Extra Practice

Auxiliary Verbs 2

IntroductionYou are likely to be tested on your knowledge of auxiliary verbs in Parts 2 and 5 of Paper 3 Use of English.

This unit will look at the auxiliary verbs used in structures that express obligation and permission.

Must/have to'Must' is used when the speaker has authority, 'have to' when the authority is external to the speaker. Example: Keys must be left at reception. (receptionist)You have to leave your keys at reception. (one guest to another)

Needn't have/didn't need to'Didn't need to' is used to show that something wasn't necessary and so wasn't done. 'Needn't have' is used to show that something was done unnecessarily.Example:We didn't need to make a reservation. We knew it would be empty.Look! The train's empty! We needn't have made a reservation.

Should/ought to'Should' and 'ought to' express obligation in the sense of communicating strong advice. Example:You should take these tablets every day before meals.You ought to see a doctor about that cough.

Can/may/could'Can', 'may' and 'could' are all used to give and ask for permission. 'Be allowed to' is used to express permission on a particular occasion, not 'could'.Example:I couldn't/wasn't allowed to stay up late when I was younger.I was allowed to retake the exam after they discovered I was ill. You won't be allowed to get in without wearing a tie.

Levels of formalityThere are many other words and expressions used to express obligation and permission, many of which offer a formal equivalent to the more neutral modal verbs. Example: You don't need to come in tomorrow. Have a day off. (Informal)It is not necessary to attend the session as participation is voluntary. (Formal)Auxiliary verbs >> Part 2: Open ClozeReminder: Part 2 consists of a short text which has 15 gaps. For each gap you have to add the missing word.

Example:

He ........ to do well in life as he's always been confident in his abilities.

Answer: 'ought'

Auxiliary verbs >> Part 5: Key Word TransformationsReminder: You have to complete a second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using a given word. In the exam you must use between three and six words.

Example:

They reserved a seat on the train but then discovered it was empty.NEEDThey .......... a seat on the train as it was empty.

Answer: 'needn't have reserved'

Complete the following sentences with one word only.

1. You ........ have to tell us before the 17th if you want to join the course.2. Your car ........ washing. It looks a real mess!3. We must ........ an answer before the end of the week or your application will be cancelled.4. I didn't mind arriving two hours before departure to check in but ........ have to wait another two hours because of delays was ridiculous.5. You ........ pay us a visit the next time you're in town. I insist.

1. Will 2. needs 3. have 4. to 5. must

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given.

1. It was a waste of time using the alarm clock as I woke up early.SETI .................... the alarm clock as I woke up early.

2. Don't feel you have to come to the presentation.ATTENDThere is no .................... the presentation.

3. You park your car on our premises at your own risk.TAKEThe company does .................... cars parked on its premises.

4. It is advisable that sufferers of back pain rest for a period of time.EASYIf your back is hurting you .................... for a while.

1. need not have set, needn't have set 2. obligation to attend, need to attend 3. not take responsibility for, n't take responsibility for 4. should take it easy, ought to take it easy

Auxiliary Verbs 2


This unit will look at the auxiliary verbs used in structures that express levels of possibility.

Expressing possibility The following modal auxiliary verbs are used to express varying levels of possibility:

+ -

certain will won't

must can't/couldn't

should/ought to shouldn't

may may not

not certain might/could might not

You can use these verbs to talk about levels of possibility in the past by adding the perfect infinitive ('have' + past participle) and the future by adding will.Example:It can't have been Tom who called. He's away on business.There's the phone. That'll be Steve.

It is possible to add certain adverbs to expressions containing modal verbs. Example:Hannah surely wouldn't have done that without asking first.The teacher may well have forgotten the exam was today.

When expressing degrees of possibility there are several informal alternatives to the more neutral modal verb structure:Example:You're bound to do well in the exam. You have worked so hard all year.It's odds on that he'll be late. He always is.There's no way I'm going to have time to catch the train.It's a fair bet that he'll invite you to the party.There's a fair chance that he'll get the job. She's more than likely to want to go to an Italian restaurant as she loves the food so much.

Auxiliary verbs >> Part 2: Open ClozeReminder: Part 2 consists of a short text which has 15 gaps. For each gap you have to add the missing word.

Example:

You won't ........ heard the news of their engagement as they only announced it yesterday.

Answer: 'have'

Auxiliary verbs >> Part 5: Key Word TransformationReminder: You have to complete a second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using a given word. In the exam you must use between three and six words.

Example:

There's a good chance we'll see Tom at the party tonight.FAIRIt ........... we'll see Tom at the party tonight

Answer: 'is a fair bet'.


1. You can't ........ finished already. You've hardly touched your food.

2. You can't ........ expect me to lend you that much money!

3. They may ........ have got lost, which would explain why they're late.

4. This won't ........ the right way to John's. It's not at all familiar.

5. They ought ........ be there by now. They're probably unpacking as we speak.

1. have 2. really, honestly, seriously 3. well 4. be 5. to


1. Officials claim that there will probably be a train strike next week.MOREIt ......................................... that there will be a train strike next week.

2. The company say that their share prices will certainly increase this week.ODDSIt ......................................... that the company's share price will rise this week.

3. He will probably receive the price he is asking for the property. FAIRThere ......................................... that he will get the money he wants for the property.

4. I'm sure the weather will be better tomorrow than it has been today.BOUNDThe weather ......................................... better tomorrow than it has been today.

1. is more than likely, 's more than likely 2. is odds on, 's odds on 3. is a fair chance, 's a fair chance 4. is bound to be, 's bound to be

Auxiliary Verbs

IntroductionYou are likely to be tested on your knowledge of auxiliary verbs in Paper 3 Use of English Part 2.

In addition to their uses to create tenses, passives etc. auxiliary verbs can be used for other purposes:

Creating emphasis'do' is often used to emphasize statements.Example: 'I did remember our anniversary!'

EllipsisYou will often find auxiliary verbs used to avoid repeating words or expressions.Example:

A: 'Has John told Judy about the party?' B: 'He might have.'

Subjunctive 'be'Example:The manager insisted she be allowed to attend the meeting.I wish he were more reliable.

Have + object + infinitive/gerundExample: I had someone come round to have a look at our bathroom.Steve has his mother staying at the moment.

Have + object + past participleExample:I had my car repaired in that garage.We're having our bedroom redecorated next week.

Auxiliary verbs>> Part 2: Structural ClozeReminder: You will read a short text of around 200 words which has 15 gaps. For each gap you have to fill in the missing word.Example:He ........ like to keep people waiting before a meeting.Answer: 'does'


1. I'll pop round to see you when I ......... It will depend on when I finish work.2. If you ........, I'd appreciate a little help with this question.3. You ........ look worried. What on earth is the matter?4. I didn't like many subjects when I was at school but I ........ like art.5. The school is being inspected at the moment and then next week they are ........ a visit from the local Chamber of Commerce. 6. I hate this time of year. I wish our weather ........ more like southern European countries. 7. Should you ........ interested in taking up our offer please get in touch at your earliest convenience. 8. We ........ the builders in all last week and have only just managed to get the house clean and tidy again.

1. can 2. can, could 3. do 4. did 5. having 6. were, was 7. be 8. had

Auxiliary Verbs 2


This unit will look at the auxiliary verbs used in structures that express obligation and permission.

Must/have to'Must' is used when the speaker has authority, 'have to' when the authority is external to the speaker. Example: Tickets must be paid for in advance. (travel agent)You have to pay for your tickets in advance. (one customer to another)

Needn't have/didn't need to'Didn't need to' is used to show that something wasn't necessary and so wasn't done. 'Needn't have' is used to show that something was done unnecessarily.Example:I didn't need to do the test as I'd already done one.I needn't have spent all that time worrying about the exam. It turned out to be quite easy.

Should/ought to'Should' and 'ought to' express obligation in the sense of communicating strong advice. Example:You should phone Terry and find out how he is.We ought to be leaving now. I have to get up early in the morning.

Can/may/could'Can', 'may' and 'could' are all used to give and ask for permission. 'Be allowed to' is used to express permission on a particular occasion, not 'could'.Example:He couldn't/wasn't allowed to stay out late when he lived with his parents.Our daughter was allowed to join the group even though she wasn't old enough.

Levels of formalityThere are many other words and expressions used to express obligation and permission, many of which offer a formal equivalent to the more neutral modal verbs. Example: You don't need to worry about making a reservation. (Informal)It is not necessary to make a reservation. (Formal)Auxiliary verbs >> Part 2: Open ClozeReminder: Part 2 consists of a short text which has 15 gaps. For each gap you have to add the missing word.

Example:

We'll ........ to get this job done before we go home tonight.

Answer: 'need/have'

Auxiliary verbs >> Part 5: Key Word TransformationsReminder: You have to complete a second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using a given word. In the exam you must use between three and six words.

Example:

They reserved a seat on the train but then discovered it was empty.NEEDThey .......... a seat on the train as it was empty.



1. I ........ have known he'd refuse to give me a lift into work. He's really selfish.

2. Do we have ........ take food with us on the trip or will we be stopping somewhere to eat?

3. Had he ........ allowed to enter the competition he would almost certainly have done well.

4. You ........ have to make up your mind soon if you want to come on the trip as tickets are selling out quickly.

5. By all means help each other with the project but you ......... write up our findings individually.

1. should, might 2. to 3. been 4. will, 'll 5. must, should


1. Parents have to watch over their children in the play area.RESPONSIBILITYIt .................... parents to supervise their children in the play area.

2. You don't have to buy the product if you don't want to.UNDERYou .................... to purchase the product.

3. You shouldn't leave your things lying around at the airport, no matter what.BELONGINGSUnder .................... be left unattended.

4. People applying for the job need to speak a foreign langauge.REQUIREMENT.................... that applicants for the post speak a foreign language.

1. is the responsibility of 2. are under no obligation 3. no circumstances should belongings 4. It is a requirement

Auxiliary Verbs 2


This unit will look at the auxiliary verbs used in structures that express levels of possibility.

Expressing possibility The following modal auxiliary verbs are used to express varying levels of possibility:

+ -

certain will won't

must can't/couldn't

should/ought to shouldn't

may may not

not certain might/could might not

You can use these verbs to talk about levels of possibility in the past by adding the perfect infinitive ('have' + past participle) and the future by adding 'will'.Example:You can't have seen that film yet. It hasn't been released.Take your coat. It will be cold outside.

It is possible to add certain adverbs to expressions containing modal verbs. Example:

It won't really be that busy in town, will it?The timetable may well have been changed and nobody told us.

It is important that these adverbs appear in the correct position in a sentence, a point that should be noted when doing the Part 3 Error correction exercise. See the example below.

When expressing degrees of possibility there are several informal alternatives to the more neutral modal verb structure:Example:He's bound to turn up late. He always does.It's odds on they'll win as they've been playing so well recently.There's no way he'll come to my going-away party as we don't get on.It's a fair bet that the bank will agree to your request for a loan.It's more than likely that it will rain later so why don't you take an umbrella?

Auxiliary verbs >> Part 2: Structural ClozeReminder: Part 2 consists of a short text which has 15 gaps. For each gap you have to add the missing word.

Example:

It shouldn't ........ long before we start to see better results from our retail outlets

Answer: 'be'

Auxiliary verbs >> Part 5: Key Word TransformationReminder: You have to complete a second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using a given word. In the exam you must use between three and six words.

Example:

There's a good chance we'll see Tom at the party tonight.FAIRThere ........... we'll see Tom at the party tonight

Answer: 'is a fair chance'.


1. That won't ........ anyone for me on the phone. Nobody knows I'm here.

2. Alek can't have ........ feeling very well yesterday as he doesn't usually take time off work.

3. According to the timetable the bus ought ........ be here soon.

4. Our teacher ........ can't be expecting us to do all that homework in one evening.

5. Terry should ........ finished the decorating by now. Why don't you call him to see if we can have a look?

1. to 2. been 3. to 4. really, seriously, surely 5. have


1. She won't be thinking of leaving as they've only just offered her a big pay rise.WAY......................................... she's thinking of leaving as they've only just offered her a big pay rise.

2. Anna probably decided to stay at home rather than come out on such a cold night.MOREIt ......................................... that Anna decided to stay at home rather than come out on such a cold night.

3. The match will probably end in a draw. FAIRIt ......................................... that the match will end in a draw.

4. I think Sam will do well in the examination.GOODThere ......................................... that Sam will do well in the examination.

1. There is no way, There's no way 2. is more than likely, 's more than likely 3. is a fair bet, 's a fair bet 4. is a good chance, 's a good chance

Auxiliary Verbs & Modal Verbs

IntroductionYou are likely to be tested on your knowledge of the auxiliary verbs 'be', 'do' and 'have' and modal verbs like 'must', 'should' and 'need' in Paper 3 Use of English. In addition to the use of auxiliary verbs in the construction of tenses you should also be aware of their use in the following:

Giving emphasis

Example 'I do like your hair!'

Substitution

Example: A: 'Do you think John will be there?' B: 'He might be'

Passives:

Example: 'Not to be consumed past its sell-by date'

Causative

Example: I'd love to have a top hairdresser style my hair.

Auxiliary verbs>> Part 2: Open ClozeReminder: You will read a short text of around 200 words which has 15 gaps. For each gap you have to fill in the missing word.

Example:

Knowing Peter, he'll ........ sitting at home with his feet up watching the TV now.

Answer: 'be'

Modal verbs>> Part 5: Key Word TransformationsReminder: You have to complete a second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using a given word. In the exam you must use between three and six words.

Example:

They reserved a seat on the train but it was empty.NEEDThey .......... a seat on the train as it was empty.



1. The car isn't that fast but it ........ have a very luxurious interior.

2. I ........ just put the dish into the oven when I remembered that Sam wasn't going to be here for dinner.

3. He worked really hard before the exam and at no time ........ he feel he would fail.

4. I'd like to ........ someone come and look at our washing machine. It isn't working properly.

5. She is said to have ........ born to a poor peasant family and was later adopted by a wealthy industrialist.

6. By the time we get back home this holiday will ........ cost a fortune!

1.does 2. had 3. did 4. have 5. been 6. have


1. I recommend seeing a doctor.OUGHTYou .................... a doctor.

2. They looked so happy I'm sure they were enjoying the party.MUSTThey .................... enjoying themselves at the party judging by the looks on their faces.

3. I've called a taxi so don't worry about giving me a lift. NEED There .................... give me a lift as I've called a taxi.

4. I expected you to phone if you were going to be late.SHOULDYou .................... if you were going to be late.

5. If your tooth doesn't get any better I'm afraid it's a trip to the dentist.WILLIf your tooth doesn't get any better I'm afraid you .................... go to the dentist

6. John passed his exam without doing any revision.NEEDJohn .................... do any revision.

1. ought to see 2. must have been, must've been 3. is no need to, 's no need to 4. should have phoned, should've phoned 5. will have to, 'll have to 6. did not need to, didn't need to

Collocation 1

IntroductionYou might be tested on your knowledge of collocation in Parts 1, 2, 4 and 5 of Paper 3 Use of English.

There are various types of collocation:

verb + nounExample: to drop a hintto pick an argument

verb + adverbExample:to drink heavilyto warmly welcome

noun + verbExample:the tide rises the sun sets

adjective + nounExample: a tricky questiona rapid response

This unit will look at verb + noun and verb + adverb collocations.

Collocation >> Part 1: Multiple Choice ClozeReminder: You will read a short text of around 200 words which has 12 gaps. For each gap you have to select the missing word from a choice of four (A, B, C or D).

Example:

The course in assertiveness really ........ his self confidence.A) jumped B) enlarged C) charged D) boosted

Answer: 'boosted'

Collocation >> Part 2: Open Cloze Reminder: You will read a short text of around 200 words which has 15 gaps. For each gap you have to fill in the missing word. Example:

He had ........ I8 months of a two-year prison sentence when he was released.

Answer: 'served'

Phrasal verbs >> Part 4: Gapped Sentences

Reminder: You are given 5 questions each containing three separate sentences with a gapped word in each. You have to supply one word which is appropriate in all three sentences.

Example:

Could you try not to .......... a mess before our visitors arrive.If they .......... me redundant I'll set up my own business.Whenever I'm in town I always .......... a point of visiting Gerry.

Answer: 'MAKE'.

Passive >> Part 5: Key Word Transformations

Reminder: You have to complete a second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using a given word. In the exam you must use between three and six words.

Example:

The players received their cards and the game began.DEALTThe players .......... and the game began.

Answer: 'were dealt the cards'.

Click on the answer A, B, C or D that completes each sentence.

1He is supposed to be ........ descended from aristocratic landowners who lived in the 17th century. precisely

exactly immediately directly

2The college is ........ steps to solve the problems of poor retention.

taking making doing placing

3He went to bed early and slept ........ for almost ten hours.

thoroughly powerfully soundly strongly

4Dieting is a question of ........ a balance between eating healthily and treating yourself to something special now and again.

striking hitting making creating

5She has always cared ........ about the welfare of animals and campaigned against animal experimentation.

passionately lovingly warmly emotionally

6He left the room and closed the door ........ behind him.

strongly firmly soundly stiffly

1. D 2. A 3.C 4.A 5.A 6.BComplete the following sentences with one word only.

1. He's a troublemaker and is always trying to pick a/an ........ with people.

2. The exhibition, whilst enjoyable, didn't really come up to .........

3. The rise in interest rates is partly to ........ for the lack of confidence in the housing market.

4. Following their brilliant perfomances in the last two games, the match between Italy and Brazil is eagerly ........ by all.

5. He's a nice person but we just don't ........ eye to eye on many issues.

6. His description ........ closely to that of the man the police are looking for.

1. fight, argument 2. expectations 3. blame 4.awaited 5.see 6.corresponds, corresponded

For questions 1-4, think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences.

1. There's no point losing your temper, just try and ........ your head.I'm not really happy about the company our children ........ at school.The team played terribly and just couldn't ........ possession of the ball.

2. No sooner had I ........ my breath than the coach told us all to start running again.I ........ the news headlines earlier and it seems there's going to be a rise in interest rates.The search team ........ sight of the climbers and immediately went to their rescue.

3. Senior management ........ a meeting to discuss the takeover bid.The trainer ........ the woman's head above water while she tried to float on her back.Despite a leg injury Lewis ........ the lead right up until the final lap.

4. At the beginning of the film the narrator ........ the scene very dramatically.I expect you to ........ an example to the younger children in the school.If we're careful we could just ........ fire to all that rubbish.

1. keep 2. caught 3. held 4. set


1) Both sides have made concessions in order to come to some form of agreement.COMPROMISEBoth sides .................... .

2 The work we've done this term is a good basis for the project next year.LAYSThis term's work .................... for the project next year.

3 Our daughter absolutely adores her auntieWORLDOur daughter .................... her auntie.

4 There's very little Adam doesn't know about the subject.INSIDEAdam knows .................... .

1. have reached a compromise, 've reached a compromise 2. lays the foundations, lays the foundation 3. thinks the world of 4. the subject inside out

Collocation 2


Unit 8 examined verb + noun and verb + adverb collocations. This unit gives practice in noun + verb and adjective + noun collocations:

noun + verbExample:the tide rises the sun sets

adjective + nounExample: a tricky questiona rapid response


Example:

We took Michael to the doctors as he had a ........ fever and a nasty cough.A) slight B) small C) little D) minor

Answer: 'slight'


The lottery is a sensitive ........ with him. He once had all the numbers but lost his ticket!

Answer: 'issue/subject'

Collocation >> Part 4: Gapped Sentences


Example:


Answer: 'MAKE'.

Collocation >> Part 5: Key Word Transformation


Example:




1.As the applause ........ down the band prepared to play their next song.

went died slowed calmed

2.It's a top-of-the-range saloon car and the engine ........ on diesel.

runs goes travels works

3.While I was living in Germany the opportunity ........ to teach in a local school.

surfaced appeared arose came

4.We really liked the house and made the owners a ........ offer.

firm hard stiff solid

5.They have a really difficult game ahead of them but I still think they have a ........ chance of getting a victory.

limited possible fighting struggling

6.Despite problems in manufacturing, unemployment is falling thanks to the growth of the ........ industry in the region.

selling service retail consumer

1. B 2. A 3.C 4. A 5.C 6.B


1. School ........ up next week for a four-week holiday.

2. They are a married couple, both in work, with a ........ income of about 30 thousand pounds.

3. Unfortunately, her plans to set up in business ........ through at the last moment due to financial problems.

4. Your seat belts should be ........ securely before take off.

5. The appeal of the President ........ in his ability to speak honestly to the people.

6. The ........ ingredients of a Spanish omelette are eggs and potatoes.

1. breaks 2. joint, combined 3. fell 4. fastened 5. lies 6. basic, main


1. I knew we were going out tonight for dinner so I just had a ........ meal earlier.The doctor told Carmen it would be OK to do some ........ exercise, but nothing too strenuous.There was a ........ breeze coming off the sea which cooled us all down.

2. One of the things I loved about Athens were the ........ air cinemas.The college has an ........ day next week for people to go in and have a look around.It's an ........ secret that Adam and Tania are planning to get married.

3. I had someone on the phone earlier giving me the ........ sell about a new computer system they've developed.Could you send a ........ copy of the document in the post as well as one by email.The man was sentenced to three years ........ labour for his involvement in the plot to overthrow the president.

4. Keith's never been very good at ........ talk and always seems to run out of things to say.Always read the ........ print before signing any contracts.Latest statistics show that ........ businesses are finding the current economic climate quite difficult.

1. light 2. open 3. hard 4. small


1. Katie stormed off angrily when she found out she hadn't got the job.WENTWhen she discovered she hadn't got the job Katie .................... huff.

2. I had to come home early from holiday as I'd spent all my money.RUNI had to cut short my holiday as my .....................

3. The audience really had a good laugh at the comedian's act.ROAREDThe audience .................... at the comedian's act.

4. He wasn't at all interested in passing and when he left the exam his paper was completely empty.BLANKHe wasn't at all interested in passing and at the end of the exam he left .................... paper.

1. went off in a 2. money had run out 3. roared with laughter 4. a blank sheet of, a blank piece of

Collocation 1


There are various types of collocation:

verb + nounExample: to make a fussto have a break

verb + adverbExample:to sleep soundlyto sincerely hope

noun + verbExample:the wind blowsthe river flows

adjective + nounExample: a difficult decisiona simple solution


Example:

She ........ her mind and eventually decided to go to Spain for her holiday.A) altered B) changed C) differed D) mixed

Answer: 'changed'


If you don't need the file any longer you can simply ........ it from your computer.

Answer: 'delete'



Example:


Answer: 'MAKE'.



Example:




1You really ........ my feelings when you forgot all about my birthday

pained damaged injured hurt

2Make sure you ........ your fingers for me to wish me luck in the interview.

cross twist bend knot

3The fire burnt ........ for several minutes before finally going out.

strongly powerfully fiercely madly

4After the nurse had ........ my wound I was able to leave hospital.

dressed covered made placed

5The child held the sweet ........ in her hand, so that nobody else could take it.

tightly strongly powerfully energetically

6She was very keen to ........ the respect of her boss and didn't want to do anything that might make herself look unprofessional.

succeed win collect gather

1.D 2.A 3.C 4. A 5.A 6.B


1. After the disaster it took years for the lives of the people to ........ to normal.

2. You should have ........ your promise and done what you said you were going to do.

3. I wish you would remember to ........ the bed in the morning instead of leaving it all untidy.

4. He was arrested and fined for ........ the speed limit.

5. I'm surprised to hear you say he's shy as he has always ........ me the impression that he is full of confidence.

6. The children were told to ........ it in turns and to play with the toys.

1. return 2. kept 3. make 4. breaking, exceeding 5. given 6. take


1. Apparently the boss has just ........ his top about the poor sales results that have come in.He dropped the note and immediately it was ........ away in the wind.I think the fuse in the plug has ........ - the drill's not working.

2. After all these years it's still a good film and doesn't come across as at all ......... or old fashioned.That's the girl I ......... when I was university. Archeologists have ......... the coin to around the 2nd Century.

3. It's important for elderly people to ......... against infection when they're recovering from an illness. He let his ......... down in the third round and was knocked out.Two policemen were ordered to stand ......... over the prisoner whilst he was waiting to go into court.

4. I take my coffee ......... with two sugars please. You look as ......... as a sheet - are you OK?There has been growing signs of militancy amongst ......... collar workers over the past few months.

1. blown 2. dated 3. guard 4. white


1The ability of the new recruits was tested on the assault course.PACESThe new recruits .................... on the assault course.

2 In this career you need to be prepared to accept highs and lows. ROUGHYou have to learn to .................... in this career.

3 The press are being criticised for publishing stories which include sensitive government information. FIREThe press .................... for publishing stories which include sensitive government information.

4 I hope I can do what's needed in the new job.RISEI just hope I can .................... in the new job.

1. were put through their paces 2. take the rough with the smooth 3. are coming under fire, are under fire 4. rise to the challenge

Collocation 2


Unit 8 examined verb + noun and verb + adjective collocations. This unit gives practice in noun + verb and adjective + noun collocations:

noun + verb

Example:an opportunity arises school breaks up

adjective + nounExample: firm commitmentlse alarm


Example:

I try to do exercise on a regular .........A) foundation B) basis C) settlement D) footing

Answer: 'basis'

Collocation >> Part 2: Structural Cloze Reminder: You will read a short text of around 200 words which has 15 gaps. For each gap you have to fill in the missing word. Example:

These are the worst floods in ........ memory.

Answer: 'living'

Collocation >> Part 4: Gapped Sentences


Example:


Answer: 'MAKE'.

Collocation >> Part 5: Key Word Transformation


Example:




1We're making ........ progress with the renovation work and we should be able to move in soon. even

steady smooth flowing

2The candle ........ in the draft from the door as it was opened.

flickered twinkled sparkled flashed

3The minister was accused of having double ........, criticising workers for wanting large pay rises but then taking one himself.

beliefs values standards views

4There's a rumour ........ around the office that Helen is thinking of leaving the company.

spreading moving shifting creeping

5He took a ........ breath and then dived into the cold, icy water.

strong full deep hard

6After it has reached the boil, turn the temperature down and let the soup ........ for about 30 minutes. bubble

simmer ripple flow

1.B 2.A 3.C 4.A 5.C 6.B


1. In the ........ run I think we are going to have to seriously consider making staff redundant following the drop in sales.

2. I left the car ticking ........ while I went to pay for the newspaper and someone got in and drove away.

3. I like to keep up with ........ affairs and make sure I read a quality newspaper daily.

4. It will only take a week or so for the wound to ........ and there shouldn't be a visible scar.

5. The police have no firm ........ to prove the man was involved in the crime and may have to let him go free.

6. As pressure ...... on the Government to do something about the rising level of crime, the Prime Minister is expected to make a speech later this week.

1. long 2. over 3. current 4. heal 5. evidence 6. increases, mounts, grows


1. The sun ........ a lot later last month and the days were much longer.This jelly is taking a long time to ........ - I hope it's ready for the party.Have they........ a date yet for the wedding?

2. It was a bit of a ........ start but once the film got going I really enjoyed it.He's a very careful driver and rarely ventures out of the ........ lane on the motorway.I think my watch is ........ or it may have even stopped.

3. It was a very ........ contest and in the end there were only 2 points in it.I used to get a very ........ haircut before I decided to grow it long.He didn't have any ........ relatives and so he decided to leave his money to charity.

4. The athletes were called back after the second ........ start of the event.The witness gave a ........ account of what had happened leading up to the robbery and is likely to be arrested.The dentist warned me I'd be needing ........ teeth if I didn't take more care of my own.

1. set 2. show 3. close 4. false


1. I sat in the exam room and just couldn't think of anything to write.MINDMy .................... in the exam room and I couldn't think of what to write.

2. I'm not sure I want to work with that comapny now.THOUGHTSI am ..................... working with that company.

3. The decorators are just completing the last of the jobs in the room.FINISHINGThe decorators are just putting .................... the room.

4. He works in another city but it's close enough for him to travel to work each day.COMMUTINGHe works in another city but the office is .....................

1. mind went blank 2. having second thoughts about 3. the finishing touches to 4. within commuting distance

Conditionals

IntroductionYou might be tested on your knowledge of conditional structures in Part 2 and 5 of Paper 3 Use of English.

Tenses are often used to express varying degrees of 'distance', whether it be in terms of time, or in terms of what we perceive to be fact (real or possible) and non-fact (unreal or unlikely/impossible). Conditional structures refer to factual or non-factual hypothetical situations and can be used in any of the following forms:

a) zero conditionals to describe a general truth or fact. (no tense shift)Examples:He loses his temper so easily if things don't go to plan.Provided you've finished your homework you can watch the TV.

b) first conditionals to describe a probable future result given a certain situation (no tense shift)Examples:If he doesn't arrive soon we'll have to go without him.Provided you take things easy, you should recover quite quickly.

c) second conditionals to describe the possible result of a hypothetical situation. Because the situation is seen as less likely or improbable, a shift in tense takes place. Examples:If you were President of your country, what laws would you make?What book would you choose to keep if you were only allowed to keep one?

d) third conditionals to describe a hypothesis about the past. As it describes a situation in the past, the hypothesis is impossible and therefore a further shift in tense takes place.Examples:I would never have recognised you if you hadn't been pointed out to me.You wouldn't have hurt yourself if you had taken more care.

e) mixed conditionals to describe an impossible situation based on past and present time references. As with second and third conditionals, the past perfect is used when describing the past situation, the past tense to describe the present. Examples:If she had tried harder she would be finding her exams easier now.He wouldn't be playing for the team if he hadn't passed the medical.

Advanced pointsIn addition to 'if', note the following conditional links:I'll phone you later, unless I have to work late. I'll buy you the toy provided/providing you don't ask for anything else.Were I to win the lottery, I'd give up work immediately.Supposing we don't find the house. What shall we do?Whether we buy the house or not, we won't be able to move in for a while. No matter what you say I'll always love you.

Verb patterns >> Part 2: Open ClozeReminder: Part 2 consists of a short text which has 15 gaps. For each gap you have to add the missing word.

Example:

You won't keep your job ........ you start working a bit harder.

Answer: 'unless'

Verb patterns >> Part 5: Key Word Transformations


Example:

5. If you need any help please don’t hesitate to ask.ASSISTANCEIf .......... please don’t hesitate to ask.

Answer: 'I can be of any assistance'.


1. This neighbourhood would be alright if people ........ more tolerant of each other.

2. I do wish you ........ pay a little more attention to your work and try to make fewer mistakes.

3. Whether you like it or ........, you're coming on holiday with us, and that's final!

4. If I hadn't decided to study Spanish at college I probably wouldn't ........ teaching in Spain now.

5. I've got nothing to do for the next few hours so I'll give you a lift into town ........ you wish.

6. Call me tonight to let me know how things go with your interview, ........ if you don't get home till late.

1. were 2. would 3. not 4. be 5. if 6. even


1. I have this successful business just because I decided to resign from my job.HANDEDIf ......................................... my notice I wouldn't have this successful business.

2. So long as you try hard I'm sure you'll do well in the exams.MAKEProvided ......................................... I'm sure you'll do well in the exams.

3. Suppose we decide we aren't happy with the service - can we have our money back?CONCLUSIONShould ......................................... that the service is not up to standard can we claim a refund?

4. We can always go to the cinema next week if you change your mind. SECONDIf ......................................... we can always go to the next week.

1. I had not handed in, I hadn't handed in 2. you make an effort 3. we come to the conclusion, we reach the conclusion 4. you have second thoughts

Conditionals

IntroductionYou might be tested on your knowledge of conditional structures in Part 2 and 5 of Paper 3 Use of English.

Tenses are often used to express varying degrees of 'distance', whether it be in terms of time, or in terms of what we perceive to be fact (real or possible) and non-fact (unreal or unlikely/impossible). Conditional structures refer to factual or non-factual hypothetical situations and can be used in any of the following forms:

a) zero conditionals to describe a general truth or fact. (no tense shift)She works more creatively if she's part of a team.Provided you revise regularly I don't see any reason why you shouldn't pass the exam.

b) first conditionals to describe a probable future result given a certain situation (no tense shift)If we don't spend too much on this holiday, we'll have enough to have another later in the year.Provided you have the car regularly serviced, it should last a good few years.

c) second conditionals to describe the possible result of a hypothetical situation. Because the situation is seen as less likely or improbable, a shift in tense takes place. If you won the lottery, what would you do with the money? What person would you choose to meet if you were able to meet anyone?

d) third conditionals to describe a hypothesis about the past. As it describes a situation in the past, the hypothesis is impossible and therefore a further shift in tense takes place.They would never have won if they hadn't changed the team around at half-time.We might have got there quicker if you had used a map.

e) mixed conditionals to describe an impossible situation based on past and present time references. As with second and third conditionals, the past perfect is used when describing the past situation, the past tense to describe the present. If she had tried harder before, she would be finding her studies easier now.I wouldn't be teaching now if I hadn't been introduced to the profession by a friend.

Advanced pointsIn addition to 'if', note the following conditional links:I'm not going out shopping, unless this rain stops. I'll help you with your work provided/providing you let me watch TV after.Were I to be President, I'd reduce the number of hours people have to work.Supposing/Imagine you get the job. How will you travel there?Whether you visit Kelly or not, you should at least call to find out how she is. No matter how busy he is, he's always polite and well-mannered.

Verb patterns >> Part 2: Open ClozeReminder: Part 2 consists of a short text which has 15 gaps. For each gap you have to add the missing word.

Example:

If I ........ known you were coming I would have made something to eat.

Answer: 'had'

Verb patterns >> Part 5: Key Word Transformations


Example:

5. If you need any help please don’t hesitate to ask.ASSISTANCEIf .......... please don’t hesitate to ask.

Answer: 'I can be of any assistance'.


1. Just ........ you win the competition. What will be the benefit to your business?

2. No ........ how hard I work I still never seem to be able to get everything done.

3. The champions are so much stronger than their opponents that they should win ........ if the captain doesn't play.

4. We wouldn't ........ having this argument now if you had done what I'd asked you to do.

5. We won't be able to take Sally to the party ........ we can cancel another engagement.

6. I don't care ........ you like it or not, you're not eating sweets 5 minutes before your dinner.

1. imagine, suppose 2. matter 3. even 4. be 5. unless 6. whether, if


1. I only found out Mary had got married because I met her by chance in town.INTOIf ......................................... Mary in town I'd never have discovered she had got married.

2. If you don't take me in your car I won't be able to visit mum.UNLESSI won't be able to visit mum ......................................... a lift.

3. Even if we do go to the party, we'll still have to leave early.WHETHER......................................... not, we'll still have to leave early.

4. He said he would not think again about leaving unless he had a good chance of being promoted.LINEHe said he would reconsider leaving provided he ........................................ promotion.

1. I had not bumped into, I hadn't bumped into 2. unless you give me 3. Whether we go to the party or 4. was in line for

Confusing Structures

IntroductionYou might be tested on your knowledge of confusing structures in Part 2 of Paper 3 Use of English.

'as' versus 'like'Both 'as' and 'like' can be used to make comparisons. 'As' is a conjunction and therefore is followed by a clause, while 'like' is followed by a noun.Example:Stop acting like a fool and get on with your work. He decided to become a teacher, as his elder brother had always been.

'used to' versus 'be/get used to''used to + infinitive' describes a habit in the past. 'be used to + gerund' means to be accustomed to whilst 'get used to + gerund' means the process of becoming accustomed to.Example: I used to play a lot of football when I was younger.I've been living in England for 6 months now but I'm still not used to driving on the left.I'm slowly getting used to working in the new department.

'a little/few' versus 'little/few''a little' and 'a few' are both positive expressions that mean 'some'. 'Little' and 'few' are negative and mean 'not much' or 'not many'. Example:There are a few sweets in the box. Help yourself!There are few places in the world I'd rather be than on the beach in the South of France.

'to have something done' versus 'to have done something'The causative structure 'have something done' means to get someone to do something. This compares to 'to have done something' which is an active statement. Example:I had completed the exercise when I went out.I had the work completed by another building company.

'except (for)' versus 'besides''except for' means 'apart from', whereas 'besides' means 'as well as'.Example:Besides the money she earnt from her full-time job she also received royalties on a book she had written.She didn't get any money except the allowance she received from the government.

'didn't need to' versus 'needn't have''didn't need to' refers to something that was unnecessary and may or may not have been done. 'needn't have' refers to something which was not necessary but which was done.We didn't need to pay for the meal as the company had already settled the bill.We needn't have bothered doing all that homework. The teacher didn't turn up!

Confusing structures >> Part 2: Open Cloze Reminder: You will read a short text of around 200 words which has 15 gaps. For each gap you have to fill in the missing word. Example:

I ........ to live on a farm until my parents relocated to the city.

Answer: 'used'


1. I had a wonderful time at my grandfathers, ........ I always did when I went to stay with him. (as/like)

2. I want a suit ........ that one we saw in the shop earlier. (as/like)

3. Do you think you'll have ........ used to the new prices by the time the shop opens to customers?

4. There were ........ few students in class that we almost got one-to-one tuition!

5. We had ........ little time on our hands before the train arrived so we went to have a coffee.

6. I had ........ my hair done earlier that day and didn't want to get caught in the rain.

7. I don't eat any meat ........ chicken, which I probably have about twice a week.

8. It was really kind of you to take me into town but you needn't ........ put yourself out.

1. as 2. like 3. got 4. so 5. a 6. had 7. except 8. have

Confusing Structures

IntroductionYou might be tested on your knowledge of confusing structures in Part 2 of Paper 3 Use of English.

'as' versus 'like'Both 'as' and 'like' can be used to make comparisons. 'As' is a conjunction and therefore is followed by a clause, while 'like' is followed by a noun.Example:Stop looked like somebody I used to work with. He moved to London, as his brother had done the year before.

'used to' versus 'be/get used to''used to + infinitive' describes a habit in the past. 'be used to + gerund' means to be accustomed to whilst 'get used to + gerund' means the process of becoming accustomed to.Example: I used to visit my grandmother every weekend.I've been learning French for 2 years but I'm still not used to pronouncing many of the most basic words.I'm slowly getting used to living in our new house.

'a little/few' versus 'little/few''a little' and 'a few' are both positive expressions that mean 'some'. 'little' and 'few' are negative and mean 'not much' or 'not many'. Example:There are a few people in the shop but it's quite quiet.There are few people who could do as good a job as her.

'to have something done' versus 'to have done something'The causative structure 'have something done' means to get someone to do something. This compares to 'to have done something' which is an active statement. Example:He had posted the report when he noticed the spelling mistakes.I had the letter posted by my secretary.

'except (for)' versus 'besides''except for' means 'apart from', whereas 'besides' means 'as well as'.Example:Besides the people who live next door, we're also inviting the lady across the road to the housewarming party.Nobody came to the party except my close relatives.

'didn't need to' versus 'needn't have''didn't need to' refers to something that was unnecessary and may or may not have been done. 'needn't have' refers to something which was not necessary but which was done.We didn't need to take an umbrella as we were getting a taxi.We needn't have taken an umbrella as it didn't rain.

Confusing structures >> Part 2: Open Cloze Reminder: You will read a short text of around 200 words which has 15 gaps. For each gap you have to fill in the missing word. Example:

He ........ to work as a fireman when he was younger.

Answer: 'used' is one possible answer


1. I needn't ........ set the alarm clock last night as I didn't get to sleep at all.

2. ........ the money she gets from the royalties of a book she once wrote, she earns a small wage working as a private teacher. (Besides/Except)

3. He responded just ......... I'd expected he would and became angry and on the defensive. (as/like)

4. I don't think I'll ever ........ used to living in the country. I really miss our town house.

5. There were ........ few rooms available at the holiday resort that we had to take different hotels.

6. Having ........ our house valued by a local estate agent and discovered that it isn't worth as much as we'd thought, we've decided not to move after all.

7. We didn't invite anyone to the wedding ........ our closest relatives. (besides/except)

8. He worked as a miner in the coal industry, ........ his father and his great grandfather before him. (as/like)

1. have 2. Resides 3.as 4. get 5. so 6. had 7. except 8. like

Conjunctions

IntroductionYou are likely to be tested on your knowledge of conjunctions to show concession and contrast in Part 2 of Paper 3 Use of English.

ConjunctionsThough/Although/Even though/Much as ....., .........., though/although/even though/much as .....Despite (the fact that) ....., ...../....., despite (the fact that) .....In spite of (the fact that)....., ...../....., in spite of (the fact that) ..... Example: Although I didn't feel well, I went to work.Much as we like having visitors, we were looking forward to having a quiet weekend alone.He refused to cook dinner, even though his wife was feeling tired.

..... However/Yet/Even so, .....

..... Nevertheless, .....

....., but nevertheless, .....Example:I'd never eaten Chinese food before. However/Nevertheless I really liked it.I'd never eaten Chinese food before, but nevertheless, I really liked it.

In contrast to ....., ...../In contrast, .......... On the contrary, .....Example:In contrast to last year, when we did nothing to the garden, this year we have been really busy.Most people think he's a shy person. On the contrary, he's actually quite an extrovert.

Concession >> Part 2: Open ClozeReminder: Part 2 consists of a short text which has 15 gaps. For each gap you have to add the missing word.

Example:

He was very busy finishing off a report. ........ he offered to help me with my work.

Answer: 'However', or 'Nevertheless'


1. ........ as I wanted to buy the shirt, I knew I needed to save my money.

2. I know you're leaving the company this month, but even ........ , you should be a little more committed to your work.

3. We went to the conference even ........ it meant we would have to take several days off work.

4. I found the book a bit slow at first, but ........ I finished it and must say I really enjoyed it.

5. In ........ to initial fears that the captain would be unfit, he actually played superbly.

6. In ........ of early nerves, the students gave a wonderful performance in the school play.

1. much 2.so 3. though 4. nevertheless 5. contrast 6. spite

Conjunctions: Cause and Effect

IntroductionYou are likely to be tested on your knowledge of cause and effect structures in Parts 2 and 5 of Paper 3 Use of English.

Cause As/Because/Since ....., .......... as/because/since .....Ex: 'As the game was cancelled we decided to go to the cinema.'Ex: 'We decided to go to the cinema since the game was cancelled.'

On account of/Owing to ....., .........., on account of/owing to .....On account of/Owing to the fact that ....., .........., on account of/owing to the fact that .....Ex: Owing to the record number of subscribers to the course we have had to create a second group.Ex: The Government decided to introduce new legislation on account of the fact that they were being heavily criticised in the newspapers.

Effect..... Consequently/So/Therefore .......... and consequently/so/therefore .......... resulted in ...../..... led to .....Ex: The driver was not paying attention to oncoming traffic. Consequently, he was not prepared when the other driver pulled out.

..... so/such ..... that .....Ex:The car had been so well repaired that you couldn't tell it had been in an accident.Ex: It was such a surprise that he almost fainted.

Cause and effect >> Part 2: Open ClozeReminder: Part 2 consists of a short text which has 15 gaps. For each gap you have to add the missing word.

Example:

It was ........ a surprise to see him standing there that I called everyone out to see.

Answer: 'such'

Cause and effect >> Part 5: Key Word TransformationsReminder: You have to complete a second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using a given word. In the exam you must use between three and six words.

Example:

Share prices have increased due to the fact that the company has done better than expected.CONSEQUENCE.......... better than expected, share prices have increased.

Answer: 'As a consequence of doing'


1. We'll be taking on more workers this year ........ to the fact that we have seen expansion in the market.

2. I therefore feel justified in requesting an increase in my overdraft facilities on ........ of my history of good financial management.

3. It was ........ a difficult exercise I had to ask a colleague for help.

4. I had to take a day off work yesterday ........ of personal problems at home.

5. She's been given promotion as a ........ of having passed her accountancy exams.

6. The teacher's strike that took place yesterday led ........ thousands of students having the day off school.

1. owing, due 2. account 3. such 4. because 5. result, consequence 6. to

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. Use between three and six words.

1. Because they were union members several employees in the company were sacked.accountSeveral employees in the company were sacked .................... union members.

2. It was such a poor turnout on the first night that the organisers decided to cancel any further shows.dueThe organisers decided to cancel any further shows .................... there had been such a poor turnout on the first night.

3. Because waters are getting warmer some fish stocks are suffering.resultSome fish stocks are suffering .................... waters.

4. Because he was able to do first aid her life was saved.consequenceHer life was saved .................... being able to do first aid.

5. To avoid causing confusion I think we need to explain the policy clearly.asI think we need to explain the policy clearly so .................... confusion.

6. We all feel much healthier having kept to this new diet.resultedKeeping to this new diet has .................... feeling much healthier.

1. on account of being, on account of them being 2. due to the fact that, due to the fact 3 as a result of warmer. 4. as a consequence of him 5. as not to cause, as to avoid 6. resulted in us all

Conjunctions

IntroductionYou are likely to be tested on your knowledge of conjunctions to show concession in Part 2 of Paper 3 Use of English.

ConcessionThough/Although/Even though/Much as ....., .........., though/although/even though/much as .....Example: Although she was injured, she played very well.Much as I like cooking, I prefer to go out for a meal.We went ahead with the party, even though a few people couldn't make it.

..... However/Yet/Even so, .....

..... Nevertheless, .....

....., but nevertheless, .....Example:He hadn't worked that hard during the year. However/Nevertheless on the day he did really well.He hadn't worked that hard during the year, but nevertheless, on the day he did really well.I know you didn't want to visit your in-laws. Even so, you could at least have tried to enjoy yourself!

Concession >> Part 2: Open ClozeReminder: Part 2 consists of a short text which has 15 gaps. For each gap you have to add the missing word.

Example:

The economy is going through a difficult period. ........., we expect things to improve over the next 12 months.

Answer: 'however, or nevertheless'


1. We still haven't heard anything from John, ........ though we left a message on his answer phone.

2. I've been working as a journalist for 10 years now and ........ I still wake up each morning excited by the day to come.

3. I know you're feeling a bit ill but even ........, you should at least try to go into school.

4. Understandable ........ your criticisms are, we are unfortunately not in a position to offer you a refund.

5. It has been a difficult year for the company but ........, we have managed to emerge with a healthy cash flow.

6. Try ........ I might, I just couldn't answer the questions on the exam paper.

1. even 2. yet 3. so 4. though 5. nevertheless 6. as

Conjunctions: Cause and Effect

IntroductionYou are likely to be tested on your knowledge of cause and effect structures in Parts 2 and 5 of Paper 3 Use of English.

Cause As/Because/Since ....., .......... as/because/since .....Ex: 'As you've finished could you do me a favour and help me?'Ex: 'The company will not be taking on more workers since orders are not coming in for their products in sufficient numbers.'

On account of/Owing to ....., .........., on account of/owing to .....On account of/Owing to the fact that ....., .........., on account of/owing to the fact that .....Ex: Owing to reasons beyond our control, we are unable to bring you this evening's performance.Ex: We will not be offering a business English course this term on account of the fact that very few students are interested in doing it.

Effect..... Consequently/So/Therefore .......... and consequently/so/therefore .......... resulted in ...../..... led to .....Ex: Builders will be demolishing a property in the high street. Consequently, the road will be closed for the day.

..... so/such ..... that .....Ex:I've been so busy that I didn't notice the time.Ex: It was such a lovely holiday that we've decided to go again next year.

Cause and effect >> Part 2: Open ClozeReminder: Part 2 consists of a short text which has 15 gaps. For each gap you have to add the missing word.

Example:

I was ........ angry at the way they'd treated me that I decided to write a letter.

Answer: 'so'

Cause and effect >> Part 5: Key Word TransformationsReminder: You have to complete a second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using a given word. In the exam you must use between three and six words.

Example:

Share prices have increased due to the fact that the company has done better than expected.CONSEQUENCE.......... better than expected, share prices have increased.

Answer: 'As a consequence of doing'


1. The growth in manufacturing industries has ........ to an increase of almost 25,000 jobs this year.

2. We've been seeing a lot of Joanne recently due to the ........ she is working in a local shop.

3. University applications have risen this year on ........ of the better-than-average exam results.

4. There has been ........ a demand for the new toys this Christmas that many shops have completely run out.

5. As a ........ of rising days lost through staff sickness the company has decided to review its absenteeism policy.

6. I've been ........ busy this week finishing off the project I have barely seen anything of my family.

1. led 2. fact 3. account 4. such 5. result, consequence 6. so

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. Use between three and six words.

1. Peter has been appointed Deputy Manager because of his efforts in increasing company profits.resultedPeter's efforts in increasing company profits .................... appointed Deputy Manager.

2. To avoid being charged interest customers should pay off credit card bills quickly.asCustomers are advised to pay off credit card bills quickly .................... charged interest.

3. Because of a rise in water levels extra flood defences were needed.consequenceExtra flood defences were needed .................... water levels.

4. British people work longer hours and so have less time to spend with the family.resultBritish people spend less time with their family .................... longer working hours.

5. Food prices had increased to such an extent that demonstrations took place.dueDemonstrations took place .................... food prices had increased considerably.

6. Because the student was consistently missing lessons he was sent a warning letter.accountHe was sent a warning letter .................... missing lessons.

1. have resulted in him being 2. so as not to be 3. as a consequence of rising, as a consequence of a rise in 4. as a result of working 5. due to the fact, due to the fact that 6. on account of consistently, on account of him consistently

Determiners

IntroductionYou are likely to be tested on your knowledge of determiners in Parts 2 and 5 of Paper 3 Use of English.

Determiners are one of the most frequent types of word in the English language and you should have a good understanding of their meaning and how they fit in a sentence. Here are some of the most common determiners:a, an its one this all little our thoseany many some whatboth more such whicheach most that yourfew much theher my theirhis no these

The exam is likely to test you on your knowledge of the difference in meaning and usage of similar words.

Examplefew x a fewThere have been few teams in the world better than Brazil. (not many)There are a few sweets left in the box. (some)

You will also be tested on your knowledge of determiners in set expressions.

Example:There were no fewer than 450 people at our wedding!Try to relax before the exam and above all get a good night's sleep

Determiners >> Part 2: Open ClozeReminder: Part 2 consists of a short text which has 15 gaps. For each gap you have to add the missing word.

Example:

He didn't get to class until 9.30. What's ........, he didn't bother to bring any work with him.

Answer: 'more'

Determiners >> Part 5: Key Word TransformationReminder: You are given a complete sentence followed by a second, incomplete sentence. You have to complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first using a word given that must not be changed.

Example:

My income isn't fantastic but it's sufficient to survive on.ENOUGHMy income is .......... by on.

Answer: 'enough to get'


1. However ........ times I read that book I never get tired of it.

2. I for ........ am very sad that he won't be playing for the team any longer.

3. We've had so ........ time to prepare for the party that I'm worried we might have forgotten something.

4. Sales of the product remained flat as the marketing campaign did not have a big ........ impact on consumers.

5. You're always in ........ a hurry. Sit down and relax for a minute.

6. Not having any travellers cheques yet is the ........ of my problems. I'm far more concerned that I haven't received my passport from the passport office yet!

1. many 2. one 3. little 4. enough 5. such 6. least


1. "It's a waste of time to ask for a payrise," my boss said, "because the company's budget is being squeezed this year."littleMy boss told me there ......................................... for a payrise because the company's budget is being squeezed this year.

2.John said, "Are any of you able to come to my party?"freeJohn asked which ......................................... to come to his party.

3. Debbie is determined to get her ex-boyfriend back.takesDebbie will do ......................................... win back her ex-boyfriend.4. No one expected Wayne to win the championship but he did even though he didn't stand a chance.oddsNo one expected Wayne to win the championship but he did it .........................................

5. The police think that the burglar must have had a key.possibility......................................... that the police can think of is that the burglar had a key.

6. The teacher told the boy that she wouldn't put up with his bad behaviour any further that day.quiteThe teacher said, "I've had .......................... bad behaviour for one day."

1. is little point in asking, was little point in asking 2. of us was free, of us were free 3. all it takes to, whatever it takes to 4. against all the odds, against all odds 5. The only possibility 6. quite enough of your

Determiners

IntroductionYou are likely to be tested on your knowledge of determiners in Parts 2 and 5 of Paper 3 Use of English.

Determiners are one of the most frequent types of word in the English langauge and you should have a good understanding of their meaning and how they fit in a sentence. Here are some of the most common determiners:a, an its one this all little our thoseany many some what

both more such whicheach most that yourfew much the her my their his no these

The exam is likely to test you on your knowledge of the difference in meaning and usage of similar words.

Examplelittle x a littleThere's little chance of winning the lottery. (not much)There's a little milk left if you'd like a drink. (some)

You will also be tested on your knowledge of determiners in set expressions.

Example:We've had no fewer than 200 applications for the job.Have a nice trip and above all make sure you drive carefully.

Determiners >> Part 2: Open ClozeReminder: Part 2 consists of a short text which has 15 gaps. For each gap you have to add the missing word.

Example:

We've had ........ few calls today about our advertisement.

Answer: 'a'

Determiners >> Part 5: Key Word TransformationReminder: You are given a complete sentence followed by a second, incomplete sentence. You have to complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first using a word given that must not be changed.

Example:

My income isn't fantastic but it's sufficient to survive on.ENOUGHMy income is .......... by on.

Answer: 'enough to get'


1. Friday evening is the ........ time in the week when I get to go out with my friends.

2. If ........ goes well, I should be earning a good bonus at work this year.

3. I thought Lisa would decide not to come to work today and sure ........, she phoned this morning to say she had a dental appointment.

4. I'd like to thank ........ and every one of you for being so supportive to me during this past 12 months.

5. We weren't sure whether to go to Mexico or Brazil for our holiday. ........ way, we had to get a visa.

6. The children made ........ a mess in the kitchen this morning and it took me ages to tidy it all up.

1. one, only 2. all 3. enough 4. each 5. Either 6. such


1. Since Jamie was diagnosed with his illness he wants to deal with everything as it happens instead of worrying about the future.eachSince Jamie was diagnosed with his illness he wants to take ......................................... comes instead of worrying about the future.

2.Working from home gives me the advantage of avoiding commuting and spending more time with the family.bothI get the ......................................... worlds working from home: I avoid commuting and spend more time with the family.

3. I've often stayed out late and then had to rush to finish my homework the next day.time......................................... I've stayed out late and then had to rush to finish my homework the next day.

4. Unfortunately, I don't go and visit my elderly uncle very frequently as he lives so far away.fewUnfortunately, the times that I go and visit my elderly uncle are ......................................... as he lives so far away.

5. Of course Lydia won't mind if you come with me to the party - in fact, she said if a lot of people went the party would be better!moreOf course Lydia won't mind if you come with me to the party - in fact, she said ........................................ merrier.

6. Even though I went to a large high school the headmistress seemed to care about all of her pupils.andEven though I went to a large high school the headmistress seemed to care about each ........................................ of her pupils.

1. each day as it 2. best of both 3. many is the time 4. few and far between 5. the more the 6. and every one

Formal Versus Informal Language

IntroductionYou will be tested on your knowledge of formal versus informal language in the Writing Paper and Part 5 of Use of English.

There are many ways in which formal and informal language differs. Here are some examples:

INFORMAL STRUCTURES

Idiomsover the moon - very happya nap - a short sleep

Missing words outSee you laterGot a minute?

Phrasal verbsfed up - depressedput up - erect

ContractionsI''ll give you a handHe's late

FORMAL STRUCTURES

PassiveThe matter will be investigatedThe money has been withdrawn

InversionHad I known Seldom have I seen

UnderstatementI was a little surprised (very surprised)You are rather late (very late)

Formal versus informal language >> Part 5: Key Word TransformationsReminder: You have to complete a second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using a given word. In the exam you must use between three and six words.

Example:

Exercising daily will leave you feeling invigorated.BEANSYou'll .......... if you do a bit of exercise every day.

Answer: 'feel full of beans'

Formal versus informal writingRead the following two letters and compare the language used in each. Find examples of how the following areas of language are used to create different levels of formality:

phrasal verbsidiomsmissing out wordsunderstatementcontractionspassives

inversion

Formal example

Dear SirI am writing to complain about the treatment I received in one of your hotels during a recent visit to London.On arrival on my first day I was rather disappointed to learn that my room had been given to another person, despite the fact that I had reserved and paid for the room in advance. Although I was immediately offered alternative accommodation, the room was situated on the top floor and had neither a television nor a telephone.Moreover, despite the fact that I have complained on several occasions, I have yet to be reimbursed for the cost of these services. In summary, I have decided to put my complaint in writing. Should I receive no satisfaction, I will be forced to take further action against your hotel.I look forward to hearing from you soon.Ms Rebecca Jones

Informal example

Dear TomJust a quick note to let you know about the trip to London. The trouble we had!Can you believe it? When we turned up at the hotel on the first day, the receptionst told me they had given our room to someone else even though I'd reserved and paid for it in advance. I was furious! They did offer us another room, but it was right up on the top floor - no telly, no phone.If that isn't enough, they keep refusing to pay me back the money they charged me for extras. Anyway, the long and the short of it is I've sent them a letter and told them if I don't get my money back I'll be taking them to court.Anyway, write back soon.Becky

Test: Formal Versus Informal Language

Summarise some of the differences between formal and informal language by selecting from the drop down menu the language area which describes the phrase in red.

(Choose between Idiom, contraction, understatement, phrasal verb, passive, inversion, missing words out)

1. I am writing (formal) Just a quick note (informal)

2. On arrival (formal) When we turned up (informal)

3. I was furious! (informal) I was rather disappointed (formal)

4. They had given (informal)my room had been given (formal)

5. In summary (formal) The long and the short of it is (informal)

6. I had reserved (neutral) I'd reserved (informal)

7. If I don't (informal)Should I (not) (formal)

1. missing words out 2.phrasal verbs 3.understatement 4.passive 5.idiom 6.contraction 7.inversion


1. I have very poor eyesight and my glasses are a necessity.BATI'm .................... without my glasses and totally lost without them.

2. They reckon the new building is costing about £20,000.REGIONIt is estimated that the new building is costing somewhere .................... £20,000.

3. It made me absolutely furious to find out they'd lost my luggage. LITTLEI .................... discover that my luggage had been mislaid.

4. If we'd known the problems the company was facing there's no way we would have invested in shares.AWAREHad .................... the problems the company was facing we would not have invested in shares.

5. Parents should avoid becoming irritated with their children simply because of problems at work.TAKEIt's really not fair to .................... the children if parents are feeling stressed at work.

1. as blind as a bat 2. in the region of 3. was a little disappointed to 4. we been aware of 5. take it out on

Formal versus Informal Language

IntroductionYou will be tested on your knowledge of formal versus informal language in Part 5 of Use of English.

There are many ways in which formal and informal language differs. Here are some examples:

INFORMAL STRUCTURES

Idiomssick as a parrot - disappointeda quid - one pound

Missing words outGot to go! Might see you later.

Phrasal verbssend up - imitateput down - critisize

ContractionsHe'll be here soonShe's a really nice woman

FORMAL STRUCTURES

PassiveThe witness will be questionedThe money will be repaid

InversionShould you wish to ....Scarcely had he arrived ...

UnderstatementI was somewhat taken aback (very surprised)He was a little shocked (very shocked)

Formal versus informal language >> Part 5: Key Word TransformationsReminder: You have to complete a second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using a given word. In the exam you must use between three and six words.

Example:

Exercising daily will leave you feeling invigorated.BEANSYou'll .......... if you do a bit of exercise every day.

Answer: 'feel full of beans'

Informal/Neutral to Formal

Summarise some of the differences between formal and informal/neutral language by selecting from the drop down menu the language area which describes the phrase in red.

(Choose between Idiom, contraction, understatement, phrasal verb, passive, inversion, missing words out)

Is there anything the matter? (formal) Something wrong? (informal)

tolerate (formal) put up with (informal)

He was astonished ... (neutral) He was a little surprised ... (formal)

I have sent the letter ... (neutral)The letter has been sent ... (formal)

Comprehend something (formal) Get your head round something (informal)

I have been given ... (neutral) I've been given ... (informal)

If you accept ... (neutral)Were you to accept ... (formal)

1. missing words out 2.phrasal verbs 3.understatement 4.passive 5.idiom 6.contraction 7.inversion


1. They reckon the leak at the factory could put local wildlife in danger.POSEApparently the leak at the factory might .................... local wildlife.

2. Have you got a light please?BOTHERCould .................... a light?

3. I've hardly ever seen so many cars on the road so late at night.HEAVYRarely .................... traffic so late at night.

4. He really got to like eating in the best restaurants after he won the lottery.ACQUIREDAfter winning the lottery he ........ the finest restaurants.

5. A colleague is going to put him up at his place during the conference.ACCOMMODATIONHe has .................... by a colleague during the conference.

1. pose a threat to 2. I bother you for 3. have I seen such heavy 4. acquired a taste for 5. been offered accommodation

Passive

You are most likely to be tested on your knowledge of the passive in Parts 2 and 5 of Paper 3 Use of English.

1 Passives are generally formed with the verb 'to be' in the appropriate tense and the past participle.

Credit cards are accepted in most shops. (present simple)Your meal is being prepared Madam. (present continuous)Peace talks were held in the capital yesterday. (past simple)Rescue plans were being drawn up when the bid fell through. (past continuous)A cheque has been paid into your account. (present perfect)Renovation work had been undertaken on the property. (past perfect)Accommodation will be arranged before you arrive. (future simple)We will have been married for 20 years next week. (future perfect)We expect to be relocated towards the end of the year. (infinitive)

However, you will often come across examples of the passive where the verb 'to be' is omitted, particularly in newspaper headlines. Example:Prime Minister sacked!

2 Where verbs have two objects the passive can be expressed as follows:I was given a promise that I'd be contacted by your representative.A promise was given to me by your representative that I'd be contacted.

3 'By' and 'with' are used in passive constructions with verbs like 'teach', 'fill', 'trap' etc:Examples:His English teacher taught him basic grammar.He was taught basic grammar by his teacher.The bottle was filled with water.

4 You should also be aware of causative structures 'to have' or 'get' something done ('get' is more informal).Examples:I'm getting my computer repaired this afternoon.We're having an extension built at the end of our house.

Some of the reasons for using the passive are as follows:

1 When the agent is obvious, people in general or not important.Examples:Building work being carried out. This product should not be re-frozen.The coffee beans are picked and sent to the processing plant.

2 To create formality. Compare the following:It is hoped that efficiency will improve with the new working practices.We hope the new working practices will improve efficiency.

3 When the agent wishes to avoid being seen as responsible for an action. Compare the following:The company will be signing a multi-million-pound contract next year.Unfortunately, wages will be frozen.

Passive >> Part 2: Open ClozeReminder: Part 2 consists of a short text which has 15 gaps. For each gap you have to add the missing word.

Example:

If we are ........ be taken seriously as a new business we need to start showing a healthier cash flow.

Answer: 'to'



Example:

It's only natural that there will be nerves at the beginning of the competition.EXPECTEDNerves at the beginning of the competition ...........

Answer: 'is to be expected'.

Complete the following sentences with one word only. There are SIX questions in all.

1. I've got an appointment at the fitness centre tomorrow as I'm ........ my level of fitness assessed.2. The view from the window was spoilt ........ the presence of a large tower block opposite the street.3. It has just been confirmed that the French athlete has ........ forced to withdraw from the contest. 4. The party was packed ........ people from Clare's office and I didn't know anyone.5. He ........ asked to work late so as to get the order off in time.6. Kevin ........ himself into trouble yesterday for taking an extended dinner break.

1. getting, having 2. by 3. been 4. with 5. was 6. got


1) They plan to pull down the building next week.DUEThe building .................... demolished next week.2) I've heard it said that they are going to get a divorce.IT.................... that they are filing for divorce.3) The people she worked with had a lot of respect for her.THOUGHTShe .................... by her colleagues.4) A car nearly knocked me down in town today.AVOIDEDI .................... knocked down in town today.5) The company paid us a bigger rise than we'd expected.LARGERWe .................... expected pay rise.

1. is due to be, 's due to be 2. It is said, It's said 3. was well thought of, was thought highly of 4. just avoided being, narrowly avoided being 5. were awarded a larger than, were given a larger than, were paid a larger than

Complete the following sentences with one word only which completes the phrasal verb.

1. I have ........ invited to attend a conference on environmental issues next year.2. We're ........ the tree cut down at the end of our garden as the roots are beginning to interfere with the foundations of our house.3. The government have been approached ........ several pressure groups interested in seeing more support for organic farming methods. 4. The wedding announcement had not been expected and everyone ........ taken by surprise.

5. While the food was ........ prepared by his assistants the head chef organised the waitors.6. She has been on the waiting list for several weeks and doesn't expect to ........ seen by a doctor until next year.

1. been 2. having, getting 3. by 4. was 5. being 6. be


1) If the minister is being truthful with us, spending on education is to rise by 30 percent next year.BELIEVEDIf the minister ...................., spending on education is to rise by 30 percent next year.2) I can understand why people are worried about losing their jobs in the current economic crisis.ITIn the current economic crisis .................... that people are concerned about losing their jobs.3) The shop assistant left me feeling awful for asking for my money back.MADEI .................... guilty by the shop assistant for asking for my money back.4) Your company assured me that the guarantee lasted a year.ASSURANCEI .................... by your company that the guarantee lasted a year.5) Someone has to supervise children in this play area.UNATTENDEDChildren .................... in this play area.

1. is to be believed 2. it is understandable, it's understandable 3. was made to feel 4. was given assurance, was given the assurance 5. must not be left unattended, cannot be left unattended

Phrasal Verbs 1

You are most likely to be tested on your knowledge of phrasal verbs in Parts 1, 2, 4 and 5 of Paper 3 Use of English.

Phrasal verbs >> Part 1: Multiple Choice ClozeReminder: You will read a short text of around 200 words which has 12 gaps. For each gap you have to select the missing word from a choice of four (A, B, C or D).

Example:

He ran ........ huge debts while he was a student.A) in B) on C) up D) with

Answer: 'up'

Phrasal verbs >> Part 2: Open ClozeReminder: Part 2 consists of a short text which has 15 gaps. For each gap you have to add the missing word.

Example:

We set ........ on holiday as soon as everyone was ready.

Answer: 'off'



Example:

Tom never really did .......... over the death of his wife.When are you planning to .......... round to doing your homework?She's a fantastic communicator and always manages to .......... her point across simply.

Answer: 'GET'.

Phrasal verbs >> Part 5: Key Word Transformations


Example:

He's been told by his employers he has to improve his timekeeping.PUTHis employers have informed him they will .......... any more poor timekeeping.

Answer: 'not put up with'.


1She's really enthusiatic and throws herself ........ her work every day.

at on onto into

2Apparently, the land at the back of the field has been contaminated with some chemicals and some builders were fencing the area ........

off up back in

3You can see he's not interested. His eyes just glaze ........ whenever you talk to him about financial matters.

up through over away

4I seem to be laying ........ lots of money on the car recently. It's costing me a fortune!

out up in down

DACA

Complete the following sentences with one word only which completes the phrasal verb.1. Whatever you do, try to ........ him off the subject of football. Once he starts talking about that you can't stop him!2. Could you make the cheque ........ to 'F. Saunders' please.3. The one thing I've learnt in business is you should never rush ........ a decision that might cost you a lot of money.4. Once you've ........ up the pros and cons I'm sure you'll agree Option A is the best.

1. keep 2. out 3. into 4. weighed


1. After living the high life he's decided to ........ down and get married.If you get the coats I'll get the bill and ........ up.It will take you a while to ........ in but you'll soon get to know everyone and learn the ropes.

2. The Government are trying to ........ down rumours that they are thinking of making tax cuts.Can you please not ........ around with my laptop.I've taken my car to the garage as it's beginning to ........ up.

3. It's always a good idea to limber ........ first before doing exercise of any kind.A taxi has just pulled ........ outside if anyone has called one.Apparently, Paul's got food poisoning and has been throwing ........ all night.

4. I'll ........ out of the hotel and then catch a train to the airport.I've asked my teacher to ........ through my work for mistakes.Shall we go into town and ........ out that new clothes shop?1. settle 2. play 3. up 4. check


1) The animal retreated when confronted by the predator.BACKEDThe animal .................... to face with the predator.

2 Arthur was heavily criticised after deciding to resign.CAMEArthur .................... lot of criticism following his decision to resign.

3 Joe left work to become self-employed.SETJoe left work to .................... business.

4 The children have a habit of misbehaving when left on their own.GETThe children tend .................... mischief when left on their own.

1. backed off when it came face, backed away when it came face 2came in for a. 3. set up in, set up his own 4. to get up to

Phrasal verbs



Example:

She sailed ........ the exam, just as we told her she would.A) along B) on C) in D) through

Answer: 'through'


Example:

While I was on holiday I came down ........ a heavy cold.

Answer: 'with'



Example:


Answer: 'GET'.



Example:




1 His investors promised to stick ........ the company while it was going through financial problems.inalongoutBy

2 We've got the builders in our house at the moment. We're having a new bathroom ........ in.plumbedpipedfittedSecured

3 I'd been looking for the book for months without success when I finally ........ one down in a tiny, independent bookstore on holiday.pinnedrantrackedTied

4 Cast your mind ........ to your last birthday party. Can you remember who we invited?backawayoff

Aside

1D 2A 3C 4A


1. One minute she was perfectly ok then all of a sudden she ........ into tears.

2. Trevor's got such an enormous appetite. I've never known anyone who can put ........ as much food as he can.

3. What time do you knock ........ work? We could meet up when you have finished for something to eat.

4. The Party won the election by an enormous margin, sweeping ........ the opposition in an historic victory.

1 burst 2 away 3off 4aside


1. Terry's a fantastic husband and I'm sure he'll ........ by you whatever you decide to do.The lead singer is sick so we need someone to ........ in for her for tonight's performance.The painting looks much better if you ........ back a bit and get a wider perspective.

2. I was waiting for a bus when my friend ........ up and offered me a lift.Having made such a poor start to the competition it was an enormous challenge, but the gymnast ........ it off and won silver medal.They ........ down a lovely old building in order to build that horrendous office block.

3. It's not a good idea to bottle ........ your emotions - you should speak to someone about your problems.Apparently, Marianne and Paolo haven't been getting on very well and have decided to break ........I slipped ........ in the exam and wrote the completely wrong answer.

4. It's a great idea but I don't really think it will ever ........ on and become popular. I'm going to have to spend a few hours studying each night this week if I'm going to ........ up with my work.I've seen that trick before so you won't ........ me out with that one.

1 stand 2 pulled 3up 4catch


1. Don't get angry with me for missing the bus - it wasn't my fault. TAKEIt's not my fault you missed the bus so don't ......................................... me.

2. A cross country walk is guaranteed to leave you feeling hungry. WORKThere's nothing like a cross country walk ......................................... appetite.

3. We're so busy at work that I think we might have to work this weekend.SNOWEDWe ......................................... work and might have to work this weekend.

4. The captain is trying to stop people having unrealistic expectations just because the team have won their first two games.CARRIEDThe captain is warning everyone not ......................................... just because the team have won their first two games.

1 take it out on 2 to work up an 3 are snowed under with, 're snowed under with 4 to get carried away

Phrasal Verbs 1



Example:

I think you need to face ........ to your problems instead of ignoring them.A) in B) on C) up D) with

Answer: 'up'


Example:

I always like to cool ........ after doing exercise by having a gentle swim.

Answer: 'down'



Example:


Answer: 'GET'.



Example:



Click on the answer A, B, C or D that completes each sentence.1 The wedding photographs got muddled ........ and it was difficult to tell whose photos were whose.togetherbetweenthroughUp

2 He tried to laugh ........ the criticism, pretending that it didn't matter, when clearly it did.offawaybackUp

3 His neighbour tried ........ with the engine to see if he could get it to work, but without success.tanglingtriflingtinkeringToying

4She had slept badly that night and her back had totally ........ up.seizedfrozenstiffenedTwisted

1 D 2A 3C 4ª


1. The team have been offered 10 million pounds for the player but are trying to hold ........ for more.

2. He crumpled ........ the sweet wrapper and threw it in the rubbish bin.

3. I've decided I'm going to trade ........ my old car for a newer model.

4. The favourite had to pull ........ of the competition due to sickness.

1 out 2 up 3 in 4 out


1. We are up ........ a formidable team and will do really well if we manage to get a good result. I won't hold it ........ you if you don't come to the party - I know how busy you are.His colleagues all turned ........ him when they discovered he'd been stealing from the company.

2. The thief made ........ with some valuable possessions including some items with great personal value. The artist tried to pass ........ the painting as his own when in fact it had been the work of someone else.He'll need to do a lot of exercise if he's going to work ........ some of that weight he's put on.

3. I picked up a stomach bug on holiday and found it very difficult to ........ my food down. Some of the athletes are finding it difficult to ........ up with the pace.The teacher told the boys she would ........ them behind after school if they didn't stop misbehaving.

4. In the end he decided to finish his studies as he didn't feel cut ........ to be a doctor. Teachers who praise their students will bring ........ the best in them and make them feel positive about their studies. Paul and Sue have fallen ........ over something silly and aren't talking to each other.

1 against 2 off 3 keep 4 out


1) The doctor advised him to calm down and get some self-control.PULLThe doctor advised him .................... .

2) The company has an increasing amount of debt as a consequence of ambitious expansion plans.MOUNTINGThe debts of the company .................... because of their ambitious expansion plans.

3) It cost a fortune the last time my car was in the garage.FORKI had .................... loads of money on my car the last time it was in the garage.

4) Mary has enroled on a local German language course for beginners.UPMary has .................... a local German language course for beginners.

1 to pull himself together 2 are mounting up 3 to fork out 4 signed up for

Phrasal Verbs 2



Example:

I idled ........ my time reading the newspaper while I waited for the train.A) away B) along C) up D) through

Answer: 'away'


Example:

The painting had been handed ........ through the generations.

Answer: 'down'



Example:


Answer: 'GET'.



Example:




1 The manager was off sick for the week and we were left to ........ through until he got back.slograttlerompMuddle

2 I'm afraid I can't see you for the next week as I'm ........ up with things at work.tiedwound

snarledStrapped

3 I'm sorry to ........ all this extra work on you so late in the day but it has to be finished before we close.throwstackdumpPack

4 I forgot to turn the taps off and as I walked into the bathroom, water was almost about to ........ over onto the floor.spillturnslopBowl

1d 2a 3c 4a


1. There is a feeling of fear verging ........ panic in the city following the earthquake earlier today.

2. The man was asked to refrain ........ playing his music so loudly as it was causing a disturbance.

3. I spent the weekend simply lazing ........ in front of the TV and generally taking things easy.

4. I don't want to impose ........ you as I know you're quite busy at the moment, but I was wondering if I could come round for a chat.

1 on 2 from 3 about, around 4 on


1. I'm feeling very run ........ lately and don't have the energy to do a thing. Fraud is a very serious crime and the judge is likely to send him ........ for a long time.The promoters are trying to play ........ the poor attendance, blaming low ticket sales on the bad weather.

2. He's really beginning to ........ on my nerves with his constant complaining.We just don't seem to be able to ........ through to Sally how important it is to get some qualifications before she leaves school.Your father is in a good mood so I'm sure you'll be able to ........ round him if you try.

3. The nights are beginning to ........ in and it is getting colder and colder. During these difficult economic times people are unwilling to ........ on their savings.If you speak to our legal department they will work with you to ........ up a contract.

4. I think I ........ up with Question 5 and wrote the wrong answer. A poor old lady ........ over on the ice and hurt herself. Despite vigorous checks at various points a few unjustified claims for benefits ........ through the system

1 down 2 get 3 draw 4 slipped

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. given.

1. The footballer wanted to play as much as possible, having been injured for three months.LOSTThe footballer was keen to make ......................................... having been injured for the past three months.

2. The family firm will be under the son's control while his father is in hospital.RUNNINGThe son will take ......................................... the family firm while his father is in hospital.

3. A friend of mine has inherited some money.INTOA friend of mine has ......................................... from an inheritance.

4. People who want to start their own business have access to new government funds.UPThe government are making funds available to help people ......................................... business.

1 up for lost time 2 over running of, on the running of, over the running of 3 come into some money 4 set up in, set up their own

Prepositional PhrasesIntroductionYou are likely to be specifically tested on your knowledge of dependent prepositions + nounsof English.

There are many expressions in English which contain a dependent preposition + noun:

for a startwith respect toin the belief that

Prepositional phrases>> Part 1: Multiple Choice ClozeReminder: You will read a short text of around 200 words which has 12 gaps. For each gap you have to select the missing word from a choice of four (A, B, C or D).

Example:

He took up exercise ........ the belief that it would make a big difference to his life.A) in B) on C) at D) with

Answer: 'in'

Prepositional phrases >> Part 2: Open ClozeReminder: You will read a short text of around 200 words which has 15 gaps. For each gap you have to fill in the missing word.

Example:

I called the meeting ........ the intention of presenting the new product.

Answer: 'with'

Prepositional phrases >> Part 5: Key Word TransformationReminder: You are given a complete sentence followed by a second, incomplete sentence. You have to complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first using a word given that must not be changed.

Example:

It's not likely but if I'm late please start without me.EVENT.......... I'm late please start without me.

Answer: 'In the unlikely event that'

Click on the answer A, B, C or D that completes each sentence.1 Although she comes across as very calm ........ reality she's quite nervous.withatonIn

2 We haven't got a great deal of food in the fridge but ........ all means help yourself to what there is.byinforAt

3 Look, I'm telling you this ........ confidence. Don't tell anyone else, will you?withatinOn

4 ........ the surface it seemed like a clever plan but we soon found flaws in it.On

AtInAgainst

1 d 2 a 3 c 4 a


1. Sorry! It was an accident. I didn't do it ........ purpose.

2. We go into town ........ time to time, but generally we try to avoid the big city.

3. It was a bit boring at first but ........ balance I enjoyed the film.

4. I don't mind if you stay out late but phone to let me know ........ the very least.

1 on 2 from 3 on 4 at


1. I'm always searching for bargains when I go to charity shops.onI'm always ........................................ for bargains when I go to charity shops.

2. If you try to understand what she's saying in her letter I think you'll find she's looking for support.betweenIf you read ........................................ in her letter, I think you'll find she's looking for support.

3. It says here that throwing the dice twice is not allowed.againstIt says that throwing the dice twice is ........................................

4. When the police breathalysed the driver they discovered he had excessive alcohol in his system.overWhen the police did a breath test on the driver they found he was ........................................

1 on the lookout 2 between the lines 3 against the rules 4 over the limit

Prepositional PhrasesIntroductionYou are likely to be specifically tested on your knowledge of dependent prepositions + nounsseveral parts of Paper 3 Use of English.

There are many expressions in English which contain a dependent preposition + noun:Example:in addition tofor a changeon no account

Prepositional phrases>> Part 1: Multiple Choice ClozeReminder: You will read a short text of around 200 words which has 12 gaps. For each gap you have to select the missing word from a choice of four (A, B, C or D).

Example:

We visit our friends in France ........ time to time.A) at B) on C) in D) from

Answer: 'from'

Prepositional phrases >> Part 2: Open ClozeReminder: You will read a short text of around 200 words which has 15 gaps. For each gap you have to fill in the missing word.

Example:

Sorry, I can't stop as I'm ........ a hurry.

Answer: 'in'

Prepositional phrases >> Part 5: Key Word TransformationReminder: You are given a complete sentence followed by a second, incomplete sentence. You have to complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first using a word given that must not be changed.

Example:

It's not likely but if I'm late please start without me.EVENT.......... I'm late please start without me.

Answer: 'In the unlikely event that' Click on the answer A, B, C or D that completes each sentence.1It wasn't that much of a problem but you blew it ........ of all proportion and made it seem like a crisis.in

awayupOut

2 She wrote her early novels ........ the name of Sue Byrne.underonwithAt

3 Do you choose your lottery numbers ........ random or have you got a system of some kind?withinatOn

4 We need more police ........ duty in this area to try to cut the crime rate.oninatWith

1d 2a 3c 4a


1. The teacher was really nice and put all the new students ........ ease very quickly.

2. Can all those ........ favour of the proposal please raise their right hand.

3. I asked if I could leave work early to go to the dentist but the boss said it was ........ of the question.

4. He's ........ good terms with the local politician and might be able to raise your problems with her.

1 at 2 in 3 out 4 on


1 Trevor was very rude at the party, which is not like him.characterTrevor was very rude at the party which is ......................................... him.

2. If you land on number 6 you have to go all the way back to the beginning of the game. scratch If you land on number 6 you have to ..........................................

3. They're looking at a flat this afternoon which they intend to buy.view They're looking at a flat this afternoon ......................................... buying it.

4 The team will very probably be the winners of the competition.likelihoodThe team will ......................................... be the winners of the competition.

1 out of character for 2 start from scratch 3 with a view to 4 in all likelihood

Verbs+ PrepositionsIntroductionYou are likely to be specifically tested on your knowledge of verbs + preposition in parts 1, 2 and 5 of Paper 3 Use of English.

There are many verbs in English which contain a dependent preposition + noun:Example:He was found guilty of the crime. He was quite upset and confided in me.

Verbs + preposition>> Part 1: Multiple Choice ClozeReminder: You will read a short text of around 200 words which has 12 gaps. For each gap you have to select the missing word from a choice of four (A, B, C or D).

Example:

I don't agree ........ the idea of eating meat.A) for B) with C) on D) with

Answer: 'with'

Verbs + preposition >> Part 2: Open ClozeReminder: You will read a short text of around 200 words which has 15 gaps. For each gap you have to fill in the missing word.

Example:

The streets were littered ........ the leaflets which had been handed out during the demonstration

Answer: 'with'

Verbs + preposition >> >> Part 5: Key Word Transformations


Example:

He refused to go out with an umbrella even though it was pouring down.INSISTEDHe ........... out without an umbrella even though it was pouring down.

Answer: 'insisted on going'.


1 I was browsing ........ a magazine the other day when I came across a really interesting article about hypnotherapy.insideatinThrough

2 The chairperson was forced to intervene ........ the discussion as it looked like it was getting out of hand.inonwithTo

3 I insisted ........ attending the presentation as I'd been involved in the project all along.ofwithonIn

4 Lately we seem to have been bombarded ........ junk mail from people trying to sell us everything from insurance to vacuum cleaners.withinonat

1d 2a 3c 4a


1. Despite being questioned for several hours the suspect showed no sign of confessing ........ the crime.

2. The two celebrities clashed ........ a remark one of them had made to a reporter about the other.

3. No matter how hard she tried she couldn't improve ........ the score she had achieved in the first round.

4. I owe my success ........ the support my parents have given me over the years.

1 to 2 over 3 on 4 to

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and six words.

1. He managed to get the job despite the fact that he wasn't qualified.INHe ......................................... the job even though he wasn't qualified.

2. The two animals have become really close since they've been in captivity.BONDA strong ......................................... the two animals since they have been in captivity.

3. The company is a great example of how a small concern can compete with its bigger competitiors.SERVESThe company ......................................... how a small concern can compete with its bigger competitiors.

4. Tom's employers warned him he would be sacked if he didn't accept the new working conditions.THREATENEDTom ......................................... the sack if he didn't accept the new working conditions.

1 succeeded in getting 2 bond has developed between 3 serves as an example of 4 was threatened with

Verbs + Prepositions

IntroductionYou are likely to be specifically tested on your knowledge of verbs + preposition in parts 1, 2 and 5 of Paper 3 Use of English.

There are many verbs in English which have a dependent preposition.Example:I emerged from the meeting feeling tired and frustrated.He was criticised for not being more supportive.

Verbs + preposition>> Part 1: Multiple Choice ClozeReminder: You will read a short text of around 200 words which has 12 gaps. For each gap you have to select the missing word from a choice of four (A, B, C or D).

Example:

You need to measure the money you make on selling the goods ........ the amount you have to spend to get started.A) against B) with C) on D) at

Answer: 'against'

Verbs + preposition >> Part 2: Open ClozeReminder: You will read a short text of around 200 words which has 15 gaps. For each gap you have to fill in the missing word.

Example:

He was suspended ........ work while the investigation was carried out.

Answer: 'from'

Verbs + preposition >> >> Part 5: Key Word Transformations


Example:

He refused to go out with an umbrella even though it was pouring down.INSISTEDHe ........... out without an umbrella even though it was pouring down.

Answer: 'insisted on’


1 She really has an aptitude ........ learning languages and remembers new words very easily.withatinfor

2 You've been nibbling ........ biscuits all afternoon so it's no wonder you're not hungry.atonwithup

3 Everyone roared ........ laughter when he told the joke about the frog and the elephant.onatwithin

4 She confided ........ me that she was unhappy at homeinwithtowardsOn

1 d 2 a 3 c 4 a


1. The team now need to capitalize ........ this win with another good performance next week.

2. I've been agonizing ........ whether or not I should tell Steve that the company are thinking of making him redundant.

3. The rebel forces have been told to surrender ........ government troops or face the consequences.

4. We need to safeguard ........ possible financial problems by taking out insurance.

1 on 2 over 3 to 4 against

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not

change the word given. You must use between three and six words.

1. He thinks it's a bad idea to give people too much control in local affairs.BELIEVEHe ......................................... people too much control in local affairs.

2. The teacher had a suspicion that Harvey had started the fight. HAVINGThe teacher ......................................... started the fight.

3. If you have to go out in this awful weather please wrap up warm. INSISTIf you ......................................... out in this awful weather please wrap up warm.

4. Throughout his lifetime he helped people who were less privileged than he was. DEVOTEDHe ......................................... people who were less privileged than he was.

1 does not believe in giving, doesn't believe in giving 2 suspected Harvey of having 3 insist on going 4 devoted his life to helping, devoted a lifetime to helping

Punctuation

You are likely to be specifically tested on your knowledge of punctuation in Paper 2 Writing.

In addition to basic punctuation such as full stops, question marks, commas and capital letters, you should be able to identify correct and incorrect uses of the following:

quotation marks Used to start and end direct speech Example: "Nice day," he said.Used when making reference to a book, film etc.Example:I saw a film called "The Lost World" on TV last night.

hyphens Used to join some compounds Example: user-friendly

apostrophes Used to show possessionExample: Steve's carUsed where letters have been missed out in contractionsExample: I'll see you later.

colons Used to introduce a list Example: This is what is required: a tent, a rucksack and a compass.

semi-colonsUsed to indicate a pauseExample: It was a wonderful scene; the children were playing together in the garden with their grandparents and everyone seemed to be without a care in the world.

Re-write the following sentences with correct punctuation.

1. your cars in the garage isnt it2. i havent got a clue what the answer is sam complained3. i hear tom mathew and christine all want to buy franks twenty year old car4. he was born in the 1950s when elvis presley first hit the charts5. there are three main ingredients eggs milk and salt6. theyre both living in a self contained flat in the middle of madrid7. it was a great holiday however i dont think ill do self catering again8. you havent seen my new sports car have you1 Your car's in the garage, isn't it? 2 'I haven't got a clue what the answer is', Sam complained. 3 I hear Tom, Mathew and Christine all want to buy Frank's twenty-year-old car. 4 He was born in the 1950's, when Elvis Presley first hit the charts. 5 There are three main ingredients: eggs, milk and salt. 6 both living in a self-contained flat in the middle of Madrid. 7 It was a great holiday. However, I don't think I'll do self-catering again. 8 You haven't seen my new sports car, have you?

Punctuation

You are likely to be specifically tested on your knowledge of punctuation in Paper 2 Writing.

In addition to basic punctuation such as full stops, question marks, commas and capital letters, you should be able to identify correct and incorrect uses of the following:

quotation marks Used to start and end direct speech Example: 'What's the time?' he asked.Used when making reference to a book, film etc.Example:Have you read 'War and Peace'?

hyphens Used to join some compounds Example: dry-cleaned

apostrophes Used to show possessionExample: Pete's bookUsed where letters have been missed out in contractionsExample: He's getting married this week.

colons Used to introduce a list Example: Can you make a note of what we need: soap, butter and coffee.

semi-colonsUsed to indicate a pauseExample: When I got to work the office was empty; the blinds were closed, the computers were all switched off and the heating hadn't been turned on.

Re-write the following sentences with correct punctuation.

1. you didnt see anne in town did you2. my ex boyfriend is getting married in london on Saturday3. i will pop round to see you later this evening said sally4. mr collins whose class we were in last year has decided to leave the college5. shes got a beautiful three year old daughter called sarah6. the government are claiming there have been three main improvements in colleges this year retention achievement and efficiency gains7. the teams been selected and its likely to be at full strength8. our dog has hurt its paw and im taking it to the vet to have it checked

Relative Clauses & Pronouns

Defining relative clauses give essential information about a sentence and cannot be omitted. Non-defining relative clauses give extra, non-essential information and therefore could be omitted:

Example defining relative clause: 'English students who do their homework deserve a lot of praise.' (Only those who do homework deserve praise. The information about homework is essential) Example non-defining relative clause: 'English students, who do their homework, deserve a lot of praise.' (English students deserve a lot of praise. The information about homework is additional)

In defining relative clausesThe pronoun is often omitted when defining the object of the clause, but not when it is the subject of a clause:Example: He's the man (who/that) I was telling you about.Example: That's the man who helped me with my shopping.

Non-defining'that' is not used in non-defining relative clauses and the relative pronoun cannot be omitted.

Reduced relative clausesPay attention to reduced relative clauses where a verb is used incorrectly:Example: ** 'Products are sold here have a money back guarantee.' incorrect'Products (which are) sold here have a money back guarantee.' Correct

Nominal relative pronounsNote also the following nominal relative pronouns:whatever, whenever, whoever, whichever, wherever, however

Relative clauses & pronouns>> Part 2: Open ClozeReminder: Part 2 consists of a short text which has 15 gaps. For each gap you have to add the missing word.

Example:

It was a film in ........ the main character struggles with various moral issues.

Answer: 'which'

Relative clauses & pronouns >> Part 5: Key Word TransformationReminder: You are given a complete sentence followed by a second, incomplete sentence. You have to complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first using a word given that must not be changed.

Example:

I don't care who it is on the phone, can you tell them I'm not in.WHOEVER.......... on the phone can you tell them I'm not in.

Answer: 'whoever it is'


1. The Prime Minister, ........ recent trip to the Far East proved a great success, is planning a second visit to Singapore later in the year.2. The lights were on when I got home, ........ was the reason I became suspicious.3. The teacher finished the lesson at 3.00, at ........ point the students left and made their way to the sports hall.4. ........ leaves last, can you make sure the computers are turned off please.5. You must come to stay with us when you're in town ........ you do!6. The passengers finally arrived, some of ........ had been delayed for almost 8 hours.

1 whose 2 which 3 which 4 whoever 5 whatever 6 whom

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given PLUS a nominal pronoun such as 'whatever', 'however' ect. Do not change the word given.

1. Can the person who left the lights on please remember to turn them off.itCan ......................................... that left the lights on please remember to turn them off.

2. I'm going to solve this puzzle - I don't care how long I spend on it.takes......................................... me I'm going to solve this puzzle.

3. It doesn't matter what he does, he'll be successful.ends........ doing he'll be a success.

4. It makes no difference which way you examine it, the team played really badly.look......................................... it, the team played really badly.

5. Every single time I phone Edward he's working at his computer.give........ ring he's working at his computer.

6. There are adverts for that new shop all over the place.look

........ there are adverts for that new shop.

1 whoever it was 2 However long it takes 3 Whatever he ends up 4 However you look at, Whichever way you look at 5 Whenever I give Edward a 6 Wherever you look

Relative Clauses & Pronouns

Defining relative clauses give essential information about a sentence and cannot be omitted. Non-defining relative clauses give extra, non-essential information and therefore could be omitted:

Example defining relative clause: 'English students who do their homework deserve a lot of praise.'(Only those who do homework deserve praise. The information about homework is essential) Example non defining relative clause: 'English students, who do their homework, deserve a lot of praise.'(English students deserve a lot of praise. The information about homework is additional)

In defining relative clausesThe pronoun is often omitted when defining the object of the clause, but not when it is the subject of a clause:Example: That's the film (which/that) I was thinking of going to see.Example: Peter's the teacher who gives us the most homework.

Non-defining'that' is not used in non-defining relative clauses and the relative pronoun cannot be omitted.

Reduced relative clausesPay attention to reduced relative clauses where a verb is used incorrectly:Example: ** 'Products are sold here have a money back guarantee.' incorrect'Products (which are) sold here have a money back guarantee.' Correct

Nominal relative pronounsNote also the following nominal relative pronouns:whatever, whenever, whoever, whichever, wherever, however

Relative clauses & pronouns>> Part 2: Open ClozeReminder: Part 2 consists of a short text which has 15 gaps. For each gap you have to add the missing word.

Example:

He is a person ........ is very difficult to describe.

Answer: 'who'

Relative clauses & pronouns >> Part 5: Key Word TransformationReminder: You are given a complete sentence followed by a second, incomplete sentence. You have to complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first using a word given that must not be changed.

Example:

I don't care who it is on the phone, can you tell them I'm not in.WHOEVER.......... on the phone can you tell them I'm not in.

Answer: 'whoever it is'


1. There's not a minute in the day ........ I seem to get the chance to relax and put my feet up.2. If you're bored, ........ you need to do is to take up an interest or hobby.3. ........ way you decide to travel, you'll need to make sure you get the appropriate vaccinations.4. During the summer term, ........ is when the college is at its busiest, it is very difficult to find a spare computer.5. Several students, ........ exam results were worse than expected, complained to the examinations board.6. The TV programme is offering a prize to ........ it is that can name the mystery person.

1 when, that 2 what, all 3 Whichever 4 which 5 whose 6 whoever

1. It doesn't matter where I go I keep meeting people from my old school.turn......................................... I keep bumping into people from my old school.

2. I'm planning to start the decorating in the next few days or when I have time.roundIn the next few days or ......................................... I'll be starting the decorating.

3. It doesn't matter what you do you'll never solve this puzzle.hard......................................... you won't solve this puzzle

4. I want the person who made this mess to clear it up.responsibleWill ......................................... this mess please tidy up.

1 Whichever way I turn, Wherever I turn 2 whenever I get round to it 3 whoever is responsible for, whoever is responsible for making

Reported Speech

verb + object + infinitiveThe cashier told me to bring the product back if it wasn't suitable.Fiona reminded me to pay the bills when I was in town.

verb + gerundHe admitted being a little late for work.The chairperson proposed bringing the meeting to an end.

verb + infinitiveShe offered to pay for the meal.She agreed to get the work done by the end of the day.

verb + object + objectHe told me his timetable for next term.She denied him the opportunity to compete in the project.

verb + object + prepositionThe teacher blamed Kelly for making the mess.The bank threatened him with legal action if he didn't pay the money he owed.

verb + preposition He boasted about having a large house in the country.I was congratulated on passing the exam.

verb + that + clauseSo, we all agree that we need to do something quickly.Financial advisors warn that interest rates are likely to rise in the near future.

Reported Speech >> Part 2: Open ClozeReminder: Part 2 consists of a short text which has 15 gaps. For each gap you have to add the missing word.

Example:

She insisted ........ she should be allowed to take the day off.

Answer: 'that'

Reported Speech >> Part 5: Key Word Transformations


Example:

It's only natural that there will be nerves at the beginning of the competition.EXPECTEDNerves at the beginning of the competition ...........



1. The police appealed ........ calm after a second night of street disturbances.2. He phoned me early in the morning to remind ........ of our date later that day.3. The guests were advised ........ leave all valuables in the hotel safe.4. He went to the doctors complaining ........ chest pains.5. The teacher insisted ........ us all working on our own.6. The driver reckoned ........ it would take about two hours to arrive.

1 for 2 me 3 to 4 of 5 on 6 that


1. Do you think people will be very disappointed if we cancel the party?WONDEREDHe ......................................... the party off would disappoint people.

2. The Careers Advisor said I should think about my experience before applying for the job.TOLDThe Careers Advisor ......................................... consideration my experience before applying for the job.

3. The company director insisted he would not be held responsible for the accident.REFUSEDThe company director ......................................... blame for the accident.

4. The suspect said he hadn't caused the fire at the building.SETTINGThe suspect ......................................... to the building.

5. Bill was the man who talked me into starting some exercise.PERSUADEDIt was Bill who ......................................... up exercise.

1 wondered whether calling, wondered if calling 2 told me to take intotold me I should take into 3 refused to take the 4 denied setting fire 5 persuaded me to take, persuaded me into taking

Reported Speech

verb + object + infinitive

The receptionist asked me to wait in the foyer for somebody to come and see me.The soldier ordered his men to stand to attention.

verb + gerundHe suggested leaving a bit earlier to avoid the traffic.She did mention feeling rather tired so it was no surprise when she left early.

verb + infinitiveThe child refused to do as he was told and continued misbehaving.She threatened to complain to the manager.

verb + object + objectMy sister sent me a lovely present for our wedding.She denied him the opportunity of competing in the project.

verb + object + prepositionThe teacher praised the children for doing such lovely paintings.The police accused me of breaking the speed limit.

verb + preposition He apologised for being late.She was criticised for taking too long with her work.

verb + that + clauseThe careers officer explained that I didn't have the appropriate qualifications for the job.Critics argue that the government is not doing enough to help the unemployed.

Reported Speech >> Part 2: Open ClozeReminder: Part 2 consists of a short text which has 15 gaps. For each gap you have to add the missing word.

Example:

He claimed ........ he hadn't been told about the deadline.

Answer: 'that'

Reported Speech >> Part 5: Key Word Transformations


Example:

It's only natural that there will be nerves at the

beginning of the competition.EXPECTEDNerves at the beginning of the competition ...........


Complete the following sentences with one word only which completes the sentence.

1. My friend is always boasting ........ what a good job he has and how much he earns.2. I don't know why you're blaming me ........ breaking the window. I didn't do it.3. We all agreed ........ meet again the following week to discuss the matter further.4. The conference organiser reminded me ........ wear my badge.5. The company threatened him ........ legal action if he didn't clear his debts immediately.6. It is believed ........ they will come out easy winners and progress to the next round.

1 about 2 for 3 to 4 to 5with 6 that


1. The manager talked the team round to staying for an extra 30 minutes to finish the project.PERSUADEDThe manager ......................................... for an extra 30 minutes to finish the project.

2. His father told his son he wouldn't get any pocket money if he didn't tidy his room.THREATENEDHis father ......................................... his son's pocket money if he didn't tidy his room.

3. The teacher said how pleased she was that everyone had done so well in their exams.CONGRATULATEDThe students ......................................... so well in the exams by their teacher.

4. The customer was not prepared to exhange goods and wanted his money back.INSISTEDThe customer ......................................... given a refund and refused to have the goods exchanged.

5. According to your letter you were going to send an engineer to my house within seven days.STATEDIn your letter you ......................................... sending an engineer to my house within seven days.

1 persuaded the team to stay 2 threatened to stop 3 were congratulated on doing 4 insisted on being 5 stated that you would be, stated you would be

Spelling

Double consonantsExample: ammunition, surrender

Final 'e'Example: universe, fixture

ie/eiExample: receive, grieve

HomophonesExample: tear x tier, steal x steel

Silent lettersExample: dumb, campaign

Each of the following sentences contain a spelling mistake. Type the correct spelling in the box.1. All the time I was sitting there I was concious of the fact that someone was watching me.2. The main exibit in the gallery was a large sculpture in the main hall.3. Acess to the building was blocked due to building work that was being carried out.4. We celebrated by opening a bottle of wine we had kept especially for the ocasion.5. I had to change seats as there was a draft coming through a crack in the window.6. Try to get into the habit of saving your reciepts as you can use them to claim your tax back.7. They evacuated the area as the building was looking dangerously like it was about to collaps.8. The living room was plane and simply decorated with nothing that might put the buyer off.

1 conscious 2 exhibit 3 access 4 occasion 5 draught 6 receipts 7 collapse 8 plain

Spelling

Double consonantsExample: rugged, overrun

Final 'e'Example: finale, seize

ie/eiExample: conceive, believe

HomophonesExample: pair x pear, weight x wait

Silent lettersExample: crumb, autumn

Each of the following sentences contain a spelling mistake. Find the mistake and type the correct spelling in the box.

1. The school has always had a disipline problem but lately the new headmaster has begun to turn things round.

2. It will be a catastroph if our shares go down any further as it could lead to the business going bankrupt.

3. I've always believed that the way we produce much of our food is totally unatural and will probably lead to health problems in the future.

4. There are reports coming in that guerrilla warfare has broken out between goverment troops and rebel soldiers.

5. I ordered the book several weeks ago and yet I still haven't received it, despite having made a number of calls to there customer help line.

6. It has been a real privileg speaking to you and I'd like to thank you for sharing your thoughts with us.

7. She chose a very plane dress for the wedding and yet she managed to look absolutely beautiful.

8. As soon as the phone rang I sprang to my feet and picked up the reciever, only to find the caller had hung up.

1 discipline 2 catastrophe 3 unnatural 4 government 5 their 6 privilege 7 plain 8 receiver

Tenses 1: Past Tenses

You should be familiar with the main forms and uses of the past tenses.

Past simple

used to describe situations, events or actions in the past:I lived in London as a child.I went to bed early last night.

Past continuous

used to describe temporary situations:I was living with some friends over the summer.

used to describe a scene in a narrative:The sun was shining and the birds were singing.

used to describe a longer action, sometimes interrupted by a shorter action: I was having a bath when the phone rang.

used to make a polite request or suggestionI was wondering if I could have this afternoon off.

Past perfect simple and continuous

used to describe one action or event that took place before another in

the past:I left before the end of the film as I'd seen it before.

used to show that one action was completed before another began:When they had had dinner they went to the park for a walk.

Future in the past

The following forms are all used to show future as seen from the past:Everyone knew that he would become famous as he was always seeking publicity.I was seeing Steve later that afternoon and had to leave work early.We were going to meet up to discuss our holiday arrangements.I was to start work later that year in the accounts department. (Formal)

Past tenses >> Part 2: Open ClozeReminder: Part 2 consists of a short text which has 15 gaps. For each gap you have to add the missing word.

Example:

I ........ planned to go to University but I was unexpectedly offered a really good job.

Answer: 'had'


1. As next in line to the throne it was presumed that he ........ be the person to succeed his father.

2. I had ........ given the pen by a very close friend and was quite upset when it got stolen.

3. We knew that the board of directors were ........ formally address the issue at the next meeting and so decided to wait until then.

4. When you found out you'd failed the interview ........ it come as a surprise?

5. Having arrived and unpacked the suitcases we realised we ........ left the camera at home.

6. The film ........ due to start at any moment when I started to feel sick.

1 would 2 been 3 to 4 did 5 had 6 was

Tenses 2

Will is used to make a simple predictionExample: Do you think he'll come?

to describe a future factExample: I'll be 21 next birthday.

to describe a spontaneous decisionExample: I'll just phone Sue to see if she's coming.

Going to is usedto make a prediction based on present evidenceExample:Look at those clouds. It's going to rain.

to describe future plans or intentions that have already been decidedExample:I'm going to stay in this evening. There's something on TV I want to watch.

Present continuous is usedto describe a future arrangementExample:I'm seeing the dentist this afternoon.

Present simple is usedto describe future schedules, timetables or calendar eventsExample:Lessons start at 9.00.

Future continuous is usedto describe an activity that will be in progress at a particular time in the futureExample:Don't go tomorrow. She'll be getting ready for her holiday.

to ask politely about someone's plans (and often preceding a request)Example:Will you be using the car tonight? I was hoping I could use it.

to describe a future activity that will take place in the normal course of eventsExample: I'll be arriving at platform 4.

Future perfect (continuous) is usedto describe an action that will be finished by a particular time in the futureExample:I'll have taken the exam by the time I next see you.We'll have been living in London for three years by this time next month.

More future constructions

'(just) about to' is used to mean 'almost immediately'Example:Don't be long. The film is just about to start.

'be due to' is used to describe a scheduleExample: The performance is due to start at 10.00.

Past tenses >> Part 2: Open ClozeReminder: Part 2 consists of a short text which has 15 gaps. For each gap you have to add the missing word.

Example:

What time ........ your plane leave tomorrow?

Answer: 'does'


1. Who will you ........ working with in your new job?

2. By the time I sit my CAE exams I ........ have been studying English for 4 years

3. We ....... about to have dinner. Would you like to stay for something to eat?

4. The train's due ........ arrive soon so don't go walking off, will you?

5. Give Dad a ring and ask him for a lift. He ........ be happy to take you.

6. Look at the time! We're ........ to be late if you don't hurry.

1 be 2 will 3 are 4 to 5 will 6 going

Extra Practice

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