Shelley. It is very ironic poem, which describes the pride of a

man and the wretched reality of life. Man becomes proud by success. He thinks that he has toppled the

world. He forgets that life is merciless. Time brings all luxuries of life to an end, and death is a great leveller.

Shelley considers all feelings of superiority in man as only an illusion and self-deception.

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i. statue

ii. traveler

iii. pedestal

iv. colossal


i. True

ii. False

iii. False

iv. False


i. land, sand, hand

ii. stone, tone, lone

iii. decay, ray, may

iv. fed, head, read


i. land

ii. desert

iii. kings

iv. bare

6: What kinds of the feelings does the poem create in the reader’s mind?

A: The poet describes the pride of a man and the wretched reality of life to the reader in this ironic

poem. He says that man becomes proud by success and thinks that he has toppled the world. He

forgets that life is merciless but time brings all luxuries of life to an end, and death is a great leveller.

He also made the readers think that all feelings of superiority in man as only an illusion and self-

deception.

7: What did the traveller see in the desert?

A: He saw a statue of king in the desert. There, he saw two huge, bodiless legs made of stone. Those legs

were standing in a desert. Near these legs, there was lying the broken body of a man half sunk in the

sand. His feature gave the impression that he was very proud and contemptuous of others.

8: Who was Ozymandias?

A: Ozymandias was king of kings. He was the greatest king of the era before Ancient Egypt. He was

referred to as “king of everything”. He became proud by success. He thought that he had toppled the

world. He forgot that life is merciless. Time ends all luxuries of life, and death is a great leveller. As far

as it can be ascertained, his feet are still in Egypt while his body is lost and his head is in the British

Museum.

POEM 09: THE FEED

THEME: This poem is written by Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi. This poem is very simple. Here the poet depicts

the love of a mother bird for her young ones who are very small and only a few days old. They are in the

nest. The mother sparrow goes out and brings a grain of millet in her beak to feed them. They are ten in

number.

1: Answer the following questions.

i: What does the sparrow hold in her beak?

A: The sparrow is holding a grain of millet in her beak.

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ii: Which line in the first stanza tells us that the young ones have no feathers?

A: Following lines tell us that young’s have no feathers:

The young ones are so tiny and small

From head to toe, they are beaks

iii: How many young ones are to be fed?

A: The young ones are to be fed with a grain of millet.

iv: What has the poet described in the poem?

A: The poet depicts the love of a mother bird for her young ones. Through the hunger of the

sparrow, the poet highlights the hunger of the world. Instead of producing weapons, man should

produce food for humans. Inspite of the discoveries and inventions of the science, we have not yet

been able to provide sufficient food to our fellow beings. The poem is a criticism of mad rush of

man to gain atomic power to annihilate his adversaries.


i. millet

ii. small

iii. ten

iv. sparrow

3: Read the poem and write down the missing word in each line.

i. beaks

ii. feed

iii. ten


i. True

ii. False

iii. False

iv. False

7: What do you feel after reading the poem?

A: After reading the poem, I come to realize the sacrifice of the parents for their children. Moreover, I

come to know the importance of hard work required to earn money for our food.

POEM 10: THE HOLLOW MEN

THEME: This poem is written by T. S. Eliot. In this poem, the poet says that the human beings have

become soulless. They try to depend upon each other but they cannot make a society. All their efforts are

like the running of rats or the rustling of grass. We do have shapes but inside there is nothing. We only

seem to be walking souls but actually, we are not even that.

1: Choose the correct answer from the options given below.

i. hollow

ii. T. S. Eliot

iii. The hollow men

iv. nothing


i. True

ii. False

iii. False

iv. True

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i. hollow, follow, swallow

ii. glass, class, grass

iii. colour, cellar, filler

iv. wind, mint, hint


i. men

ii. glass

iii. lost

iv. only

5: Why does the poet call modern men as hollow men?

A: The poet called the modern men as hollow men because they have become soulless. They try to

depend on others but cannot make a society. They have no wisdom. They are not wise men and live in

dreams. They are unable to convey anything. They have no definite shape and colour. They are weak

and without motion. They are lost in materialism and spend the whole of their time in trying to gain,

maintain and retain luxuries and comfort. They are devoid of spirituality. That’s why the poet calls

them hollow men.

6: What does the poet say in the last stanza of the poem?

A: He says that those who have already departed from this life do not know if we are frustrated or not.

We seem to be only puppets made of straw. We do have shapes but inside there is nothing. We only

seem to be walking souls but actually, we are not even that.

POEM 11: LEISURE

THEME: This poem is written by William Henry Davies. The poet has based on personal experience. He

thinks that one is so busy in copying with daily routine of life that most of the time the beauty and the joys

of are ignored. One has no time to enjoy and look at the wonders around us. He has mentioned the animals

on the pastures, the stars in the sky, the music and smiles around him. According to the poet’s point of

view, a man’s life is so full of worries and care that he cannot even stand and look up at things as they are

around him.

1: Read the poem and complete the lines with rhyming words.

i. stare?

ii. light

iii. stare

2: Why do you think the poet has given this title to his poem when he is talking about life full of

care with no time to stand and stare?

A: The poet has based this poem on personal experience. He thinks that a person is so busy in copying

with daily routine of life that most of the time the beauty and the joys of are ignored. A person has no

time to enjoy and look at the wonders around us. According to the poet’s point of view, a man’s life is

so full of worries and care that he cannot even stand and look up at things as they are around him.

Therefore, we can say that this is quite suitable title of the poem.

3: What is the poet trying to say in the last two lines of the poem?

A: After reading the poem, we come to know that in first two lines the poet asks the question but in last

two lines he himself answer the question and says that we are very busy in coping with daily routine

of life and most of time the beauty and the joys of life are ignored. Moreover, are full of worries and

care that we cannot stand and look up at things as they are around us.

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POEM 12: RUBA’IYAT

THEME: This poem is written by Allama Muhammad Iqbal. In this modern age of allurement, strong faith

like that of Hazrat Abraham (A.S.) is required. Though he was thrown in the fire by his opponents, he was

saved by his faith in God. Muslim harmony depends upon true faith in Islam. The poet addressed the

modern man, whom the life style of this age appeals to the core, and tells him that a man without faith is

worse than a slave. The national harmony amongst the Muslims depends upon a blend of strong Islamic

values and local feelings. This blend created a national harmony. The modern European soul is empty of this

harmony. They have no resemblance with the Makkan civilization. The spark igniting love has disappeared.

The blood running in the veins of the Muslims has thinned and has lost its warmth. As a result of all this the

Islamic unity has broken. That is the reason the hearts of all the Muslims are perplexed, the prayers have

become artificial and the feelings have become superficial and devoid of love.

1: Who was Abraham (A.S.)?

A: Hazrat Abraham (A.S.) is the Prophet of Allah. He is the ancestor of many Prophets including Hazrat

Muhammad (S.A.W.). He was born some 2100 years before Prophet Jesus Christ. He invited people to

worship one Allah instead of idols. However, people showed their anger against him and they threw

him in the fire. But, he was saved by his faith in God.

2: What is worse than slavery?

A: According to Allama Muhammad Iqbal to have no faith is worse than slavery. It is because Muslim

harmony depends upon true faith in Islam. Faith means belief in one Allah, Prophethood, Angels, Holy

Books and the Day of Judgement. One who loses faith is out of the boundary of Islam and is

considered worse than a slave.

3: Who cannot compete with the civilization of Mecca?

A: Europeans cannot compete with the civilization of Mecca because they are devoid of faith and

religion. They do not have one unanimous center like Mecca due to which they are inferior to the

Muslims. Thus, they cannot compete with the Muslims.

4: What has made the efforts of Muslims fruitless?

and

6: What is the present state of the Muslims as given in the last stanza of the poem?

A: The national harmony amongst the Muslims depended upon a blend of strong Islamic values and

local feelings. This blend creates a national harmony. The spark igniting love has disappeared in

Muslims. The blood running in the veins of the Muslims has thinned and has lost its warmth. Because

of all this the Islamic unity has broken. That is the reason the hearts of all the Muslims are perplexed,

the prayers have become artificial and the feelings have become superficial and devoid of love.

Moreover, the efforts of Muslims have become fruitless.

5: What is the moral lesson of the poem?


POEM 13: A TALE OF TWO CITIES

THEME: This poem is written by John Peter. The people of the two cities of Japan passed through the

cruelest period of their lives when the atomic bombs exploded, and destroyed the glory of their culture and

civilization. They suffered all the pains and pangs patiently and boldly, and did not lose heart. They, with

their great will and determination, again rose to the heights as an economic power from the ashes.

1: Why did the people of the two cities look powerless and helpless?

A: The people of the two cities looked powerless and helpless because there took place the death of

thousands of people. The people who had escaped death were severely injured and burned. There

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was no one to help and console them. Moreover, the explosion of atomic bombs destroyed the glory

of their culture and civilization.

2: Describe the circumstances the victims had to pass through.

and

3: Describe the scene of devastation.

A: The victims had to face unimaginable, crushing and pitiable circumstances. Thousands of people were

killed. The people alive were scared burnt and afraid. All of the buildings were destroyed completely.

No eye could look that destruction. Both of the cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki presented the sight of

hell on the earth. It was a horrible sight. Moreover, the explosion of atomic bombs destroyed the

glory of their culture and civilization. It was the height of inhuman treatment. All this was done within

the moments of frenzy and ferocity.




i. afraid, laid, maid

ii. moans, groans, frowns

iii. kites, sites, lights

POEM 14: MY NEIGHBOUR FRIEND BREATHING HIS LAST!

THEME: This poem is written by Bullah Shah and translated by A. R. Luther. The death of a neighbour

friend terrifies the poet and puts him in a state of shock. The dead leave this world and leave behind

relatives to mourn for them. Everything charming in the world becomes invisible. The only appreciable thing

is the love of God without which everyone is at a loss.

1: When does a person remember God?

A: When a person faces problems, troubles or calamities he remembers God. Some holy people

remember God all the time. They are not negligent of Him any moment. Moreover, at the time of

death everyone remembers Allah and hopes for his salvation.

2: What is the effect of the death scene?

A: A death scene terrifies a person and puts him in a shock. It makes a person realize the morality of

man. The death scene makes him aware of the fact that sooner or later, he has to die. We all should

get ready for it. For this purpose, we should love and obey God Almighty and His Prophet.

3: Why does a person feel helpless on the death of a friend?

A: When death comes, it takes away its victims. But the death of a friend is a very painful incident. When

a person finds no solution to avoid death, he feels helpless on the death of his friend. A sincere friend

gives us good company and support. He is like a sheltering tree. He is like a wall beside us in whose

shade we feel safe and secure.

4: Without whose love is Bullah at a loss?

A: Without Allah’s love, Bullah is in loss. He realizes that without Allah’s love, man is good for nothing. If

he is not blessed with Allah’s love, he has no right to live.

6: The poet arrives at the certain conclusion in the last three lines of the poem. What is it? Write

in your own words.

A: The poet says that One in the entire universe and at the Day of Judgement is very appreciable. Who is

Allah Almighty. Moreover, without Allah’s love, man is at a loss. The poet is frightened about his final

end.

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POEM 15: HE CAME TO KNOW HIMSELF

THEME: This poem is written by Sachal Sarmast. One who knows himself, and also knows that he is a

wonderful thing created by the Creator, cannot have view of anything else except God Almighty. He starts

loving Him, Who blesses him with great love. In such state of affairs every other thing becomes useless to

him, and like Mansur, he feels pleased and is willing to be hanged on the gallows to get his head cut off

only for the Love of his Beloved, God. The poet thinks that a person’s stay in this world is temporary. It is

better for a man to have been loved. The union of one soul with another soul through the alchemy of love

is the highest mystic truth.

1: Why does the poet put emphasis on how to know himself?

A: It helps us to know the purpose of living. A person who comes to know himself, he comes to know

the bare truth that Allah created him. He starts loving Him, Who blesses him with great love. He starts

to worship Him more devotedly. As a result, he finds Allah’s love in his heart. This is the main object of

man’s creation. That is why; the poet puts emphasis on how to know himself.

2: What makes one entangled in love?

A: Self-knowledge and true sincere relationship makes one entangled in love. Beauty of a thing also

entangles man in love. Either when he is entangled in love for Allah or any other else, he is ready to

stake his life and sacrifice everything for this sake.

3: Why did Mansur mount the gallows?

A: Mansur mounted the gallows to get his head cut off only for the love of his beloved, Allah. He was

lost so in love for Allah that the people could not estimate it. They thought that he was making false

claims of love for Allah. Therefore, they got him killed on the gallows. He did not give up his claim and

mounted the gallows happily.

4: What is the bare truth?

and

6: What does the poet say about “His sojourn on earth” in the last line?

A: On his endless journey of life, a man has to stay at different places. His stay on the earth is temporary

is the bare truth. This temporary stay ends when he dies. Therefore, he should develop a relationship

of love with Allah.

POEM 16: GOD’S ATTRIBUTES

THEME: This poem is written by Jalaluddin Rumi and translated by Dr. Nicholson. In this poem, the poet

says that the attributes of God are not mere vain titles but are meaningful and effective for character

building and guidance. For example, when God calls Himself All seeing, it restrains a person from doing

wrong and when God calls Himself All Hearing, it checks a person from using foul language. Knowing God’s

attributes makes one afraid of plotting an evil against others.

1: How many attributes are mentioned in the poem?

A: There are three attributes mentioned in the poem. These are “All Seeing”, “All Hearing” and “All

Knowing”. Allah observes everyone and everything everywhere. Allah listens to every sound and every

speech all the time. Allah knows even the secrets in the hearts.

2: What makes one scared of sinning?

A: God attribute of ‘All Seeing’ restrains a person from doing wrong. Allah’s observation is so deep that

nothing can escape His seeing. Man should believe sure that if Allah sees him committing a sin, He

will punish him. This knowledge makes man avoid sinning.

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3: What are the effects of the attributes of God?

A: The attributes of God are not mere vain titles but are meaningful and effective for character building

and guidance. For example, when God calls Himself All seeing, it restrains a person from doing wrong

and when God calls Himself All Hearing, it checks a person from using foul language. Knowing God’s

attributes makes one afraid of plotting an evil against others.

4: Mention three more attributes of God.

A: (I) The One (II) The Most Merciful (III) The Supreme

5: How do these attributes help in refining the character of the person?

A: The attributes of God are not mere vain titles but are meaningful and effective for character building

and guidance. When God calls Himself All seeing, it restrains a person from doing wrong and when

God calls Himself All Hearing, it checks a person from using foul language. Knowing God’s attributes

makes one afraid of plotting an evil against others. In this way, his character is refined and he leads a

pious life.

7: Make pair of words similar in sound e.g. wait-weight.

end, scare, may, vain, lips, day, mere, talk, that, dare, bat, sheer, walk, crane, sips, bend

A: end-bend, scare-dare, may-day, vain-crane, lips-sips, mere-sheer, talk-walk, that-bat

POEM 17: THE DELIGHT SONG

THEME: This poem is written by the N. Scott Momaday. It is a delightful song in which the poet feels light

as a feather in the bright sky. Everything seems to be in harmony with the poet who finds no hurdles or

difficulties anywhere in this universe. He has good relations with beauty, living things, nature, the

atmosphere and the natural phenomena of stars, wind, dawn, rain, moon and snow. He is happy and

contents with the dream of all things, bright and beautiful, all colors that glitter in the rainbow. He is in

complete harmony and has a good relation with everything. He is playful and lights like the shadow of a

child, the cold of dawn, the glitter of snow and the flame of fire. He is vivacious and full of life. The good

relation of man with the earth and the atmosphere keeps him alive and active.

1: What do you understand when the poet says, “I am the shadow that follows a child”?

A: The poet means to say that he is so absorbed in the beauty of the child and sharing his feelings of

innocence that he feels himself like his shadow. The shadow is carefree, joyful and ever happy.

Therefore, he considers himself a child who is living a happy and carefree life.

2: How can the crust of the snow glitter?

A: The crust of the snow can glitter due to sunshine. Then due to heat of sun it melts and converts into

water and flow through lakes, rivers and oceans.

3: What is the dream of the poet?

and

4: What is the effect of man’s good relation with the earth and the lords?

A: Everything of this world is the dream of the poet. He is so absorbed in the beauty of the thing that it

becomes a part of his imagination. Everything seems to be in harmony with the poet who finds no

hurdles or difficulties anywhere in this universe. He has good relations with beauty, living things,

nature, the atmosphere and the natural phenomena of stars, wind, dawn, rain, moon and snow. He is

happy and contents with the dream of all things, bright and beautiful, all colors that glitter in the

rainbow. He is in complete harmony and has a good relation with everything. He is playful and lights

like the shadow of a child, the cold of dawn, the glitter of snow and the flame of fire. He is vivacious

and full of life. His good relation with the earth and the atmosphere keeps him alive and active. In this

way, everything of this universe becomes a part of his dream.

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5: What are the things that keep a person alive?

A: He is happy and contents with the dream of all things, bright and beautiful, all colors that glitter in the

rainbow. He is in complete harmony and has a good relation with everything. He is playful and lights

like the shadow of a child, the cold of dawn, the glitter of snow and the flame of fire. He is vivacious

and full of life. All these things keep him alive and active.

POEM 18: LOVE—AN ESSENCE OF ALL RELIGIONS

THEME: This poem is written by Jalaluddin Rumi and translated by Dr. Nicholson. Love is the essence of

all religions. It is love that changes the adversities into pleasures. Thorns become roses, vinegar becomes

sweet wine, burning fire a pleasing light, sickness becomes health, and the king a slave. Life becomes a

success and pleasure because of love, otherwise life is not worth living.

1: What is the effect of the love?

A: Love is the essence of all religions. Through love, all the negative aspects can be changed into positive

aspects and the hardships can be converted into ease. Similarly through love, misfortune can be

changed into good fortune, sorrows and grieves can successfully handled and hence desired results

can be achieved. Love changes the adversities into pleasures. Thorns become roses, vinegar becomes

sweet wine, burning fire a pleasing light, sickness becomes health, and the king a slave. Life becomes

a success and pleasure because of love, otherwise life is not worth living. Love has a great effect on

life of human beings and every difficulty can be overcome through it.

2: Is life worth living without love?

A: No, life is not worth living without love. Life becomes a success and pleasure because of love,

otherwise life is not worth living. Love is the essence of all religions and is essential part of life.

Without love, man cannot recognize its true status. Love changes the adversities into pleasures.

Thorns become roses, vinegar becomes sweet wine, burning fire a pleasing light, sickness becomes

health, and the king a slave.

3: There are a number of antonyms in this poem. Given below are words taken from the poem.

Write down the antonyms as given in the poem.

i. throne roses

ii. misfortune good fortune

iii. stone butter

iv. grief joy

v. sickness health

vi. wrath mercy

vii. dead alive

viii. king slave

4: Make pair of rhyming words from the list of the words given below. e.g. fight-light.

roses, gone, health, fight, throne, poses, joy, wealth, light, toy, thorn, love, horn, dove

A: roses-poses, gone-throne, health-wealth, fight-light, joy-toy, throne-horn, love-dove

POEM 19: A MAN OF WORDS AND NOT OF DEEDS

THEME: This poem is written by Charles Perrault and translated by Robert Samber. A man who always

talks and boasts and is not involved in any deed is like a garden full of weeds. And when it is once grown it

further aggravates the situation like snow in winter. Life passes through different phases and ultimately

comes to an end with the death of a person. It is, therefore, necessary that a man must always engage

himself in some fruitful activity to make the life pleasant and useful for humanity.

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2: How does the life of man pass trough different phases?

A: The life of man passes through eight different phases.

(i) First of all, man is like a garden full of weeds,

(ii) Then he becomes like a garden full of snow,

(iii) After it, he becomes like a bird upon a wall,

(iv) Then he flies like an eagle in the sky,

(v) After it, he comes down on earth and reaches his door as lion,

(vi) When the door begins to crack, he is like a stick across his back.

(vii) When his back begins to smart, he is like a penknife in his heart.

(viii) When his heart begins to bleed, he dies at last.

3: What happens when life is spent with the help of words and not of deeds?

A: A man who always talks and boasts and is not involved in any deed is like a garden full of weeds.

Moreover, when it is once grown it further aggravates the situation like snow in winter. Life passes

through different phases and ultimately comes to an end with the death of a person. It is, therefore,

necessary that a man must always engage himself in some fruitful activity to make the life pleasant

and useful for humanity. Otherwise, life would become hell and an idle person dies in a pitiable

condition.

4: What does the garden look like when the weeds start growing?

A: When the weeds start growing, the garden loses its charm and none likes to visit it.


A: The poem teaches us to spend an ambitious life and it throws light on the value of the work. We

should be practical and not talkative only. We should try to put our words into action because actions

speak louder than words. Actions hold real worth not the words. In a nutshell, we must always engage

ourselves in same fruitful activity to make the life pleasant and useful for humanity.

POEM 20: IN BROKEN IMAGES

THEME: This poem is written by Robert Graves. A person should remain inquisitive about the images of

life whether they are broken or clear. One, who trusts one’s clear images without proof, becomes dull in

one’s life whereas the other who mistrusts his broken images becomes sharp and intelligent. Nothing

should be taken for granted and one should remain thoughtful and considerate about the facts of life.

Inquiry into the nature of things leads one to understand and accept the ground realities of life.

1: What is the state of two persons, one who trusts clear images and the other who mistrusts the

broken images?

A: One who trusts clear images quickly concludes that his findings are final. He trusts his clear images

and does not work to verify them and in this way, he becomes dull. On the other hand, the person

who mistrusts his images is very slow in coming to the conclusion. He thinks that his images are

broken. He mistrusts these images, works hard to verify them, and tries to improve them. In this way,

he succeeded.

2: Why does a person question his senses when the facts fail him?

A: The man, who does not have a clear way of thinking, can never reach the truth. He finds himself in a

new confusion of his understanding. When the facts fail him, he doubts his senses. It is a not merely

the matter of senses. It is, in fact, the matter of thinking more vaguely. He continues his habit of

coming to hasty conclusions and as a result, he remains dull.

3: Who is in a new confusion of his understanding?

A: The man, who does not have a clear way of thinking and trusts the clear images, finds himself in a

new confusion of his misunderstanding.

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and

7: What conclusion does the poet draw in the last two lines of the poem? Write in detail.

A: A person should remain inquisitive about the images of life whether they are broken or clear. One,

who trusts one’s clear images without proof, becomes dull in one’s life whereas the other who

mistrusts his broken images becomes sharp and intelligent. Nothing should be taken for granted and

one should remain thoughtful and considerate about the facts of life. Inquiry into the nature of things

leads one to understand and accept the ground realities of life. In a nutshell, ignorance of ignorance is

a great curse and hence a death of knowledge. Therefore, we should observe things carefully and

minutely, think clearly and freely, and acts independently.

Grammar (Applications) FORMAT FOR WRITING APPLICATION AT F.SC. LEVEL;

The Principal,

Govt Degree College,

City A.B.C.

Respected Sir,

{__________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________Body of Application ________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________.}

Yours obediently,

X.Y.Z.

Class: {__________}

Roll No. {____}

Date: {Month Dateth, Year}

APPLICATION 1: FEE CONCESSION The Principal,


City A.B.C.

Respected Sir,

Most respectfully, it is stated that I am a student of class first year in your college. I belong to

a poor laboring family. My father works in a factory on daily wages. He draws very meagre salary. It is very

difficult for him to meet the needs of a large family of six members. I am eldest in my home and my three

brothers are also under education at secondary school. It becomes unbearable for my father to pay our

education expenses. Still he does not disappoint us though he has to make strenuous efforts to work

overtime. I got first position in class X board examination and I am also a very good debater. I secured very

good positions in Punjab Youth Festival Inter-Houses Competitions and Inter-School Competitions. I shall

expect your highness if you grant me full fee concession and I will continue my studies with relaxation. It

will be a great favour to me and my family. I shall be very thankful to you for this act of kindness.

Yours obediently,

X.Y.Z.

Class: 1st Year

Roll No. 2

Date: May 28th, 2014

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APPLICATION 2: CHANGE OF SUBJECTS

The Principal,


City A.B.C.

Respected Sir,

Most respectfully, it is stated that I am a student of class first year in your college. I took up

pre-engineering group on the insistence of my elder brother because he wanted me to become an

engineer. But after two weeks stud, it dawned upon me that the subject of Mathematics was beyond my

comprehension and perception. Therefore, I did not fare well in my class test and had to eat a humble pie

before my teacher. Our teacher is, no doubt, very hardworking and makes us work more and more. I tried

my best to follow his lectures and also the textbook. But to my dismay, I could not improve a bit.

Mathematics is not up to my taste. I feel more inclined to Biology than Mathematics. I secured seventy-one

out of seventy five marks in Biology in Matriculation examination. My parents consent form is attached.

Therefore, in the light of above-mentioned bitter facts, your highness is requested to allow me to take up

Biology instead of Mathematics. I shall be very thankful to you for this act of kindness.

Yours obediently,

X.Y.Z.

Class: 1st Year

Roll No. 2

Date: May 30th, 2014

APPLICATION 3: FINE REMISSION The Principal,


City A.B.C.

Respected Sir,

Most respectfully, it is stated that I could not come to college for ten days during the last

month. I was not at fault. It was all due to my illness. I had gone to my village to see my parents and also to

receive the monthly allowance. It rained and cold wind began to blow. I caught cold and the next moment, I

ran high temperature. I went to the hospital in the neighbouring village to consult the doctor who told me

that I was suffering from typhoid fever. I remained under his treatment for nine days. My village is 99 km

away from the city. There is no other student in that village to carry my application to the college. When I

recovered, though I was extremely feeble, I rushed to the college and attended the class yesterday. My class

teacher was very furious with rage. He made me stand and did not bother to listen to me and fined me Rs.

270/- for absence. I apologized to him but he did not listen. After the class, I told him all the details and

showed him the doctor’s prescription slip. He became lenient and recommended my application for the

remission of fine. I belong to a poor family. My father is a labourer and he cannot bear the expenses of my

education. It is a wealthy person in the village who supports us. Hence, I cannot pay this special fine. Under

these circumstances, your highness is requested to remit my fine and oblige the whole family. I shall be very

thankful to you for this act of kindness.

Yours obediently,

X.Y.Z.

Class: 1st Year

Roll No. 2

Date: June 3rd, 2014

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APPLICATION 4: CHARACTER CERTIFICATE

The Principal,


City A.B.C.

Respected Sir,

Most respectfully, it is stated that I was the bonafide student of your college during the

session 2012-2014. I appeared in the annual examination and stood first in F.Sc. Medical group by securing

994 marks out of total 1100. Now, I have to apply to the Medical College to get admission within due date.

The submission of character certificate with the application forms is compulsory. I am a hardworking,

diligent and obedient student. I was equally active in participating in the curricular as well as co-curricular

activities. I am a very good debater. I took part in English Debate competitions in Punjab Youth Festival,

Inter-School Competitions and Inter-Houses Competitions and brought good name to the college by

winning certificates. I was the leader of my class group and the prefect of the college. I was also the General

Secretary of “Parents Teachers Students Association”. The certificates of appreciation from your good self

for arranging different functions and programmes of such activities are also attached. I am humbly request

your highness to mention all these qualities and merits in my character certificate and advice the office to

dispatch it to me at the earliest. I shall be very thankful to you for this act of kindness.

Yours obediently,

X.Y.Z.

Class: 1st Year

Roll No. 2

Date: June 5th, 2014

APPLICATION 5: COLLEGE LEAVING CERTIFICATE

The Principal,


City A.B.C.

Respected Sir,

Most respectfully, it is stated that I am a student of class first year in your college. I have

been a regular student in pre-medical group for nine months during the running session. My father is an

S.D.O. in building department. Now, he has been transferred to Multan. He made his best efforts to get his

transfer letters cancelled because he did not want to disturb my studies but to no avail. Now, all the

members of the family are shifting to Multan. I also want to go with them, as I cannot stay here alone.

Therefore, I am unable to continue my studies at your college. I have obtained the migration certificate

from the Board. I have paid all the office, laboratory and library dues. The clearance certificate is attached.

Your highness is requested to issue me a college leaving certificate so that I may seek admission to a

college in Multan and continue my studies. I am sure your kind consideration will oblige me the maximum. I

shall be very thankful to you for this act of kindness.

Yours obediently,

X.Y.Z.

Class: 1st Year

Roll No. 2


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APPLICATION 6: RE-ADMISSION The Principal,


City A.B.C.

Respected Sir,

Most respectfully, it is stated that I could not come to college for twenty days during the last

month. I was not at fault. It was all due to my illness. I had gone to my village to see my parents and also to

receive the monthly allowance. It rained and cold wind began to blow. I caught cold and the next moment, I

ran high temperature. I went to the hospital in the neighbouring village to consult the doctor who told me

that I was suffering from typhoid fever. I remained under his treatment for eighteen days. My village is 99

km away from the city. There is no other student in that village to carry my application to the college.

However, I sent an application for leave by post. Unfortunately, the application could not be delivered to

the college office. Only Post Office is responsible for the negligence. My class teacher struck me off from

the college roll. Your highness is requested to grant me re-admission to the college so that I may continue

my studies. The medical certificate is attached. Moreover, I assure you that I shall be very careful in future

and make up deficiency in studies within few days. I shall be very thankful to you for this act of kindness.

Yours obediently,

X.Y.Z.

Class: 1st Year

Roll No. 2


APPLICATION 7: ONE MONTH / FIFTEEN DAYS LEAVE The Principal,


City A.B.C.

Respected Sir,

Most respectfully, it is stated that I have been ill with fever for the last five days. Firstly, the

doctor was of the opinion that I was suffering from malaria. When I did not recover after four days, he

advised me to get my blood examined in the laboratory. The report of the laboratory revealed that I had

caught typhoid fever, which was the cause of my non-recovery. These days, I am under treatment of doctor

Zahid in City Hospital. I am taking medicines according to the advice of the doctor. He has also advised me

complete bed rest for one month/fifteen days. Therefore, I am unable to attend the classes for at least one

month/fifteen days. The medical certificate at the request from my father is also attached with the

application for your kind perusal. You are requested to grant me one month’s/fifteen days leave and oblige.

The college record testifies that I am a serious, studious and assiduous student. I promise you to make up

for the deficiency as soon as I begin to attend the classes again. I shall be very thankful to you for this act of

kindness.

Yours obediently,

X.Y.Z.

Class: 1st Year

Roll No. 2


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Grammar (Moral Stories) MORAL STORY 1: A STRANGE HEN

Long, long ago, there lived a poor, impatient young man in the certain village. He worked hard and earned

his living by the sweat of his brow. Still he had to starve very often. One day, he worked on daily wages and

purchased six chickens. One of the chickens was very prominent. As it grew up into a young hen, it began to

lay an egg of solid gold daily. He would sell the eggs in the market at a very high price and grew rich within

a few days. He was honoured and respected everywhere. He shifted from a hut to a big bungalow. But with

the passage of time, he grew greedier and started dreaming of growing millionaire overnight. “One egg

daily,” he thought, “and it will take me several months to grow rich. It is a very painful thing. Allah is not

doing justice with me.” He was so impatient that he could not wait for the eggs to come out one by one.

His brain started working quickly. At last, he took a momentous decision to kill the hen, open its stomach,

acquire all the eggs at one and the same time and grow rich within hours. But his friend told him that he

would lose the hen as well as the eggs. He paid a deaf ear to his words, killed the hen, opened its stomach

and looked for the eggs. But he found no eggs in the stomach. In the hope of getting many eggs, he had

lose the both the hen and the eggs. Now, he realized his folly and began to repent of his false act but it was

too late then.

Morals: Greed is a curse

Haste makes waste

Look before you leap

All that glitters is not gold

MORAL STORY 2: A THIRSTY CROW Once upon a time, there lived a certain crow in a certain jungle. Once, the summer was extraordinary hot.

The heat and burning rays of the sun had dried up the pools and ponds all around. Therefore, the crow was

also affected and felt awfully thirsty. He flew away here and there in search of water. But the water was

scarce. He went on flying for hours without losing heart. After a long flight and anxious search, he caught a

sight of a pitcher of water lying in the garden. He felt overjoyed to find it. He landed at its brink and tried to

sip water from it. To his ill luck, the water in the pitcher was too low to reach his beak. If he had a long neck

and a long beak like that of a crane, he could easily reach the water and quench his thirst. But he was a

crow not a crane. Therefore, out of utter disappointment, he said to himself, “Neither the water can rise up

nor the beak can go down. I will certainly die of thirst.” Now he was in the dire need of water to save his life.

The necessity of the situation made his brain work quickly. By chance, he caught sight of some gravels lying

nearby. He, at once, perched upon them, picked up a few gravels and dropped them in the pitcher. He was

encouraged to find the water rising up. He put a number of more gravels one by one. The water in the

pitcher rose up to the brim. Now, his beak could easily reach it. So, he drank water to his fill, quenched his

thirst and flew away happily.

Morals: No pains, no gains

Necessity is the mother of invention

Try, try again

God helps those who help themselves

MORAL STORY 3: THE HARE AND THE TORTOISE

Long, long ago, a hare and tortoise lived in a certain jungle. They were friend and would spend most of

their time together. The hare was proud of his smart body and fast speed. He would often ridicule the

tortoise for his short feet and slow speed. The tortoise was tired of these daily disgraces. He used to defend

himself by saying, “Slow and steady work is better than fast and fitful one.” One day, he challenged the hare

to run a race to settle the dispute. The hare laughed with hatred and accepted the challenge. They fixed a

distant palm tree as the winning post. One, two, and three: the race started. The hare ran with the flying

speed like a gale and was soon out of sight. After covering half of the distance, he saw a cool shady tree.

“The tortoise will be lagging behind,” flashed through his mind. “Why should I not enjoy rest for a while.”

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Thinking this, he lay down under the shady tree. Soon, he started snoring and was lost in the sweet dreams

of winning the race. On the other hand, the tortoise went on moving forward slowly and steadily. On the

way, he saw the hare sleeping under the shady tree. He himself was extremely fatigued but he did not stop

for rest. Ultimately, his perseverance brought him victory. When the hare woke up, the sun was setting.

Being afraid of losing the competition he again run as fast as he could but it was too late then. When he

reached the winning post, he was shocked to find his rival already setting at the winning post. He had lost

the competition. Pride had met a fall.

Morals: Pride hath a fall

Slow and steady wins the race

MORAL STORY 4: AN HONEST WOODCUTTER Once upon a time, there lived an old, poor woodcutter in the certain village. He was very poor but dead

honest to the extreme. He believed in the dignity of manual labour and regarded begging as a curse.

Therefore, he would work by the sweat of his brow to win a few coins. It was his daily routine to go to the

neighbouring jungle, cut firewood, carry it to the city and sell it to earn his livelihood. One day, he was

hewing down the branch of a tall pine tree on the riverbank. By an unlucky chance, his axe slipped from the

hand, fell down into the river and was lost in the deep water. Being deprived of his only means of livelihood,

he was greatly shocked. He began of weep and cry because he would certainly starve without his axe. As a

good luck, mercury appeared over there and asked him the reason of his grief. He narrated the whole

incident with tears in his eyes. Mercury took pity on him and decided to help him. However, before that, he

wanted to test his honesty. Therefore, the next moment, he dived in the deep water and brought out an axe

of gold. “Is it yours?” he said. “No, sir, it is not mine,” replied the woodcutter. Mercury dived again, brought

out a silver axe and offered it to the old man. He refused to accept it also saying that his axe was made of

iron. Mercury dived for the third time and brought out an iron axe. Seeing it, the woodcutter began to cry in

excitement. “It is mine! It is mine!” Mercury was also impressed by his honesty that he gave him the other

two axes also as a reward for his honesty.

Morals: Honesty is the best policy

MORAL STORY 5: A FARMER AND HIS SONS Long, long ago, there lived a poor farmer in certain village. He had three sons who were all very healthy and

smart yet quarrelsome. The farmer remained worried about them all the time. He always advised them to

remain united but they did not listen to his words. At last, he fell seriously ill. Even on the deathbed, he

always remained worried about the bad end of his children. One day, a wonderful idea flashed through his

mind. He called his sons to his deathbed and requested them to bring a bundle of sticks. When the bundle

was brought, he asked them if any one of them could break the bundle. The sons accepted the challenge.

First, the younger brother tried to break the bundle but in vain. Then came forward the elder brother. He

also exerted all his energy but could not break it. In the end, the eldest brother came forward with great

zeal and zest. However, he, too, was ashamed as he, too, could not break the bundle because the sticks

were united and strong. Then the farmer disunited the bundle and asked them to break the sticks one by

one. Now it was quite easy for them to break the sticks because the sticks had grown weak after being

disunited. The youngest brother broke all the sticks in no time. It was the time for the old man to advise

them. He addressed them thus, “My sons, you have seen that the sticks were strong when they were tied

together. They were weak when they were separate and disunited. In the same way, you will be strong and

powerful if you are united and nobody will dare harm you. But anyone can hurt you easily, if you get

separated and disunited.” The advice bore fruit. The sons never quarreled after that.

Morals: Union is strength

MORAL STORY 6: THE DOVE AND THE BEE Once upon a time, some honeybees had built their hive in the cluster of trees on the bank of a stream. They

were hardworking and diligent. They went from flower to flower, extracted nectar and converted it into the

honey. On a hot summer noon, bee felt very thirsty. She went to the stream to drink water. By an ill luck, she

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slipped and fell into the water. Her wings got wet and she could not fly rather she was about to be

drowned. A dove had also built her nest in those trees. She had laid eggs and was hatching them those

days. She saw her neighbor drowning. She took pity on her and decided to save her life. She plucked up a

leaf of a tree, held it firmly in her beak, came near the bee and dropped it on the surface of the water in

front of her. The bee got on it, at once. When her wings got dried up, she flew away happily saying, “I shall

be of some help to you some day.” One day, a hunter, roaming about in search of his prey, happened to

pass that way. She saw the dove brooding over the eggs. “There can be no better chance of hunting it. I

have been wandering about empty belly without any prey since morning,” he said and tried to aim at it. The

same bee saw her benefactor in trouble. “There can be no better opportunity to return the favour,” she

thought. She flew fast to the hunter and stung at his hand when he was about to pull the trigger of his

shotgun. The gun went off but the aim missed. It frightened the dove and she flew at once. The bee saved

the life of the dove as she had saved her life before.

Morals: As you sow, so shall you reap

Do good, have good

A friend in need, is friend indeed

MORAL STORY 7: THE JACKAL AND THE CAMEL

Once upon a time, there lived a jackal in a jungle across the river. There were fields of ripe melons on the

other side of the river. The jackal was hungry for the last many days. He could not cross the river because it

was deep and wide and the water in it was very swift and fierce. He went to a camel and requested him to

take to take him to the other side of the river. The camel agreed. At night, the jackal rode onto the back of

the camel and the camel waded through the river. When they reached the melon fields, the jackal began to

devour the ripe melons with relish. When he had eaten to his fill, he began to blow in jubilance. “What are

you doing?” said the camel. “It is my habit to howl after taking meals,” said the jackal. Hearing his voice, the

villagers rushed to the fields. The jackal ran and hid himself in the bushes. The villagers began to beat the

camel. The camel tried to escape the clutches of the cruel villagers, but he slipped and fell down. “It was the

voice of the jackal not that of the camel,” said the villagers and went away. After a short while, the camel

got up and decided to go back to his home. The jackal also came out from his hiding place and jumped

onto the back of the camel again. Now the camel was annoyed at the foolish act of the jackal. When he

reached the middle of the deep water of the river, he stopped at once. “What are you going to do, uncle?”

said the jackal. “It is my regular habit to take a bath after taking meals,” said the camel. Saying this, he dived

into the deep water. The jackal fell down. The stormy waves of the water swallowed and engulfed him.

Morals: Tit for tat


MORAL STORY 8: A STITCH IN TIME SAVES NINE Once upon a time, a fierce battle was being fought between the armies of two kings. A king wanted to send

some more instructions to the commander of his army. He chose a royal messenger whom he trusted fully.

He could make his horse run at a breakneck speed. The messenger also knew the seriousness of the

situation and wanted to act accordingly. He chose a horse, which was famed to run swiftest of all. However,

when he was about to set out on the journey, his companion said that a nail from the shoe of his horse was

missing. He should get it put on. The messenger said that he was in a hurry. Moreover, he was to go a few

miles and his horse could take him so for easily. Saying this, he galloped his horse at once. On the way, all

the nails from the shoe went off one by one and the shoe fell down. He was trying to make his horse run

faster and faster. However, the horse could run no longer. He said to himself, “What an ill-luck! The horse is

not running as fast as I want to make it run. If I miss the message, the king will be annoyed and sentence

me to death.” Soon the horse got dead tired. It fell down on the ground with a thud and was dead. The

rider was also injured. He began to run on foot as fast as he could. When he reached near the destination,

he was informed that their army had been defeated due to the non-delivery of latest orders to the

commander. In saving a few moments, he had lost many hours. Morals: A stitch in time saves nine

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Grammar: Narration (Direct/Indirect)

Reporting Speech She said, “I am doing my homework.” Reported Speech

Direct Speech

The first way of reporting the speaker’s words is called Direct Speech. While doing this we have reproduced

the exact words of the speaker and put them in inverted commas.

Example: She said, “I am doing my homework.”

Indirect Speech

The second way of reporting what the speaker had said is called Indirect Speech. While doing this we have

made the different changes in the sentence explained next.

Example: She said that she was doing her homework.

1. Elimination of Inverted Commas:

i. In the indirect speech, the commas are omitted.

ii. A small letter replaces the capital letter of the first word of the reported speech.

DIRECT: Najma says, “The fat dog is barking.”

INDIRECT: Najma says that the fat dog is barking.

2. Changing of pronouns:

Pronouns of first and the second person changes into the third person. However, if the person

addressed reports the speech, second person changes into first.

DIRECT: You said to Zain, “I would be happy to welcome you in my house.”

INDIRECT: You told Zain that you would be happy to welcome him in your house.

3. Changing of some words:

WORD to WORD

this → that

now → then

here → there

thus → so

today → that day

tonight → that night

tomorrow → the next day

yesterday → the day before

last night → the night before

ago → before

4. The following twelve rules help you in changing narration of sentences.

RULE 1: When the reporting speech is in Present or future tense then the following changes takes place:

i. Reported speech is remain unchanged

ii. Change of pronouns.

iii. Adding of conjunction that.

DIRECT: He says, “I work hard.”

INDIRECT: He says that he work hard.

RULE 2: When the reporting speech is in past tense then the reported speech is changed as follow:

i. Present Indefinite → Past Indefinite

DIRECT: He said, “I work hard.”

INDIRECT: He said that he worked hard.

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ii. Present Continuous → Past Continuous

DIRECT: He said, “I am working hard.”

INDIRECT: He said that he was working hard.

iii. Present Perfect → Past Perfect

DIRECT: He said, “I have worked hard.”

INDIRECT: He said that he had worked hard.

iv. Present Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous

DIRECT: He said, “I have been working hard since morning.”

INDIRECT: He said that he had been working hard since morning.

v. Will/Shall → Would/Should

DIRECT: He said, “I will work hard.”

INDIRECT: He said that he would work hard.

RULE 3: When the reported speech is already in past tense then it is changed as follow:

i. Past Indefinite → Past Perfect

DIRECT: He said, “I worked hard.”


ii. Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous

DIRECT: He said, “I was working hard.”

INDIRECT: He said that he had been working hard.

iii. Past Perfect → No Change

DIRECT: He said, “I had worked hard.”


iv. Past Perfect Continuous → No Change

DIRECT: He said, “I had been working hard since morning.”

INDIRECT: He said that he had been working hard since morning.

RULE 4: When the reported speech is Yes/No Question then following changes take place:

i. Said is changed into asked.

ii. Question mark is removed.

iii. Change of pronouns.

iv. Conjunction that is not added.

v. If or whether is added.

vi. The question statement is changed according to the rule 1, 2 and 3 as simple sentence.

DIRECT: He said, “Do I work hard?”

INDIRECT: He asked if he worked hard.

RULE 5: When the reported speech is Wh- Question (starting from what, who, whom, whose, why, how…)

then following changes take place:

i. Said is changed into asked.

ii. Question mark is removed.


iv. Conjunction that is not added.

v. Wh- word is not removed.

vi. The question statement is changed according to the rule 1, 2 and 3 as simple sentence.

DIRECT: He said, “What is the time?”

INDIRECT: He asked what the time was.

RULE 6: When the reported speech is imperative sentence that is starting from verb then following changes

take place:

i. Said is changed into ordered, commanded, proposed, told, requested, begged, appealed...

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ii. Conjunction that is not added.


iv. To is added.

DIRECT: He said her, “Do your work.”

INDIRECT: He ordered her to do her work.

RULE 7: When the reported speech is imperative sentence that is starting from the word “Let…” then

following changes take place:

i. Said is changed into suggested.

ii. Conjunction that is added.


iv. Let is removed and should is added.

DIRECT: He said, “Let us do our work.”

INDIRECT: He suggested that we should do our work.

RULE 8: When the reported speech is exclamatory sentence with interjection then following changes take

place:

i. Said is changed into exclaimed with ... according to the condition explained by

interjection.



iv. Interjection is removed.

v. Exclamation Mark is removed.

vi. The exclamatory sentence is changed according to rule 1, 2 and 3 in simple sentence.

DIRECT: He said, “Alas! We lose the match.”

INDIRECT: He exclaimed with sorrow that they lost the match.

RULE 9: When the reported speech is exclamatory sentence without interjection then following changes

take place:

i. Said is changed into exclaimed with ... according to the condition explained by sentence.



iv. Exclamation Mark is removed.

v. How is removed.

vi. The exclamatory sentence is changed according to rule 1, 2 and 3 in simple sentence.

DIRECT: He said, “How lucky I am!”

INDIRECT: He exclaimed with wonder that he was lucky.

RULE 10: When the reported speech is universal truth then following changes take place:

i. Conjunction that is added.

ii. Sentence remained unchanged.

DIRECT: He said, “Greed is curse.”

INDIRECT: He said that greed is curse.

RULE 11: When the reported speech is optative statement then following changes take place:

i. Said is changed into prayed.



iv. May is changed into might.

v. The sentence is changed in simple sentence.

DIRECT: He said, “May God help me.”

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INDIRECT: He prayed that God might help him.

RULE 12: When the reported speech is wishing statement then following changes take place:

i. Said is changed into wished.



iv. Would is removed.

v. The sentence is changed in simple sentence according to rule 1, 2 and 3.

DIRECT: He said, “Would that I had won the prize.”

INDIRECT: He wished that he had won the prize.

Grammar (Conditional Sentences) All the conditional type sentences have following structure:

If Clause , Result Clause

There are three types of conditional sentences, as given;

(I) Conditional Type I (for Future)

• Structure:

If + Simple Present Tense , Simple Future Tense

OR

Simple Future Tense No comma If + Simple Present Tense

• Example:

If it rains, I shall stay inside.

(II) Conditional Type II (for impossible tasks, unfulfilled wishes) • Structure:

If + Past Tense/ Were , Would / Past Form

OR

Would / Past Form No comma If + Past Tense/ Were

• Example:

If he were alive, we would be happy.

If he worked hard, he would succeed.

(III) Conditional Type III (for possible tasks in past)

• Structure:

If + Had + Third form of verb , Would Have + Third form of verb

OR

Would Have + Third form of verb No comma If + Had + Third form of verb

• Example:

If it had rained, the crops would have been better.

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Grammar (Pair of Words) SET 01: SIMPLE

1. Able Capable

2. Accept Except

3. Accede Exceed

4. Access Excess

5. Adapt Adopt

Adept

6. Advice Advise

7. Affect Effect

8. Altar Alter

9. Amiable Amicable

10. Angel Angle

11. Bale Bail

12. Ballot Ballet

13. Bare

Bear Bear

14. Beat Beet

15. Berth Birth

16. Born Borne

17. Break Brake

18. Bridal Bridle

19. Cast Caste

20. Cease Seize

21. Cell Sell

22. Cloth Clothe

23. Coma Comma

24. Cool Cold

25. Council Counsel

26. Course Coarse

27. Cue Queue

28. Diary Dairy

29. Dear Deer

30. Devise Device

31. Dew Due

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32. Die Dye

33. Discover Invent

34. Dose Doze

35. Dual Duel

36. Eligible Illegible

37. Eminent Imminent

38. Excite Incite

39. Fain Feign

40. Feat Feet

41. Fair Fare

42. Farmer Former

43. Farther Further

44. Flea Flee

45. Flour Floor

46. Foul Fowl

47. Gate Gait

48. Glass Gloss

49. Great Grate

50. Hair Hare

Here

51. Heir Ere

Air

52. Hale Hail

53. Heal Heel

54. Hew Hue

55. Idol Ideal

Idle

56. Lawyer Liar

57. Lesson Lessen

58. Lion Loin

59. Loose Lose

60. Lovable Lovely

61. Meat Meet

62. Metal Mettle

63. Minor Miner

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64. Moral Morale

65. Naughty Knotty

66. Oar Ore

67. Pail Pale

68. Pain Pane

69. Piece Peace

70. Plan Plain

Plane

71. Popular Populous

72. Pore Pour

73. Practice Practise

74. Pray Prey

75. Profit Prophet

76. Quiet Quite

77. Rain Reign

Rein

78. Right Rite

Write

79. Ring Wring

80. Role Roll

81. Root Route

Rout

82. Sale Sail

83. Sore Sour

Soar

84. Sole Soul

85. Story Storey

86. Steal Steel

87. Tale Tail

88. Team Teem

89. Vain Vein

90. Waste Waist

91. Weak Week

92. Yoke Yolk

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SET 02: IMPORTANT

1. Adverse Averse

2. Affection Affectation

3. Allusion Illusion

4. Apposite Opposite

5. Artist Artisan

6. Ascent Assent

7. Vocation Vacation

8. Beach Beech

9. Beside Besides

10. Beneficial Beneficent

11. Calendar Calender

12. Canon Cannon

13. Canvas Canvass

14. Ceiling Sealing

15. Cemetery Symmetry

16. Childish Childlike

17. Cite Site

Sight

18. Compliment Complement

19. Confident Confidant

20. Continual Continuous

21. Corporal Corporeal

22. Corpse Corps

Crops

23. Credible Creditable

Credulous

24. Deceased Diseased

25. Defer Differ

26. Dependant Dependent

27. Descent Dissent

Decent

28. Draught Drought

29. Economic Economical

Economics

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30. Empty Vacant

31. Envelop Envelope

32. Envious Enviable

33. Expect Hope

34. Facility Felicity

35. Fatal Fateful

36. Gaol Jail

Goal

37. Gentle Genteel

38. Graceful Gracious

39. Hammer Hamper

40. Hanged Hung

41. Historic Historical

42. Hoard Herd

Horde

43. Home House

44. Honorary Honourable

45. Human Humane

46. Imaginary Imaginative

47. Impassable Impossible

48. Imperial Imperious

Impervious

49. Industrial Industrious

50. Ingenuous Ingenious

51. Judicious Judicial

52. Later Latter

Letter

53. Loath Loathe

54. Marry Merry

55. Main Mane

56. Medal Meddle

57. Memorial Memorable

58. Momentary Momentous

59. Official Officious

60. Pair Pare

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61. Patrol Petrol

62. Persecute Prosecute

63. Politic Politics

64. Prescribe Proscribe

65. Principal Principle

66. Respectful Respectable

67. Sensible Sensitive

68. Shade Shadow

69. Social Sociable

70. Stationary Stationery

71. Tenor Tenure

72. Urban Urbane

73. Verbal Verbose

74. Way Weigh

Weight

SET 03: ADVANCED

1. Abstain Refrain

2. Addition Edition

Audition

3. Admission Admittance

4. Afflict Inflict

5. Alternate Alternative

6. Apprehend Comprehend

7. Apprehension Comprehension

8. Ascend Descend

9. Assent Dissent

10. Attain Obtain

11. Audible Edible

12. Attention Intention

13. Aural Oral

14. Award Reward

15. Baleful Baneful

16. Baron Barren

17. Benefactor Beneficent

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18. Beneficial Beneficiary

19. Block Bloc

20. Blood Bleed

21. Bow Bough

22. Breath Breathe

Breadth

23. Broadcast Telecast

24. Casual Causal

25. Censer Censor

Census Consensus

26. Censure Criticize

27. Ceremonial Ceremonious

28. Cloak Clock

29. Comprehensive Comprehensible

30. Considerable Considerate

31. Contemptible Contemptuous

32. Criticize Satirize

33. Data Date

34. Dearness Dearth

35. Decided Decisive

36. Deface Efface

37. Defective Deficient

38. Deflate Inflate

39. Defy Deify

40. Deny Refuse

41. Destination Destiny

42. Desirous Desirable

43. Difference Deference

44. Disability Inability

45. Discovery Invention

46. Disinterested Uninterested

47. Disburse Disperse

48. Effective Efficient

49. Empire Umpire

50. Essay Assay

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51. Exceptionable Exceptional

52. Exclude Include

53. Famous Infamous

Notorious Notable

54. Fate Faith

55. Fiction Faction

56. Find Fined

57. Feed Food

58. Formally Formerly

59. Forward Foreword

60. Gamble Gambol

61. Ghastly Ghostly

62. Gilt Guilt

63. Healthy Healthful

64. Hole Whole

65. Humiliate Humiliation

Humility

66. Illicit Elicit

67. Illusion Delusion

68. Illiterate Ignorant

69. Immigrant Emigrant

70. Increase Decrease

71. Intelligent Intelligible

72. Intolerable Intolerant

73. Lightning Lightening

74. Luxuriant Luxurious

75. Mail Male

76. Majority Minority

77. Mean Mien

78. Message Massage

79. Negligent Negligible

80. Observation Observance

Observatory

81. Ordinance Ordnance

82. Pat Pet

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83. Pattern Patron

84. President Precedent

Precedence

85. Precede Proceed

86. Proof Prove

87. Personal Personnel

88. Quality Quantity

89. Recourse Resources

90. Remind Recall

Recollect

91. Respect Respectful

Respectable

92. Rightful Righteous

93. Seam Seem

94. Scene Seen

95. Sailor Seller

96. Safe Save

97. Sensual Sensuous

98. Scent Sent

99. Sew Sow

100. Severely Strictly

101. Shall Shell

102. Shear Sheer

103. Simple Simpleton

104. Soot Suit

Suite

105. Spacious Specious

106. Stair Stare

107. Straight Strait

108. Statue Statute

109. Temporary Temporal

110. Tire Tyre

111. Tore Tour

112. Unwanted Unwonted

113. Voice Vice

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114. Vale Vail

Veil Wail

115. Veracity Voracity

116. Virtual Virtuous

117. Wander Wonder

118. Willful Willing

119. Wine Vine

SET 04: MORE ADVANCED

1. Absolute Obsolete

2. Amend Emend

3. Ant Aunt

4. Assume Presume

5. Altogether All together

6. Appraise Apprise

7. Avenge Revenge

8. Ball Bawl

9. Bad Bade

10. Brawn Brown

11. Breach Breech

12. Bury Berry

13. Cattle Kettle

14. Cautious Conscious

15. Consecutive Successive

16. Contagious Contiguous

Infectious

17. Collision Collusion

18. Contest Context

19. Convey Convoy

20. Corpse Carcass

21. Cough Cuff

22. Degree Decree

23. Dam Dame

24. Desert Dessert

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25. Deprecate Depreciate

26. Deliverance Delivery

27. Definite Definitive

28. Delightful Delicious

29. Enable Unable

30. Engage Indulge

31. Expansive Expensive

32. Expansion Extension

33. Elusive Illusive

34. Emerge Immerge

35. Exhausting Exhaustive

36. Expression Impression

37. Factitious Fictitious

38. General Journal

39. Gap Gape

40. Insure Ensure

Assure

41. Lend Borrow

42. Latitude Lassitude

43. Mantel Mental

44. Marshal Martial

45. Maid Made

Mad

46. Mare Mere

Mayor

47. Moat Mote

48. Notable Noticeable

49. Naval Navel

50. Novel Novel

51. Obligation Obligatory

52. Palace Place

53. Prophecy Prophesy

54. Physic Physique

55. Queer Quiver

56. Quire Choir

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57. Raise Raze

58. Rare Rear

59. Rest Wrest

Wrist

60. Rob Robe

61. Sculptor Sculpture

62. Sever Severe

63. Solitude Solicitude

64. Stimulant Stimulus

65. Stop Stay

66. Some Sum

67. Son Sun

68. Spear Spare

69. Sport Support

70. State Stately

71. Super Supper

72. Sweat Sweet

73. Tamper Temper

74. Tone Tune

75. Treat (n.) Treat (v.)

76. Trail Trial

77. Through Thorough

78. Union Unity

Unison

79. Unite Untie

80. Visible Visual

81. Waive Wave

82. Ware Wear

83. Whole Hole

84. Wreak Wreck

85. Wreath Wreathe

86. Yarn Yearn

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