ORGANIZED JEWISH GROUP ACTIVITY IN 19TH

CENTURY MASSACHUSETTS;

A CHECK LIST RECORDING PURPOSES, YEARS OF EXISTENCE,

A LISTING OF PROMINENT INDIVIDUALS CONNECTED

WITH THE PROGRAM,

AS WELL AS EVENTUAL DISPOSITION WHEN KNOWN.

F ■it J5 B

Nathan Kaganoff, Martha Katz-Hyman, and Michael Strassfeld, eds.

Typescript manuscript prepared at the American Jewish Historical Society,

Waltham, Massachusetts, 1979.

| vols.

ORGANIZED JEWISH GROUP ACTIVITY IN 19™ CENTURY MASSACHUSETTS:

A CHECK LIST RECORDING PURPOSES, YEARS OF EXISTENCE,

A LISTING OF PROMINENT INDIVIDUALS CONNECTED WITH THE PROGRAM,

AS WELL AS EVENTUAL DISPOSITION WHEN KNOWN.

Nathan Kaganoff, Martha Katz-Hyman, and Michael Strassfeld, eds. American Jewish Historical Society, 1979.

TABLE OF CONTENTS [Prepared by Ellen Smith, May 2001]

[Title Page, missing]

Organization Page Introduction 1 Bibliography of Frequently Used Sources n.p. Index of Names [Back of Vol. 2, after p. 545 n.p.

Organizations by City: Boston 2 Brockton 12 Cambridge 12 Chelsea 12 Fall River 13 Fitchburg 13 Frarningharn 13 Great Barrington 13 Haverhill 14 Holyoke 14 Lawrence 14 Lowell 14 Lynn 15 Maiden 15 Millis 15 New Bedford 15 Newburyport 15 North Adams 16 Pittsfield 16 Quincy 16 Salem 16 Somerville 16

ORGANIZED JEWISH GROUP ACTIVITY IN 19™ CENTURY MASSACHUSETTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS, CONT.

Organizations by City, cont.

Springfield 16 Stoughton 17 Worcester 17

Newspaper and Book Advertisements (poor photocopies)

The Jewish Chronicle 17 History of the Jews of Boston and New England 17 The Boston Hebrew Observer 17

CJ

ORGANIZED JEWISH GROUP ACnVITY IN 19TH CENTURY MASSACHUSETTS

Boston

Organization Page

A. Shuman & Co. Beneficial Association 1 Acorn Club 2 Congregation Adas Yisroeil 3 [Page missing] [4] Adath Israel, org. 1854 5 Adath Israel, Hanover Street 1892 6 Adath Israel, Roxbury 7 Adath Jeshurun 8 Adelphi Literary and Debating Society 9

Agudah Leumit 10 Congregation Agudas Achim 11 Agudas Reim Anshei Zivil 12 Ahavas Acham 13 Cong. Ahavat Achim Anshai Sfard 14 Ahavath Achim Lodge #174, O.B.A. 15 Alpha Base Ball Club 16 Amateur Musical Club 17 American Committee for Ameliorating the Condition of the

Russian Refugees, Boston Branch 18 Amos Lodge #121,1.O.B.B. 19

Cong. Amuna Sedek Nusach Ari 20 Anche Wilno 21 Ansha Baltermanz, Russia 22 Anshai Austrian Cong. 23 Cong. Anshai Kiev 24 Cong. Anshe Lebawitz 25 Cong. Anshe Poland 26 Anshe Stonier 27 Cong. Anshe Vilkomerer Base Hatfilla 28 Anshe Zytomir 29

Anshey Dowig Assoc. 30 Cong. Ashkomas Aboker Anshai Lechovitz 31 Association Benoth Judah 32 Association Etz Chaim 33 Austrian Aid Society 34

Boston, cont. Organization Page

Austrian Buckovino Benefit Assoc. 35 Austrian Francis Joseph Benefit Assoc. 36 Austrian-Hungarian Benevolent Assoc. 37 Austrian Ladies Assoc. 38 Auxiliary Relief Branch of the Russian and Polish Jewish

Central Committee at Jerusalem 39

Bachelor Club 40 Banai Judah 41 Banded Brothers Mutual Benefit Assoc. 42 Cong. Baron Hirsch 43 Baron Hirsch Dispensary and Hospital 44 Bay State Literary Society 45 Bay State Lodge #56,1.O.S.B. 46 Bay State Lodge #62,1.O.F.S. of I. 47 Bay State Lodge #215, O.B.A. 48 Benai Israel Assoc. 49

Benay Sholom 50 Benos Israel 51 Benoth Israel Sheltering Home 52 Benoth Israel Society 53 Benoth Zion Educational Society 54 Cong. Beth Abraham 55 Cong, Beth David Anshai Sfard 56 Cong. Beth Eil 57 Beth Hamedrash Hagodel Le-Zecher Sir Moses Montefiore 58 Cong. Beth Hamidrash Sward 59

Beth Israel, org. 1849 60 Beth Israel, org. 1887 61 Cong. Beth Israel 62 Beth Israel Talmud Torah 63 Cong. Beth Jacob 64 Cong. Beth Yehudah 65 Bijou Social Club 66 B'nai Zion Circle of the Chatauqua 67 Bnai Zion Congress 68 B'nai Zion Educational Society 69

B'nai Zion Society 70 Bneith Miriam Lodge #18, O.B.A. 71 Bneith Rachel Lodge #25, O. B. A. 72 Boston Brother and Sister Dramatic and Operatic Assoc. 73

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Boston, cont. Organization Page

Boston Qothing Manufacturers Assoc. 74 Boston Daughters of Zion 75 Boston Dramatic and Aid Assoc. 76 Boston First Austrian Hungarian Benevolent Society 77 Boston Hebrew Business Men's Assoc. 78 Boston Hebrew Educational Assoc. 79

Boston Hebrew Grocers Protective Assoc. 80 Boston Hebrew Ladies Aid Assoc. 81 Boston Hebrew Observer 82 Boston Hebrew Painters Assoc. 83 Boston Hebrew Young Men's Star Assoc. 84 Boston Jewish Section Socialist Labor Party 85 Boston Lodge #55, Improved Order B'nai Brith 86 Boston Lodge #60, O.B.A. 87 Boston Lodge #80,1.O.S.B. 88 Boston Lodge #186,1.O B.B. 89

Boston Medical Society 90 Boston Pressman's Union 91 Boston Section of the National Council of Jewish Women, 1896 92 Boston Section of the National Council of Jewish Women, 1897 93 Boston Sheet Mental Workers Union 94 Boston Traders' Benefit Assoc. 95 Boston United Hand in Hand Assoc. 96 Boston Vest Pressman's Assoc. 97 Boston Workingmen's Benefit Assoc. 98 Boston Young Business Men's Assoc. 99

Der Bostoner Izraelit 100 Brighton Jewish Mutual Improvement Society 101 Brotherhood of Jagar Assoc. 102 Brothership of Birsen Assoc. 103

Cemetery Society 104 Charitable Burial Assoc. 105 Chebra Beney Jacob 106 Chebra Bikur Chaulim 107 Chebra Gemiloth Chesed 108 Chebra Har Moriah 109

Chevra Ahabath Achim 110 Chevra Ahawath Achoth 111 Chevra Kedusha 112

A Boston, cont

Organization Page

Chevra Shas 113 Chevra Shass Haklolis 114 Chevra Thilirn 115 Chova Zion 116 Chovevei Zion 117 Church Remembrance of Israel 118 City of Boston Lodge #63, Independent O.B.A. 119

Clio Club 120 Clito Club 121 Cloth, Hat and Cap Makers Union 122 Clover Whist Club 123 Commonwealth Lodge #50, O.B.A. 124 Commonwealth Lodge #81, Independent O.B.A. 125 Comus Qub 126 Cong, of Ohel Jacob 127 Criterion Charitable Assoc. 128 Criterion Dramatic Qub 129

Crown of Massachusetts Lodge, #245, O.B.A. 130 Daughters of Jacob 131 Daughters of Judah 132 Democratic Jews of the North End 133 Dorshei Zion No. 1 134 Dorshei Zion No. 3 135 Dorshei Zion No. 4 136 Dorshoth Zion Assoc. of Boston 137

East Boston Educational Qub 138 East Boston Ladies Gmilas Chased Assoc. 139 Educational Alliance 140 Cong. Ein Jacob 141 EH Goan Lodge #234, O.B.A. 142 Ellesmere Qub 143 Elysium Qub 144 Der Ernes 145 Entertaining Circle 146 European Young Men's Assoc. 147 Eva Lodge #4,1.O.S.B. 148 Eva Lodge #35, O.B.A. 149 Excelsior Qub 150

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Boston, cont. Organization Page

Federation of Jewish Charities 151 Fidelio Club 152 Fraternal Garment Workers Assoc. of Massachusetts 153 Free Employment Bureau 154 Free Hebrew School Assoc. 155 Free Mission 156

Gad El Lodge #71, Kesher Shel Barzel 157 Gaiety Qub 158 Gal-Ed Lodge #28,1.O.B.B. 159 German Independent Qub of Ward 19 160 Getomer Cong, of Boston 161 Golden Crown Lodge #49, O.B.A. 162 Golden Crown Lodge #57, O.B.A. 163 Golden Crown Lodge #250,1.O.B.A. 164 Golden Star Pleasure Qub 165 Grace Aguilar Lodge #7,1.O.S.B. 166 Grodno Cong. 167

Cong. Hadrath Kodesh 168 Hadrath Kodesh 169 Hand-in-Hand Assoc. 170 Hapisgoh 171 Harmonie Qub 172 Havas Hachim Anshai Koretz Assoc. 173 Haveth Achim 174 Hebrew Assoc. of Janauschek 175 Hebrew Building Trades Protective Assoc. 176 Hebrew Educational Institute 177 Hebrew Educational Soc. 178 Hebrew Emigrant Aid Society 179

Hebrew Free School of Roxbury 180 Hebrew Independent Assoc. 181 Hebrew Industrial School 182 Hebrew Ladies' Helping Hand Soc. 183 Hebrew Ladies Soc. of Roxbury 184 Hebrew Literary Society 185 Hebrew Master Bakers Assoc. 186 Hebrew Mutual Relief Soc. 187 Hebrew National Assoc. 188 Hebrew Ostre Marsho Assoc. 189

Boston, cont Organization Page

Hebrew Peddlers Assoc. 190 Hebrew Progressive Assoc. 191 Hebrew Progressive Lodge #177,1.O.B A. 192 Hebrew School (Talmud Tora) 193 Hebrew School for Girls 194 Hebrew Social Club 195 Hebrew Sound Money League 196 Hebrew Sporting Club 197 Hebrew Wolin Assoc. 198 Hebrew Women's Sewing Soc. 199

Hebrew Workingmen Assoc. 200 Hebrew Workmen's Benevolent Soc. 201 Helping Hand Temporary Home for Destitute Jewish Children 202 Hillson's Employees Relief Assoc. 203 Hirsch Club 204 House of Prayer 205 Hub Dramatic Club 206

Der Idisher Telegraph 207 Imbe Amol 208 Independent B'nai Wolin Assoc. 209 Independent Ladies Tailors and Dressmakers Union 210 Independent Order of American Hebrews 211 Independent Prenner Assoc. 212 Independent Sisters of Kurland Assoc. 213 Independent Wilkomer Benefit Assoc. 214 Independent Young Men's Assoc. of America 215 International Musical Qub 216

Israel K. Poznansky Lodge 217 Israel Lodge #154, O. B. A. 218 Der Izraelit 219

Jegar Sahadutha Lodge #27,1.O.B.B. 220 Jewish Carpenters' Union 221 The Jewish Chronicle 222 Jewish Dispensary for Women and Children 223 Jewish Herald 224 Jewish Opera and Dramatic Qub 225 Jewish Town Talk 226 The Jewish Watchman 227 Jolly Young Bachelors 228 Junior Section, Council of Jewish Women 229

Boston, cont. Organization Page

Cong. Keneseth Israel,, 1880 230 Cong. Keneseth Israel, 1887 231 Kerem Israel Associates 232 King David Assoc. 233 Kossuth Lodge #31,1.O.S.B. 234 Kurland Brotherhood 235 Kurleander Young Mens Social Club 236

Ladies' Educational Aid Society 237 Ladies Mutual Benefit Assoc. 238 Ladies North End Benevolent Assoc. 239 Leopold Morse Democratic Assoc. 240 Leopold Morse Home for Infirm Hebrews and Orphanage 241 Liberty Lodge #93,1.O.S.B. 242 Lithuania Society 243 Louisa M. Alcott Club 244 Lovers of Zion Society of East Boston 245

Cong. Machsikei Hadas 246 Massachusetts Lodge #27,1.O.B.B. 247 Massachusetts Lodge #150,1.O.S.B. 248 Men of Shepatofka Benefit Assoc. 249 Mendelssohn Verein 250 Mercantile Pedlers' Assoc. 251 Meretz Relief Assoc. 252 Messianic Assoc. 253 Minsker Brotherhood Assoc. 254 Mishkan Israel 255 Cong. Mishkan Shlomo Anshai Birsh 256 Mishkan Tefila 257 Montefiore Club 258 Montefiore Home and Aid Society of Boston 259

Mordecai Lodge #39,1.O.S.B. 260 Mosenthal Lodge #288,1.O.B.B. 261 Moses Mendelsohn Lodge #25,1.O.F.S. of I. 262 Moses Montifiore Young Men's Russian Assoc. 263 Mt. Sinai Cong. 264 Mt. Sinai Lodge #66,1. O.B.A. 265 Mutual Benefit Assoc. of the Men of Lida 266

National Educational Soc. 267 Nevah Zedeck 268 New Century Club 269

Boston, cont Organization Page

New England Lodge #179,1.O.S.B. 270 New England Progress Assoc. 271 New England Zionist Federation 272 Noemi Lodge #1, U.O.T.S. (Unabhangiger Orden Treuer Schwestern) 273 North and West End Hebrew Butchers Assoc. 274 North End Hebrew Benevolent Assoc. 275 North End Ladies Aid Assoc. 276 North End Talmud Torah Cong. 277

The Observers 278 Cong. Ohabei Shalom 279 Ohavi Sedek 280 [Cong. Ohel Jacob, see p. 127] Orang Relief Assoc. 281 Order of Good Luck 282 Ostro Ahvath Achim Assoc. 283

Pants Makers Union, Local 12 United Garment Workers of America 284 Pari-Passu Social Club 285 Peyser City Lodge #146,1.O.S.B. 286 Pinchas Lodge #116, Kesher Shel Barzel 287 Pinchas Lodge #187,1.O.B.B. 288 Praner Charitable Assoc. 289 Pride of Boston Lodge #48, O.B.A. 290 Pride of Boston Lodge #264,1.O.B.A. 291 Pride of Israel of Ansha Asheshok 292 Pride of Massachusetts Lodge #181, O.B.A. 293 Progress Club 294 Progress Cultural Club 295 Purim Assoc. of Boston 296 Purity of Boston Lodge #173, O.B.A. 297

Queen of Clubs 298

Rabbi Isaac Elchonon Lodge #154,1.O.B.A. 299 Reno Club 300 Roxbury Ladies' Aid and Fuel Society 301 Roxbury Mutual Society 302 Russian American Hussars of Boston Zionists 303 Russian Ladies Aid Association 304 Cong. Russian Sphard 305

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Boston, cont. Organization

St. Petersburg Assoc. 306 Sapotkin and Alinke Assoc. 307 Sashkover Untershtizung Ferain 308 Sfardis Cong. 309 Cong. Shaaray Tefila 310 Shara Cedek of the City of Boston 311 Sharai Jerusalem 312 Shari Zion 313 Cong. Shomre Beth Abraham 314 Shomre Israel Cong. 315 Cong. Shomre Shabbos 316 Sir Moses Montefiore Assoc. 317 Sisters of Rebecca Society 318 Sisters of Vecar Chaulim 319

Sisters Who Visit the Sick 320 Sistership of Birson Assoc. 321 Sixth Company, Infantry Mass. Provincial Militia 322 Skirt and Cloak Makers Union of Boston 323 Slavuta Aid Assoc. 324 Socialist Labor Party, Boston West End Section 325 Socialist Labor Party Campaign Club, Ward Eight 326 Society Vicur Choulim 327 Sons and Daughters of Zion 328 South Boston Hebrew Assoc. 329

South Boston Lodge #210,1.O.B.A. 330 South End Boston Lodge #226, O.B.A. 331 South End Hebrew Benevolent Assoc. 332 South End Hebrew Protective Assoc. 333 South End Hebrew School 334 South End Ladies Society Independent No. 1 335 Star Lodge, O.B.A. 336 Starlight Pleasure Club 337

Talent Social Club 338 Talmud Tora Hebrew Free School 339 Talmud Torah East Boston 340 Talmut Tora 341 Third District Independent Club 342 Tifareth Jacob Assoc. 343 Tifereth Israel, org. 1873 344 Tifereth Israel, org. 1893 345

Boston, cont. Organization Page

United Brethren Assoc. 346 United Brothers of Stawisht 347 United Cousins Assoc. 348 United Garment Workers of Boston 349 United Hebrew Benevolent Association 350 United Hebrew Orthodox Cong, of Boston 351 United Moath Chitim Assoc. 352 United Sisters of America 353 United Social Club 354 United Sphard Cong. 355 Unity Lodge #45, O.B.A. 356 Uriel 357 Utopian Club 358

Valkimier 359 Vestmakers Union, Local 69 United Garment Workers of America 360 Vilna Assoc. 361

WalMmir Beth Hamidrosh 362 Weil Dreyfus Club 363 Wendell Phillips Lodge #61, O.B.A. 364 West End Hebrew Educational Club of the Eighth Ward 365 West End Hebrew School 366 West End Ladies Aid Assoc. 367 Wilhelm E. Russel Lodge #223, O.B.A. 368 Wilno Ladies Somech Noflim Assoc. 369 Wirmisinunet Lodge #224, O.B.A. 370

Der Yidisher Sitizen 371 Y.M.O.ofLuck 372 Young Boy's Social Club 373 Young Ladies Hebrew Social Club 374 Young Ladies Social Club 375 Young Men's Cosmopolitan Social Club 376 Young Men's Hebrew Assoc, org. 1875 377 Young Men's Hebrew Assoc, org. 1882 378 Young Men's Hebrew Club 379 Young Men's Hebrew Political Club 380 Young Men's Hebrew Union 381 Young Men's Social of Boston 382 Young People's Aid Assoc 383 Young Women's Hebrew Charitable Assoc. 384 DiYudisheVelt 385 Der Yudisher Adler 386

Boston, cont. Organization Page

Zion Assoc. 387 Zion's Holy Prophet of Israel 388

Brockton

Assoc. Agudas Zion 389 United Brothers Sick Support Society 390

Cambridge

Cong. Anshai Sfard of Cambridge 391 Cambridge First Hebrew Cong. 392 Cambridge Hebrew Ladies Educational Society 393 Hebrew Women's Aid Society 394 House of Israel Assoc. 395

Chelsea

Cong. Agudas Hachim of Chelsea 396 Cong. Ahavath Esral 397 Ahaveth Achim Anshe Sphard 398 Cong. Beth Jacob 399 Chebra Kadisha of Chelsea 400 Chelsea Hebrew Charitable Loan Assoc. 401 Chelsea Hebrew Ladies Charity 402 Dorshei Zion No. 2 403 Dorshoth Zion 404 Forward Lodge #233 O.B.A. 405 Hebrew Ladies Charitable Assoc. 405 Helping Hand Sewing Circle 407 Independent Citizens' Club 408 Cong. Ohab Shalom of Chelsea 409 Paul Revere Lodge #168, O.B.A. 410

A

Q

Organization Page

Fall River

Adas Israel Synagogue 411 Agudas Israel of Fall River 412 American Brothers of Israel of Fall River 413 Cong, at Flint Village 414 Fall River Hebrew Women's Charitable Institution 415 Fall River Lodge #152,1.O.S.B. 416 Harmony Lodge #106,0.B.A. 417 Hebrew Citizens Protective Association 418 Hebrew Ladies Aid Association 419 Hebrew Literary Association 420 Hebrew Society 421 Hebrew United Brothers of Fall River 422 Hebrew Young Men's Educational Society 423 Jewish Church 424 Ladies' Educational Aid Society 425 Miskan Israel 426 United Sons of Israel of Fall River 427 Young Mens Hebrew American True Brothers Assoc. 428

Fitchburg

Cong. Agudath Achim of Fitchburg 429

Framingham

Congregation 430

Great Barrington

Joseph Eisner Camp Institute for Living Judaism 431

Organization Page

Haverhill

Children of Israel Cemetery Corporation Haverhill Hebrew Beneficiary Assoc. Haverhill Hebrew Cong. Haverhill Hebrew Synagogue Cong. Beth Jacob Hebrew Fraternal Aid Assoc. Socialist Labor Party, Jewish Section

432 433 434 435 436 437

Agudas Achim Anshei Rodfei Sholem Hebrew Citizens' Protective Assoc. Paper City Lodge #203, O.B.A.

Holyoke

438 439 440 441

Lawrence

Cong. Anshea Sfard Children of Abraham Company Cong, of the Sons of Israel Hebrew Ladies Benevolent Assoc. Lawrence City Lodge #225, O.B.A. Lawrence Hebrew Assoc. Queen Estha Assoc. of Lawrence Young Men's Hebrew Benefit Assoc. #1 of Lawrence, Mass.

442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449

Lowell

Bnai Israel Hebrew Educational Club of Lowell Israel Brotherhood of Lowell, Mass. Cong. Khilas Jacob Lowell Hebrew Independent Club Lowell Hebrew Independent Literary Club Montefiore Society Synagogue Samuel Lodge No. 511.O.F.S.I.

450 451 452 453 454

455 456 457

Organization Page

Lvnn

Ahawas Acham Cong. 458 Cong. Anshai Sfard of Lynn 459 Lynn City Lodge No. 1741.O.S.B. 460 Lynn Hebrew Benevolent Society 461 Lynn Hebrew Progress Club 462 Young Hebrew Social Club 463

Maiden

Charitable Burial Assoc. 464 Hebrew School 465

Millis

Cong. House of Jacob 466

New Bedford

Ahabath Achim Cong. 467 Bnei Israel 468 Hebrew Chased Shell Ernes of New Bedford 469 Hebrew School 470 Independent Hebrew Benevolent Assoc. of New Bedford 471 New Bedford Hebrew Benevolent Society 472 New Bedford Tifheres Israel Corp. 473

Newburyport

Cong. Ahawas Ahim 474

Organization Page

North Adams

Daughters of Israel Aid Society 475 House of Israel 476

Fittsfield

Abdullam Lodge No. 3261.O.B.B. 477 Anshe Amonim 478 Cong, of Russian Jews 479 Free Sons of Israel 480 Gathering of Israel (Knesses Israel) 481 Hebrew Sabbath School 482 Ladies' Hebrew Benevolent Society 483

Quincy

Cong. Ahavath Achim of Quincy, Mass. 484

Salem

Sons of Jacob of Salem, Massachusetts 485

Sommerville

Cong. Aghal Jacob of Somerville 486

Springfield

Beth Israel 487 Cong. Chovevei Zion of Springfield and Holyoke 488 Commonwealth Lodge #141,1.O.S.B. 489 Hampden Lodge No. 239 Independent Order Brith Abraham 490 Hebrew Educational League 491 Hebrew Ladies' Relief Association 492 Cong. Kesser Israel 493 Sons of Jacob Assoc. of Springfield 494 Springfield, Mass. Lodge No. 195, O.B.A. 495 Women's Zionist Society 496 Young Men's Hebrew Assoc. 497

Organization Page

Stoughton

Hebrew Benevolent Society of Stoughton 498

Worcester

Agoodas Oh-Him 499 Bikur Cholim 500 Bne Joseph Lodge No. 275 O.B.A. 501 Boston Hebrew Sheltering Home, Worcester branch 502 Daughters of Zion 503 Gemilath Chassodirn 504 Good Brothers 505 Hachnosis Orchirn 506 Hebrew Charity and Zion Assoc. 507 Hebrew Political Club 508 Ladies Hebrew Aid and Literary Society 509 The Maccabees 510 Maccabees' Zion Branch 511 Ohavei Zion 512 Peter Cooper Lodge, I.O.S.B. 513 Sons of Abraham 514 Sons of Israel 515 Tower of Truth 516 United Hebrew Charities 517 Worcester Hebrew Benevolent Society 518 Worcester Hebrew Gmiled Chased Society 519 Worcester Lodge No. 47 I.O.S.B. 520 Worcester Lodge No. 118 I.O.B.A. 521 Worcester Lodge No. 212 O.B.A. 522 Worcester Workers Educational Assoc. 523 The Young Girls' Hebrew Assoc. 524 Young Men's Hebrew Assoc. 525

Newspaper and Book Advertisements (photocopied, difficult to read)

The Jewish Chronicle 526 History of the Jews of Boston and New England 539 The Boston Hebrew Observer 541