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JCH Refrigeration Consulting NATURAL REFRIGERANT SOLUTIONS

Commercialising Ammonia?


TOPICS

Environmental Properties & Regulations Barriers , Facts & Fiction Air cooled Ammonia Bigger is Better? DX Ammonia Working Examples


Commercialising Ammonia Environmental Properties & Regulations

Class Environmental Properties

Regulatory Status GWP ODP

Synthetic Refrigerants

CFC’s - Chlorofluorocarbons (for ex. R11, R12, R502, R13) Very high Very high Have been phased out

HCFC’s - Hydro Chlorofluorocarbons (for ex. R22, R123) High Low Being phased out

HFC’s - Hydro Fluorocarbons (for ex. R134A, R404A, R410A) High Zero Price heavily affected by HFC Levy

HFO’s – Hydro Fluoro-Olefins (for ex. HFO-1234yf) Very Low Zero -

Natural Refrigerants

R717 - Ammonia - NH3 Zero Zero - R744 - Carbon Dioxide - CO2 1 Zero - HC’s - Hydrocarbons Very Low Zero -


Commercialising Ammonia Environmental Properties & Regulations

Commercial centralised refrigeration systems with a capacity of 40kW or more that contain or rely upon their functioning, fluorinated gases with a GWP of 150 or more, from January 1, 2022

Carbon Tax, HFC Levy? Stationary refrigeration equipment that contains or relies upon for its functioning HFC’s with a GWP of 2500 or more from January 1, 2020

F- Gas Agreement


Barriers Facts & Fiction


Commercialising Ammonia Barriers Facts & Fiction

Colorless gas or liquid pungent suffocating odour Ammonia is a corrosive chemical that can severely burn the skin and eyes, leading to permanent damage. Ammonia can cause irritation of the eyes, skin, nose, mouth, and throat. Breathing ammonia can irritate the lungs, causing coughing and/or shortness of breath. Higher exposures can cause a build-up of fluid in the lungs leading to a medical emergency with severe shortness of breath. Most deaths from ammonia are caused by severe damage to the throat and lungs after ammonia has been inhaled.


At least seven people have been killed in a leak of liquid ammonia at a food company in east China’s Shandong Province.

SHANGHAI, Fifteen people were confirmed dead and 25 others injured, five critically, after a liquid ammonia leak at a refrigeration unit Shanghai Weng's Cold Storage facility




Ammonia contained to plantroom in an controlled environment No Ammonia in or around occupied spaces Use of secondary refrigerants Glycol or CO2 Engineered solutions


Air Cooled Ammonia


132

101

96

Critical Temperature R717 R134a R22

Commercialising Ammonia Air Cooled Ammonia


Tsat (oC) Ps (bar abs) Ts (oC) Tc (oC) Pc (bar abs) CoP (-) Pcrit (bar abs) Pc/Pcrit (-)

R-717 5 5.158 10 35 13.73 5.48 113.53 0.12

R-134a 5 3.496 10 35 8.99 5.44 40.67 0.22

R-22 5 5.838 10 35 13.71 5.39 49.77 0.28


R-717 5 5.158 10 55 23.1 3.06 113.53 0.20

R-134a 5 3.496 10 55 14.9 2.87 40.67 0.37

R-22 5 5.838 10 55 21.7 2.88 49.77 0.44


R-717 5 5.158 10 65 37.0 2.00 113.53 0.33

R-134a 5 3.496 10 65 23.6 1.64 40.67 0.58

R-22 5 5.838 10 65 33.1 1.70 49.77 0.66

Cycle performance for various refrigerants at 65oC condensing





R410A Air Cooled Chiller Energy Analysis 100kW Glycol Chiller


R410A Air Cooled Scroll Chiller 100kW @ -10°C SST 53°C SCTBIN Ambient Temp

(°C)Plant Cooling

Load (kW)Plant Input power

(kW) COPBIN Hours Load Factor Annual Power

Consumption (kWh p.a)

>40 124 61 2.04 0 80% 0<40 and >35 144 49 2.94 83 80% 3243<35 and >30 154 43 3.56 268 80% 9271<30 and >25 163 39 4.19 715 80% 22178<25 and >20 171 35 4.92 1607 80% 44708<20 and >15 171 35 4.92 2690 80% 74838<15 and >10 171 35 4.92 2555 80% 71082<10 and >5 171 35 4.92 716 80% 19920<5 and >0 171 35 4.92 125 80% 3478

<0 171 35 4.92 1 80% 28TOTAL 8760 248744

Ancillary Equipment

Equipment/Load TypePlant Input power

(kW)Quantity BIN Hours Load Factor

Annual Power Consumption

(kWh p.a)630mm Condenser Fans 2.6 6 8760 60% 81993.6TOTAL 81994TOTAL ANNUAL POWER CONSUMPTION (kWh p.a) 330738ELECTRICITY TARIFF 0.10$ ESTIMATED ANNUAL RUNNING COST 33,073.76$


R134a Air Cooled Chiller Energy Analysis 100kW Glycol Chiller


R134a Air Cooled Screw Chiller 100kW @ -10°C SST 53°C SCTBIN Ambient Temp

(°C)Plant Cooling





<0 155 33 4.66 1 80% 27TOTAL 8760 237361

Ancillary Equipment






R717 Air Cooled Chiller Energy Analysis 100kW Glycol Chiller


R717 Air Cooled Screw Chiller 100kW @ -10°C SST 53°C SCTBIN Ambient Temp

(°C)Plant Cooling





<0 138 25 5.60 1 80% 20TOTAL 8760 180853

Ancillary Equipment







0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

$33,0738 $31,9355

kWh

Annual Power Consumption (kWh p.a) R410A Air Cooled Scroll Chiller 100kW @ -10°C SST 53°C SCT R134a Air Cooled Screw Chiller 100kW @ -10°C SST 53°C SCT

R717 vs. R134a 100kW Air Cooled Chiller 24% Reduction in Annual Power Consumption

R717 vs. R410A 100kW Air Cooled Chiller 27% Reduction in Annual Power Consumption



$-

$5,000.00

$10,000.00

$15,000.00

$20,000.00

$25,000.00

$30,000.00

$35,000.00

$33,073.76 $31,935.46

ESTIMATED ANNUAL RUNNING COST R410A Air Cooled Scroll Chiller 100kW @ -10°C SST 53°C SCT R134a Air Cooled Screw Chiller 100kW @ -10°C SST 53°C SCT

R717 vs. R134a 100kW Air Cooled Chiller 24% Reduction in Annual Running Cost

R717 vs. R410A 100kW Air Cooled Chiller 27% Reduction in Annual Running Cost



0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

2,806

3,641 3,827

Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI) R717 Air Cooled Screw Chiller 100kW @ -10°C SST 53°C SCT R134a Air Cooled Screw Chiller 100kW @ -10°C SST 53°C SCT

R410A Air Cooled Scroll Chiller 100kW @ -10°C SST 53°C SCT

Emiss

ions

(t

R717 vs. R134a 100kW Air Cooled Chiller 23% Reduction in TEWI

R717 vs. R410A 100kW Air Cooled Chiller 27% Reduction in TEWI


Bigger is Better?


Commercialising Ammonia Bigger is Better?

Alfa Laval U-Turn M10 –M15 PHE



Liquid Spray & droplets hit separator wall & agglomerate Surface Tension holds Liquid on Separator Wall wall

wall

Separation by Centrifugal Force Heavy Droplets Collide in the 180° Elbow & Agglomerate

Gravity Separation Droplets Separate by Gravitational Forces Along The Flow Path



55% Reduction In

Operating Charge

150kW R717/Glycol -10SST 457ø Vessel Operating 20% + M10 PHE Operating Charge 60Kg =0.4kw/Kg

150kW R717/Glycol -10SST 300NB S/S U-Turn + M10 PHE Operating Charge 27Kg =0.18kw/Kg

Alfa Laval U-Turn



Alfa Laval U-Turn M10 PHE

Alfa Laval U-Turn Alfa Nova BPHE

100kW R717/Glycol -10SST 300NB S/S U-Turn + M10 PHE Operating Charge 27Kg =0.27kw/Kg

100kW R717/Glycol -10SST 80NB S/S U-Turn + Alfa Nova BPHE Operating Charge 16Kg =0.16kw/Kg

40% Reduction In

Operating Charge


DX Ammonia


Superheating Suction vapour decreases PHE Insufficiency Erratic control of metering device Metering device extremely susceptible to Wiring drawing

Commercialising Ammonia DX Ammonia


Existing 4mW Ammonia Plant : 30kW Glycol Cooling Required

30kW MDM Ammonia Glycol



Working Examples


Coles Ropes Crossing CO2 LR Cascade System R717 High Side

Commercialising Ammonia Working Examples



Coles Ropes Crossing CO2 LR Cascade System R717 High Side


Parilla Premium Potatoes R717 Primary/ Dynalene/PCM Secondary



Thank you for your attention

Questions ?

Exquisine CO₂ Transcritical Project2014/03/12 · Alfa Laval U-Turn Alfa Nova BPHE 100kW...

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