F OOD : A F UNDAMENTAL I NGREDIENT I N T HE H ISTORY OF H UMANITY taken from An Edible History of...

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FOOD: A FUNDAMENTAL INGREDIENT IN THE HISTORY OF HUMANITY taken from An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage CS110 Microcomputer Project - Chiara Cervini – December 2013

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Transcript of F OOD : A F UNDAMENTAL I NGREDIENT I N T HE H ISTORY OF H UMANITY taken from An Edible History of...

Page 1: F OOD : A F UNDAMENTAL I NGREDIENT I N T HE H ISTORY OF H UMANITY taken from An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage CS110 Microcomputer Project.

FOOD: A FUNDAMENTAL INGREDIENT IN THE HISTORY OF HUMANITY

taken from An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage

CS110 Microcomputer Project - Chiara Cervini – December 2013

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Contents

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There are many ways to look at the past…

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…as a list of important dates

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As a conveyor belt of kings and queens...

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As a series of rising and falling empires

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or as a narrative of political, philosophical or technological progress.

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It is possible to observe history from another point of view, less conventional maybe, but likewise significant for humanity…

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…and that is through

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Food: Agent of Change

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… It has acted as a catalyst of social

transformation and

organization through,

Throughout history, food has done

more than just provide sustenance …

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Geopolitical Competition

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Industrial Development

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Military Conflict

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… and

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Economic Expansion

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Food’s first transformative role

acted as a foundation for entire

civilizations.

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Agriculture: Aggregation

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The adoption of agriculture

made

new settled lifestyles possible

and set mankind on the path to the modern world.

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From hunting and gathering

to

Farming in a

continuous way.

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First Stable Civilizations

Page 23: F OOD : A F UNDAMENTAL I NGREDIENT I N T HE H ISTORY OF H UMANITY taken from An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage CS110 Microcomputer Project.

First Staple Crops

Wheat MaizeMillet

Barley Rice Potatoes

Page 24: F OOD : A F UNDAMENTAL I NGREDIENT I N T HE H ISTORY OF H UMANITY taken from An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage CS110 Microcomputer Project.

The staple crops that supported the first civilizations, i.e.

• barley and wheat in the Near East

• millet and rice in Asia

• maize and potatoes in the Americas,

were not simply discovered by chance.

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Crop SelectionThe first Genetic Engineers were farmers.

Page 26: F OOD : A F UNDAMENTAL I NGREDIENT I N T HE H ISTORY OF H UMANITY taken from An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage CS110 Microcomputer Project.

Instead, they emerged through a

complex process of

co-evolution,

as desirable traits were selected and propagated by early farmers.

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New Species

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New Tools

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New Processes

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New Social Organization

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Political, economic and religious structures of ancient societies were based upon the systems of food production and distribution

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The

production of …

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Agricultural food surpluses and…

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Development of Communal Food Storage and …

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Food Conservation

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Fostered…

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Political Centralization

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Agricultural fertility rituals developed into

state religions

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FOOD became a means

of …

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Payment and taxation

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Power

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Influence and display of status

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Food-trade routes acted as

international communication networks

Page 44: F OOD : A F UNDAMENTAL I NGREDIENT I N T HE H ISTORY OF H UMANITY taken from An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage CS110 Microcomputer Project.

and fostered cultural and religious

exchange

Page 45: F OOD : A F UNDAMENTAL I NGREDIENT I N T HE H ISTORY OF H UMANITY taken from An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage CS110 Microcomputer Project.

compiled the first attempts at

world maps

Early Geographers

Page 46: F OOD : A F UNDAMENTAL I NGREDIENT I N T HE H ISTORY OF H UMANITY taken from An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage CS110 Microcomputer Project.

The European desire to circumvent the

Arab Spice Monopoly

Page 47: F OOD : A F UNDAMENTAL I NGREDIENT I N T HE H ISTORY OF H UMANITY taken from An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage CS110 Microcomputer Project.

led to …

Page 48: F OOD : A F UNDAMENTAL I NGREDIENT I N T HE H ISTORY OF H UMANITY taken from An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage CS110 Microcomputer Project.

First Colonial Outposts

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And later on to…

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Imperialism

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Industrial Revolution

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Plantations: Sugar and Potatoes

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Sugar: West Indies

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Europe: Potatoes

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Sugar

and

potatoes

provided cheap sustenance for the workers in

the new factories

of the industrial age.

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Potatoes became a staple food.

Compared to cereal crops, they produced more calories per given area of land.

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Groundnut in shell

Lentils Potato Rice, paddy Sweet potatoes Wheat

Calories(kcal/m2-crop)

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1845: Great Irish Potato Famine

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Food and War

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The use of FOOD as a

weapon of

war

is timeless.

Page 61: F OOD : A F UNDAMENTAL I NGREDIENT I N T HE H ISTORY OF H UMANITY taken from An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage CS110 Microcomputer Project.

In Europe, Napoleon’s

rise and fall was

intimately connected…

…with his ability to

FEED his vast armies.

Page 62: F OOD : A F UNDAMENTAL I NGREDIENT I N T HE H ISTORY OF H UMANITY taken from An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage CS110 Microcomputer Project.

Ideological Weapon

Artificial Famine

was used during the

Cold War between

capitalism and communism.

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The Green Revolution

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Green Revolution

Norman BorlaugGeneticist

Wins the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970

Page 65: F OOD : A F UNDAMENTAL I NGREDIENT I N T HE H ISTORY OF H UMANITY taken from An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage CS110 Microcomputer Project.

o Increase per hectare crop yields of wheat, corn, and rice

Creates new hybrid varieties

Objective: Food Security

o Facilitate harvest through mechanization.

Norin 10 Dwarf Wheat

Hybrid rice

Green Revolution

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Industrial Agriculture

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19%

19%

11%

10%

9%

6%

5%

4%3%3%

Agrochemical Industry% Market Share

Bayer (Germany)

Syngenta (Switzerland)

BASF (Germany)

Dow AgroSciences (USA)

Monsanto (USA)

DuPont (USA)

Makhteshim Agan (Israel)

Nufarm (Australia)

Sumitomo Chemical (Japan)

Arysta Lifescience (Japan)

Companies

Source: Agrow World Crop Protection News, August 2008

Page 68: F OOD : A F UNDAMENTAL I NGREDIENT I N T HE H ISTORY OF H UMANITY taken from An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage CS110 Microcomputer Project.

Industrial Livestock

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Intensive Agriculture

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$0 $200 $400 $600 $800 $1,000 $1,200

Potash Corp (Canada)

Yara (Norway)

Mosaic (USA) (Cargill has 55% stake)

Israel Chemicals Ltd. (Israel)

Agrium (Canada)

K+S Group (Germany)

Sociedad Quimica y Minera (Chile)

Fertilizer Industry2007 Net Income (US$ millions)

Intensive Agriculture

Source: Potash Corp, 2007

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Modern Food Debates

Page 72: F OOD : A F UNDAMENTAL I NGREDIENT I N T HE H ISTORY OF H UMANITY taken from An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage CS110 Microcomputer Project.

Taking a long-term historical perspective also provides a new way to illuminate

modern debates about food, such as…

Page 73: F OOD : A F UNDAMENTAL I NGREDIENT I N T HE H ISTORY OF H UMANITY taken from An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage CS110 Microcomputer Project.

The Globalization of Food

In modern times food has become a battlefield for other issues,

including trade and development

Page 74: F OOD : A F UNDAMENTAL I NGREDIENT I N T HE H ISTORY OF H UMANITY taken from An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage CS110 Microcomputer Project.

Sustainable Agriculture

Page 75: F OOD : A F UNDAMENTAL I NGREDIENT I N T HE H ISTORY OF H UMANITY taken from An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage CS110 Microcomputer Project.

OGM Yes, OGM No

Page 76: F OOD : A F UNDAMENTAL I NGREDIENT I N T HE H ISTORY OF H UMANITY taken from An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage CS110 Microcomputer Project.

Biofuel Yes

Biofuel No

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Food Poverty

Page 78: F OOD : A F UNDAMENTAL I NGREDIENT I N T HE H ISTORY OF H UMANITY taken from An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage CS110 Microcomputer Project.

16.8 %

0

40.4

50.9

0.04 0.04

% by Region

People Living on $1.25 Per Day

East Asia and Pacif ic Latin America and the Caribbean

South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa

Europe and Central Asia Middle East and North Africa

Food Poverty

Source: World Bank

Page 79: F OOD : A F UNDAMENTAL I NGREDIENT I N T HE H ISTORY OF H UMANITY taken from An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage CS110 Microcomputer Project.

Food Localism

Page 80: F OOD : A F UNDAMENTAL I NGREDIENT I N T HE H ISTORY OF H UMANITY taken from An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage CS110 Microcomputer Project.

Nutrition

Page 81: F OOD : A F UNDAMENTAL I NGREDIENT I N T HE H ISTORY OF H UMANITY taken from An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage CS110 Microcomputer Project.

Food’s historical influence can be seen all around us,

and not just in the kitchen, at the dining table or in the supermarket …

Page 82: F OOD : A F UNDAMENTAL I NGREDIENT I N T HE H ISTORY OF H UMANITY taken from An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage CS110 Microcomputer Project.

… food choices made in the past have had far-

reaching consequences, and have in unexpected

ways shaped the world in which we now live…

Page 83: F OOD : A F UNDAMENTAL I NGREDIENT I N T HE H ISTORY OF H UMANITY taken from An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage CS110 Microcomputer Project.

That food has been such an important ingredient in human affairs might seem strange, but it would be far more surprising if it had not.

Page 84: F OOD : A F UNDAMENTAL I NGREDIENT I N T HE H ISTORY OF H UMANITY taken from An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage CS110 Microcomputer Project.

After all, everything that every person has ever

done, throughout history, has literally been

fuelled by food.

Page 85: F OOD : A F UNDAMENTAL I NGREDIENT I N T HE H ISTORY OF H UMANITY taken from An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage CS110 Microcomputer Project.

The End


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