EXTERNAL DETAIL DESIGN BOOK: BUILDING FOR EVERYONE (INCLUSION, ACCESS AND USE) AUTHORS: Feargus...

EXTERNAL DETAIL DESIGN

BOOK:BUILDING FOR EVERYONE(INCLUSION,ACCESS AND USE)

AUTHORS:Feargus McGarvey,Mitchell Associates, Maureen Gilbert

JANA JANDOVÁHANA DRDLOVÁ12/2005

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Surfacing the planeLEGIBILITYMATERIALSPATHS&PAVEMENTSTACTILE PAVINGPEDESTRIAN CROSSINGMAINTENANCE

Level changeGENERALRAMPS&STEPS

Site furnitureGENERALPLACINGCOLOUR&CONTRASTBOLLARDSGATESDRINKING FOUNTAINSSEATINGPICNIK TABLES





LEGIBILITYnatural and tempered landscapes - relatively straightforward to achieve - a footpath set in grass (contrast - built surface)urban situations - the layout is more complex - the logical and creative selection of materials

-determine selection of meterials by function (a typical street profile of carriageway / kerb / footpath typical footpath - flagged in granite with a typical unit size of 450x600mm - laid at right angles to a granite kerb - with a width of 300mm and a length of 750mm - beside a black macadam carriageway -> this gives a clear visual signal of footpath (walking), kerb (change in level) and carriageway (vehicles)

-use surfacing materials along with other elements to define safe areas on shared surfaces

Shared surfaces - in densely populated urban areas - restrict, but do not altogether eliminate vehicles and allow pedestrians - people unused or who have visual impairments it is difficult for them to detect where they are safe if a vehicle is passing

-define footpath edges clearly





MATERIALSSurfacing materials - hard and firm with a good grip. Surfaces - firm, even, and slip-resistant even when wet (dry friction coefficient should be between 35 and 45). smooth surfaces - facilitate wheelchair and buggy mobilityloose surfaces - gravel, old paving stone, cobbles difficult to negotiate (can be a tripping hazard for ambulant people)

Avoid loose materials

NATURAL LANDSCAPES gravel - common for natural landscapes, regular maintenence required bound gravel surface - top dressing of gravel is applied to a bitumen layer, gives the feel and appearance of gravel on a firm base - requires regular maintenance, not suitable for intense vehicular movement epoxy bound gravel - more expensive surface, appearance of gravel - bound in a clear resin,the surface is very firm, non-slip and requires little maintenance bitumen macadams - where paths are used intensively or maintenance is sporadic - different colours are available - red for cycle paths

grass tracks - a reinforcing system can be used below the surface to give a firm, free draining layer on which grass can grow - the edges can become a tripping hazard - inhibit the running of wheelchairs and buggies





MATERIALS - THE SIZE

- indicative of the kinds of functions or loads it is expected to handle- modular sizes should reflect use- large slabs can be employed for light pedestrian use (the larger the surface area of the slab, the thicker it should be)

size – the smaller the modular size, the more resistant the paving unit to vehicular loads

polished surfaces - cause glare, are not suitable in damp climate

- numerous mechanical finishes to stone paving (non-slip textured finish) - simple cleaving or sawing - pin- and bush-hammering

-consider factors such as - accessibility - cost and importation, - blend and contrast of local materials - and the purposes for which the materials are being used





Surfacing materials - examplesSettingsComments

Natural ground

Natural landscape : paths made by continuous use.

Typical of remote areas, allowing limited access because of uneven, sometimes soft ground and risk of slipping. Unsuitable for intensively used areas because of erosion. No cost.

Grass

Natural and tempered landscapes : paths and swathes

Limited access because of uneven, periods. Low cost, requires regular maintenance sometimes soft ground and risk of slipping. Usability is increased by the use of reinforced products. Unsuitable for intensive use over long.

Gravel

Natural and tempered landscapes : low key paths from local source.

Limited access because of uneven soft surface, although if graded and compacted becomes more accessible. Low cost, requires regular maintenance.

Timber

All landscapes : usually associated with water or wet ground.

Fully accessible when well detailed and maintained properly. Medium – high cost, requires regular maintenance.

Bitumen bound gravels

Tempered landscapes : srface dressing rolled onto hot blacktop, reduces urban quality of blacktop on its own.

Limited access because of loose stones on surface but firmer than loose gravel. Low cost, regular maintenance required as surface erodes.

Epoxy bound gravels

Tempered and tamed landscape : appearance of gravel, but firm.

Accessible as long as gravel is no greater than 5mm. High cost, low maintenance.

Hoggin

Tempered and tamed landscapes : for low intensity of use.

Can produce a firm, even surface, although access is limited by clay content in surface becoming muddy. Low cost, although has to be imported and requires regular maintenance.

Cobbles and setts

Tempered and tamed landscape : traditional 19th century paving material for intense use.

Limited access due to irregular surface, minimised by skilful paying. Can be useful as a implicit tactile warning. Expensive to lay. Low maintenance, unless bedded on sand can become loose with intensive use.

Modular paving

Tempered and tamed landscape : use can imply urbanisation of a place.

Fully accessible. Easy to lay due regularity of units. Medium cost, low maintenance, can become loose with intensive use.

Crazy paving

Tamed landscape, typically suburban garden paving, although has idiosyncratic urban use.

Limited access, depending on irregularity of paving aterial and how skilfully laid. Medium cost, low maintenance.

Bituminous materials

Tempered and tamed landscape : textures and colours can be used to reduce association with roads.

Fully accessible, depending on type and when laid correctly. Medium cost, low maintenance.

Stone and concrete flags

Tempered and tamed landscape : quality varies greatly according to material and how surface is dressed.

Fully accessible, easy to lay due to regularity of units. Medium to high cost dependind on material, low maintenance.





PATHSnatural and tempered landscapes - paths should be at least 1800 mm wide (accommodate wheelchair - people with visual impairments assisted by a sighted person/guide dog) - less than 1800 mm wide ->consider passin places, (1800 mm wide, 2500 mm long, at a reasonable frequency - depending on intensity of use) - a change in surface at the edge (grass) helps to prevent people from straying off the path

PAVEMENTSurban pavement - should be as wide as necessary to accommodate the amount of users - general width should be 1800mm - the minimum clearance between a building and a bollard/lamp on any footpath should be 1200 mm

Doors/windows opening out directly onto a pavement – tactile indication/barrier





PAVINGpaving - even surface to prevent tripping - be laid to even falls to allow proper drainage - prevent the formation of puddles. - the gap between paving slabs or any vertical deviation should not exceed 5 mm. cross falls - 1 : 50 max (steeper gradients tend to misdirect buggies and wheelchairs. - puddles cause the pavement to become slippery, lead to glare in bright sunshine, become a hazard in frosty weather. drainage channels - the gaps between boards on a walkway should not be greater than 12 mm and should cross perpendicular to the direction of movement (prevent walking sticks and wheels getting caught in the gaps)

Service covers to manhole/inspection chambers - should not be positioned on footpaths, particularly at dished crossing (they can be dangerous when - opened for inspection - forming a tripping hazard - and reducing the clear width.





TACTILE MARKINGS - red coloured tactile paving - > at controlled crossing such as pelican zebra crossings and traffic lights

- yellow -> at uncontrolled crossing such as side streets

- ridged or corduroy paving -> requires caution, top and bottom

of the stairs

- the consistent use of different colours to indicate different crossings assists people who are partially sighted

tactile markings - can be uncomfortable for some people to walk on, can

present a tripping hazard for people using walking sticks

- use raised markings of no more than 5 mm high

- tactile paving must be maintained to not erode away

tactile paving - used at pedestrian crossing is blistered

- it should be laid across the entire footpath where the crossing is

- be 600 mm wide (not miss it by stepping over it)

tactile strip - provide it along the inner edge of a footpath





PEDESTRIAN CROSSING - at main crossing points, dish the pavement to facilitate people with buggies or using wheelchairs, mark the crossing with tactile paving - locate dishing away from corners, on both sides of the street- kerbs are the best indicators for people with visual impairments to detect the edge of the footpath, so dished kerbs must always have tactile markers. - prevent vehicles from blocking sightlines at crossings (double yellow line markings will prevent cars parking either side of a dropped kerb)- use different materials to indicate the change in function-provide safe crossing areas with pedestrian operated traffic signals (Audiable crossing signals (pelican crossing) help everyone (essential for people with visual impairments.)

Dished pavement ramps - width 1200mm, minimum 900mm - gradient of the ramp 1 : 20, not exceed 1 : 12 - leave the clear corridor of movement along the footpath - it is difficult to stand on a steeply sloped section while waiting to cross the road -> drop the entire pavement ->ramp up the road





MAINTENANCE

selection significant factor - > the ease of making repairs

- an expensive stone from a faraway place, or a peculiar colour of macadam is less likely to be repaired properly than a local, stone or standart colour of macadam that is easily available and replaced

- this is not to say that special places should not be celebrated by the use of special materials. They will, however, require a high degree of care when any demage is repaired

Maintenance should prevent or replace cracked and uneven paving slabs and those with loose joints, as they become tripping hazard and are difficult to walk on. They also cause puddles –louže to form and can become slippery.

The selection of paving materials will therefore often be informed by the ability to repair and maintain them.





LEVEL CHANGE - changes in level pose challenges to designers - in creating a sense of importance for a building approach a change in the quality of paving or street furniture can have desired effect, rather than introducing a level change - necessity of a terrace or steps or podium is not always an obstruction for disabled people if the design is well considered - changes of level can be interesting, for example for wheelchair users who normally see things from a low angle - the steeper incline, ramp or steps -> the more frequent the need for landing and resting places

RESTING PLACES - located on landings -> out of the way of the movement - gradient less than 1 : 20 does not require RP and handrails





Ideally, both steps and ramps should be provided. Some people with disabilities find it easier to use steps rather than a ramp. However, in the external environment, if there is not room for both, provide a ramp. The route should not be tortuous, nor deliver people out of the way in which they want to go. Keep the route clear of obstacle and regularly clean of debris.

Where it is not possible to provide a combination of steps and a ramp, near building entrances, consider the installation of a platform lift.





-Detail ramps, so that water drains away the ramp-Use slip-resistant smooth surfaces -Top and bottom landings with a textured surface= to give warning of the change in a gradient-Flights and landings should have a clear unobstructed width of 1200mm, minimum 1000mm-long ramps with passing bays- 1800x1800mm every 20m-minimum length of the landing=minimum width of the ramp= 1300mm-where a door opens onto landing- the minimum length= 1300mm (clear of the door swing)-turning circle-1800mm diameter at the top an bottom

RAMPS





-flights to have a clear width of 1200mm-continuous handrail on both sides, 840-900mm over flights, 840-1000 over landings-handrails lead into supporting walls or turn down for min. 150mm-second handrail- finish 700mm over flights and landings-for smaller people-first and last step with contrasting strip 50-75mm deep- length of the landing= width of stairs-optimal dimension for stair is 145x320mm

STAIRS





Furniture in the external environment consist of a diversity of elements often placed independently over time and without co-ordination.

In urban environment the complexity of the layering of these elements can result in an assault course for most people.





-place furniture out of the line of movement-elements should be placed in straight lines-the line of furniture should allow a clear circulation corridor of 1800mm, min. 1200mm wide(to allow wheelchair user and pedestrian to pass each other without having to give way)





-furniture should contrast in colour and in tone with the backround against which it is seen and should be highlighted by means of 75-100mm high feature (crest,band,..) which contrast with furniture itself.

-furniture should be continuous to ground level

-where eye-level signs,such as maps, are supported on two vertical poles, a tapping rail located between the posts at around 250mm above ground level prevents an unsuspecting pedestrian colliding with the sign.





-bollards are often used to stop vehicles from mounting the footpath and to keep pedestrians away from traffic.

-bad position= barrier to wheelchair and hazard for people with visual impaitment

-bollards should :have contrasting colours, be min. 800mm high and 200mm wide

-minimum passage width 1200mm from the kerb edge to the adjacent bollard





-gates are something hinged or sprung in such a way as to be self-closing. -these should be adjustment so as not to slam shut on an unsuspecting pedestrian or to prevent wheelchair or buggy access-the opening mechanism -robust but easy to grip and manoeuvre-the path should extend 500mm to the side of the gate=easieer approach-approach minimum 2m clear





-easy to operate

-a drain underneath the tap will prevent the area getting waterlogged and muddy

-shallow tray for dogs (guide and any dogs)





-a 900mm square of firm paving beside a seat to allow a person in a wheelchair to sit whith other people-seat-min. 450mm high-500-750mm high will be easier to use for some people who have difficulty getting up-a heel space at least 100mm deep will also make it easier for people to get off the seat-backrest and armrest are useful





-far enaugh away from cars to be in a pleasant setting

-placed on level sheltered sites with accessible paths

-a height clearance of 700mm for the tabletop will allow the arms of a wheelchair to slide underneath

-avoid beams that are difficult for people to climb across

-a firm level surface 1500mm wide around the perimeter of the table and seats (to allow wheelchair to move around





SENIOR POPULATION WILL HAVE MORE SOCIAL CONSCIENCE, BETTERPHYSICAL SHAPE, MORE MONEYAND TIME TO SPEND IT …

WILL WE BE YOUNG AGAIN?


RESOURCES: BOOK-BUILDING FOR EVERYONE (INCLUSION, ACCESS AND USE) PICTURES- www.gettyimages.com

EXTERNAL DETAIL DESIGN BOOK: BUILDING FOR EVERYONE (INCLUSION, ACCESS AND USE) AUTHORS: Feargus...

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